S.

NO

Time

Objective

content

Teaching activity

Learning

Activity

AV Aids

Evaluation

1.

5 min

The student should be able to define the diarrhea

Definition

Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having three or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools
than is normal for that person.

Discussion
Learning cum discussion

slides

Define the term diarrhea?

2.

5 min

The student should be able to define diarrhea

 Diarrhea is the frequent passing of loose or watery stools. Acute diarrhea, which is a common cause of death in developing
countries, appears rapidly and may last from five to ten days. Chronic diarrhea lasts much longer and is the second cause of
childhood death in the developing world. Diarrhea is sometimes accompanied by abdominal cramps or  fever. It may be caused
by infection, allergy, or could be a sign of a serious disorder, such as IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), or  Crohn's disease. 

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) approximately 3.5 million deaths each year are attributable to diarrhea. 80%
of those deaths occur in children under the age of 5 years. Children are more susceptible to the complications of diarrhea
because a smaller amount of fluid loss leads to dehydration, compared to adults.

 Epidemiology

Worldwide in 2004 approximately 2.5 billion cases of diarrhea occurred which results in 1.5 million deaths among children under the
age of five. Greater than half of these were in Africa and South Asia. This is down from a death rate of 5 million per year two decades
ago.Diarrhea remains the second leading cause of death (16%) after pneumonia (17%) in this age group.

Discussion

Learning cum discussion

What do you understand by the diarrhea?

3.

6min

The student should be able to explain the causes of diarrhea

Causes

Diarrhea occurs when the food and fluids you ingest pass too quickly or in too large an amount — or both — through your colon.
Normally, your colon absorbs liquids from the food you eat, leaving a semisolid stool. But if the liquids from the foods you eat aren't
absorbed, the result is a watery bowel movement.

A number of diseases and conditions can cause diarrhea. Common causes of diarrhea include:

 Viruses. Viruses that can cause diarrhea include Norwalk virus, cytomegalovirus and viral hepatitis. Rotavirus is a common
cause of acute childhood diarrhea.

 Bacteria and parasites. Contaminated food or water can transmit bacteria and parasites to your body. Parasites such as
Giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium can cause diarrhea. Common bacterial causes of diarrhea include campylobacter, salmonella,
shigella and Escherichia coli. Diarrhea caused by bacteria and parasites can be common when traveling in developing countries, and
is often called traveler's diarrhea.

 Medications. Many medications can cause diarrhea. The most common are antibiotics. Antibiotics destroy both good and
bad bacteria, which can disturb the natural balance of bacteria in your intestines. This disturbance sometimes leads to an infection
with bacteria called Clostridium difficile, which also can cause diarrhea.
 Lactose intolerance. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. Many people have difficulty digesting lactose
and experience diarrhea after eating dairy products. Your body makes an enzyme that helps digest lactose, but for most people the
levels of this enzyme drop off rapidly after childhood. This causes an increased risk of lactose intolerance as you age.

 Fructose. Fructose, a sugar found naturally in fruits and honey and added as a sweetener to some beverages, can cause
diarrhea in people who have trouble digesting it.

Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, nausea, an urgent need to use the bathroom, or loss of bowel control.
Some infections that cause diarrhea can also cause a fever and chills or bloody stool
Lecture

Listening

chart

Describe the causative factors responsible for the diarrhea ?

S.NO

4.

Time

6 min

Objective
The students should be able to describe the signs and symptoms of diarrhea

Content

Signs and symptoms

Dehydration
Diarrhea can cause dehydration. Loss of electrolytes through dehydration affects the amount of water in the body, muscle activity,
and other important functions.
Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Dehydration must be
treated promptly to avoid serious health problems, such as organ damage, shock, or coma—a sleeplike state in which a person is not
conscious.
Signs of dehydration in adults include
 thirst

 less frequent urination than usual

 dark-colored urine

 dry skin

 fatigue

 dizziness

 light-headedness

Signs of dehydration in infants and young children include

 no tears when crying

 no wet diapers for 3 hours or more

Discussion

Learning activity

Listening and discussing

AV Aids

chart

Evaluation

What the signs and symptoms of the diarrhea?

S.NO

Time
Objective

content

Teaching activity

Learning

Activity

AV Aids

Evaluation

7.

5 min

The students should be able to describe the nursing management of diarrhea.

Nursing management

 Discuss and explain the restriction of diet (high fiber foods, fatty and water is too hot or cold irritate the stomach and intestines.

Create a clean environment, away from the smell that was pleasant or trash, serve food in a warm state. Relaxed situation will
relaxed will stimulate the appetite.
Provide hours of rest (sleep) and reduce excessive activity.R / Reduce excessive energy consumption
 Monitor intake and output in 24 hours. Monitor signs and symptoms of dehydration and electrolyte as decrease in liquid volume
cause dryness and decrease output of urine. And early detection allows immediate fluid replacement therapy to improve deficits
.
Weigh the body weight every day detecting loss of fluid, a decrease of 1 kg body weight equal to 1 lt water loss
Replacing the lost fluids and electrolytes orally

Listening

slides

Describe the nursing management for the diarrhea?

S.NO

Time

Objective

content

Teaching activity

Learning

Activity

AV Aids
Evaluation

9.

7 min

The students should be able to discuss the prevention of diarrhea

STEPS FOR PREVENTION OF DIARRHOEA 

A number of interventions have been proposed for preventing diarrhea in young children, most of which involve measures related to
infant feeding practices, personal hygiene, cleanliness of food, provision of safe water, safe disposal of faeces, and immunization. An
analysis of the effectiveness, feasibility, and cost of each proposed intervention has shown that some are particularly effective and
affordable. 

Efforts to prevent diarrhea should focus on a few interventions of proven efficacy. The seven practices identified as targets for
promotion are: 

      1. Breast-feeding
      2. Improved weaning practices
      3. Use of plenty of water for hygiene and use of clean water for drinking
      4. Hand-washing
      5. Use of latrines and safe disposal of the stools of young children
      6. Measles immunization
      7. Zinc supplementation
      8. Continued feeding the child during diarrhea
      9. Provision of Water supply at community and national level
Preventive measures for diarrhea:

 Always wash your hands properly after going to the bathroom, when working in kitchen, and before eating.
 Many episodes of diarrhea are triggered by ingesting contaminated food or water.
 Mild cases of food poisoning are often mistaken for flu.
 Try to eliminate any food allergies or sensitivities as a cause of diarrhea.
 Common allergens include citrus fruits, wheat, sugar, and dairy products.
 Avoid eating foods or drinking beverages purchased from street vendors or other establishments where unhygienic
conditions are present.
 Avoid eating raw or undercooked meat and seafood.
 Avoid eating raw fruits (e.g., oranges, bananas) and vegetables unless the washing it properly.

Listening

lecture

charts

Describe the various preventive measure for diarrhea ?

Objectives of the health education

To introduce the topic Diarrhea .

To identify the factors or the causative agents responsible for diarrhea.

To r describe the signs and symptoms of diarrhea .

To explain the steps for the prevention of diarrhea .

To describe the nursing management of diarrhea .

PRAGYAN COLLEGE OF NURSING

BHOPAL
 HEALTH TALK ON DIARRHEA
SUBJECT: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING-II

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED
BY
MRS.KALA .K
Mr. VINIT K. SINGH
HOD IN (COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING) MSC(N) FINAL
YR