Katzmayr Miriam Master Thesis

Submitted by
Miriam Katzmayr, BA
EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCE Submitted at
AS A NEW STRATEGIC
Institute of Strategic
Management
APPROACH TO PEOPLE Supervisor
MANAGEMENT TO Mag.a Dr.in Sabine Reisinger
ENHANCE Date
COMPETITIVENESS
December 2020
Master’s Thesis
to confer the academic degree of
Master of Science (MSc)
in the Master’s Program
Management
JOHANNES KEPLER
UNIVERSITY LINZ
Altenberger Str. 69
4040 Linz, Austria
www.jku.at
DVR 0093696
STATUTORY DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work, that I have not used other than
the sources indicated, and that all direct and indirect sources are acknowledged as references.
This printed thesis is identical with the electronic version submitted.
Linz, December 2020
Katzmayr Miriam
Miriam Katzmayr II
PREFACE
This preface aims to clarify the attitude towards the human being in this Master’s Thesis.
Beginning with a brief retrospect to history, it is remarked that widely differing approaches towards
the human being are discernible.
In the first instance, the economist Michael E. Porter did not even mention employees or the
workforce in his influential paper “Competitive advantage – creating and sustaining superior
performance”. (Porter, 1998) Furthermore, Daum (2003, pp. 109f.) explains that in the old days,
the purpose of businesses was, based on the assumptions of industrial capitalism, simply to make
money. Hence employees were seen and treated as a cost factor rather than a valuable asset.
The employer-employee relationship is accordingly described as rather instrumental with the goal
of maximising the value for shareholders, even at the expense of employees, customers and
suppliers. (Daum, 2003, pp. 109f.)
The resource-based view, with Barney as one of the advocates, did not perceive employees as a
pure cost factor but rather as a resource that should be employed and exploited by the firm in
order to increase value and generate competitive advantage. In this context, he describes
employees, as well as all other resources, as being controlled by the firm, implying that the firm
can determine about the employees. (Barney, 1991, pp. 101, 106f.)
However, neither Porter’s nor Barney’s view of employees is taken on in this Master’s Thesis.
Rather it builds on a more “human” approach and on McGregor’s Theory Y, taking into account
elements of situational leadership theory.
Theory X and Theory Y refer to two contrary management styles first presented by McGregor in
1960. (McGregor & Cutcher-Gershenfeld, 2006, p. vii) Theory X on the one hand assumes that
people dislike work and responsibility, therefore need to be controlled, coerced and threatened
with punishment in order to perform and put in effort. (McGregor & Cutcher-Gershenfeld, 2006,
ch. 3) Theory Y, on the other hand, integrates organisational goals and is based on the following
6 assumptions: Firstly, employees view work as a source of satisfaction or punishment and thus
either like or dislike it; secondly, when employees are committed to objectives, they will exercise
self-control and self-direction and thirdly, commitment to objectives brings achievement and
associated rewards. Fourthly, people learn to seek responsibility under suitable conditions; fifthly,
imagination, creativity and ingenuity is distributed among a broad base of employees and finally,
the intellectual potential of employees is only partially used in modern industrial life. (McGregor &
Cutcher-Gershenfeld, 2006, ch. 4) Put in more context, it is assumed that employees are
intrinsically motivated, gain satisfaction from work, are interested, engaged and show initiative as
long as their managers allow them a wide scope of action and have confidence in them.
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(Bardmann, 2019, pp. 340f.) This Master’s Thesis follows a logic and attitude in line with this
approach towards the human being.
Furthermore, this Master’s Thesis is in accordance with certain aspects of situational leadership.
Briefly, the idea is that a leader who applies situational leadership aims to “help others to
successfully complete a given task”. (Blanchard et al., 1993, p. 25) According to that theory, a
leader first has to understand the particular employee and his/her level of development, in terms
of competence and commitment. Only then, the leader is able to apply the suitable leadership
style. (Blanchard et al., 1993, pp. 25–27) The concept Employee Experience also builds on these
assumptions as first, an understanding of the employees is necessary and, based on that, the
corresponding actions should follow. Furthermore, also Employee Experience differentiates
between employees and does not follow a one-size-fits-all approach but acknowledges
individuals. Finally, Employee Experiences likewise emphasises enabling and empowering
employees to develop and unfold their potential and should assist employees in successfully
completing their tasks.
To summarise, in this Master’s Thesis employees are not seen as a pure cost factor or as a
resource that the organisation controls and exploits but rather as an individual whose potential
should be developed and unfolded enabling employees to contribute to competitive advantage by
being intrinsically motivated and empowered to deliver their best.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Even though the topic Employee Experience gained notable attention in practice and by
consultancies, the discussion in academia is not fundamentally established yet, hence only
provides little information, insights and findings about the topic. Therefore, the aim of this Master’s
Thesis is to extend the existing knowledge by analysing the potential of Employee Experience to
be a source of competitive advantage. In order to achieve this objective, the Master’s Thesis builds
on a comprehensive literature research as the theoretical foundation and an empirical part,
including ten qualitative, semi-structured interviews, that aim to provide novel insights to this
subject area.
Results of the literature review indicate that successfully creating an outstanding Employee
Experience provides several advantages, not only for the employees but also on the firm-level.
Thus, it has potential to advance the total of human capital which in turn could represent a source
of competitive advantage. Among them are improved profitability, employee engagement,
customer satisfaction, employer brand, innovation and stock price. Furthermore, a positive
Employee Experience improves the work environment and might enable a company to become
an Employer of Choice. (Bersin et al., 2017, pp. 58–60; Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 15, 73, 124;
Morgan, 2017, pp. 151–160)
Academic literature highlights that the war for talent poses a great challenge to companies as they
struggle to attract, employ, and retain talented employees. Simultaneously, employees as a
company resource are gaining in importance. (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 136; Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018,
p. 78) In line with this, several scholars reveal that employees are valuable resources and as such
have a high potential to offer competitive advantage. (Barney, 1991, p. 101; Campbell et al., 2012,
p. 377; Penrose, 2009, p. 24) Combined, these two developments emphasise the relevance of a
successful Human Resource Management.
Employee Experience, defined as “the employee’s holistic perceptions of the relationship with
his/her employing organization derived from all the encounters at touchpoints along the
employee’s journey” (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 137) offers a new perspective on employees, their
management and strategic importance. As such, it provides solutions to current business
challenges.
To summarise, literature proposes several positive aspects of providing employees with an

exceptional Employee Experience and thereby improving their professional life implying that they
enjoy doing their tasks and going to work. However, successfully implementing the concept
requires extensive strategic redirection by putting the employee in the centre of strategy. In this
sense, it can be argued that as long as companies do not feel this need, the concept of Employee
Experience is not able to unleash its full potential. Nevertheless, when companies recognise this
demand due to external and internal pressure and proceed to consequently pursue an employee-
Miriam Katzmayr V
centric strategy by making Employee Experience the number one priority, they can develop their
employees in a direction where the probability of them acting as a source of competitive advantage
is incredibly high.
The literature research concludes with the suggestion of two frameworks based on the gained
insights from the reviewed literature. The first framework constitutes a holistic view on Employee
Experience assembled from several sources in order to create an integrated perspective on this
concept. The second framework addresses competitiveness and depicts a proposed relationship
between Employee Experience and competitive advantage based on theoretical concepts.
The empirical study conducted in the course of this Master’s Thesis is composed of ten semi-
structured, qualitative interviews with HR professionals, consultants and CEOs from Upper
Austria. In general, most findings from the literature review are in line with and have been
confirmed by the results of the qualitative study. Firstly, the experts confirm the perspective that
employees are highly valuable and crucial for a company’s success and competitiveness.
Secondly, in conformity with literature, the empirical findings reveal that a new approach to people
management is necessary as traditional human resource management will not be able to properly
address business challenges in the foreseeable future. Employee Experience in its proposed
holistic form could offer suitable solutions to several business challenges because it aims to
provide the best possible experience for employees at work, thus might be a suitable new strategic
approach to people management.
The conclusion of the literature review, that Employee Experience contributes to competitive
advantage by positively influencing employee engagement, a great work climate and customer
experience, has been confirmed by the findings from the empirical study. In addition, the results
from the qualitative interviews revealed new insights into the relationship between Employee
Experience, competitive advantage, and the respective mediators. Subsequently, the proposed
framework was supplemented with the practical insights and thereby extended (figure 1), with the
aim of describing the suggested relationship between Employee Experience and competitive
advantage in a more comprehensive manner.
Figure 1: The proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage
Source: Own Illustration
Miriam Katzmayr VI
In addition, the empirical findings regarding the practical implementation of Employee Experience
reveal that, in accordance with literature, supportive leadership, Top Management support and the
extensive involvement of employees acting as promoters and change drivers are the most
important levers and advantageous factors. Moreover, in order to succeed in creating an
exceptional Employee Experience, a co-design team responsible for the architecture and
implementation of Employee Experience has to be installed. In terms of methods, a Design
Thinking approach incorporating several Design Thinking tools and practices is suggested. When
it comes to impeding factors, the results indicate that discouraging leadership and lack of
(financial) resources and responsibilities hinder most. Nevertheless, the empirical findings also
reveal that currently, the surveyed companies do not systematically address Employee
Experience yet and merely partially implement the concept, which is also in line with findings from
literature. Thus, the concept of Employee Experience is not yet able to unleash its full potential.
(Bersin et al., 2017, p. 53; Lewis et al., 2020, p. 17; Morgan, 2017, pp. 223, 268)
Despite several limitations of this Master’s Thesis, valuable insights and implications for academia
as well as practitioners were generated. Especially the section concerning the successful practical
implementation aims to support practitioners on their way to creating an exceptional Employee
Experience in their organisation and thereby aids them to unlock the inherent potential.
Nonetheless, this Master’s Thesis solely marks a starting point for this research direction and
comprehensive research is still needed to examine the empirical outcomes of implementing the
concept of Employee Experience and its potential for creating competitive advantage. Within the
scope of future research, the postulated hypotheses and frameworks should be examined to either
confirm or refute them.
In conclusion, based on the findings from the literature research and the empirical study, it can be
stated that the employee as a strategic competitive factor becomes more and more important and
Employee Experience is a concept which leverages employees’ full potential. As literature and
empiricism show, providing employees with a pleasant Employee Experience and work
environment entails positive effects, thus is proposed to have the potential to be a source of
competitive advantage.
Miriam Katzmayr VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Objectives of the Master’s Thesis .................................................................................. 3
1.4. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 4
1.5. Structure and content .................................................................................................... 5
2. The concept of Employee Experience................................................................................... 6
2.1. Defining Employee Experience ...................................................................................... 6
2.2. Employee Experience Frameworks ............................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Morgan’s Framework .......................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Maylett and Wride’s Framework ....................................................................... 11
2.2.3. Bersin et al.’s Framework ................................................................................. 13
2.2.4. IBM and Globoforce’s Framework .................................................................... 14
2.2.5. Yildiz et al.’s Framework ................................................................................... 15
2.2.6. Comparison of these frameworks ..................................................................... 16
2.3. Employee Experience and related concepts ................................................................ 17
2.3.1. Employee Engagement .................................................................................... 17
2.3.2. Employee Journey and Employee Life Cycle .................................................... 20
2.3.3. Employee Value Proposition ............................................................................. 21
2.3.4. Employee-Centric Management ....................................................................... 21
2.3.5. Employer of Choice and Employer Brand ......................................................... 22
2.3.6. High Performance Work Systems and High-involvement Work Systems .......... 22
2.4. Employee Experience as a new form of Human Resource Management..................... 24
2.4.1. Challenges that call for a transformation of the HR function ............................. 24
2.4.2. Solutions to these challenges by the concept of Employee Experience ............ 27
2.4.3. Implementation of Employee Experience in practice ......................................... 29
2.4.3.1. Required levers for implementation ............................................................ 31
2.4.3.2. Advantageous and impeding factors and circumstances ............................ 33
3. Employee Experience as a potential source of competitive advantage ............................... 35
3.1. Competitive Advantage ............................................................................................... 35
3.2. The Resource-based view ........................................................................................... 36
3.3. Dynamic capabilities .................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Evaluating Employee Experience and its potential for providing competitive advantage
through employees ...................................................................................................... 40
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3.4.1. Competitive advantage through employees ...................................................... 40
3.4.2. Competitive advantage through employees through a great Employee
Experience ....................................................................................................... 45
3.4.2.1. Employee Engagement as a mediator ....................................................... 45
3.4.2.2. HPWS and climate as characteristics of Employee Experience ................. 54
3.4.2.3. Customer Experience as a mediator .......................................................... 56
4. Interim Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 60
5. Empirical Study ................................................................................................................... 64
5.1. Research Design and Methodology ............................................................................. 64
5.1.1. Qualitative Research Method............................................................................ 64
5.1.2. Semi-structured expert Interviews .................................................................... 65
5.1.3. Interview partners ............................................................................................. 66
5.1.4. Interview Guideline ........................................................................................... 67
5.1.5. Data collection .................................................................................................. 69
5.1.6. Evaluation and analysis method ....................................................................... 70
5.2. Research Findings....................................................................................................... 72
5.2.1. Importance of HR ............................................................................................. 72
5.2.2. Suitability of traditional HR ................................................................................ 73
5.2.3. HR model ......................................................................................................... 76
5.2.4. Current Employee Experience status................................................................ 76
5.2.4.1. Physical Environment................................................................................. 79
5.2.4.2. Technological Environment ........................................................................ 82
5.2.4.3. Cultural Environment.................................................................................. 84
5.2.5. Employee Experience Implementation.............................................................. 93
5.2.6. Competitive advantage through Employee Experience ..................................... 99
5.3. Discussion of the research findings ........................................................................... 104
6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 112
6.1. Summary and discussion of main findings ................................................................. 112
6.2. Limitations of the Thesis and Future research fields .................................................. 114
7. References ....................................................................................................................... 116
8. Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 124
Miriam Katzmayr IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive
advantage ................................................................................................................... VI
Figure 2: The Employee Experience Pyramid ............................................................................. 9
Figure 3: The golden circle.........................................................................................................11
Figure 4: Maylett and Wride's Employee Experience Framework...............................................13
Figure 5: Simply Irresistible Organization model ........................................................................14
Figure 6: Framework of drivers and outcomes of Employee Experience at work........................15
Figure 7: The hierarchy of positive Employee Experience model ...............................................16
Figure 8:The job demands-resources model ..............................................................................19
Figure 9: Employee Experience Business Outcomes .................................................................29
Figure 10: The Employee Experience Design Loop ...................................................................30
Figure 11: The VRIO Framework ...............................................................................................38
Figure 12: Human resources as a source of sustained competitive advantage ..........................43
Figure 13: HR-shareholder value relationship model..................................................................45
Figure 14: Strategic engagement model ....................................................................................47
Figure 15: Employee engagement value chain ..........................................................................49
Figure 16: Antecedents and Outcomes of Engagement .............................................................50
Figure 17: Map of antecedents, outcomes, and contextual contingencies of engagement in
the public sector ........................................................................................................51
Figure 18: Tested model of work engagement ...........................................................................52
Figure 19: Study design of the diary study linking resources, engagement and financial
returns.......................................................................................................................53
Figure 20: Theoretical Model of Effects of HPWS on Organisational Outcomes.........................55
Figure 21: The conceptual Customer Experience Management model ......................................57
Figure 22: Proposed holistic Employee Experience Framework .................................................61
Figure 23: Proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive
advantage according to the Literature Review ...........................................................62
Figure 24: The proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive
advantage ...............................................................................................................108
Miriam Katzmayr X
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Definitions of Employee Experience .............................................................................. 8
Table 2: Employee Experience Environments and Variables .....................................................10
Table 3: Levers, advantageous and impeding factors for EX implementation according to
the Literature Review ....................................................................................................63
Table 4: Interview partners.........................................................................................................67
Table 5: Employee Experience assessment ..............................................................................77
Table 6: Employee Experience classification based on scores ..................................................78
Table 7: Levers, advantageous and impeding factors for EX implementation ..........................111
Miriam Katzmayr XI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CX Customer Experience
DBIS Datenbank-Infosystem
DT Design Thinking
EBSCO Elton Bryson Stephens Company
e. g. exempli gratia (for example)
et al. et alii (and others)
ELC Employee Life Cycle
EoC Employer of Choice
EVP Employee Value Proposition
EX Employee Experience
f. folio (and the following)
HPWS High Performance Work Systems
HR Human Resources
HRM Human Resource Management
JKU Johannes Kepler University
LISSS Literature Search Support Service
p. page
pp. pages
SAGE Sara Miller McCune, George D. McCune
Miriam Katzmayr XII

1. Introduction
This introductory chapter aims to be an orientation for the whole Master’s Thesis which should
provide guidance and a basic understanding of the topic and outline the relevance of this Master’s
Thesis. First, the problem statement gives the reader an awareness of the importance and
backgrounds. This is followed by the clarification of objectives and definition of research questions
of the Master’s Thesis. Finally, the methodology section provides more insights and the
introduction concludes with an explanation of the Master’s Thesis’s structure.
1.1. Problem Statement

Today’s business environment is marked by several difficult challenges which need to be
addressed by companies in order to successfully compete. First of all, the environment is
continuously changing and is marked by increased volatility, uncertainty, complexity and
ambiguity, known under the acronym VUCA. (Ulrich et al., 2017, ch. 1) Secondly, right now, there
are up to four generations simultaneously at the workplace: Baby Boomers, Generation X,
Generation Y and increasingly also members of Generation Z. Each generation has different
needs, expectations and motivational drivers at the workplace which poses a huge challenge to
leaders, managers and HR. (Grubb, 2016, pp. 3–11) Thirdly, the ongoing shift to a service and
knowledge economy increases the importance of talented, competent and skilled employees. This
in turn exacerbates the war for talent even more. (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 136) Fourthly, the speed of
digital transformation and new technologies created a gap between employee’s skills and the
business requirements of their roles, which leads to digitalisation and technologies to be another
challenge. Industry 4.0 poses several further changes that transform the business environment
which incorporate opportunities and challenges for Strategic Human Resource Management.
(Whysall et al., 2019, pp. 118–121)
According to Ulrich et al. (2017, ch. 1) company leaders struggle most with HR-related topics when
responding to these current challenges in the business environment. Their major challenges are
to employ talented people, ensure effective leadership, manage change or transform the company
culture. Thereby, these leaders recognise that Human Resource Management is highly critical to
success and can decide over business success or failure, which makes it a strategic factor.
In such turbulent times, an organisation’s employees seem to be a major source of competitive

advantage and therefore, as the authors claim, this opportunity gained in relevance tremendously
in recent years. (Kazlauskaite & Bučiūniene, 2008, p. 78) Furthermore, Pfeffer (1999, p. 6) already
argued in 1999 that previous sources of competitive advantage such as natural resources,
economies of scale or financial resources are not sufficient anymore. Also Davis (2019, pp. 29f.)
argues, based on his studies, that when looking at employees with a long-term strategic view, one
would recognise that they are a highly valuable differentiated resource. He remarks widespread
acknowledgement that employees’ competencies and skills can be one source of competitive
advantage. He also found in his studies that employees have the potential to be a source of
Sustained Competitive Advantage through training and development. However, as Kazlauskaite
and Bučiūniene (2008, pp. 78–83) mention, companies need to have not only employees who are
valuable, unique, inimitable and non-substitutable but simultaneously also aligned and supportive
HR practices to leverage the human capital as a means to achieve competitive advantage.
However, the Gallup’s State of the Global Workplace study shows that internationally, only 15%
of full-time employees are engaged at work. This means that merely 15% are enthusiastic about
their job and highly involved. Contrary, 67% are not engaged and 18% are even actively
disengaged. With their study, they identify massive room for improvement and unused potential
regarding productivity and motivation through increasing employee engagement. This is due to
their findings in a meta-analysis that engaged employees achieve better business outcomes –
such as profitability, customer perceptions, productivity and retention – than other employees.
These low engagement figures imply a call for action. Based on the collected and analysed data,
the authors suggest an employee-centred approach in order to increase engagement. They argue
that strategies which empower and enable employees to identify, develop and use their talents
and strengths highly improve intrinsic motivation and productivity. Such an individualized approach
also aids managers when leading employees from several generations with their differing
expectations and needs. (Gallup, 2017, pp. 4–37)
In order to address the current challenges, Ulrich et al. (2017, ch. 1) recommend that the HR
function needs to change and transform itself drastically. In the past, the main tasks of HR were
managing, recruiting, administering and dismissing employees. However, given the external
pressures, this is not enough anymore. Nowadays, HR has to be a strategic partner and included
in the strategy discussion in order to add value to the business. To create that value, HR should
provide integrated practices which reflect the company’s strategic requirements. (Ulrich et al.,
2017, ch. 1)
One possible approach to fulfil the role of a strategic partner and addressing the external and
internal challenges is the approach of Employee Experience (Ghosh & Itam, 2020; Itam & Ghosh,
2020; Maylett & Wride, 2017; Morgan, 2017; Plaskoff, 2017; Rasca, 2018; Shenoy & Uchil, 2018;
Turner, 2020). Plaskoff (2017, p. 137) defines Employee Experience as “the employee’s holistic
perceptions of the relationship with his/her employing organization derived from all the encounters
at touchpoints along the employee’s journey”. Whereas Jacob Morgan, author of the book “The
Employee Experience Advantage” defines Employee Experience as “the intersection of employee
expectations, needs, and wants and the organizational design of those expectations, needs, and
wants.” (Morgan, 2017, p. 8) Morgan (2017, p. 10) suggests that Employee Experience can be
designed and built by creating an Experiential Organization. “An Experiential Organization is one
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that has been (re)designed to truly know its people and has mastered the art and science of
creating a place where people want, not need, to show up to work. The Experiential Organization
does this by creating a Reason for Being and by focusing on the physical, technological, and
cultural environments.” He further adds that Employee Experience has the potential to create
employee engagement. (Morgan, 2017, p. 6) Also Shenoy and Uchil (2018, p. 18) state that
Employee Experience plays an important role in building and increasing employee engagement.
The advantages of increased employee engagement, as already outlined by the Gallup studies,
are among others increased productivity, customer satisfaction, retention and profit. (Gallup, 2017,
pp. 4–37) Finally this discussion can be concluded with a statement from Gallup’s State of the
Global Workplace study: “Businesses must recognize that an organisation’s vitality and capacity
for organic growth is inextricably tied to the everyday experiences of its employees.” (Gallup, 2017,
p. 31)
In conclusion, Employee Experience can possibly provide strategic solutions to today’s business
challenges and therefore is currently much discussed. This is underpinned by LinkedIn’s 2020
Global Talent Trends report, which states Employee Experience as the number one Trend for
2020 according to surveys. (Lewis et al., 2020, p. 7)
1.2. Research Questions

Based on that, the following research questions arise:
1. Taking into account current and probable future challenges, how can Employee Experience
be a new strategic approach to people management?
2. Does the concept of Employee Experience have the potential to create competitive advantage
for the firm? If so, how?
3. How should Employee Experience be practically implemented in businesses to create

competitive advantage? Which levers are necessary and what are advantageous and
impeding factors or circumstances?
1.3. Objectives of the Master’s Thesis

The research objectives are, first of all, to evaluate if the concept of Employee Experience has the
potential to provide competitive advantage through employees when considering current and
probable future challenges in the business environment, as current HR practices might not be
effective anymore due to massive changes.

Secondly, the objective of this Master’s Thesis is to consolidate existing knowledge and concepts
of the topic Employee Experience to find the core values and examine if Employee Experience
can be suitable as a new strategic approach for people management in order to successfully
compete in today’s and tomorrow’s business.
Furthermore, necessary levers and success factors to apply the concept of Employee Experience
in practice as well as advantageous and impeding factors or circumstances will be elaborated in
order to give recommendations to leaders and managers and propose a new view of the HR
function as the strategic partner of business leaders.
1.4. Methodology
The above-mentioned research objectives should be answered first of all through a
comprehensive literature review.
According to Machi and McEvoy (2016, p. 29) “a literature review is an organized way to research
a chosen topic.” The authors propose a six-step process which commences with the selection of
a topic which includes the recognition and definition of a problem. This is followed by the
development of the tools of argumentation and the rationale how the literature review is
accomplished. Next, relevant literature in the specific field of research is searched, collected and
organised and then in the fourth step surveyed. The fifth step comprises a critical analysis of the
literature to make conclusions. Finally, the literature review, including the encountered results, is
written. (Machi & McEvoy, 2016, pp. 29–37)
The proposed process – in its main characteristics – is followed in the first part of this Master’s
Thesis. In accordance with Machi and McEvoy (2016), first the problem was recognised and
defined in the problem statement. After that, it was determined how to conduct the literature review
and relevant literature was researched. Books as well as scientific, peer-reviewed articles were
used as the primary sources along with reports, white papers of credible consultancy firms and
other non-scientific studies to thoroughly answer the research questions. In the cases of non-
scientific literature, special attention was paid to the quality of the source, the sample and
methodology of the study or the credibility of the author in that he or she is especially established
in the respective field. For the literature research, first of all an initial research to discover the
fundamentals of the topic Employee Experience, such as definitions and frameworks, was
conducted via LISSS and several databases made available by the JKU Digital Library. After this
initial literature screening, several keywords were identified in order to intensify the research.
These were Employee Experience, employee-centric management, employee engagement,
employee lifecycle (management), employee journey and employee value proposition. Journal
articles regarding these topics were accessed by DBIS, a platform through which JKU students

are able to access articles that the JKU licences. The main research was conducted in the
databases EBSCOhost, Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect and SAGE Journals. Furthermore,
Google Scholar was used for searching articles beyond the above-mentioned databases in order
to find further literature for answering the research questions.
Once relevant literature was found, it was surveyed, critically examined and the findings presented
in a literature research in the chapters two, three and four.
Secondly, a qualitative study based on the findings and discovered research gap of the literature
review was conceptualized. Semi-structured interviews were held with HR professionals,
consultants and CEOs with the purpose of gaining insights into the practical application of the
concept Employee Experience. Furthermore, the interviews indicate how Employee Experience
can be a new strategic approach to people management and how it can enable the firm to create
competitive advantage. Additionally, the required levers, preconditions and occurring challenges
were discussed in the interviews.
Chapter 5.1.1 “Qualitative Research Method” describes the methodology and structure of the
empirical study, the interview guideline and the selected interview partners in more depth.
Based on the results of the literature research and qualitative study, recommendations are given
as a guidance for companies in chapter six.
1.5. Structure and content

The first chapter of this Master’s Thesis was an introduction to the thesis’s topic and the
background which outlines the relevance. This is anon followed by an in-depth presentation and
discussion of the topic Employee Experience, including definitions and several frameworks.
Furthermore, knowledge from other concepts are incorporated in order to provide a solid basis.
Next, Employee Experience as a new form of Human Resource Management as well as the
associated implementation are elaborated. In chapter 3, the concepts competitive advantage,
resource-based view and dynamic capabilities are presented and it is evaluated, whether
Employee Experience can be a source of competitive advantage. This is followed by an interim
conclusion of the literature research in chapter 4. The fifth chapter already represents the empirical
part, consisting of a qualitative research method. There, the methodology is described first, then
the research findings are presented and subsequently discussed. Finally, the main findings from
the literature review and qualitative study are summarised and an outlook for further research,
including limitations of the thesis, is given.

2. The concept of Employee Experience
The concept of Employee Experience gained a lot of attention and importance, mainly in the
consulting business (Bersin et al., 2017, p. 51) and by practitioners in professional life (Lewis et
al., 2020, p. 7) in the last years. Employee Experience emerged out of the concept of Customer
Experience (CX). Inasmuch as Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 9) argue, that “to create a sustainable,
world-class CX, an organization must first create a sustainable, world-class Employee
Experience.”
With the objective to understand this development, it is helpful to investigate the emergence and
beginning of the concept Employee Experience. In a 2008 conference proceedings Abhari et al.
(2008, p. 2) state to address the research gap dealing with the relationship between Employee
Experience and customer experience. By addressing this gap, it seems that they have coined the
term “Employee Experience Management” in their conference paper. The authors did not only
coin the term but were also the first to suggest a conceptual model in order to understand the
aforementioned relationship along with presenting practical implementation strategies of
Employee Experience Management. Yet, the authors heavily place the focus on Employee
Experience Management as a means to outstanding customer experience management,
especially in the service industry. (Abhari et al., 2008, pp. 1–8)
As already mentioned above, the term Employee Experience was not coined by Jacob Morgan
(Morgan, 2017, p. 11). However, he claims to be the first one who offered a structured framework
for the concept Employee Experience that is based on organisational analysis and real data in
2017 in his book “The Employee Experience Advantage: How to Win the War for Talent by Giving
Employees the Workspaces they Want, the Tools they Need, and a Culture They Can Celebrate”.
(Morgan, 2017, p. 11) Furthermore, in his book, he introduces another perspective as he mainly
emphasised Employee Experience as an approach to satisfy employees as well as their needs
and designing their work experience according to their preferences, thereby also focusing on
employee well-being. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 6–9)
On the other hand, in business life, the announcement of Mark Levy as “Global Head of Employee
Experience” at AirBnB in 2015 marked the beginning of Employee Experience. Since then, many
more organisations followed and now employ positions having “Employee Experience” in the job
title. (Ellis, 2018, p. 24; Morgan, 2017, p. 223)
2.1. Defining Employee Experience

Defining the term Employee Experience is not as simple and straightforward as it may seem. This
results from the deficiency of scholarly research, since the academic discussion around Employee
Experience has only started recently and the concept is not deeply rooted in scientific literature

yet. (Itam & Ghosh, 2020, p. 40) Additionally, Gheidar and ShamiZanjani (2020) claim that
although there are several definitions, they lack integrity and consensus. This view is also shared
by Morgan (2017, p. 11) who argues that the term Employee Experience is coined by uncertainty
as it is not clearly defined. Lastly, although the term has been frequently addressed by consultancy
agencies, a clear and uniform definition does not exist in this kind of literature either.
Although one has to acknowledge that the term Employee Experience does not have an
established definition yet, for the purpose of understanding it, a comparison of several, often-cited
definitions seems to be appropriate. Table 1 lists several definitions from scientific sources as well
as consultancy reports, in chronological order.
Source Definition
Abhari et al. (2008, p. 4) “as what employee [sic!] received during their
interaction with careers’ elements (e.g. firms,
supervisors, coworkers, customer, environment, etc.)
that affect their cognition (rational acquisition) and
affection (internal and personal acquisition) and leads
to their particular behaviors.”
IBM and Globoforce (2016, p. 3) “A set of perceptions that employees have about their
experiences at work in response to their interactions
with the organization.”
Bersin et al. (2017, p. 60) “a holistic view of life at work, requiring constant
feedback, action, and monitoring.”
Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 12) “the sum of perceptions employees have about their
interactions with the organization in which they work.”
Morgan (2017, p. 8) “the intersection of employee expectations, needs,

and wants and the organizational design of those
expectations, needs, and wants.”
Plaskoff (2017, p. 137) “the employee’s holistic perceptions of the

relationship with his/her employing organization
derived from all the encounters at touchpoints along
the employee’s journey.”
Yohn (2018) “EX is sum of everything an Employee Experiences

throughout his or her connection to the organization
— every employee interaction, from the first contact

as a potential recruit to the last interaction after the
end of employment.”
Itam and Ghosh (2020, p. 41) “the feelings, perceptions and emotions that an
Employee Experiences through their involvement in
work and within the organisational environment,
which provides them positive reinforcement to
develop, contribute, engage and retain within the
organization for good.”
Table 1: Definitions of Employee Experience

Source: Own Illustration based on the Literature Review
When looking at these various definitions, it can be noticed that several elements occur repeatedly.
First of all, the words “sum” or “holistic” which indicate that the concept of Employee Experience
is dealing with the whole experience of employees at work and not just with particular parts, occur
often. (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020b) Therefore, it can be viewed as a whole, integrated concept.
This holistic view is specifically highlighted by Bersin et al. (2017, p. 54), as they argue that
“employees look at everything that happens at work as an integrated experience.” Secondly, the
term “perception”. One definition for perception by the Cambridge Dictionary is “the way
someone thinks and feels about a company, product, service, etc.” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020c)
In the context of Employee Experience this means the way a person thinks about the company
and his or her experience with or within the company. Furthermore, this indicates that Employee
Experience is subjective and differs from person to person. Thirdly, “employee” which highlights
the employee-centricity of the concept. Fourthly, “experience” in the form of a verb, which
specifies that it happens to the employees, affects them and makes them feel in a certain way.
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020a) Fifthly, “interaction/relationship/connection with the
organization” which indicates that two-parties (the employee and the organisation) that are
connected and have a relationship are involved. (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020d) Finally, “along
the employee’s journey” or “from the first contact […] to the last interaction” indicating that
Employee Experience is not a stable state but an ongoing process. (Morgan, 2017, p. 177)
In contrast to these resembling definitions stands Morgan’s (2017, p. 8) definition. This represents
an interesting observation especially with regard to Morgan (2017, p. 7) highlighting that he
deliberately avoided the simplification of defining Employee Experience as “the relationship
between an employee and the organization” as this seems obvious anyway and does not
incorporate any value. (Morgan, 2017, p. 7)

2.2. Employee Experience Frameworks
Similarly, to the diverse and non-uniform definitions of Employee Experience, as elaborated in
chapter 2.1, the frameworks for the concept differ in their components and structure as well.
Moreover, in the same fashion as introducing academic definitions along with definitions of high-
quality business consultancies, also academic and non-academic frameworks will be presented.
This results again from the deficiency of academic literature due to the unevolved scholarly
discussion in this field combined with the observation that academic literature (Itam & Ghosh,
2020; Mahadevan & Schmitz, 2020, p. 518; Paderna et al., 2020) also based parts of the literature
review on practitioners’ concepts.
For the purpose of gaining detailed insights to the concept of Employee Experience, five
frameworks will be presented and their similarities as well as differences discussed.
2.2.1. Morgan’s Framework

To begin with, the framework of Morgan (2017) will be presented. This framework is based on
thorough research consisting of interviews with C-level executives (such as Chief Human
Resources Officers or Chief Technology Officers) and management professors of more than 150
organisations, an analysis of more than 250 organisations, a review of over 150 journal articles
covering the topics culture, physical environment and technology, as well as several non-
academic publications. Additionally, Morgan collaborated with an academic institution in order to
guarantee seamless data collection and an optimal survey structure. (Morgan, 2017, p. 14)
On the basis of this primarily qualitative, in-depth research the following framework originated:
Figure 2: The Employee Experience Pyramid

Source: Morgan (2017, p. 210)

The Employee Experience Pyramid serves as a guidance for organisations and intends to give an
overview on how the various elements interact with each other. (Morgan, 2017, p. 211)
Morgan (2017, p. 209) describes that organisations which aim to build an extraordinary Employee
Experience should initiate this process with defining an inspiring Reason for Being that serves as
the foundation for the whole construct. Based on top of the Reason for Being are the three
Employee Experience environments. These include the technological environment, the physical
environment and the cultural environment. All endeavours an organisation will make with regards
to the Employee Experience can be assigned to one of these three environments. The three
Employee Experience environments consist of 17 variables which have a positive impact on the
Employee Experience as they are valued by the employees and which together build the acronyms
ACE technology, COOL spaces and CELEBRATED culture. The variables are listed in Table 2.
(Morgan, 2017, pp. 209–211)
COOL physical spaces ACE technology CELEBRATED culture
• Chooses to bring in • Availability to • Company is viewed positively

friends and visitors everyone
• Everyone feels valued
• Offers flexibility • Consumer grade
• Legitimate sense of purpose
technology
• Organization’s
• Employees feel like they are part
values are reflected • Employee needs
of a team
versus business
• Leverages multiple
requirements • Believes in Diversity and Inclusion
workspace options
• Referrals come from employees
• Ability to learn new things and

given resources to do so and
advance
• Treats employees fairly
• Executives and Managers are

coaches and mentors
• Dedicated to employee health

and wellness
Table 2: Employee Experience Environments and Variables

Source: Own Illustration based on Morgan (2017, pp. 61, 79, 91)
Furthermore, in his research Morgan (2017, pp. 14f.) came to the conclusion that the cultural
environment influences the Employee Experience to 40% whereas the physical and technological
environments each exert an influence of 30%.

The moments that matter are key moments in an employee’s life and situated on the top of the
Employee Experience pyramid. The above-mentioned 17 variables are incorporated in the
identified moments that matter in order to personalize the Employee Experience according to the
preferences, needs and expectations of the particular employee. (Morgan, 2017, p. 211)
According to the author, the objective is to create an admirable Employee Experience and design
the workplace in a way that employees enjoy working there in order to increase employee
engagement. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 6, 12)
In this sense, Morgan’s framework pursues the objective of giving employees meaning and a
purpose, as one attribute is “legitimate sense of purpose” and the reason for being aims to connect
people with impact. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 91, 210) In a similar vein stands Sinek’s proposal of “start
with why”. He suggests that leaders should start with “why” which he describes as a purpose,
belief or cause and thereby focuses on inspirational leadership. (Sinek, 2009, pp. 1, 43) He claims
that leaders who inspire in order to motivate their employees improve leadership, the company
culture, loyalty, recruitment, marketing, sales and product development. According to him and his
golden circle, the purpose or “why” is the core of the corporation and all operations. The golden
circle also explains the influence and success of some companies and leaders such as Apple,
Harley-Davidson or Southwest Airlines. (Sinek, 2009, pp. 41f.)
Figure 3: The golden circle

Source: Sinek (2009, p. 41)
Throughout his book, Sinek (2009) emphasises motivation and inspiration through a meaningful
purpose as the true key to success and reports many benefits for companies. (Sinek, 2009, pp.
42, 201-205) Although Sinek does not explicitly write about nor mention Employee Experience,
the concept is still relevant in this discussion as the meaningfulness of one’s work clearly
interrelates with and defines Employee Experience.
2.2.2. Maylett and Wride’s Framework

The second framework presented in this Master’s Thesis was developed by Maylett and Wride
(2017). For their book “The Employee Experience – how to attract talent, retain top performers

and drive results” they built on 14 million responses previously collected via an employee survey
and added another 10 million answers. During the analysis of these data, they discovered some
patterns which laid the ground for their Employee Experience framework. (Maylett & Wride, 2017,
p. XV)
According to Maylett and Wride (2017, p. XV) a transformative and superlative Employee
Experience consists of the three items expectation alignment, the three contracts and trust.
Firstly, they define Expectation Alignment as “the level to which employees’ expectations for their
experience in the workplace line up with their perceived, actual experiences.” (Maylett & Wride,
2017, p. 45) In other words, if an employee’s expectations are fulfilled, Expectation Alignment will
be high and the employee satisfied, regardless of the conditions. Many of these expectations
develop during the recruiting, hiring and onboarding phase but also during everyday work. (Maylett
& Wride, 2017, pp. 45f.) According to the authors, Expectation Alignment marks the starting point
of the Employee Experience and represents the foundation of it. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 50)
The six Expectation Alignment pillars are fairness, clarity, empathy, predictability, transparency
and accountability and are the determinants of the level of Expectation Alignment. It has to be
noted that, the higher the number of pillars which are in good condition, the better is the
Expectation Alignment. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 54–56)
Secondly, the three contracts. The authors claim that there exists no relationship without a contract
and that a contract includes all implicit and explicit expectations, which in turn determine the rules
of the specific relationship. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 79) The three contracts are tools to facilitate
and manage the Expectation Alignment and encompass the brand contract, the transactional
contract and the psychological contract. To begin with, the brand contract comprises the brand
identity and its promises, which means the expectations that arise through culture, reputation and
marketing. It therefore assumes an essential role in the attraction of employees. The transactional
contract is explicit – verbal or written – and based on mutual acceptance of operating rules, thus
giving the relationship the necessary structure. On the other hand, the psychological contract
incorporates the implicit expectations and regulates the relationship’s conditions of exchange.
(Maylett & Wride, 2017, 86, 110, 130, 149)
The third component is trust, which is even described as the oxygen of Employee Experience.
(Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 164) Here the concept of “moments of truth” comes in, which is similar
to Morgan’s (2017, p. 206) concept of “moments that matter”. During a moment of truth, the three
contracts and their incorporated promises are tested and checked for validity, which either leads
to trust or distrust. Thus, these moments reveal whether the organisation keeps its promises or
not. In moments of truth it is essential that the outcome is in accordance with the expectations so
that the expectations are aligned. Additionally, the authors remark that each moment of truth has
an impact. Either it reinforces the contract, the expectations are met and thereby builds trust or it
violates the contract and decreases trust or a new contract is generated. (Maylett & Wride, 2017,
pp. 154–157) To conclude, how an organisation manages moments of truth is a predictor of the
level of trust, Expectation Alignment and hence employee engagement. (Maylett & Wride, 2017,
p. 162) It is suggested that the managers ought to create a culture of trust so that employees feel
secure, confident and supported in order to increase employee engagement. (Maylett & Wride,
2017, p. 168)
To summarise, figure 4 visualises the Employee Experience Framework, based on the

descriptions of Maylett and Wride (2017):
Employee Experience
Expectation Three Trust

Alignment Contracts
•Fairness •Brand contract •Moments of

•Clarity •Transactional truth (contracts
•Empathy contract put to test)
•Predictability •Psychological
•Transparency contract
•Accountability
Figure 4: Maylett and Wride's Employee Experience Framework

Source: Own Illustration based on Maylett and Wride (2017)
2.2.3. Bersin et al.’s Framework

Bersin et al. (2017) presented their Employee Experience Framework called “Simply Irresistible
Organization Model” in the 2017 Deloitte Global Human Capital Trends Report. This report
identified Employee Experience as one of ten trends in the digital age and is based on survey
responses from over 10,400 HR professionals and business leaders across various countries and
industries. (Bersin et al., 2017, p. 5)
In the aforementioned report, a framework consisting of five main elements (Meaningful work,
supportive management, positive work environment, growth opportunity and trust in leadership)
and a total of twenty factors which together contribute to a positive Employee Experience is
presented. (Bersin et al., 2017, p. 51) Initially, this framework was introduced by Bersin (2015,
p. 150) in 2015, in a similar but slightly different form. Back then, he developed this framework
based on a two-year study, conducting hundreds of interviews. (Bersin, 2015, p. 150) As it seems,
the framework was updated with the aid of new findings to fit the characteristics of the concept of
Employee Experience. In the concluding paragraph, Bersin (2015, p. 161) argued that when
organisations devotedly address the five factors respectively twenty elements of the framework,
employee engagement, performance and passion will be increased. (Bersin, 2015, p. 161)

The integrated nature of their model represents that the authors advocate for a new, holistic
approach based on culture and engagement as the foundations. Hence, they plead in favour of
integrating all HR, management and workplace practices, in other words everything that has an
impact on employees at work, in one unified Employee Experience. They support this contention
with the argument that an employee does not differentiate between recruiting and learning and
development but rather perceives it as one experience in a specific company. (Bersin et al., 2017,
pp. 51, 54)
Figure 5: Simply Irresistible Organization model

Source: Bersin et al. (2017, p. 55)
2.2.4. IBM and Globoforce’s Framework

Correspondingly to Deloitte, also the consultancy IBM with its IBM Smarter Workforce Institute
together with Globoforce’s WorkHuman Research Institute (2016, p. 4) introduced an Employee
Experience Framework. The suggested framework is based on a study which incorporated a
scientific literature review to identify the construct, followed by the measurement of the
construction via a survey completed by over 23,000 employees across 45 countries and numerous
functions and industries. This process resulted in the new measure “The Employee Experience
Index” as well as corresponding workplace and leadership practices. (IBM & Globoforce, 2016,
p. 3)

The Employee Experience Index is a measure that evaluates the five elements of Employee
Experience: belonging (to a team or organisation), purpose (knowing the “why”), achievement
(being aware of one’s own accomplishments), happiness (inside and outside work) and vigor
(being excited or enthusiastic). In addition, the authors also researched drivers and outcomes of
Employee Experience, as can be seen in figure 6. According to them, Employee Experience
begins with supportive leadership and management. These leaders then guide workplace
practices including the company culture, relationships among colleagues, work that is meaningful,
work-life balance as well as practices regulating feedback and recognition or those which
empower the workforce. These practices in turn are said to create the Employee Experience. As
outcomes of a positive Employee Experience, IBM and Globoforce (2016, p. 3) mention increased
performance, employee retention and improved discretionary effort. (IBM & Globoforce, 2016,
p. 3)
Figure 6: Framework of drivers and outcomes of Employee Experience at work

Source: IBM and Globoforce (2016, p. 4)
2.2.5. Yildiz et al.’s Framework

The most recent Employee Experience Framework was just published in January 2020 by Yildiz
et al. (2020, p. 1046). In their research study, the authors first evaluated several criteria which
have an effect on positive Employee Experience, that resulted from a comprehensive literature
review, with a hesitant fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The outcome, namely the framework, can
be seen in figure 7. This was followed by two expert groups consisting of academics as well as
professionals who confirmed and validated the results, based on their experience and
perspectives. Finally, they tested the integrated model with a real numerical example in order to
guarantee the robustness and practical applicability. This test was conducted in a technology
company mainly employing knowledge workers. (Yildiz et al., 2020, pp. 1043, 1053f.)
As shown in figure 7, the framework consists of four main criteria and sixteen sub-criteria. Of the
four main criteria, leadership impacts positive Employee Experience most, followed by human
capitals’ development opportunity, the authors found. On the contrary, positive organisational
culture as well as communication are of less importance. Considering the sub-criteria,

transformational leadership has by far the highest importance on positive Employee Experience.
Empowerment as well as clear goals and expectations rank second and third, regarding the
influence they exert on Employee Experience. (Yildiz et al., 2020, pp. 1052–1054)
The Goal: Creation of Positive Employee Experience
Positive Human Capital's

Communication Leadership Organizational Development
Culture Opportunity
Transparent and
Transformational Common vision Training
open
Leadership and commitment opportunities
communication
Collaborative
Participative Fairness and Open to
work
management trust experimentation
environment
Knoweldge Flexibility and

Coaching Empowerment
sharing work-life balance
Continuous and Recognition and

Clear goals and
constructive Inspiration reward based
expectations
feedback culture
Figure 7: The hierarchy of positive Employee Experience model

Source: Own illustration based on Yildiz et al. (2020, p. 1046)
2.2.6. Comparison of these frameworks

When comparing these five frameworks, several similarities but also differences can be observed.
First of all, when analysing the structure, the frameworks of Morgan (2017), Bersin et al. (2017)
and Yildiz et al. (2020) consist of main categories and sub-elements whereas the frameworks of
Maylett and Wride (2017) and IBM and Globoforce (2016) are based on a predetermined order.
Secondly, regarding the components, it is remarkable that Maylett and Wride’s (2017) framework
is differing from the others the most and has the least overlaps. Furthermore, leadership or trust
in leadership is regarded as an important component by Bersin et al. (2017), IBM and Globoforce
(2016) and Yildiz et al. (2020), however, it is not included in the frameworks of the other authors.
This is especially interesting as Yildiz et al. (2020, p. 1052) found in their study that leadership
exerts the highest influence on a positive Employee Experience and IBM and Globoforce (2016,
p. 3) view supportive leadership and management as the starting point of Employee Experience.
The components that occur most often (meaning that they are components in three or four
frameworks) are trust, purpose, leadership, empowerment, Coaching, Learning/Training,
flexibility, recognition, fairness and transparency. However, this does not automatically imply that
these elements have the highest influence on Employee Experience.

Interestingly, Morgan (2017) is the only author who includes the technical aspects and physical
environment in his Employee Experience Framework. It seems that the other authors mainly focus
on the cultural aspects or so-called “soft” factors. Based on this observation, one might conclude
that his framework is the most comprehensive and holistic framework, especially if he would have
included leadership.
To conclude, it can be remarked that there is currently no unified, all-encompassing framework

that incorporates or summarises all components that are mentioned in regard with Employee
Experience. Furthermore, no pattern of advancement over time or one framework building upon
an older framework is visible but they rather seem like independently developed frameworks. This
might be because four of the five frameworks have been published in quick succession, thereby
independent research by the authors can be assumed. Finally, if leadership would be included in
Morgan’s (2017) framework, this would be the most comprehensive framework currently available
in literature.
2.3. Employee Experience and related concepts

As already mentioned in the previous chapters, the scholarly but also non-academic discussion
about Employee Experience as well as the concept itself is rather novel and tenuous. This leads
to a blending of Employee Experience with other, more established concepts with similar elements
by some authors. Thus, this sub-chapter aims to elaborate the differences but also similarities
between the concepts with the intention of gaining a clear view on what Employee Experience
includes and what is covered by other concepts but also to draw on the conclusions from these
other concepts to answer the research questions.
2.3.1. Employee Engagement

Some scholars use Employee Experience and employee engagement as synonyms. (Maylett &
Wride, 2017, p. 12) However, that is not quite correct as Morgan (2017, pp. 6, 165), Plaskoff (2017,
p. 137) and Itam and Ghosh (2020, p. 40) argue that (positive) Employee Experience leads to
increased employee engagement. Even though these two concepts are not the same, they go
hand in hand and can be considered as cause and effect. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 6, 21)
One of the first scholars who defined employee engagement was Kahn (1990, p. 694). He
described that “in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively,
and emotionally during role performances”. Similarly, Macey et al. (2009, p. 7) defined employee
engagement as “an individual’s sense of purpose and focused energy, evident to others in the
display of personal initiative, adaptability, effort, and persistence directed toward organizational
goals.”

In this sense, the definitions also hint at the aforementioned cause-and effect relationship as it can
be noted that Employee Experience encompasses the perceptions about the experiences at work
(IBM & Globoforce, 2016, p. 3; Plaskoff, 2017, p. 137) and employee engagement is the
corresponding outcome, the feeling and effort that results from the perceptions and experiences.
(Macey et al., 2009, p. 7)
The great importance of employee engagement is highlighted by the annual Gallup’s State of the
Global Workplace study. On the one hand, the researchers reported low numbers of employee
engagement worldwide (Gallup, 2017, p. 22), and on the other hand, within the scope of a meta-
analysis they identified the immersive potential of employee engagement. According to Gallup,
top-scoring business units report higher profitability, customer engagement and loyalty,
productivity, better quality in terms of defects as well as lower turnover rates, absenteeism,
employee and patient safety incidents and shrinkage. (Gallup, 2017, p. 207)
According to Schaufeli (2014, p. 15) work engagement and employee engagement are typically
used interchangeably, thus also this Master’s Thesis uses the terms as synonyms.
The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) introduced by Schaufeli et al. (2002, p. 71) is the
instrument that operationalised engagement and is most widely adopted to measure work
engagement. Furthermore, it is validated to be used in different languages and across countries.
(Bailey et al., 2017, p. 34; Bakker & Schaufeli, 2015, p. 1; Christian et al., 2011, p. 104) The
complete form of the UWES consists of 17-items but a shortened 9-item version also exists. These
items can be grouped in the three categories vigour, dedication and absorption. (Schaufeli et al.,
2002, pp. 88f.; Schaufeli et al., 2006, p. 714)
According to Christian et al. (2011, p. 92), the key components of the UWES are “positive, fulfilling,
work-related state of mind”, “persistent and pervasive affective-cognitive state”, “energy and
mental resilience while working”, “significance, enthusiasm, inspiration, pride, and challenge” and
“fully concentrated and engrossed in one’s work, time passes quickly, and one has difficulties
detaching from work.” (Christian et al., 2011, p. 92)
On the other hand, one of the most widely adopted models to explain engagement is the Job
Demands-Resources model. (Bakker & Schaufeli, 2015, p. 1) It was introduced nearly twenty
years ago by Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner & Schaufeli in 2001 and has been applied in many
empirical studies and thousands of organisations since then. (Bakker & Demerouti, 2017, p. 273)
The model consists of the two main categories job demands and job resources. Job demands are
the psychological, physical, organisational and social facets of the job which require psychological
and physical effort and costs. Emotionally exhausting interactions with customers or pressure at
work are two examples of job demands. Job demands are not negative per se but can transform
into hindrance demands under certain conditions. On the other hand, job resources are the
psychological, physical, organisational and social facets of the job which encourage learning,

development and personal growth, help to achieve goals at work and decrease job demands and
the related psychological and physiological costs. (Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, p. 45)
Figure 8:The job demands-resources model

Source: Bakker and Demerouti (2014, p. 46)
According to the Job Demands-Resources model, job demands are the main predictors for
psychosomatic health issues, exhaustion or repetitive strain injury whereas job resources are the
main predictors for engagement, motivation and enjoyment of work. Furthermore, job resources –
such as opportunities for development, social support feedback and autonomy – weaken the
influence of job demands on burnout and strain and enable better handling of job demands in daily
work. Moreover, when employees face high demands in their jobs, job resources unlock their
motivational and engagement potential. (Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, pp. 45–47)
Additionally, personal resources – such as self-efficacy, resilience and optimism – have a positive
impact on motivation, performance, goal-setting and satisfaction. Another important aspect of the
model is job crafting. It refers to employees who are shaping their jobs, in order to create beneficial
working conditions for them, in other words who make changes in job demands and resources.
Job crafting also has an indirect positive influence on job satisfaction and work engagement.
(Bakker & Demerouti, 2014, pp. 48–53) Positive outcomes of employee engagement are job
performance, positive job-related attitudes, extra-role behaviour and health and well-being.
(Bakker & Schaufeli, 2015, p. 1)
Studies, using the Job Demands-Resources model, found that in environments that are
resourceful but challenging, and thereby promote engagement, the best job performances

occurred. One implication of this is that companies should provide enough job challenges but also
job resources such as feedback, training, skill variety or social support. (Bakker & Demerouti,
2014, p. 53) This is where a connection to Employee Experience exists, as Employee Experience
should shape the environment in such a way that engagement is the outcome. (Morgan, 2017,
p. 165)
To conclude, it can be stated that Employee Experience leads to employee engagement which
implies that findings from employee engagement literature have at least partial applicability for
Employee Experience.
2.3.2. Employee Journey and Employee Life Cycle

According to Plaskoff (2017, p. 137) Employee Experience encompasses “the employee’s holistic
perceptions of the relationship with his/her employing organization derived from all the encounters
at touchpoints along the employee’s journey.” Defined in this way, the relationship between
Employee Experience and the Employee Journey is immediately visible, insofar that Employee
Experience is not a one-time adjustment but relevant throughout the whole employment. (Morgan,
2017, p. 6)
The start of the employee journey or employee lifecycle (ELC) is not the first day at work but rather
the moment, when a potential employee thinks about the particular organisation as a future
employer and does research regarding job vacancies at the company. In a similar vein, it does not
terminate with the last day of employment either but extends beyond. This journey including the
various stages, highs and lows and the employee’s corresponding thoughts can be visualized in
a so-called journey map. A journey map should assist in better understanding employees along
the journey and seeing things from their perspectives, which in turn can help to design the
Employee Experience. (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 139) As Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 12) further
describe, the ELC is chronological and divided into sequences, including for example recruiting,
onboarding, learning and development, promotions and resignation. As a consequence, two
employees can have the same ELC but simultaneously an entirely different Employee Experience.
This is because Employee Experience is dependent upon an employee’s perceptions and his
expectations towards work, this implies that expectations and perceptions represent the largest
differences between Employee Experience and the ELC. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 12f.)
In conclusion, the ELC is a part of the Employee Experience but the Employee Experience is
based on expectations and perceptions, which the ELC is not.

2.3.3. Employee Value Proposition
The Employee Value Proposition (EVP) is defined as “the characteristics and appeal of working
for an organisation, based upon a set of offerings and experiences that employers provide in
exchange for the skills, capabilities, and experience that employees bring to the organisation.”
(Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018, p. 78) Defined in this way, the EVP builds on a reciprocal relationship
between employee and employer with the goal of convincing the employee to join or stay at the
company. (Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018, p. 78)
The Corporate Leadership Council (2002) lists five elements of the perceived value of being a
member in an organisation: work environment, affiliation (which consists of culture, values and
relationships with colleagues and leaders), work content (quality of work and work-life balance),
benefits (which incorporates development and career management) and (financial) remuneration.
(Corporate Leadership Council, 2002) These five elements represent the basis for developing an
attractive and authentic EVP. (Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018, p. 79) Based on these elements,
overlaps with Employee Experience are clearly evident.
The EVP increased in relevance because companies struggle with the war for talent and the EVP
is a tool for companies to attract and retain employees as well as to differentiate themselves from
competitors. (Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018, p. 78) Building on that, the EVP is a highly important
component in a company’s retention strategy, especially in a volatile, uncertain, complex and
ambiguous (VUCA) environment. As Veldsmann and Pauw (2018, p. 75) argue, due to the new
challenges in a digital and VUCA environment, traditional retention strategies are not effective
anymore and need to be replaced by suitable new retention mechanisms. Furthermore, they
suggest a holistic Employee Experience with an EVP that is attractive, coherent and realistic as a
new retention strategy. In this regard, the EVP represents a framework for guiding the way, in
which employees positively experience the employer. (Veldsmann & Pauw, 2018, pp. 75, 79)
2.3.4. Employee-Centric Management

The employee-centric perspective does not view employees as instrumental parts that execute
operational tasks but rather as “thinking individuals who are not only able to act prudently pertinent
to unforeseen operational contingencies, but moreover, are also able to reflect, learn, and
generate improvement ideas about operational processes, productivity, quality, products, or
services.” (Hoogervorst, 2017, pp. 48f.) A key implication therefore is that organisations which
follow employee-centric practices emphasise employees with their personal feelings and needs.
(Hoogervorst, 2017, p. 55)
According to Hoogervorst (2017, p. 52), the seven attributes of an employee-centric workplace

include purpose, respect or recognition, personal development, autonomy, ethical correctness,
trust and relationships and belonging. (Hoogervorst, 2017, p. 52) Also here, similarities to

Employee Experience exist. Furthermore, based on a literature review, Hoogervorst (2017, p. 50)
concludes that companies which organise themselves employee-centric outperform companies
which have a strong focus on economic performance, even in financial terms.
2.3.5. Employer of Choice and Employer Brand

An Employer of Choice (EoC) is a company which “recruits and engages talent through practices
that address both tangibles and intangibles, focus on the long term as well as the short term, and
are tailored to the organization.“ (Branham, 2005, p. 57) Put in simpler words, Baker (2014, p. 1)
defines an EoC as “an organization that is a great place to work.” This is characterised by a culture
of employees’ commitment towards the company’s vision. (Baker, 2014, p. 9)
Being or becoming an EoC enables a company to attract new employees and thereby stay
competitive. (Rampl, 2014, p. 1486) For this reason, Baker (2014, p. 1) argues that every
company nowadays strives to become an EoC. This of course is only possible for a few companies
that do not only offer some superficial perks and benefits but rather take it seriously and develop
a culture which responds to today’s employees’ needs. (Baker, 2014, pp. 1f.)
Rampl (2014, p. 1495) developed a framework for becoming an EoC which states that work culture
and work content lead to employer brand emotions and these in turn predict becoming an
Employer first-choice brand. (Rampl, 2014, p. 1495) On the other hand, Baker (2014, pp. 18f.)
claims that commitment from employees and to them, flexible deployment, customer-orientation,
a focus on performance, working in projects, giving meaning to work, learning and development
and transparent information represent the eight values of an EoC. (Baker, 2014, pp. 18f.)
Morgan’s Employee Experience framework consist of 17 variables, of which one is “Company is

viewed positively”. This variable also includes developing an attractive employer brand and
thereby becoming an EoC and increasing the employee Net Promoter Score. (Morgan, 2017,
pp. 92–95).
2.3.6. High Performance Work Systems and High-involvement Work Systems

High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) can be defined as “a bundle of HR practices that
synergistically enhance firm performance through recruitment, incentives, appraisal, and
participation.” (Baik et al., 2019, p. 403) HPWS are emphasised by the strategic view on HRM
(Jiang et al., 2012, p. 1264) and represent an internal ecosystem. (Baik et al., 2019, p. 403) Jiang
et al. (2012, p. 1264) treat High Performance Work Systems, High-commitment work systems and
high-involvement work systems as synonyms, whereas Boxall et al. (2019, pp. 3–6) clearly
differentiate between High Performance Work Systems and High-involvement work systems. The
authors base this differentiation on the observation that HPWS are not clearly defined or the

included practices delimited and are sometimes merely displayed as a list of practices. With their
definition of High-involvement work systems, they aim to clearly define the term in order to provide
real value for companies that implement this concept. (Boxall et al., 2019, pp. 3–6)
Boxall and Winterton (2018, p. 30) define high-involvement working as “an ongoing experience of
high levels of influence over the decisions that affect the work process, identified through worker
perceptions of their jobs and their working environment.“ (Boxall & Winterton, 2018, p. 30) High-
involvement work processes allow employees to influence their work processes, to decide how
they would like to fulfil their tasks and guarantee high involvement in team procedures, which in
turn leads to high employee participation and distribution of decision-making regarding work
practices. (Boxall et al., 2019, pp. 1f.)
Boxall et al. (2019, p. 9) developed a theoretical high-involvement model. The authors suggest
that high-involvement work practices together with better employment practices lead to better
employee perceptions regarding reward, knowledge, power and information which in turn leads to
increased motivation and utilization of skills and together this results in improved outcomes on
employee and business level. On the employee level, this results in higher satisfaction, less stress
and improved health, whereas for the business level this means higher quality, more innovation
and decreased employee turnover. (Boxall et al., 2019, pp. 7–11) Although this model might create
different tensions, also regarding the cost-benefit ratio, according to the authors it is a very
important opportunity to enhance the quality of work as well as the society’s well-being. (Boxall et
al., 2019, p. 2)
Toyota is a model-example for successfully implemented HPWS. At the company, these include
managers who take on the role of teachers, daily training activities, following the 14 principles of
the Toyota Way (of which one is purely dedicated to becoming a learning organisation), a
corresponding company culture and autonomy for employees in executing the job through Kaizen.
One aspect that makes these HPWS that successful is that employees are involved in developing
these systems. As a result, the service providing capabilities of employees are improved
exceedingly. (Baik et al., 2019, p. 403)
It can be concluded that when implemented thoroughly High Performance- or High Involvement
Work Systems provide many advantages to employees but also to businesses in terms of positive
outcomes, which is also the goal of Employee Experience.
As a conclusion, it can be noticed that these related concepts all have similarities and overlaps
with the concept of Employee Experience. Thus, the importance of Employee Experience as a
holistic concept, encompassing several aspects of the related concepts, is emphasised.

2.4. Employee Experience as a new form of Human Resource
Management
It has already been mentioned in the problem statement of this Master’s Thesis, that several
challenges indicate the need for a transformation of the traditional Human Resource Management
function. In this chapter, these challenges are elaborated and it is analysed whether the concept
of Employee Experience offers solutions to these difficulties and thereby qualifies itself as a new
form of Human Resource Management.
2.4.1. Challenges that call for a transformation of the HR function

To start with, an overview of the challenges in the current business world should be given: A fast-
changing VUCA world (Ulrich et al., 2017, ch. 1), four very different generations at the work place
(Grubb, 2016, pp. 3–11), the shift to a service economy which exacerbates the ever increasing
war for talent (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 136), the pressure for digital transformation and the emerging
gap between skills and requirements (Whysall et al., 2019, pp. 118–121) and alarming low
numbers of engaged employees (Gallup, 2017, pp. 4–37). Furthermore, currently the global
Covid-19 crisis is posing challenges to businesses that need be solved very quickly. (McKibbin &
Fernando, 2020, p. 45) Of course, several other challenges exist, however, the focus of this
Master’s Thesis is on these.
First of all, the business environment is marked by volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous
(VUCA) circumstances, accompanied by continuous and rapid changes. This increases the need
for companies to transform themselves very quickly and become agile in order to adapt to these
changing environments and stay competitive. (Ulrich et al., 2017, ch. 1) Furthermore, effective
leadership is increasingly difficult in such a VUCA world, because long-term activities such as
strategic planning are becoming less effective. Therefore, Bennett and Lemoine (2014, p. 313)
developed some mechanisms how the VUCA environment can be addressed. According to them,
agility is required to cope with volatility, information and gathering data is necessary to decrease
uncertainty, while the restructuring of internal operations in order to match with the environmental
complexity is promising and finally, experimentation is critical to reduce ambiguity. (Bennett &
Lemoine, 2014, pp. 311–313) As the Human Resources department provides support for leaders
and teams to cope with these environmental challenges, the importance of HR is claimed to be
ascending. (Ulrich et al., 2017, ch. 1)
Furthermore, currently, there are four different generations – Baby Boomers, Generation X,
Generation Y (Millennials) and Generation Z – at the work place. Each of these generations has
different, sometimes even conflicting, needs, expectations and preferences in terms of work-life
balance, career goals or work ethics as well as varying goals, experiences and motivational
drivers. For example, Baby Boomers are said to be team-oriented, care for stability and clear

hierarchies and put in extra effort when it is necessary. Generation X in turn, aims to achieve work-
life balance, likes flexibility and informal structures. The Millennials, according to the author’s
research, are a feedback-oriented generation who values clear structure and fun workplaces and
aims to make an impact. Lastly, Generation Z is just entering the workplace and is said to be highly
tech savvy, independent and does not believe in the functioning of social and pension systems.
These differences pose numerous challenges for leaders, managers and HR executives to
successfully manage this multi-generational workforce and minimize conflict potential to ensure
productivity. (Grubb, 2016, pp. 3-11, 21-23)
In addition, there has been an ongoing shift to a service and knowledge economy (Plaskoff, 2017,
p. 136) which is marked by “a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs
or natural resources” as well as production and services that are dependent upon knowledge-
intensive activities. (Powell & Snellman, 2004, p. 199) Therefore, according to Page (2017,
p. 199), the long-term profit of a company is depending on its employees and thus implies the
important role of attracting and retaining talent. (Page, 2017, p. 199) As a consequence, this
emphasis on the importance of employees exacerbates the war for talent. (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 136)
The primary idea of the war for talent is that talented employees, as a success factor, are scarce
and companies compete for this talent in order to attract, develop and retain them. Due to
developments such as demographic changes, increased mobility and changes in culture, skills
and business environments towards a knowledge-based economy, the necessity of employing
talented employees will evolve. (Beechler & Woodward, 2009, pp. 274, 282) However, both
Beechler and Woodward (2009, p. 282) and Ulrich et al. (2017, ch. 11) claim that effective HR
departments applying new and integrated HR, development, learning and career management
practices can enable a company to succeed in the war for talent.
Nowadays, for most companies a successful digital transformation is not only a nice-to-have but
essential for staying competitive as the speed of digital transformation is faster than it was
expected by experts. The need for digital transformation is aggravated by the uncertainty of which
technology will be established and should therefore be enforced by the company. Furthermore,
digital transformation does not only require the adoption of new technologies but also the
transformation to a digital business model, a clear digital transformation strategy and support by
effective leadership from Top Management. (Gassmann & Sutter, 2019, pp. V-VI) Additionally, a
gap between employee’s skills and the business requirements of their roles was created by the
speed of digital transformation and the adoption of new technologies. This combined with several
further challenges posed by the characteristics of Industry 4.0 transform the business environment
and thereby incorporate opportunities and challenges for Strategic Human Resource
Management. (Whysall et al., 2019, pp. 118–121)
Low engagement numbers represent a further challenge for companies. As is shown by the Gallup
State of the Global Workplace study, internationally, only 15% of full-time employees are engaged

at work. In other words, merely 15% are enthusiastic about their job and highly involved. Moreover,
in contrast, this implies that 67% are not engaged and 18% are even actively disengaged.
Based on their findings in a meta-analysis, the authors identified massive room for improvement
and unused potential regarding productivity and motivation through increasing employee
engagement. The findings indicate that engaged employees achieve better business outcomes –
such as profitability, productivity, customer perceptions and retention – than other employees. On
the basis of their data, the authors suggest an employee-centred approach in order to increase
engagement. Thereby they argue that intrinsic motivation and productivity can be highly improved
through strategies, which empower and enable employees to identify, develop and use their
talents and strengths. Such an individualized approach, according to Gallup, is also effective for
leading employees from several generations with their differing expectations and needs. (Gallup,
2017, pp. 4–37)
A more current challenge is the virus Covid-19, which had its break-out in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019 and since then continuously spread around the globe. This impacted almost every
company as global supply was disrupted due to a slow-down in China, followed by production
interruptions in companies worldwide due to missing inputs from China. This was accompanied
by a distortion of consumption patterns of consumers as some customers panicked in face of this
new crisis as well as by effects on the stock markets leading to drastic decreases of numerous
stock prices. (McKibbin & Fernando, 2020, p. 45) However, next to these short-term effects,
Covid-19 will as well have long-term impacts on companies and the business world, which
although are currently unclear. Based on current Covid-19 data and data from historical
pandemics such as SARS or pandemic influenza, McKibbin and Fernando (2020, pp. 45f.)
examined seven scenarios of the possible impact of Covid-19 in another paper. As a result, they
list a decrease of labour supply, increased cost of doing business, decreased consumption
because of changed demands, increased equity risk premia and country risk premia as potential
effects. (McKibbin & Fernando, 2020, pp. 45f.) Furthermore, Wichert (2020) summarised that
politicians and economic experts expect a global recession and unemployment figures are
predicted to rise. (Wichert, 2020) On the other hand, Covid-19 could also have effects on the way
we work, as for example Adam Grant, a management and psychology professor, explained in an
interview. According to him, employers might embrace home office, flexible working and virtual
teams as they recognise the benefits and he recommends that leaders should allow employees
more freedom regarding their work schedules and increase trust in them. (Chainey, 2020)
In addition to these broad challenges currently affecting businesses as well as the HR function,
Morgan (2017, p. 4) highlights the changing employer-employee relationship, which has already
undergone four evolutionary steps in history. He explains that this relationship was first based on
utility, followed by productivity, then moved on to engagement and finally, right now, he argues
that we are in an era of experience. In the experience era, the leading question is “How can we
create a company where people want to show up vs. need to show up?” Thereby the focus is on
purposefully designing the three Employee Experience environments (culture, technology and
space), having a reason for being and following a long-term orientation. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 3–8)
In a similar vein, Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 16) argue that the employer-employee relationship
moved from rather adversarial to collaborative, thus heralds the “Age of the Employee”. (Maylett
& Wride, 2017, p. 16) As the relationship changes, also employees’ needs and values change.
The needs in the twenty-first century include employability, communication skills, meaningful and
cross-functional work, lifelong learning, short-term commitment and roles instead of jobs. (Baker,
2014, p. 29) Another aspect which has changed is that nowadays, employees can chose between
several employers and join the most attractive one. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 14)
These difficulties and changes of course pose challenges for the human resources department as
human resources has to ensure that enough and suitable employees are available for the
company. Furthermore, topics such as effective leadership, managing change and developing the
company culture can also be classified as HR-related issues that need to be overseen. (Ulrich et
al., 2017, ch. 1)
However, it is unclear, whether traditional HR, can provide acceptable solutions to these
challenges, therefore Ulrich et al. (2017, ch. 1) suggest a change of the HR function. In accordance
with this, Baker (2014, p. 58) found that several paradigms of HR are already slowly changing or
need to change in future. According to him, there is a rebranding of the function from “Human
Resources” to “People” going on, implying that employees are not solely seen as resources
anymore but are perceived as human beings (Baker, 2014, pp. 58–65), which also supports the
hypothesis of this Master’s Thesis. Alike, Morgan (2017, p. 237) observed this shift from HR to
people-centric names including the terms talent, people or experience. (Morgan, 2017, p. 237) In
addition, future HR emphasises on learning to solve problems instead of training technical skills
and tries to manage change rather than maintain the current status quo. He also adds that HR
takes on a strategic focus and moves away from the operational perspective and that this strategy
is created from the bottom up and not top-down anymore. Also he accentuates that these changes
of the HR function are necessary as a response to the above-discussed challenges and changing
world of work. (Baker, 2014, pp. 58–65)
2.4.2. Solutions to these challenges by the concept of Employee Experience

According to Morgan (2017, p. 12), creating a workplace where employees enjoy going, can be
achieved through an exceptional Employee Experience by having a great Reason for Being and
by excelling along the 17 variables which lead to COOL physical spaces, ACE technology and
CELEBRATED culture. (Morgan, 2017, p. 12) The advantages of employees who enjoy going to

work are also emphasised by Sinek (2009, p. 7) who states that “people who love going to work
are more productive and more creative. They go home happier and have happier families. They
treat their colleagues and clients and customers better.” (Sinek, 2009, p. 7) Sinek focuses more
on inspirational leadership through having a “Why” (Sinek, 2009, p. 1), however connections with
Employee Experience are existing. Firstly, because Bersin et al. (2017), IBM and Globoforce
(2016) and Yildiz et al. (2020) highlight the important role of leadership in creating an exceptional
Employee Experience and all of them include either purpose, inspiration or mission/vision in their
frameworks. Above that, Morgan (2017, p. 209) also describes that organisations which aim to
build an extraordinary Employee Experience should initiate this process with defining an inspiring
Reason for Being, which is similar to having a “Why”.
Additionally, Morgan studied the measurable outcomes by comparing metrics from companies
which have a great Employee Experience, so-called Experiential Organisations, and companies
which do not score very high on Employee Experience. The results include that experiential
organisations have 4x higher profit per employee and 4.2x more average profit, 2.8x higher
revenue per employee and 2.1x the average revenue, 1.5x employee pay and growth and 40%
lower turnover. The author further found that experiential organisations performed better than
companies with a worse Employee Experience in terms of stock price performance. (Morgan,
2017, pp. 157–160) In addition, he analysed non-financial metrics and the results indicate positive
effects on employee engagement, higher customer satisfaction, innovation and brand value.
Furthermore, experiential organisations rank among the most respected and attractive companies
to work – also for Millennials – as they appear on such lists (e. g. Glassdoor’s Best Places to Work,
etc.) 6x more often than non-experiential organisations, which implies that talent is attracted and
retained more easily and these companies have a strong employer brand. Moreover, experiential
organisations report increased happiness scores, diversity and green practices as well as great
people teams and relationships among colleagues. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 151–156) These outcomes
are summarised in figure 9. Based on the reported Business Outcomes, it seems reasonable to
assume positive effects on employee engagement, competing in the war for talent and responding
to fast-changing environments.

Figure 9: Employee Experience Business Outcomes
Morgan (2017) is the author who by far analysed business outcomes of a great Employee
Experience in the most comprehensive and detailed manner. However, also other authors provide
analyses and hints of outcomes. For example Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 15) conclude, based
on others’ and their own research, that engaged employees lead to great customer satisfaction
and loyalty, increased growth, healthier employees and eventually to enhanced profit. (Maylett &
Wride, 2017, p. 15) Above that, the authors suggest that a great Employee Experience creates a
bright future and does not simply focus on hygiene factors such as perks, bonuses and benefits
with which companies want to avoid that employees get dissatisfied. Rather Employee Experience
results in committed employees who care about the team, employer and customers because the
company also cares about them. Therefore, Employee Experience is a new way of thinking that
is also accompanied by new employee behaviours. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 73, 124)
Furthermore, Bersin et al. (2017, pp. 53f.) agree that offering a great Employee Experience assists
organisations to attract and retain talent and add that it also improves customer experience. In the
Deloitte Global Human Capital Trends Bersin et al. (2017, pp. 58f.) present the example of Ford,
where a focus on Employee Experience increased employee engagement, empowered leaders
and teams and lead to the development of employee-friendly workforce solutions. (Bersin et al.,
2017, pp. 58f.) In the report, they conclude that Employee Experience will be even more relevant
for competing in the war for talent and for increasing employee engagement in the future. (Bersin
et al., 2017, p. 60)
2.4.3. Implementation of Employee Experience in practice

In his book, Morgan (2017) makes it clear that focusing on Employee Experience requires a
comprehensive redesign of the organisation. He suggests that the starting point is to care, which
means to really care about the employees and their needs, and he defines this as a key
differentiator between Experiential and Non-Experiential organisations. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 229f.)
In line with this, Plaskoff (2017, p. 138) argues that companies truly have to understand their

employees with their needs and also proposes this as the first step. (Plaskoff, 2017, p. 138) The
next step is to define an inspiring reason for being and install a people analytics and Employee
Experience team. Next, feedback tools should be deployed in order to implement ACE technology,
COOL spaces and CELEBRATED culture in the next step. He adds that Experiential
Organisations act like laboratories as they embrace failure which helps them to improve the
Employee Experience even further. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 229–255) As a guiding framework, the
“Employee Experience Design Loop” (figure 10) is presented. (Morgan, 2017, p. 178)
It is a closed loop as Employee Experience is an ongoing, never-ending process and interaction

between the organisation and its employees. It starts with responding, which means that
employees give feedback about everything that is work-related. Next, this feedback is analysed
by the people analytics team. Based on the gained insights, the company designs solutions to
improve the Employee Experience and launches these solutions in the next step. The final step is
to participate, meaning that employees actively use the offered solutions, be it training
programmes, flexibility initiatives or changes in the layout. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 177–183)
Figure 10: The Employee Experience Design Loop

Several authors (Bersin et al., 2017, pp. 51–58; Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 73–78; Plaskoff, 2017,
p. 136) suggest to use design thinking practices for designing and implementing the Employee
Experience. Among them, Plaskoff (2017, p. 140) proposes the five steps Research (learn through
listening and observing), Define (the opportunity), Ideate (create ideas to address the opportunity),
Prototype (create and implement prototypes and collect feedback) and Apply (the improved
solution) as the Experience design process but stresses that this is not a linear but iterative,
cyclical process. He suggests creating the whole employee journey with a design-thinking lens.
This enables the company to not only recognise the steps along the employee journey but also
the corresponding thoughts, feelings and needs. A journey map can be constructed to make this
more visible. On the other hand, Personas – profiles of fictional people which represent particular
employee groups – are a tool to make it more tangible. (Plaskoff, 2017, pp. 138–141) Such a
Persona is a multidimensional description of employees’ behaviours and experiences on the job.
Thus, an Employee Persona can be regarded as a picture of the “ideal value-producing employee

as proactive, committed contributor and ambassador”. (Lowenstein, 2020, p. 64) Another design-
thinking practice that can be applied is extensive participation of the workforce instead of the HR
team designing the Employee Experience alone. (Plaskoff, 2017, pp. 138–141)
Tucker (2020, p. 185) describes the Employee Experience design process similar yet a bit
different. According to her, it starts with understanding employees and their experiences by
conducting interviews, observations or immersion. Then, the most important touch points of the
employees are identified and Personas are created to see how differently the employee groups
are experiencing the touch points. Next, brainstorming is applied to develop ways for improving
the touch points and afterwards the improved Employee Experience with the improved touch
points is co-created and mapped. The next step is piloting the improved touch points and
monitoring the experiences which the employees make with the improved touch points. Finally,
employees should be engaged in design sessions for refining and improving the pilot even further,
with multiple iterations. (Tucker, 2020, p. 185)
The three suggested Employee Experience design processes exhibit overlapping but also varying
elements, however a basic process or pattern is visible and practitioners should have gained an
overview with these deliberations. Definitely, the distinct commonality is the cyclical, iterative
character of the process. However, during the implementation, each company is encouraged to
apply those steps that best suit the culture of the organisation.
In a more practical sense, Rasca (2018, p. 11) enumerates a few examples of Employee
Experience elements that can be implemented in order to design the Employee Experience. These
include design thinking practices for developing talent management programmes and HR
practices, offering programmes for each generation and thereby addressing the needs of a multi-
generational workforce, considering diversity in work design, enabling work-life balance and the
alignment of organisational and personal goals. Furthermore, the need of a holistic concept to
foster engagement, alignment and satisfaction is emphasised. (Rasca, 2018, p. 11) Williamson
(2019, pp. 22f.) added from her own experience that first, the appropriate atmosphere needs to
be established for which an employee-centric mindset from top management is a prerequisite,
because they serve as role models. She emphasises giving employees a voice and listening to
them, but only if the feedback is taken seriously and responded to. On the other hand, very simple
practices like selecting an employee of the month or celebrating birthdays led to increased
appreciation in her organisation. (Williamson, 2019, pp. 22f.)
2.4.3.1. Required levers for implementation

Throughout his book, Morgan (2017) highlights that companies must know their employees for the
purpose of making the best decisions for Employee Experience. On the one hand, this
incorporates leaders who truly want to connect with their employees and get to know them on a

human level, including their subjective perceptions, attitudes and emotions. This enables them to
design a great Employee Experience that is tailored to the people in their organisation. (Morgan,
2017, p. 9) On the other hand, People Analytics provides a data-based analysis of the workforce
to facilitate informed, people-related decision-making, which is a perfect complement to the
subjective observations from leaders. The goal, learning about the employees in order to
understand them, is identical in both cases. Through leveraging People Analytics, companies are
able to test ideas and get feedback on them through data. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 29, 232) People
Analytics also empowers organisations to answer questions such as “Why do people stay at the
company for a long time?” or “What is about the two-year mark that causes employees to leave?”
(Morgan, 2017, p. 39) By having answers to these questions, companies can address the
underlying issues and thereby create a better Employee Experience. (Morgan, 2017, p. 39) This
suggestion is supported by the finding of Lewis et al. (2020, p. 4) that People Analytics rank on
the second place regarding HR Trends in 2020, after Employee Experience, in LinkedIn’s 2020
Global Talent Trends. The authors argue that People Analytics continuously gained in relevance
as it empowers organisations to understand their employees’ behaviours. (Lewis et al., 2020, p. 4)
Thus, it can be concluded that leaders who care about their employees and thus prioritize
Employee Experience as well as People Analytics to support decisions they have to make are
levers for implementation.
Another lever for facilitating the implementation of Employee Experience is to adopt a Design-
Thinking approach and use the corresponding tools and practices, as already described in section
2.4.3. Mapping the Employee Journey and Employee Experience makes the whole process visible
and thereby enables HR professionals to truly create an outstanding Employee Experience. In this
process, employees are viewed from an emotional, social, cognitive, economic, physical and
political perspective and thereby considered as whole human beings. Furthermore, in design
thinking it is key to not only design one perfect solution but to create multiple scenarios and ideas
which eventually are merged to develop more transformational and creative ideas that address
the totality of the subject. (Plaskoff, 2017, pp. 138f.) Another advantage of design thinking is the
shift from simply developing the next programme or practice towards a deep redesign and co-
creation of a meaningful Employee Experience. Ludike (2018, p. 69) therefore calls these HR
professionals “Experience Architects”. (Ludike, 2018, p. 69) Consequently, applying design
thinking approaches and mapping the Employee Journey and Experience to visualize it, can be
seen as another lever.
To conclude, supportive leadership that prioritizes Employee Experience, People Analytics to

make evidence-based decisions and Design Thinking Approaches to holistically redesign the
Employee Experience are supportive levers for the implementation of an outstanding Employee
Experience.

2.4.3.2. Advantageous and impeding factors and circumstances
There are numerous advantageous factors that facilitate the creation of an outstanding Employee
Experience. In his studies, Morgan identified several characteristics which Experiential
Organisations have but others do not and which differentiates them from each other. First of all,
Experiential Organisations take on a mindset of continuous improvement because while they excel
at one aspect, they also recognise the areas that still need to be improved. Moreover, these
organisations act like laboratories where learning occurs through trial and error and solutions are
continuously tested. Examples of this behaviour are hackathons hosted for the workforce. Another
factor is the uncoupling from checklists (for example the 17 variables checklist) as each company
needs to implement the programmes and practices that fit their organisation instead of just ticking
points on a checklist. This goes hand in hand with a focus on the uniqueness of the particular
company and building on these unique aspects. However, the most important facilitator is a
mindset that puts employees as the first priority, cares about them and really aims to know them
deeply. This also includes the design of Employee Experience together with the people and not
just for them. When organisations shift to incorporating these mindsets, then the circumstances
truly act as enablers. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 262–265)
In chapter 2.4.3 the implementation was described in detail and it seems reasonable to expect
that when following these suggestions, they can be considered as advantageous factors too. For
example, implementing Employee Experience with a design-thinking lens, following a cyclical,
iterative process and involving employees in the Employee Experience design are advantageous
circumstances. Top management acting as role models, caring about and supporting the
implementation of Employee Experience is essential too. (Bersin et al., 2017, pp. 51–58; Maylett
& Wride, 2017, pp. 73–78; Morgan, 2017, pp. 177–183; Plaskoff, 2017, p. 136; Tucker, 2020)
However, there are always two sides to the coin. In many companies, these employee-centric
mindsets do not exist yet, but rather impeding circumstances for having a great Employee
Experience. The first and probably most influential factor is leadership, as the concept will not
work when leaders and managers do not really care about their employees but see Employee
Experience as a short-term embellishment concept. This is also related to another difficulty of the
concept, that resulted from analysing the collected data. Investing in Employee Experience only
pays off well and provides remarkable outcomes, when companies go all in and renew their old
work style. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 229, 268) This finding is shared by Bersin et al. (2017, p. 53) and
Lewis et al. (2020, p. 17) who observed that Employee Experience is still not a priority in many
companies and among leaders which makes the implementation a challenge. Both surveys also
found as a challenge that many companies do not have a senior executive – for example an
Employee Experience Officer – who is responsible for designing Employee Experience and
thereby driving the concept forward. Additionally, HR departments that are organised in silos often

fail to receive an appropriate amount of resources, in terms of budget or time resources, to
holistically improve the Employee Experience. (Bersin et al., 2017, p. 53; Lewis et al., 2020, p. 17)
This results in individual offers and programmes instead of an integrated framework, which albeit
is essential for a successful Employee Experience. Outdated tools constitute another impeding
factor. For example, the HR or Employee Experience team needs up-to-date information for
designing Employee Experience, which can only be gathered by regular surveys in short intervals,
such as pulse survey instead of the traditional annual or semi-annual employee survey. (Bersin et
al., 2017, p. 53) Furthermore, companies often find it hard to legitimize the investment in Employee
Experience. (Lewis et al., 2020, p. 17) Relating to her own experience, Williamson (2019, p. 23)
refers to an organisational culture that does not focus on employees and their empowerment as a
barrier she had to overcome. She also adds that receiving a budget presented a challenge to her
too. (Williamson, 2019, pp. 22f.)

3. Employee Experience as a potential source of competitive
advantage
This chapter aims to answer the second research question as it approaches the link between
Employee Experience and competitive advantage. In order to be able to answer the research
question some theoretical foundations are essential. Therefore, this section will first explain the
construct competitive advantage, then the resource-based view will be elaborated and, in the end,
employees and Employee Experience as a potential source of competitive advantage will be
analysed.
3.1. Competitive Advantage

To analyse whether Employee Experience is a potential source of competitive advantage, one first
must understand what competitive advantage is and which sources are known.
According to Porter (1998, p. 11), only the companies who have a sustainable competitive
advantage are able to achieve exceptional performance in the long term. Therefore, he suggests
that companies try to attain a sustainable and profitable position in the industry by implementing
competitive strategies. (Porter, 1998, pp. 3, 11)
Referring to Porter (1998, p. 3) “competitive advantage grows fundamentally out of value a firm is
able to create for its buyers that exceed the firm’s cost of creating it.” He further specifies value as
the amount that customers are ready to pay for the offered products or services. (Porter, 1998,
p. 3) In turn, Barney’s (1991, p. 102) perspective on competitive advantage is that “a firm is said
to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not
simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors.” Building on that, he
specifies that a sustained competitive advantage is derived when the other organisations cannot
duplicate this strategy and the incorporated advantages either. (Barney, 1991, p. 102) Later on,
he and Peteraf defined that “an enterprise has a Competitive Advantage if it is able to create more
economic value than the marginal (breakeven) competitor” and thereby added the economic factor
to the definition. (Peteraf & Barney, 2003, p. 314) From another perspective, Grant (2016, p. 169)
sees competitive advantage as the outcome of a match between the firm’s strengths and external
factors of success. Moreover, he highlights that competitive advantage is neither static nor stable,
which implies the continuous need for sustaining competitive advantage and finding new sources
of competitive advantage. (Grant, 2016, pp. 169, 173)
Competitive advantage can either stem from internal or external sources. In this context, Grant
(2016, p. 169) gives the example of changing demand or input prices as an external source and
better innovation or creativity capabilities as an internal source. (Grant, 2016, p. 169) On the one
hand, Barney (1991) focuses on internal firm resources to create competitive advantage, which

manifests the resource-based, inside-out view. This resource-based view will be further examined
in the next chapter. On the other hand, Porter (1998, p. 11) identified cost advantage through cost
leadership and differentiation advantage through differentiated products or services as the two
types of competitive advantage. He argues that these advantages arise when firms can handle
the five forces better than the competitors. When combining these two types with the firm’s scope
of business – meaning competing industry-wide or only in a few segments – the three generic
competitive strategies differentiation, cost leadership and focus can be classified. (Porter, 1998,
p. 11) With the generic strategies and his five forces model for evaluating industry attractiveness
(Porter, 1998, p. 6) he takes on an outside-in perspective on competitive advantage.
The resource-based view’s emphasis on competitive advantage is on the linkage between internal
firm resources, firm strategy and firm performance. Thus, in the resource-based view, competitive
advantage is firm-focused rather than environmentally and industry focused, such as Porter’s view
for example suggests. Furthermore, prior research in the resource-based view has demonstrated
that only under the conditions of firm resource heterogeneity and immobility, competitive
advantage can arise. Firm resource heterogeneity means that firms do not possess the same
resources but that these vary between companies, whereas firm resource immobility means that
firms cannot acquire resources from other, competing companies or from resource markets.
(Wright et al., 1994, pp. 302f.)
Regarding human resources, the resource-based view can be seen as the economic foundation
for considering the role of employees and HRM in contributing to competitive advantage. (Barney
& Wright, 1998, p. 32) Wright et al. (2001, p. 706) claim that according to the HRM literature,
sustained competitive advantage is “a combination of human capital elements such as the
development of stocks of skills, strategically relevant behaviors, and supporting people
management systems” rather than merely isolated components. (Wright et al., 2001, p. 706)
As a concluding remark, it can be summarized that an analysis of the sources of competitive

advantage – for example the company’s market position (Porter, 1998) or firm resources (Barney,
1991) – can aid to assess competitive advantage. The role of HR to create competitive advantage
will be examined in chapter 3.4.
3.2. The Resource-based view

In this section, the resource-based view as well as the VRIO framework are elaborated.

The scholarly discussion around the resource-based view dates back to Penrose in 1959 and her
seminal book “The theory of the growth of the firm” in which she laid the foundations for the
resource-based view. According to Penrose (2009, p. 24) “a firm is more than an administrative
unit; it is also a collection of productive resources the disposal of which between different users
and over time is determined by administrative decisions.” In other words, Penrose takes on an
inside-out view and specifies the firm’s size as the sum of the employed resources. (Penrose,
2009, p. 24)
In 1984 this theory was taken up, further developed and given the terminology “the resource-
based view” by Wernerfelt (1984). He was the first to analyse competitiveness and strategic
options based on the resources of an organisation, thereby taking an internal perspective on
competitiveness. (Wernerfelt, 1984, p. 171) At that time, this was revolutionary, given that
competitiveness had only been assessed with an external perspective before. (Davis, 2019, p. 31)
Barney (1991) continued the development of the resource-based view and introduced firm
resources as potential sources of competitive advantage. (Barney, 1991, p. 99) With his
suggestions, Barney challenged the prevailing knowledge at that time about sustainable
competitive advantage which implied that sustained competitive advantage is a result of firms’
strategies addressing environmental opportunities through exploiting their own strengths
simultaneously to averting weaknesses and overcoming threats from the external environment.
(Barney, 1991, pp. 99–101) On the contrary, Barney’s proposition is that firms are able to develop
and deploy firm resources in a way that ensures them sustainable competitive advantage over
other firms. (Barney, 1991, pp. 101f.) In this context, resources are defined as “all assets,
capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge, etc. controlled by a
firm that enable the firm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its efficiency and
effectiveness.” (Barney, 1991, p. 101) Furthermore, the author classified resources in different
categories encompassing physical, human and organisational resources and argues that some of
them can be a potential source of competitive advantage. (Barney, 1991, pp. 101f.) In order to be
able to become a source of competitive advantage, the firm attributes have to fulfil the criteria of
VRIN/VRIO. In more concrete terms, this specifies that a resource has to be valuable, rare,
imperfectly imitable and non-substitutable. (Barney, 1991, pp. 105f.) Due to further research and
development of the VRIN framework, Barney grouped the criterion of non-substitutability with
inimitability, as he argues that duplication and substitution are the two main variants of imitation.
(Barney, 1995, p. 53) Furthermore, he added the organisational factor, that is a firm’s
organisational processes and policies must be in place in order to exploit the valuable, rare and
inimitable resource. (Barney, 1995, p. 56) These parameters together represent the VRIO
framework (figure 11), which can be applied to evaluate whether a specific resource has the
potential to provide sustainable competitive advantage, as this is only given when all four criteria
are fulfilled. (Barney & Clark, 2007, p. 69)

Figure 11: The VRIO Framework
Source: Barney and Clark (2007, p. 70)
According to Wright et al. (1994, p. 321), the resource-based view points out that companies are
not able to purchase competitive advantage but in turn it can only arise from the VRIO/VRIN
resources that already exist in the firm. This implies that managers have an important function as
it is their role to “recognize, develop and exploit” firm resources. (Wright et al., 1994, p. 321)
In a similar vein, Prahalad and Hamel (1990, pp. 81–83), who also find themselves among the
advocates of the resource-based view, argue that core competencies can be a long-term source
of competitive advantage. These are defined as “the collective learning in the organization,
especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of
technologies” and involve “many levels of people and all functions”. (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990, pp.
83f.) They compare these core competencies with the roots of a tree, that are essential for success
and need to be superior to competitors’ core competencies. In this sense, the ability to learn
quicker but also apply what is learned in a more effective way than the rivals is seen as a source
of competitive advantage. With this proposition and their concept around core competencies, the
authors advanced the terminology from resources to (core) competencies. (Prahalad & Hamel,
1990, pp. 81–83) Based on that theory, several researchers argue that the competence cannot be
separated from the skills of the employees possessing this competence and emphasise the
supportive function of people management practices and systems for developing competencies.
(Wright et al., 2001, p. 711)
To conclude, the main characteristics of the resource-based view are the internal perspective on
competitiveness and the suggestion, that specific resources, their deployment and development
can provide a source for competitive advantage. (Reisinger et al., 2013, p. 37) Even though prior
research has demonstrated the foundations of the resource-based view and the importance of
employees within this view, Wright et al. (2001, p. 715) claim that specific strategic approaches to

attract, motivate, develop and retain those employees are missing. Employee Experience could
be an answer to this, hence will be analysed within the RBV in the next chapter.
3.3. Dynamic capabilities

In academic literature, dynamic capabilities are often referred to as an advancement or extension
of the resource-based view. (Peteraf et al., 2013, p. 1392; Teece et al., 1997, p. 515) Thus,
according to Reisinger et al. (2013, p. 37), dynamic capabilities literature seems to be highly
relevant at the present time. (Reisinger et al., 2013, p. 37)
Dynamic capabilities, defined as “the firm’s ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and
external competences to address rapidly changing environments” (Teece et al., 1997, p. 516) find
one of their origins in Teece et al.’s (1997) highly influential article, in which the foundations for
this research topic were laid. Building on that definition, Schoemaker et al. (2018, p. 17) argued in
their work on the topic of dynamic capabilities that when companies operate in VUCA
environments (see chapter 2.4.1), capabilities alone, or in their wording “ordinary” capabilities, are
no longer sufficient. Hence, companies feel the urge to build dynamic capabilities in order to
succeed in such environments. According to them, “dynamic capabilities enable firms to identify
profitable configurations of competencies and assets, assemble and orchestrate them, and then
exploit them with an innovative and agile organization.” In this sense, the authors perceive
dynamic capabilities as a bridge that leads organisations from the present time into the future.
(Schoemaker et al., 2018, pp. 17f.)
Teece et al.’s (1997, pp. 509, 524) dynamic capabilities framework proposes that companies
create wealth and competitive advantage in rapidly changing environments by sharpening internal
managerial, organisational and technological processes. The authors further specify that those
managerial and organisation processes possess three different roles, which are coordination or
integration (of activities inside the company), learning (individual and organisational skills) and
reconfiguring (the company’s asset structure to attain transformation). (Teece et al., 1997,
pp. 518–520)
In his more recent article, Teece (2007, p. 1319) then divided dynamic capabilities into the abilities
of sensing, seizing as well as reconfiguring. More precisely, he describes a firm’s capacity “(1) to
sense and shape opportunities and threats, (2) to seize opportunities, and (3) to maintain
competitiveness through enhancing, combining, protecting, and, when necessary, reconfiguring
the business enterprise’s intangible and tangible assets.” Furthermore, to gain an even better
understanding, he enumerates particular procedures, skills, processes, decision rules or
organisational structures as the underlying microfoundations of such dynamic capabilities. (Teece,
2007, p. 1319)

Nearly at the same time, Eisenhardt and Martin (2000) developed their theory around dynamic
capabilities which is perceived as the second influential stream of research in regards to dynamic
capabilities. (Peteraf et al., 2013, p. 1391) They construe dynamic capabilities as “a set of specific
and identifiable processes” (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000, p. 1105) which resembles the
microfoundations postulated by Teece (2007, p. 1319). However, within their framework, a
differentiation between dynamic capabilities in moderately dynamic and high-velocity markets has
to be considered. On the one hand, dynamic capabilities are similar to routines in moderately
dynamic markets. There, they are analytic and steady with many details and pretty certain
outcomes, while, on the other hand, in highly dynamic markets they are described as easy, frail
and extremely experiential processes with unpredictable results. (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000,
p. 1105)
Even though Teece et al. (1997) and Eisenhardt and Martin (2000) postulate rather
complementary perspectives on dynamic capabilities, the two frameworks also have
commonalities. Both papers agree that dynamic capabilities can be recognised as a further
development of the resource-based view. Moreover, either paper emphasises organisational
routines and regards organisational and managerial practices and processes. (Peteraf et al., 2013,
p. 1392) What has to be added is that dynamic capabilities are not connected to a particular field
of business, rather they can be found throughout the organisation which implies their potential to
serve as a foundation for competitive advantage. (Schoemaker et al., 2018, p. 18)
To summarise, the literature about dynamic capabilities suggests that the goal is to achieve and
retain a competitive advantage over time in dynamic environments. (Reisinger et al., 2013, p. 37)
3.4. Evaluating Employee Experience and its potential for providing

competitive advantage through employees
This chapter is first concerned with the evaluation of employees as a source of competitive
advantage making use of theoretical concepts and empirical studies. Secondly, the concept
Employee Experience will be analysed in terms of its ability of providing competitive advantage.
3.4.1. Competitive advantage through employees

In the previous section, the resource-based view has been examined in general terms. Building
on this knowledge, a closer look should be taken now at employees and thereby human capital
resources as a source of competitive advantage.
The observation that traditional sources of competitive advantage such as financial resources or
technologies are often easy to replicate and thereby not sustainable, creates the need of newer,

more implicit sources of competitiveness. As a result, employees and their management as a
potential source receives increased importance. (Pfeffer, 1999, p. 6)
In the resource-based view literature, employees have been emphasised as valuable resources
by numerous advocates. Penrose (2009, p. 24) already enumerated human resources besides
physical resources, as she argues that a staff departure involves a loss for the firm that is
comparable to a capital loss. In more concrete terms, Wernerfelt (1984, p. 172) listed technological
knowledge (which is held by the firm’s personnel) as well as employing skilled employees as
examples for resources. As is well known, Barney (1991, p. 101) extended Penrose’s classification
by adding organisational resources. Furthermore, he specified human capital resources as
managers’ or employees’ experience, know-how, training, discernment, relationships and insights.
(Barney, 1991, p. 101) These contributions lead to the conclusion that employees including their
knowledge and skills can be seen as valuable resources for firms.
Furthermore, Wright et al. (2001, p. 706) depict that the connection of HRM and the resource-
based view had its foundation in the recognition that the RBV offers a rationale for why and how
HR can lead to competitive advantage. Thus, the RBV provided acceptance and legitimacy for
HRM claiming the strategic importance of employees and HRM for firm success. (Wright et al.,
2001, pp. 702–706)
To start this discussion, Boxall (1996, p. 66) states that through recruiting and developing talent
and creating synergy effects between those talented employees’ contributions and the sum of the
firm resources, HRM can build a basis for sustainable competitive advantage. Additionally, in
terms of HR practices and policies, in the resource-based view it is theorised that the combination
and implementation of them in a certain context might be valuable due to the social complexity
and historical sensitivity, as those are two isolation mechanisms. (Boxall, 1996, pp. 66f.) In his
conclusion, Boxall (1996, p. 69) summarises that it must be assumed that there is a potential of
competitive human resource advantage by hiring and retaining superior employees and having a
superior combination of their talents in certain processes. (Boxall, 1996, p. 69)
To analyse the potential of human resources to create competitive advantage, according to Wright
et al. (1994, p. 304) one has to consider human resources per se and human resource practices
as two separate aspects of HR. Following this differentiation, human resources are defined as “the
pool of human capital under the firm's control in a direct employment relationship” by the authors.
On the other hand, human resource practices are “the organizational activities directed at
managing the pool of human capital and ensuring that the capital is employed towards the
fulfilment of organizational goals.” (Wright et al., 1994, p. 304) In a similar vein, Boxall (1996, pp.
66f.) argues that a distinction between “human process advantage” and “human capital

advantage” is suggestive. Human process advantage, on the one hand, is possible through
complex, ambiguous and difficult to imitate processes such as innovation, cooperation and
learning. On the other hand, by hiring and retaining talented employees and by building a
repertoire of these talented people possessing productive possibilities, human capital advantage
might be generated. Human process advantage and human capital advantage combined might
lead to human resource advantage in consequence. (Boxall, 1996, pp. 66f.) Thus, in contrast to
other authors, Wright et al. (1994, pp. 304f.) and Boxall (1996, pp. 66f.) focus not only on
employees’ knowledge, skills and abilities but also on employee behaviour, which in this context
refers to employees utilising their knowledge, skills and abilities in favour of the company in order
to create competitive advantage. (Wright et al., 1994, pp. 304f.)
In his seminal article, Barney (1991, pp. 105f.) claims that if resources have the right
characteristics (VRIO) and are employed advantageously, they have the potential to create
sustained competitive advantage for the firm. (Barney, 1991, pp. 105f.) This in turn leads to the
assumption that employees or particular characteristics of them, provided that they are valuable,
rare, in-imitable as well as correctly employed and all other processes are in place to enable the
usage of the resource, also might be sources of competitive advantage for the organisation.
Barney and Clark (2007, p. 140) suggest applying the VRIO framework to identify the aspects or
characteristics of human resources that have the ability to be sources for competitive or even
sustained competitive advantage. (Barney & Clark, 2007, pp. 140f.) Wright et al.’s (1994) research
did exactly that, as they analysed human resources according to the VRIN framework. The findings
reveal that firstly, several preconditions – such as that human resource supply and demand is
heterogeneous, companies have a unique history, human capital characteristics show a normal
distribution and it can be transferred across technologies as well as processes at work are shaped
by social complexity and causal ambiguity – are necessary. Then, the authors argue, human
resources fulfil the VRIN criteria and thus are suggested to exhibit the potential to provide
sustainable competitive advantage. (Wright et al., 1994, p. 314) This research was complemented
by Barney and Wright (1998) who applied the advanced VRIO framework to human resources,
thus also included the question of organisation. Through enumerating several practical examples,
it is confirmed that (aspects of) human resources fulfil the VRIO criteria too. (Barney & Wright,
1998, pp. 35f.) Also Lepak and Snell’s (1999) research came to the conclusion that employees
can be a source of competitive advantage. Despite that, they take a more differentiated look at
employees and argue that not all employees have the same strategic importance and thus propose
four different employment modes based on this strategic importance. The strategic development
emphasis, according to them, should be on employees who have a high value for the firm and are
rather unique, as they have the highest potential to contribute to competitive advantage and firm
uniqueness. Others, in turn, can be regarded as a necessity to keep operations running. (Lepak
& Snell, 1999, pp. 36–38)

Therefore, the research highlights, similarly as the concept of Employee Experience does
(Morgan, 2017, pp. 9, 201), that companies have to distinguish between employees based on
certain criteria, such as skills and knowledge, and apply differentiated HR practices and systems,
such as training and development or compensation. Hence, it is clearly argued against a “one-
size-fits-all” approach to managing employees. (Lepak & Snell, 1999, pp. 42–45) However,
against the claims of previous research, Wright et al. (1994, p. 318) negate the proposition that
also HR practices themselves can be a source of competitive advantage as arguably, these HR
practices do provide value but cannot be rare, inimitable or non-substitutable. Despite that, HR
practices clearly play an important role in this context because they assist in developing the human
capital by acting as a moderator between the human capital pool and competitive advantage
through their influence on HR behaviour. This relationship is depicted in figure 12. (Wright et al.,
1994, p. 318) Barney and Wright (1998, p. 39) add to this discussion in claiming that holistic,
synergistic HR systems are more probable to contribute to sustainable competitive advantage
than single, isolated HR practices. (Barney & Wright, 1998, pp. 39f.)
Figure 12: Human resources as a source of sustained competitive advantage

Source: Wright et al. (1994, p. 318)
Also Coff (1997, p. 376) summarizes in his framework that the attributes asset specificity, social
complexity and causal ambiguity make human capital highly valuable due to the difficult imitability.
In this context, asset specificity determines whether knowledge, skills or relationships are firm-
specific, which implies that they can only be applied in one firm, or general. Social complexity
encompasses external boundary spanning functions with stakeholders as well as team production,
which refers to the difficulty of differentiating between individual contributions and team results.
Lastly, causal ambiguity refers to the uncertainty about which aspects lead to success. Therefore,
it can be presumed that employees can contribute to competitive advantage due to their specific
attributes which are difficult to imitate by competitors. (Coff, 1997, pp. 375f.)

However, several challenges arise in the context of viewing employees as a source of competitive
advantage. As Chatterjee (2017, p. 588) argues, investing in employees to become a source of
competitive advantage is connected with risk, because employees are mobile. (Chatterjee, 2017,
p. 588) This means that in reference to employees as a resource it has to be taken into account
that a company does not own them, as it owns other resources such as machines. (Penrose,
2009, p. 24) Related to that, Coff (1997, p. 375) identified several managerial challenges that need
to be overcome, to enable human capital to generate an advantage. He as well associates risk
and uncertainty to the mobility of employees and the consequence of losing a critical asset, which
cannot be controlled by firms. Already his definition of human assets as “human capital under
limited organisational control that have the potential to generate economic rent” highlights this
challenge. (Coff, 1997, p. 375) Moreover, he argues that information dilemma in the form of
adverse selection in the hiring process, bounded rationality in decision-making and moral hazard
regarding employees’ motivation in team settings, pose another challenge that firms need to cope
with. (Coff, 1997, pp. 379f.) The author even claims that it is not possible for companies to
generate a sustainable competitive advantage from employees unless the firms handle these
corresponding management dilemmas. (Coff, 1997, p. 375) However, Coff does not only
accentuate the challenges but also proposes strategies to cope with these dilemmas. According
to him, firms need to install retention strategies to bind employees to the company, rent-sharing
strategies which act as incentives to decrease turnover, organisational design strategies that
influence the culture and governance structure to align employees’ goals with firm goals, and
information strategies to keep an overview of the employees and labour market, thereby achieving
an information advantage. The hypothesis is that successfully implementing all these strategies
and thereby overcoming the dilemmas might, according to him, enable companies to generate
competitive advantage through employees. (Coff, 1997, pp. 380f.)
Employee mobility as a challenge in obtaining competitive advantage from employees was also
emphasised and developed into a framework by Campbell et al. (2012, p. 385). Their model
specifies conditions that need to be fulfilled as a means to decrease employee mobility and
therefore facilitate competitive advantage. The authors argue that competitive advantage can be
derived when “key workers’ attachment to their employers dominates their ability to demand
exchange value outside the firm.” (Campbell et al., 2012, p. 384) Their framework considers
supply-side mobility constraints that have an influence on employees’ willingness to stay at or
leave the company as well as demand-side mobility constraints which specify the labour market
demand, in other words the value of the employee’s knowledge and skills on the labour market. A
key implication of that is that not only firm specific but also general human capital can lead to
human-capital based competitive advantage, if other conditions (high supply-side constraints) are
complied with. (Campbell et al., 2012, p. 377)

In order to explain the relationship between HR, profits and shareholder value, Becker et al. (1997,
p. 40) developed a theoretical model demonstrating how HR might create competitive advantage.
According to their HRM-performance model, well-designed HRM systems develop and improve
employee motivation as well as skills which in turn can lead to increased productivity, creativity
and discretionary effort. These, in further consequence, will improve the operating performance,
profit and growth which lead to increased market value. (Becker et al., 1997, pp. 40f.)
Figure 13: HR-shareholder value relationship model

Source: Becker et al. (1997, p. 40)
To conclude, the presented theoretical concepts emphasise the role of employees and HRM to
provide competitive advantage. It revealed that employees are valuable resources for companies
(Barney, 1991, p. 101; Coff, 1997, p. 376; Penrose, 2009, p. 24; Wernerfelt, 1984, p. 172) and
some aspects of human capital might be sources for (sustained) competitive advantage.
3.4.2. Competitive advantage through employees through a great Employee

Experience
The previous chapter aimed to lay out the theoretical foundations regarding the contribution of
employees to competitive advantage. Therefore, now the concept Employee Experience will be
evaluated regarding the potential to create competitive advantage for the firm, making use of more
recent, empirical studies.
Literature, especially academic literature on Employee Experience is scarce, hence the effect of
Employee Experience on competitive advantage has not been examined by any scholar yet. Thus,
to analyse the effect of a positive Employee Experience on competitive advantage, it is relied on
several mediating roles. Firstly, employee engagement as a mediator, secondly HPWS and
climate as characteristics of Employee Experience and thirdly customer experience as a mediator
are used for this analysis.
3.4.2.1. Employee Engagement as a mediator

Firstly, the mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between Employee
Experience and competitive advantage is used. Morgan (2017, pp. 6, 165) and Itam and Ghosh
(2020, p. 40) argue that (positive) Employee Experience leads to increased employee
engagement. At this particular moment, no scholar has criticised or disproved this hypothesis.

Furthermore, research on employee engagement has specified that resources are necessary to
foster engagement. (Lee et al., 2020, p. 5) Lee et al. (2020, pp. 17–20) have clustered these
resources into the categories organisational, social, job, home and personal resources, based on
a literature review. These categories contain, among others, resources that are part of Employee
Experience frameworks. Organisational resources encompass positive workplace and
organisational climate, trust, rewards, recognition, opportunities to learn and develop, growth
opportunities, coaching, technology, physical work environment, leadership (support),
transformational leadership and empowerment. Social resources contain support and co-worker
relationships, communication and team climate. Job resources incorporate goal clarity, meaningful
work, autonomy, flexibility as well as supervisory and performance feedback. Lastly, home
resources include work-life balance. (Lee et al., 2020, pp. 17–20) Thus, according to Lee et al.’s
(2020, p. 5) literature review, the enumerated resources – which are also mentioned as part of or
defining Employee Experience (see chapter 2.2. Employee Experience Frameworks) – lead to
employee engagement. This can be seen as the reversed approach to Morgan’s (2017, pp. 6,
165) and Itam and Ghosh’s (2020, p. 40) claim.
Therefore, this sub-chapter builds on this assumption and considers this proposition as a fact. To
open up the field, studies researching work engagement are also considered, as Schaufeli (2014,
p. 15) argues that work engagement and employee engagement are typically used
interchangeably.
To start with, Kim et al. (2013) approached the relationship between engagement and competitive
advantage from a broad perspective by conducting an integrative literature review that aims at
giving a summary of the current body of knowledge. (Kim et al., 2013, p. 250) One of the key
implications of their study is that on the one hand there are empirical studies confirming the direct
influence of work engagement on firm performance and on the other hand, studies depicting work
engagement as a mediator to improved performance exist. (Kim et al., 2013, pp. 253–260)
However, only one of the 20 studies used financial performance as a performance measure. All
other studies relied on in-role performance, extra-role performance, overall job performance or
achievement of goals. Interestingly, in their review consisting of 20 articles, 17 used the UWES as
a measurement, indicating the high relevance of this framework in the employee engagement
literature. (Kim et al., 2013, p. 261)
In a study encompassing 120 American companies, Kumar and Pansari (2016, p. 509) found that
increased levels of employee and customer engagement lead to higher performance in terms of
revenue and net income. The authors surveyed employee and customer engagement in two
successive years while implementing measures to increase engagement rates after the first

survey date. First of all, the data revealed that the implemented strategies were successful as
engagement increased and secondly, along with increased engagement came improved firm
performance, measured in terms of revenue and net income. (Kumar & Pansari, 2016, pp. 507–
511) A recent study arguing that engagement can create competitive advantage is provided by
Eldor (2020). She claims that collective engagement has the ability to serve as a value creation
capacity, linking service performance and shared vision. In further consequence, the value
creation capacity inherent in engagement creates difficult to replicate competitive advantage. The
author validates her claims with an empirical study in the retail-service sector. Results of the study
indicate that shared vision increases employee engagement which improves service performance,
which in turn leads to competitive advantage. (Eldor, 2020, p. 177)
Albrecht et al. (2015, pp. 7f.) researched the influence of four HRM practices on engagement,
performance outcomes and eventually competitive advantage. Their framework (figure 14) aims
to explain how viewing engagement from a strategic lens enables competitive advantage as well
as how employee engagement has to be integrated to provide competitive advantage. The
presented framework combines HRM-performance frameworks, the job-demands resources
theory, high performance HR practices models and SHRM engagement frameworks in order to
receive an integrated view. It further considers the organisational, job and individual level.
(Albrecht et al., 2015, pp. 8, 26)
Figure 14: Strategic engagement model

Source: Albrecht et al. (2015, p. 9)
The framework suggests that HRM practices and systems – more specifically employee
recruitment and selection, socialization or onboarding, performance management and training and
development – influence the organisational climate, which in turn influences job resources and job

demands. In further consequence, these have an influence on personal resources like the
psychological experience of meaningfulness, availability and safety. Furthermore, that influences
employee engagement and employee engagement impacts job crafting behaviours and the extent
of contributing suggestions, ideas or concerns. Moreover, employee engagement has an influence
on behavioural, attitudinal, performance as well as financial outcomes that ultimately lead to
competitive advantage. (Albrecht et al., 2015, pp. 8–11)
The authors explain that the positive effects of a coherent system of engagement-oriented HRM
practices – that have the goal of improving individual, group and organisational outcomes –
increase the probability that employees focus their efforts towards achieving company goals.
(Albrecht et al., 2015, p. 13) Although the framework, including the proposed links in it, was not
empirically tested and validated by the authors, it is still relevant as it is a consolidation of empirical
results from previous studies. (Albrecht et al., 2015, pp. 8-11, 26) The authors conclude with
emphasizing the importance of integrating employee engagement along the whole employee
lifecycle and across the employer-employee relationship to unfold its potential of representing a
source of competitive advantage. Moreover, it needs to be strategically focused and embedded in
the HR systems and processes. (Albrecht et al., 2015, p. 26)
The link between engagement and competitive advantage in Albrecht et al.’s (2015, p. 9)
framework is partly based on research conducted by Macey et al. (2009). This is because Macey
et al. (2009, pp. 2f.) studied the effects of employee engagement on financial performance, using
a sample consisting of employees from 65 companies. The authors compared the results from
companies in the top quartile with regards to employee engagement with results from the bottom
quartile. The companies in the top 25% outperformed the remaining companies, especially the
companies in the bottom 25%, in all three studied categories, which are Return on Assets,
profitability and shareholder value. With respect to shareholder value, the results are nearly
doubled for companies with high employee engagement levels. These results indicate a positive
relationship between employee engagement and financial performance. (Macey et al., 2009,
pp. 2–4) As an explanation, the authors created the employee engagement value chain, visualised
in figure 15. The relationships in this proposed framework are based on and supported by
substantial research in the fields of psychology, marketing and economics. (Macey et al., 2009,
pp. 8–11)

Figure 15: Employee engagement value chain
Source: Macey et al. (2009, p. 8)
According to them, a high performance work environment (which incorporates employees’

capacity, motivation, freedom and knowledge to engage) leads to employee engagement feelings
– such as urgency, focus, intensity and enthusiasm – which in turn lead to employee engagement
behaviours, like persistence, proactivity, role expansion and adaptability. These two engagement
facets represent the basis for tangible performance outcomes on the one hand and intangible
assets on the other hand. Additionally, engaged employees decrease the company’s risk profile
due to employees being dedicated to value creation for the organisation and having less intentions
to leave the company as well as increased consistency in interacting with customers and further
stakeholders. All these factors have a positive impact on cash flow and eventually on shareholder
value. The authors further argue that when employees are engaged, they are enthusiastic, give
their best and put in extra effort. Thus, competitive advantage is the result as companies get more
from the existing human resources. (Macey et al., 2009, pp. 8-11, 20-34) Another important aspect
in this context is that employee engagement feelings and behaviours are extremely multifaceted,
which implies that they are difficult to handle and achieve. Hence, employee engagement has the
potential to create competitive advantage for firms that are able to handle this multifacetedness.
(Macey et al., 2009, p. 41)
A systematic review and synthesis of literature on the topic of engagement, undertaken by Bailey
et al. (2017, p. 31), aimed to structure the previously conducted research in order to systematically
test the linkage between engagement and organisational performance or personal well-being. The
review considered 214 studies which were dominated by the “Work Engagement” construct and
engagement theorized by the “Job Demands-Resources” Model. (Bailey et al., 2017, pp. 34f.)
Regarding antecedents of engagement, the study identified psychological states (self-efficacy,

personal resources, resilience), organisational and team factors (organisational support,
identification, team climate and communication), leadership (transformational leadership, trust in
leaders, authentic leadership), job design (Job Demands-Resources model, supervisory and
colleague support, autonomy, feedback) as well as organisational interventions (training and
development, new ways of working, mindfulness training) as groups of factors. (Bailey et al., 2017,
pp. 37–39)
Consequently, the review reported a positive influence of engagement on individual morale

(improved perception of health and well-being, better work-related attitudes, commitment and job
satisfaction), higher-level performance outcomes (team and organisational performance,
improved customer loyalty) and individual performance outcomes (positive effect on in-role task
performance and extra-role performance; negative effect on counterproductive performance).
(Bailey et al., 2017, pp. 40–42)
Antecedents Engagement Outcomes
•psychological •individual
states morale
•organisational •higher-level
& team factors performance
•leadership outcomes
•job design •individual
•organisational performance
interventions outcomes
Figure 16: Antecedents and Outcomes of Engagement

Source: Own illustration based on Bailey et al. (2017)
A more recent study by the same authors (Fletcher et al., 2020, pp. 17f.) assembled a holistic
overview of antecedents, outcomes as well as contextual contingencies of engagement (figure 17)
as the result of their review. As performance outcomes, in-role performance on the individual level
and organisational citizenship or contextual performance on the organisational level were
reported. The focus of the study was on the public sector, thus conclusions for the private sector
should be drawn with caution as the authors report contextual differences with regards to
engagement in different sectors. For example, prosocial/public service values and motives is not
a relevant driver for engagement in the private sector. (Fletcher et al., 2020, pp. 33f.)

Figure 17: Map of antecedents, outcomes, and contextual contingencies of engagement in the public sector
Source: Fletcher et al. (2020, p. 18)
To summarise, these two consecutive studies reported antecedents that exhibit overlaps with
elements of Employee Experience. Furthermore, the outcomes provide clear evidence of a
positive relationship between engagement and outcomes on the individual, team and
organisational level. (Bailey et al., 2017, p. 31; Fletcher et al., 2020, pp. 17f.)
With reference to the limitations disclosed by Bailey et al.’s (2017) research, Carter et al. (2018,
pp. 2483–2485) designed their longitudinal, thorough field study relying on objective, individual-
level indicators as a measurement. Their research combined self-efficacy with employee
engagement and found that the additive effects of these two factors resulted in 39% of products
that were sold above the expected level based on past performance. Hence, a positive relationship
between self-efficacy, employee engagement and job performance was confirmed. (Carter et al.,
2018, pp. 2483, 2496-2497) To get a better understanding, self-efficacy is defined as “beliefs in
one’s capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to
meet given situational demands.” (Wood & Bandura, 1989, p. 408) As a conclusion, the authors
thus recommend to address employee engagement and self-efficacy to improve job performance.
(Carter et al., 2018, pp. 2497f.)

Christian et al. (2011, p. 89) followed a different approach as they conducted a quantitative review
and tested a well-known conceptual framework proposed by Macey and Schneider (2008, p. 6).
figure 18 shows the tested model, adjusted to their findings. In general, the authors found
supporting evidence for Macey and Schneider’s (2008, p. 6) model. (Christian et al., 2011,
pp. 119–123)
Figure 18: Tested model of work engagement

Source: Christian et al. (2011, p. 119)
The analysis furthermore supports the proposal that work engagement acts as a mediator between
the antecedents (autonomy, task variety, task significance, feedback, transformational leadership,
conscientiousness and positive affect) and task performance as well as contextual performance.
As a practical implementation, the authors conclude that engagement might enable companies to
maintain or improve competitive advantage, as engagement improves discretionary and in-role
performance. With reference to task performance, engagement means more efficiency and
effectiveness in fulfilling the tasks, with reference to contextual performance, it means that
employees are more probable to create a context that promotes helping each other, team work,
voice and discretionary behaviour, which potentially lead to increased organisational
effectiveness. Thus employers should definitely aim to engage the workforce. (Christian et al.,
2011, pp. 120–124)
One of the first studies that examined the link between engagement and financial returns was
conducted by Xanthopoulou et al. (2009, p. 183). In a diary study (figure 19), they evaluated the
influence of daily changes in job resources (such as team climate, autonomy and coaching) on

employees’ personal resources (such as optimism, self-esteem and self-efficacy), work
engagement and finally financial performance or returns.
Figure 19: Study design of the diary study linking resources, engagement and financial returns
Source: Xanthopoulou et al. (2009, p. 187)
Although limited to only 42 participating employees, the study found that day-level job resources
influenced work engagement, mediated through day-level personal resources. Furthermore, day-
level coaching had a positive effect on day-level work engagement and this prognosticates
financial returns on that day. Finally, coaching from the previous day positively influenced work
engagement (through optimism) and financial returns on the next day. According to the authors,
their study supports the assumption that work engagement, as a form of psychological well-being,
creates success. (Xanthopoulou et al., 2009, pp. 192–196)
Yalabik et al. (2013, pp. 2799, 2803) proposed that affective commitment (emotional attachment
to, involvement in and identification with the company) and job satisfaction are predictors for work
engagement as well as that work engagement is a predictor for job performance and intention to
quit. Their proposal was confirmed by a study that demonstrated that job satisfaction and affective
commitment positively affect work engagement. Furthermore, it was found that work engagement
is the principal mechanism through which these two variables shape job performance and reduce
the intention to quit, thus work engagement is classified as a mediator in this relationship. As a
concluding remark the authors suggest to emphasise commitment-building HRM and offer
satisfying jobs in order to improve employee engagement, retention and task performance.
(Yalabik et al., 2013, pp. 2816f.)
Furthermore Gupta and Sharma (2016, p. 60) found that engagement leads to organisational
outcomes – such as increased customer satisfaction and loyalty, increased profitability and
productivity, safety and decreased turnover rates together with higher retention rates – and
employee outcomes, like psychological outcomes as well as health and well-being, are proposed
as effects. Therefore, according to them, employee engagement leads to improved firm
performance, expressed through the above-mentioned effects. (Gupta & Sharma, 2016, pp. 59f.)
Finally, in the course of their qualitative study, Rodrigues da Costa and Maria Correia Loureiro
(2019, pp. 328–333) noticed an increased awareness in companies to provide an internal
(employee) experience to their employees in order to increase employee engagement, retain
talent and employ a happy workforce. Furthermore, all interviewees emphasised the importance
of happiness, recognition, work-life balance, appreciation of their efforts and the treatment as a
unique human being for employee engagement. (Rodrigues da Costa & Maria Correia Loureiro,
2019, p. 333)
Taking into account all the presented studies, a clear link between employee engagement and
competitive advantage as well as improved performance can be observed. Therefore, it could be
concluded that a great Employee Experience increases employee engagement which in turn
creates competitive advantage. However, as Kim et al. (2013, p. 261) noted, many of these studies
measured a performance increase using subjective indicators instead of financial figures.
3.4.2.2. HPWS and climate as characteristics of Employee Experience

A study by Jiang et al. (2012, p. 1264) investigated the effects of high-performance work systems
– which show many similarities to certain Employee Experience aspects – on organisational
outcomes. For their study, the authors took into account the attributes skill-enhancing HR
practices, motivation-enhancing HR practices and opportunity-enhancing HR practices of high-
performance work systems. Skill-enhancing practices refer to ensuring that employees have the
appropriate skills (e. g. training, sophisticated recruiting and selection), motivation-enhancing HR
practices have the goal to increase employee motivation (e. g.: through promotion, job security,
benefits, incentives and rewards) whereas opportunity-enhancing HR practices should empower
employees to use their motivation and skills for accomplishing company goals (e. g.: team work,
flexible job design, involvement). (Jiang et al., 2012, p. 1267) When comparing these attributes
with Employee Experience frameworks, several overlaps can be identified, which makes this study
interesting for the analysis. As a result, the authors found that the three aforementioned
dimensions had a direct and indirect positive influence on financial performance. In other words,
they increased financial outcomes directly and also indirectly through improved employee
motivation, increased human capital, decreased turnover and better operational outcomes. (Jiang
et al., 2012, p. 1275) Their final model is illustrated in figure 20. (Jiang et al., 2012, p. 1276)

Figure 20: Theoretical Model of Effects of HPWS on Organisational Outcomes
Source: Jiang et al. (2012, p. 1276)
These findings are also supported by a meta-analysis concerning the impact of high-performance
work practices on organisational performance. This study by Combs et al. (2006) analysed 92
studies incorporating data from over 19,000 organisations in this context. Their findings confirm
that high-performance work practices improve organisational performance. Furthermore, the
correlation is even higher through synergy effects when a whole system of high-performance work
practices was analysed, compared to single practices. (Combs et al., 2006, p. 513) When looking
at the rationale why HPWS can contribute to competitive advantage, different researchers found
that this is due to causal ambiguity (unclarity about the reason of firm success) and path
dependency (inimitability of aggregated effects of past events and actions). (Chapman et al., 2018,
p. 540)
Another survey-based study by Kerdpitak and Jermsittiparsert (2020, p. 443) examined the link
between HRM practices, like training and development, learning methods and employee selection,
and competitive advantage, using employee engagement as a mediator. Competitive advantage
was measured based on individual, team and organisational performance indicators. Their results
confirm both relationships, thus also add to the studies that validate the positive link between HRM
practices, employee engagement and competitive advantage, although this study is limited to the
pharmacy sector in Thailand. (Kerdpitak & Jermsittiparsert, 2020, pp. 445–451)
However, despite these findings confirming a connection between high performance work systems
or HRM practices and financial outcomes, Chapman et al. (2018, p. 534) depict that the underlying
mechanism of the relationship is still a “black box” and not researched well enough to provide a
comprehensive understanding. But already the relationship itself can be considered to indicate
HPWS as a lever for creating competitive advantage, as there is considerable evidence that
confirms it. (Chapman et al., 2018, p. 534)

Another way how Employee Experience can contribute to competitive advantage is via promoting
a strong organisational climate and culture. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 89–91) A strong organisational
climate can lead to employees who feel involved in decision-making, opportunities for employees
to grow and develop, positive attitudes towards the workplace and colleagues and an innovative
environment. Moreover, it promotes employee commitment, satisfaction and adjustment and
decreases absenteeism and turnover intent. (Ostroff, 1993, pp. 68–79) Collins and Smith (2006,
pp. 545–547) argue that a strong climate exhibits the characteristics cooperation, trust, shared
language and values as well as knowledge generation and sharing. (Collins & Smith, 2006,
pp. 545–547) These elements are also part of Employee Experience Frameworks, such as
Morgan’s (2017), Bersin et al.’s (2017) and IBM and Globoforce’s (2016) frameworks. HRM and
HR development practices cultivate such a strong climate. In further consequence, Collins and
Smith (2006, pp. 551–555) could confirm that a strong organisational climate positively impacts
firm performance in terms of increased sales and revenue from new products and services. In
addition to that, several other researchers verified the positive influence of organisational climate
on firm performance. (Chapman et al., 2018, p. 543)
To conclude, Employee Experiences and HPWS share common features and as these studies
show, HPWS and other HRM practices improve operational outcomes, organisational and
financial firm performance, thus contribute to competitive advantage. These coherences are
supported by a strong organisational culture that positively influences employee perceptions and
attitudes.
3.4.2.3. Customer Experience as a mediator

Another interesting direction of evaluating the potential of Employee Experience for creating
competitive advantage is through customer experience (CX).
As Maylett and Wride (2017, p. ix) and Becker and Bolink (2018, p. 20) explain, increased
employee engagement leads to an improved customer experience. This is because engaged
employees generate engaging experiences for the customers. Maylett and Wride (2017, p. 9) even
claim that Employee Experience = customer experience as they argue that “to create a
sustainable, world-class CX, an organization must first create a sustainable, world-class Employee
Experience (EX).” (Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 9) Becker and Bolink (2018, p. 20) too equate happy
employees with happy customers and also with increased business value. They argue that happy
and healthy employees who know how they can contribute to the company’s success also enable
the improvement of customer satisfaction and in consequence achieve sustainable value for the
company. (Becker & Bolink, 2018, p. 20) Following these assumptions, the advice for companies
is that they should first build an exceptional Employee Experience as this in turn creates a great

customer experience because the employees are engaged and appreciated. Hence, they care
about customers and customer service and create innovations. This is underpinned with the
definition that customer experience is directly resulting from the employees’ behaviours and
attitudes. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 9–11) The authors further created the law of congruent
experience which states that “Employees will deliver a customer experience that matches their
own experience in the organization.” (Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 11) To validate this link between
Employee and customer experiences, 24 million employee survey replies were collected. The
analysis confirmed the correlation of employee engagement with retention, customer satisfaction
and revenue growth. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. xiii, 17) Finally, customer experience and
satisfaction definitely have an impact on the organisation’s profits and therefore influence the firm
performance. (Maylett & Wride, 2017, pp. 4, 19) Thus, with reference to Maylett and Wride’s (2017)
research, it can be assumed that a great Employee Experience creates a great customer
experience. Subsequently, one has to take a look at the potential of customer experience to be a
source of competitive advantage. This link was studied by Grønholdt et al. (2015).
Based on a literature review as well as practical experience and knowledge on customer

experience, the authors developed their framework linking customer experience management
(CEM) with Business Performance. Figure 21 displays the seven CEM dimensions, including two
dimensions with reference to employees, namely recruitment and training: rational and emotional
skills, which aim to achieve customers’ rational and emotional attachment. Furthermore, the
illustration visualises the influence of the seven CEM dimensions on market performance and
eventually financial performance with differentiation (market and innovation differentiation) as a
mediator. (Grønholdt et al., 2015, pp. 91–93)
Figure 21: The conceptual Customer Experience Management model

Source: Grønholdt et al. (2015, p. 92)

The conceptual CEM model proposes that the seven CEM dimensions lead to differentiation which
leads indirectly via market performance and also directly to financial performance. In their study,
the authors use differentiation as an indicator for competitive advantage, as they argue that it has
previously been emphasised in literature on customer experience as an important factor.
(Grønholdt et al., 2015, p. 93) In order to validate their conceptual model, an empirical study has
been conducted. First, explorative and confirmative factor analysis, based on replies from 484
companies, has been applied and resulted in the seven CEM dimensions. To measure market
performance, customer-perceived product and service quality, customer loyalty and satisfaction,
attraction of new customers and the image of the company were studied. For financial
performance, the authors used the indicators turnover, market share, productivity, gross operating
profit and return on invested capital. (Grønholdt et al., 2015, pp. 93f.) Their analyses confirmed
both the reliability and validity of their model in addition to the statistical significance of the
proposed relationships. Hence, the model is of high quality and conclusions from their study can
be drawn. (Grønholdt et al., 2015, pp. 95f.)
As a result, the authors reported clear evidence that customer experience management has a
positive impact on financial performance with all CEM dimensions exerting a positive influence on
differentiation, thus competitive advantage. (Grønholdt et al., 2015, p. 96)
A Forrester study confirms this relationship as it found that a one-point increase in the Customer
Experience Index Score leads to an enormous increase in revenues, dependent on industry,
company size and customer base. Applied to the example of a mass-market car manufacturer
with around 18 million customers, the study suggests an increase of up to $874 million in revenue.
(Schmidt-Subramanian et al., 2017, pp. 2–5)
Another empirical study by Chi and Gursoy (2009, p. 245) found that customer satisfaction
significantly and positively influences financial performance. Moreover, customer satisfaction also
acts as a mediator in the relationship between employee satisfaction and financial performance.
Thus, to summarise, employee satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction which exerts a positive
impact on firm financial performance. (Chi & Gursoy, 2009, pp. 245, 251)
In summary, it can be concluded that a great Employee Experience positively influences customer
experience and satisfied customers. This in turn leads to increased financial performance,
revenues and competitive advantage.
As a conclusion of this whole chapter, it can be stated that Employee Experience can contribute
to competitive advantage via three mediators. Firstly, it was assumed that Employee Experience
leads to employee engagement. As chapter 3.4.2.1 demonstrated, not only one study but several
research surveys confirm that employee engagement has positive effects on numerous
performance outcomes, such as increased performance in terms of revenue and net income,

financial outcomes, improved employee motivation, increased human capital, decreased turnover,
better operational outcomes, increased Return on Assets, profitability and shareholder value.
Secondly, Employee Experience shows several similarities with HPWS and HRM practices which
can (positively) influence employees, their behaviour and perceptions. When employees act
according to the company goals and have positive perceptions of their work, this can be a source
of competitive advantage. Thirdly, based on the assumption that a positive Employee Experience
leads to a positive customer experience, it was shown that a great customer experience leads to
improved performance and thus to competitive advantage. Therefore, it seems reasonable to
assume a positive relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage or firm
performance. However, a separate study confirming this link does not exist yet. Thus, numerous
assumptions had to be made and proposition taken for granted to prove this link.

4. Interim Conclusion
In this interim conclusion, the research questions should be answered based on the theoretical
part of this Master’s Thesis to draw first conclusions and derive first results.
Firstly, the research question how Employee Experience, in light of current challenges, can be a
new approach to people management is answered.
With respect to current challenges, it seems as if a new approach to people management is

already necessary now or will at least be necessary in the near future. Especially generational
differences, barely engaged employees, the war for talent, the changing employer-employee
relationship and the accompanying shifts in employee expectations are urging this need. Those
expectations of the workplace have clearly increased as many employees nowadays can chose
between several employers and join the most attractive one. (see chapter 2.4.1)
As the human resources department has to ensure that enough and suitable employees are
available for the company, the above-mentioned changes require them to rethink current
practices, because it is unclear whether traditional HR can provide acceptable solutions to these
challenges. (Ulrich et al., 2017, ch. 1) Employee Experience seems to offer suitable solutions to
several of these challenges because it addresses each employee as a unique human being with
its needs, preferences, strengths and weaknesses and aims to provide the best possible
experience at work. Moreover, Employee Experience is guided by the question “How can we
create a company where people want to show up vs. need to show up?” (Morgan, 2017, p. 4) and
this clearly highlights the emphasis on creating a great workplace.
Figure 22 visualises this Master’s Thesis view on the holistic concept of Employee Experience. As
it is assembled from different sources, it might seem highly complex at first glance, however the
aim is to provide a holistic, integrated view on the topic and give guidance.
On the left of figure 22, the elements of Employee Experience (belonging, purpose, achievement,
happiness, vigor, enjoy work, expectation alignment and trust) are listed and the level of Employee
Experience can be read on the y-axis. The x-axis describes the time in the company. The line in
the coordinate systems shows the level of Employee Experience at a certain point in time and
moreover visualises the employee life cycle. Gradually, Moments of Truth come along on this line.
The rectangles in the coordinate system mark the major stages in the employee life cycle.
Furthermore, outside of the main graph are the three Employee Experience environments
(Cultural, Technological and Physical Environment) as well as leadership, because those four
aspects shape and influence the whole Employee Experience. Their attached and defining
elements are depicted in the smaller bubbles around the particular environment.

Figure 22: Proposed holistic Employee Experience Framework
Secondly, the research question whether and how the concept of Employee Experience has the
potential to create competitive advantage for the firm is discussed. In this context, this Master’s
Thesis argues in accordance with Wright et al. (1994, pp. 314–318) that certain employees or
particular aspects and characteristics of employees constitute the source of competitive
advantage. However, Employee Experience – as being similar to and even incorporating some
HR practices – plays a highly relevant role in developing and advancing the competencies of those
valuable employees in order to increase the probability that employees contribute to competitive
advantage.

Furthermore, several empirical studies have shown that Employee Experience can contribute to
competitive advantage, with employee engagement and customer experience as mediators.
Especially the link via employee engagement as a mediator between Human Resources,
Employee Experience and competitive advantage provides valuable insights into this construct
and the corresponding potential.
Figure 23 is an adaptation and extension of Wright et al.’s (1994, p. 318) framework and should
visualise the above-mentioned assumptions:
Figure 23: Proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage according to the Literature
Review
According to this proposed framework, Employee Experience exerts an influence on (sustainable)

competitive advantage in three ways. Firstly, Employee Experience contributes to competitive
advantage by developing the employees – within the scope of the human capital pool – and
through acting as a moderator in the relationship between the employees and competitive
advantage by influencing Employee behaviour and perceptions. Secondly, Employee Experience
leads to employee engagement and this in turn also leads to competitive advantage. Thirdly, it is
proposed that a great Employee Experience creates a great customer experience which positively
impacts competitive advantage.
Finally, the third research question “How should Employee Experience be practically implemented
in businesses to create competitive advantage? Which levers are necessary and what are
advantageous and impeding factors or circumstances?” is addressed. To start with, it can be
stated that figure 22 already provides a good overview on what Employee Experience is and what
aspects have to be considered when practically implementing it.

Regarding levers, advantageous and impeding factors, Table 3 gives an overview of the most
relevant ones:
Levers Advantageous factors Impeding factors
• Detailed subjective + • Mindset of continuous • Discouraging Leadership

objective knowledge improvement
• Seeing EX as a short-
about the employees →
• Employees as the term embellishment
Connecting with
number one priority concept
employees on a human
level & People Analytics • Acting like laboratories → • Not having an EX Officer
Learning through Trial or someone who is
• Commitment to genuinely
and Error responsible for EX
care about providing a
great Employee • Customizing EX • Trying EX programmes
Experience programmes and on the side without

practices so that they fit prioritizing it
• Supportive leadership
the organisation
and Top Management • HR departments that are
support • Focus on the uniqueness organised in silos and

of the particular company make unintegrated offers
• Implementation with a
Design Thinking • Supportive leadership • Not enough resources
Approach and using DT • Integrated EX framework • Lack of up-to-date

tools and practices and offerings information
Table 3: Levers, advantageous and impeding factors for EX implementation according to the Literature Review
Source: own table based on the Literature Review
To conclude, the implementation of Employee Experience can be facilitated through making

employees and EX a priority – implying Top Management support – detailed up-to-date
information about employees and using a Design Thinking approach and Design Thinking tools
and practices – such as Employee Journeys or Personas – for the implementation along the
Employee Experience Design Loop. (see chapter 2.4)

5. Empirical Study
This chapter encompasses the entire empirical study of this Master’s Thesis, including the
research design and methodology but also the findings and an evaluation and concluding
discussion of the results.
5.1. Research Design and Methodology

The following chapter comprises an illustration of the research design and methodology of the
conducted study. Firstly, the reasons for the chosen research design – a qualitative study – are
exhibited and clarified, followed by an in-depth elaboration of how the data collection, analysis and
evaluation is executed. In addition to that, the interview partners as well as the interview guideline
are presented.
5.1.1. Qualitative Research Method

In the course of this Master’s Thesis a qualitative study was conducted. Qualitative research is
predominantly based on non-numeric data, for example words or a narrative text. By contrast,
quantitative research methods emphasise quantification, statistics and numeric data. (Bryman &
Bell, 2011, p. 27; Dent, 2011, p. 8) Also Helfferich (2011, p. 24) explains that qualitative research
uses texts as the collected and analysed data. In the context of qualitative interviews, these texts
are transcribed verbal statements and stories which were given during the interview. (Helfferich,
2011, p. 24) Qualitative research, according to Bryman and Bell (2011, pp. 410–412) pursues the
goal of understanding the viewpoint of the participants, to see the world through the participants’
eyes and takes contextual factors such as values, beliefs and behaviours into account. To achieve
this, the authors suggest that the qualitative researcher is involved with the participants and
establishes a relationship with them, to deepen the understanding of their view on the research
topic and generate rich data. (Bryman & Bell, 2011, pp. 410–412)
The research interest of this Master’s Thesis is to gain further insights into the implementation of
the concept of Employee Experience in practice. The corresponding levers, advantageous and
impeding factors, implemented measures as well as the perceived potential for creating
competitive advantage are to be explored. A qualitative study, more precisely qualitative guideline-
based interviews, seems to be most appropriate for accomplishing this interest and answering the
research questions. (Döring et al., 2015, pp. 16-18, 184) This is because in the chosen research
area only few scientific literature and knowledge is available. Moreover, the inductive approach of
qualitative studies – meaning that qualitative research methods enable theory-building, gaining
unprecedented knowledge and developing new theories, frameworks or hypotheses – is beneficial

for adding new knowledge to this field of research. (Bryman & Bell, 2011, p. 27; Döring et al.,
2015, pp. 184f.)
With the objective of answering the research questions and fulfil the research interest, guideline-
based interviews with HR experts from different companies were conducted. The interview
guideline as well as the selection of the interview partners are described and presented in the next
chapters.
5.1.2. Semi-structured expert Interviews

The empirical study of this Master’s Thesis is based on semi-structured expert interviews.
Interviews are depicted as a way to gather information from selected interview participants and
can be described as “a conversation with a purpose”. (Berg, 2009, p. 101; Dent, 2011, p. 14)
To provide an overview, interviews can be classified into three different types: standardized,
semistandardized and unstandardized interviews; which are also referred to as structured, semi-
structured and unstructured interviews. (Berg, 2009, pp. 104f.) First of all, the standardized
interview makes use of a schedule of predetermined interview questions that are formally
structured. The researchers are very well informed about the topic and design the interview
questions as comprehensive as possible to extract all relevant information and opinions about the
topic of interest. The unstandardized interview, on the other hand, does not make use of scheduled
questions. The researchers take the viewpoint of not knowing which questions will be relevant in
the interview and do not prepare a complete set of questions. The generation of questions
happens during the interview and adapt appropriately to the conversation. In between those two
extremes of a continuum lies the semistandardized interview. A semistandardized interview
includes some predetermined questions and topics to be addressed. The prepared list of
questions – referred to as an interview guideline – is asked in a structured way but there is also
freedom for new questions that evolve during the conversation or for changing the question order.
(Berg, 2009, pp. 105–107) Due to these advantages, a semi-structured interview was chosen as
the research method for this Master’s Thesis.
One form of qualitative interviews are expert interviews. (Bogner et al., 2014, p. 1) An expert
interview can be described as a written or verbal method that is mostly semistandardized and
which can be used to elaborate qualitative and quantitative aspects. (Atteslander, 1984, pp. 105–
107) This is one reason why expert interviews can be perfectly applied for the creation and
aggregation of ideas. The goal is to identify the opinions and knowledge of certain experts for a
given topic. (Häder, 2014, pp. 64–66) In other words, an expert interview aims to gather implicit
knowledge from individuals who gained this knowledge from working in the particular field for a
longer time or who have greater access to related information. (Bogner et al., 2014, p. 18)

Kaiser (2014, p. 29) distinguishes between an explorative research interview, a guideline-based
expert interview and plausibility check conversations within the scope of expert interviews. The
aim of an explorative research interview is to gain knowledge and information about under-
researched fields and topics in order to enable the formulation of hypotheses afterwards. Guideline
based expert interviews, on the other hand, increasingly follow a theory-based approach and aim
to generate information about a specific issue. This issue is derived from the research questions
and the theoretical foundations. (Kaiser, 2014, pp. 29–31) This Master’s Thesis relies on a mix
between an explorative and a guideline-based expert interview in order to benefit from both
advantages. This is because Employee Experience is still an under-researched field (see chapters
2.1 and 3.4.2), however, some information, data and knowledge to build on already exist and shall
be used as a theoretical basis, also in the empirical part. This reflects one of the main advantages
of interviews, which is the ability to gather valuable data including tacit knowledge that cannot be
found in any literature. (Berg, 2009, pp. 105–107)
5.1.3. Interview partners

In this Master’s Thesis, for collecting relevant data, ten qualitative, semi-structured interviews were
conducted with HR professionals, consultants and CEOs from multiple companies and industries.
This is in accordance with Helfferich’s (2011, p. 175) observation, as she states that a common
sample size ranges from six to 120 participants. Certainly, the number of interviews in this Thesis
is no representative sample. However, due to limited resources and the usage of a qualitative
research design that generates in-depth findings and information, the selected design and sample
group should be appropriate for this Master’s Thesis and for profoundly answering the research
questions.
In order to achieve the aim of gaining valuable, high-quality information, the interview partners
were chosen carefully. Therefore, the interview partners were selected using employer ratings
such as “Great Place To Work” (greatplacetowork.at, 2020), glassdoor’s “Best Places To Work”
ranking (Glassdoor.de, 2020) or trend “TOP Arbeitgeber 2020 Österreich” in cooperation with
kununu and statista (trend et al., 2020). The reason for using these rankings is that Employee
Experience is said to improve work climate and employees’ motivation to go to work, therefore
assuming an Employer of Choice positioning. By implication, the probability might be higher that
these companies engage in Employee Experience, compared to others. Furthermore, contacts of
the author, who are working in an HR function in employee-oriented companies, were asked to
participate in the empirical study too.
In the next step, an E-Mail to request an interview including an explanation of the concept of
Employee Experience (appendix 1) was sent to these companies.

Table four provides an overview of the interview partners as well as their gender, name, job title,
company, company size (retrieved from the company homepage or karriere.at (2020)) and the
industry of the company they work in. During the interview, the participants were asked whether
they prefer to stay anonymous or if they want to be listed as relevant partners for the topic
Employee Experience in the Master’s Thesis. Therefore, in some cases table four contains names
while in others the data was anonymised.
# gender name job title company company industry

size
1 male Markus CEO TeamEcho GmbH > 18 Internet, IT,

Koblmüller empl. Tele-
communications
2 male Person 2 Head of company 2 > 26.500 Banking,
Recruiting & empl. Finance,
Employer Insurance
Branding
3 male Christian CEO Symbios 1-10 Consulting
Vieira dos Workspaces GmbH empl.
Santos
4 male Gerhard CEO Heidlmair GmbH > 15 Advertising,
Heidlmair Kommunikation empl. Marketing, PR
5 male Alexander HR Manager voestalpine AG > 49.000 Industry,
Pieslinger empl. Production
6 male Rainer CEO Reichl und Partner > 170 Advertising,
Reichl empl. Marketing, PR
7 female Person 7 Head of HR company 7 > 159.000 Industry,
empl. Production
8 female Person 8 Recruiter company 8 > 300 Internet, IT,
female Person 9 Personnel empl. Tele-
Developer communications
9 female Person 10 Head of HR company 9 > 240 Internet, IT,
empl. Tele-
communications
10 male Maximilian Self- Self-employed 1 empl. Consulting
Lammer employed EX Consultant
Table 4: Interview partners
Source: company homepages, karriere.at (2020)
5.1.4. Interview Guideline

A semi-structured interview was chosen as the research method for this empirical study.
According to Helfferich (2011, p. 178) after deciding for an interview form, the next preparatory
step is to clarify what should be asked and how this can be accomplished. This clarification can
be fulfilled with the preparation of an instrument that comprises instructions for questions and
should encourage the interviewee to give answers or narrate. (Helfferich, 2011, p. 178) For semi-
structured interviews, an interview guideline is an appropriate and auxiliary instrument. (Helfferich,
2011, p. 36) Furthermore, it allows the interviewer to structure and guide the interview and to
introduce topics based on the research interest. (Helfferich, 2011, p. 179)
As a practical assistance, Helfferich (2011, pp. 182–185) suggests the SPSS-approach for
generating interview guidelines. SPSS, in this context, is composed of the four steps collecting
(“Sammeln” in German), examining (“Prüfen” in German), sorting (“Sortieren” in German) and
subsuming (“Subsumieren” in German), which in German lead to the abbreviation SPSS.
(Helfferich, 2011, p. 182)
According to the SPSS-approach, as a first step, all relevant questions in connection with the
research topic are collected, whereby it is the goal to generate as many questions as possible.
The second step, by contrast, involves a critical examination of the generated questions with the
aim of eliminating some questions. In this process, firstly, all factual questions are eliminated,
followed by the second step which is excluding questions that merely aim at confirming implicit
previous knowledge and expectations of the interviewer as well as eliminating questions that
enquire abstract relationships that cannot be answered by the subjective view of the interviewee.
The remaining questions are sorted and bundled in the third step, according to content-related
aspects, time-based dimensions or the research interest, depending on the respective work. In
the end, one to four bundles should be created next to single, unsorted questions. In the last step,
sub-sections should be created for each bundle in the interview guideline and an impulse for
narration should be found. This impulse should encourage the interviewee to start talking about
as many interesting aspects as possible that are relevant for the sub-section, without the need to
ask too many sub questions. (Helfferich, 2011, pp. 182–185)
As this approach also seems plausible and appropriate for this Master’s Thesis, the described
approach and sequences were applied to the preparation of the interview guide. Firstly, various
questions were generated, based on the literature review and the interim conclusion. Secondly,
non-relevant questions were eliminated. After that, the questions were sorted and the three
categories “Employee Experience as a new approach to people management”, “the potential of
Employee Experience to create competitive advantage” and “practical implementation of
Employee Experience”, derived from the research questions, were established. However, the
focus is on the practical implementation as the interview partners are all practitioners. The
guideline was iteratively established, incorporating feedback from the supervisor Mrs. Reisinger
and tested with non-experts in order to guarantee comprehensibility.
The interview guideline thus was separated into three main categories, complemented by an
introductory and a concluding section. To enable a smooth start into the interview, it started with
an introductory question regarding their corporate affiliation and their role in the company.
Moreover, the perceived importance of HR in their company was discussed, as well as the

suitability of traditional HRM. Afterwards the three main categories addressing Employee
Experience followed. In the concluding section, the interviewee was able to add anything important
on the subject that had not been addressed or said yet.
As the aim of the empirical study is to generate as many profound insights as possible, it is
facilitating to conduct the interviews in the mother tongue or preferred language of the participants.
By doing so, it should be ensured that the participants truly understand the interview questions
and experience no linguistic difficulties in expressing their opinions when giving answers.
Therefore, the interview guideline is translated in German and each interviewee was able to decide
whether the interview should be conducted in German or English. Both the German and English
version are provided in the appendix. Furthermore, in an attempt to ensure the comparability of
the interviews and facilitate the analysis, the same interview guideline – either in German or
English – was used for all conducted interviews.
5.1.5. Data collection

The data collection for this empirical study occurred in the context of ten semi-structured qualitative
interviews. The interviewees were either HR managers, consultants or CEOs of smaller
companies without a separate HR function. In order to achieve a sample size of ten, several
potential interviewees were contacted via E-Mail with the request to participate in an empirical
study of a Master’s Thesis. As an E-Mail attachment, a short explanation of the research design
and the research topic Employee Experience was included to increase the motivation to
participate. (appendix 1)
The qualitative interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via video conferences, due to the
restrictions in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic, based on the preference of the interview
partner. The face-to-face interviews took place in meeting rooms or offices in the respective
company to ensure a comfortable atmosphere and a quiet surrounding. For the video conferences,
tools such as Zoom and MS Teams were used. Moreover, the interviewees were informed about
the purpose, topic and objective of the Master’s Thesis in the beginning of the interview. The face-
to-face interviews as well as the video conferences were recorded – with the permission of the
interviewee – to enable the transcription and in-depth analysis of the interviews afterwards.
Furthermore, in the beginning of the interviews, the interviewees were asked whether their data
should be treated confidentially and anonymously or should be mentioned as a relevant partner
for the topic Employee Experience in this Master’s Thesis. As depicted in table 4, six interview
partners would like to be presented in the thesis, whereas four interview partners prefer to remain
anonymous.

The interview guideline (appendix 2+3) was sent to the participants beforehand only upon request
so that the participants who requested it, were able to think about the answers beforehand and
were not overwhelmed during the interview. However, it was not sent automatically because too
much preparation should be avoided as the aim was that the questions are answered
spontaneously and honestly.
5.1.6. Evaluation and analysis method

After the data was collected and all interviews were transcribed, the data analysis in this Master’s
Thesis was executed according to the qualitative content analysis by Mayring (2015).
Briefly, the main purpose of qualitative content analysis is analysing material from any kind of
communication. This analysis of communication has particular characteristics as it is carried out
systematically, rule-governed and theory-driven and aims to draw conclusions about certain
aspects of communication. (Mayring, 2015, pp. 11–13)
Qualitative content analysis, as argued by Mayring (2015, p. 50), aims to offer a systematic
interpretation methodology that addresses the qualitative elements contained in any content
analysis. Therefore, Mayring (2015, p. 66) first describes the general interpretation process as
follows: Firstly, one starts at certain textual elements, those are analysed in more detail, evaluated
in a certain direction, related to other parts of the text and oftentimes a summary of the material is
intended. Based on this process, Mayring (2015, p. 67) distinguishes between summary,
explication and structuring as the three forms of interpretation. Summary refers to the reduction of
the data to the essential aspects while explication means adding further material to
incomprehensible textual elements to guarantee the understandability of the text. The goal of
structuring is to filter out certain aspects of the text material or to assess the material based on
predefined criteria. Those three forms should be regarded as three different analysis techniques
rather than a sequential process, which are applied depending on the research questions and
material for analysis. (Mayring, 2015, p. 67) In this Master’s Thesis, the structured content analysis
is chosen, as it is believed to be the most suitable to answer the research questions.
As described by Mayring (2015, p. 97) structuring is the most central technique of qualitative
content analysis. Thereby a structure should be derived from the collected materials by a
systematic extraction of text passages with the help of a category system. For that, Mayring (2015,
p. 98) developed a procedural model consisting of eight sequential steps, which is described next
in order to create an understanding of this method.
First of all, the unit of analysis is defined while secondly, the structural dimensions are determined
based on the theory and the problem statement. In the third step, the structural dimensions are
further divided and together with the resulting characteristics the category system is established.

Next, clear definitions, anchor examples and coding rules are formulated for each category in
order to guarantee a correct assignment of the text passages into the particular category. Fifth, a
trial material run-through is carried out whereby the relevant text parts, in which the category is
addressed, are marked. In the sixth step, the marked references are processed and extracted. As
a next step, the necessity to revise the category system and category definitions might occur,
linking step six back to step three. Should this be the case, steps three and four are revised and
improved whereas steps five and six are now executed with the whole material. The eighth and
last step, after the potential revision, is a preparation and processing of the results. (Mayring, 2015,
pp. 97-99)
The procedural model described above was also implemented for the content analysis in this
Master’s Thesis. In the beginning, the interview guideline served as a starting point for the
development of the category system as this was already derived from the researched theory and
defined problem statement. Thus, the category system for the interview analyses firstly consisted
of the categories “suitability of traditional HR”, “17 variables of Employee Experience”,
“implementation of Employee Experience” and “the competitiveness of Employee Experience”.
Relevant text passages from the transcribed interviews were marked, processed and finally
extracted according to the previously defined category system. However, the amount of text
passages that were assigned to each category was too high, which created the necessity to
determine sub-categories in the mostly used categories. Subsequently, the text passages were
re-assigned to the adequate sub-categories. The eighth step in Mayring’s (2015, p. 97) process
model for structured content analyses consists of the processing and analysis of the results.
In this Master’s Thesis, several steps, but especially the final step, which concerned the
processing and analysis of the collected and assigned material, was executed with the support of
the software MAXQDA. MAXQDA is a well-established software for qualitative research which
supports the researcher throughout the process (MAXQDA, 2020). Firstly, the transcribed
interviews were imported to the program to start the analysis. Afterwards, the previously defined
coding guidelines were used as categories in MAXQDA and therefore, the category system was
set up in the program. The main categories, as described above, subsequently obtained sub-
categories for a correct assignment in order to guarantee a comprehensive and thorough analysis.
After the category system was finished within MAXQDA, the relevant passages of the transcripts
were marked and coded, which means that they were assigned to the categories. As a next step,
the core process of the structured content analysis was started by conducting a detailed analysis
of all the coded segments. Finally, the results of the analysis are presented in chapter 5.2.

5.2. Research Findings
This chapter aims to provide insights into the results of the qualitative content analysis that is
based on ten qualitative semi-structured expert interviews, by presenting and interpreting the
results in detail. For that, all ten interviews were compared with each other with the objective of
detecting similarities and differences.
To start with, the general importance of HR in the particular companies is analysed, followed by
shedding light on the suitability of traditional HR nowadays and in the future. Subsequently, the
current status of Employee Experience is examined via the 17 variables of Employee Experience
by Jacob Morgan (2017, p. 13) and the results regarding the potential contribution of Employee
Experience to competitiveness are presented. Finally, the implementation process of Employee
Experience in practice is investigated.
5.2.1. Importance of HR
The qualitative expert interviews started with briefly examining the importance of HR in the
particular companies.
There was a general agreement among all interviewees, that HR and the employees have a high
significance and importance in an organisation. Moreover, the majority of interviewees also stated
similar reasons for this position. For example, there is a shared opinion that employees are very
important for the company’s success and customer satisfaction as described by two interviewees
as follows:
“Our vision is (…) to increase the competitiveness of our customers. Therefore, we need
extremely good, motivated, well-trained and experienced employees with high motivation,
who enjoy their work. And therefore, HR is actually more important to us than any
computer, more important than architecture.” (Interview 6, Pos. 14, Reichl & Partner)
“This has a very, very, very high priority. Because in our profession every employee is (…)
a knowledge carrier because we have to understand our customers and their products or
services in advance. Only then you are able to communicate about it. This means that it is
important that everyone who deals with the customers and their tasks stays with the
company as long as possible so that we can quickly build on their knowledge again and
again.” (Interview 4, Pos. 10, Heidlmair Kommunikation)
One of the interviewees even elevated these opinions by calling the employees the key factor for
the company’s success, whereby he referred to the organisation’s market position and industry
conditions. The corresponding statement is cited below, to gain an insight into the reasons why
the interviewee emphasises employees as an essential resource.

“It has always had a high priority. And this significance (...) is on the rise, because the
human resource and the know-how, the people and the commitment that people bring with
them, is the essential key factor for a company that is active in a niche market. To operate
a steel works like this (...) where we would certainly find more favourable conditions on
other continents or in other countries, also in terms of wage levels. But you can perhaps
do that if you produce mass steel, but as it is in our case, where we are active in the high-
performance segments and are very successful there as an international player, as a (…)
very small steel works, people are the important influencing factor that maintains the lead
we have, and accordingly that is very important.” (Interview 5, Pos. 10, voestalpine)
Besides the importance of the employees, the significance of the Human Resource Management
function was also addressed. As stated by one interviewee, HR is a well-established function
nowadays and has a high priority. Especially when HR is a matter of great concern to the
management board members and enjoys their support, the relevance and acknowledgement is
high. This importance of HR was characterised by several interviewees by its involvement in
important decisions, by its influence on these decisions and by its inclusion in important
committees. This is being reflected by the following statement of an interviewed expert.
“Yes, I think HR has a high priority. We are also very much involved in all processes. We
are a point of contact for employees and leaders and also for the management. So, we are
certainly not only the ones who do any tasks that we get assigned, but we are very much
involved in all important issues.” (Interview 7, Pos. 11, company 7)
In contrast to this general agreement, one interviewee argued, that employees and HR should
have an even higher importance than they have at the moment. According to him, reality shows
that the HR function is often merely seen as an internal service provider, taking on a secondary
role and being treated accordingly. Moreover, he observed that there is the opinion that HR costs
money but does not contribute any value, which he labels as the crux of HR. However, none of
the other interviewees mentioned anything like that.
5.2.2. Suitability of traditional HR
The following section addresses the first research question in that it is analysed whether traditional
HR is suitable nowadays and in the future or a new approach to people management is necessary.
Similar to the results regarding the importance of HR, the answers to the question dealing with the
suitability of traditional HR were given nearly uniformly by the interviewees. The majority of
interviewees thus reported, that according to them, traditional HR is not suitable anymore and
definitely will not be applicable in the future. The answers merely differ insofar, that one part of
interviewees believes that traditional HR is not even suitable anymore right now, whereas the

other part is of the opinion, that it will not be appropriate in the future. Especially the interview
partners from companies operating in the “Internet, IT, Telecommunications” industry remarked
that traditional HR is not being practiced in the organisation anymore. The interview partners
believe that following traditional HR takes away many possibilities and leaves a lot of unused
potential. These perceptions are well-reflected by the statement from an interviewee, as cited
below.
“In short, completely threatened by extinction. Means that HR will certainly no longer exist
in the same way as in the past, as it has often been lived in companies over the decades.
You have to be able to demonstrate your added value in management on a daily basis.
This means that HR is also based on business models and that there are future prognoses
behind them. There are simply valid, number-oriented, meaningful values, where one really
says: “What value and what position does HR have in the overall context?”” (Interview 2,
Pos. 14, company 2)
Here again, the discussion about the value contribution of HR emerges. It was often noted that
tasks such as personnel administration or payroll accounting are basic requirements for HR. One
interviewee denoted that from a company’s perspective, this can be classified as a hygiene factor
according to Herzberg’s model. However, these tasks are not perceived as contributing much
value to the business. As a result, one might conclude that in the future, HR needs to emphasise
its value-adding activities and highlight how and in which areas it contributes to success, profits
and competitive advantage. Employee Experience, according to one interviewee, has the potential
to state this value contribution more visibly and clearer so that others can understand the added
value of HR better.
In addition, the potential future directions of the HR function were also thematised by some
interviewees. Most experts share the opinion that HR managers should care about themes such
as strategic HR management, development opportunities, motivation, cultural and interpersonal
topics as well as the design of the working conditions rather than administrative tasks, employment
contracts, and payroll accounting. This prevailing opinion is described by an interviewee in the
statement below. In some organisations, this is already the status quo at the moment.
Furthermore, it was stated, that digitalisation will also have a positive effect on this transformation,
as it automates and takes over certain processes, that now still have to be done by HR managers.
Still, it was also indicated, that in the future, HR has to ensure even more that the right employees
– that fit into the company, possess the right skills and are motivated to achieve the company
goals – are available at all times.
“HR is even more than this traditional image of recruiting and personnel administration, but
rather that it is very much about offering employees development opportunities, motivating

them for the common cause, giving them a sense of purpose in their work and also
providing the circumstances they need to work. That means a pleasant working
atmosphere, that the workplace is suitable, that there is good cooperation with others.”
(Interview 1, Pos. 19, TeamEcho)
Although this statement is not directly mentioning the term Employee Experience, the content of
it and of further answers is definitely pointing in that direction. Nevertheless, other interviewees
particularly mentioned the experience at work, as illustrated by these two statements.
“HR must become the designer of the job experience in the future.” (Interview 4, Pos. 12,
Heidlmair Kommunikation)
“Due to the topic of Employee Experience, through this understanding of how important it
is that we take care of people's experience at work, the areas of responsibility of HR will
generally shift.” (Interview 10, Pos. 12, Maximilian Lammer)
Regarding the sources for change, according to many interviewees, the pressure for HR to
transform itself does not only arise from internal sources but also from external ones, for instance
from potential employees and candidates. In this context, one interviewee indicated that
nowadays, candidates have different expectations and demands on the employer. Here, the
importance of company values as well as the fit with personal values was mentioned as an
example by one interviewee, as reported in the following quotation.
“I recently heard a story in a key note that one applicant asked a question to her immediate
possible superior, where she said: “What are your values, your company values?” He was
not able to answer that. He started to stutter. Then she put her finger in the wound even
more and said: “What are your personal values? Because we will work together in the
future. I don't know who you are or how you tick.” Then he could not say anything at all.
And then she said: "I'm sorry, but I don't think you and I are a good match.”” (Interview 4,
Pos. 22, Heidlmair Kommunikation)
In a similar vein, another interview partner remarked, that especially in business environments
characterised by dynamics and increased complexity, traditional management thus also traditional
HR management is no longer adequate. According to him, the agile scene, new work as well as
new project management and collaboration techniques originated as a result of the mismatch
between traditional (HR) management practices and increased complexity, as these new forms
assist in dealing with the dynamic and complex environments.
To summarise, the results of the qualitative interviews reveal that traditional HR is not or will not
be suitable anymore. A key implication of this is that HR needs to demonstrate its contribution to
the organisation’s success and competitive advantage even clearer in the future. In accordance

with this, it was noted that HR needs to shift its focus from administrative or operative tasks to
more strategic, cultural and interpersonal topics that contribute to better working conditions for the
employees. Furthermore, Employee Experience can be regarded as one potential approach to
achieve these requirements. Finally, the findings also give insights into the drivers for change
besides the demand for value contribution, which are external sources such as dynamic and
complex environments and increased demands from applicants.
5.2.3. HR model
This paragraph addresses the HR model on which the HR department’s operations are based on
and should provide insights into possible new directions, away from traditional HR practices.
The answers regarding the HR model are totally different among the interviewees and range from
value-based HR management, over a holacracy approach, divisional HR and an employee
engagement approach. These differing answers might reflect the different statuses in the
development away from traditional HR management. One interviewee noted in this context, that
the new model has just been in place for a few months, emphasizing the currency of this
development. He further elucidated the cornerstones of the new HR model in the following
statement.
“This is our process model for Employee Experience, to see in which direction the
organisation has to develop, which are the strategic guidelines, goals, and capabilities to
survive in the competitive market. Derived from this, what skills are needed from the
management’s point of view, from the employer’s point of view, to be able to guarantee
this. Now we are identifying the biggest gaps (…) and there we develop existing employees
further, we recruit people to develop them or we take employees from personnel leasing
who have the qualification and help us currently.” (Interview 2, Pos. 124, company 2)
In order to highlight the differences in the answers, a second statement is presented. Another
interview partner, for instance, explained their HR model as follows.
“We call this employee engagement (...) and this is our concept, to look for the right people
and to keep the right people in the company and to motivate them in the long term for the
common cause.” (Interview 1, Pos. 21, TeamEcho)
Due to the differing answers, no commonalities could be figured out from the qualitative interviews.
5.2.4. Current Employee Experience status
The results of chapter 5.2.2 clearly show that a new approach to people management is
indispensable. As the interviews indicate and the results of the literature review suggest,

Employee Experience might be a suitable solution for that. Thus, the current status of Employee
Experience has been ascertained in the expert interviews based on Morgan’s (2017, pp. 269f.)
Employee Experience Index.
In the appendix of his book, Morgan (2017, pp. 269f.) describes the Employee Experience Score
which he used for his analysis of 252 companies in the course of researching for and writing his
book. It is based on the 17 variables that which are rated from 1 (meaning strongly disagree) to 5
(meaning strongly agree).
Briefly, the calculation of the Employee Experience is carried out as follows: The scores of the first
four questions, examining the physical environment, are added (= sum physical environment) and
the sum is multiplied by 0.3 as the physical environment, according to him, makes up 30% of the
Employee Experience. In the next step, the sum is added with the result of the multiplication (=
total physical environment). The same is done for the next three variables leading to the results of
the physical environment. Then, the last ten variables regarding the cultural environment are also
added (= sum cultural environment) and the sum is multiplied by 0.4. Of course, the sum is again
added to the result of the multiplication (= total cultural environment). In the last step, all six
numbers again are added together which leads to the final Employee Experience score (= TOTAL)
of a maximum of 115.5. points. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 269f.)
In order to ensure comparability, this framework was also applied within eight expert interviews,
excluding the two interviews with consultants, who are not part of an organisation. The results are
presented in table five. However, it has to be noted that eight results are not sufficient for a
representative quantitative statement or analysis but should only enable the comparison of the
results. The quantitative ratings thus are accompanied with qualitative explanations and insights
which are discussed in the paragraphs below.
Table 5: Employee Experience assessment

To categorise the Employee Experience scores, Morgan prepared a framework with certain
ranges, that is depicted in table six. (Morgan, 2017, pp. 269f.)

Kind of organisation From To
Experiential organisation 92.4 115.5
Engaged / Empowered / Enabled organisation 80.85 92.3
Emergent organisation 69.3 80.84
Inexperienced organisation 0 69.2
Table 6: Employee Experience classification based on scores

Source: Own Illustration based on Morgan (2017, p. 270)
On the website corresponding to the book, the full results of Morgan’s research are displayed.
According to his research, Facebook is the most experiential company with a score of 105.6,
followed by Google with 104.9 points and Apple with 104.8 points. (thefutureorganization.com,
2020)
When looking at Morgan’s results and the results of this Master’s Thesis, a certain bias might be
incorporated in the results of the qualitative interviews that were conducted for this Master’s
Thesis, as some of the figures are extremely high. This assumption is also supported by Lammer’s
(2020) results, who made the attempt to establish a first tentative Employee Experience status or
benchmark in Austria in 2020. He conducted an online survey with 305 participants which was
also based on Morgan’s (2017, pp. 209-211) 17 variables, thus can be compared to the qualitative
interviews of this Master’s Thesis. The scale of this Master’s Thesis ranged from 1-5 while
Lammer’s (2020) scale ranged from 1-7 which creates the need to view the results in percentage.
To start the comparison, the average values of the Master’s Thesis’ interviews are 75% in the
physical environment, 89% in the technological environment and 87.5% in the cultural
environment. In contrast, the results of Lammer’s (2020) study are 67% in the physical
environment, 70% in the technological environment and again 70% in the cultural environment.
(Lammer, 2020) Thus, the comparison reveals that the Austrian average is below the results of
the Master’s Thesis in each category, which confirms the assumption stated above.
One possible explanation for the proportionally high results in this Master’s Thesis is that CEOs
or HR managers perceive the Employee Experience better as the workforce but in the qualitative
interviews only they were asked to give a rating. This is different to Morgan’s approach, who hired
a team of data scientists and researchers to thoroughly study the companies (Morgan, 2017, p. 15)
and also Lammer’s approach who surveyed employees with (44.6%) and without (55.4%)
managerial responsibility (Lammer, 2020). Therefore, it is possible that the interviewees assessed
the organisation tendentially better or even too good, which lead to these high ratings. Thus, it
seems reasonable to critically view and question these results, as a score of 114.1 or 107.25

points is extremely high, given that Facebook, Google and Apple do not even reach a score of
106 points. (thefutureorganization.com, 2020) Furthermore, out of the 252 companies Morgan
reviewed, only 15 were evaluated as being an Experiential Organisation, which results in only 6%.
(Morgan, 2017, pp. 55f.) Thus, it seems unlikely that six out of the eight companies that were
interviewed are truly Experiential organisations.
So, in order to enhance the analysis and the quality of the results, in the next paragraphs the
qualitative answers to this assessment are presented. Furthermore, the answers also contain
measures that were undertaken by the companies to achieve the ratings. Thus, answers to the
third research question dealing with the implementation of Employee Experience are already partly
presented in this section as well.
5.2.4.1. Physical Environment
First of all, the insights of the interviews regarding the physical environment, represented by four
variables, are presented.
Variable 1: Chooses to bring in friends and visitors
Looking at the first variable, namely that employees bring friends and visitors to their workplace,
reveals that the answers are divided into two categories. On the one hand, half of the interviewees
were able to confirm that employees occasionally bring friends or family members to their office
for having some coffee, showing them their new workplace or even for having some drinks at the
company bar. These findings and the underlying reasons are reflected in the answer of one
interviewee.
“I do believe that when employees have a new work environment, especially one that they
co-created and that expresses their values and, and everything that they want to be, also
the culture they want to have, or perhaps they already have, [they want to bring their
friends; remark of the author]. And the employees are proud of it, because it is also a part
of their own identity.” (Interview 3, Pos. 20, Symbios)
While on the other hand, the latter half of the interview partners were even rather confused about
the variable and clearly stated that this does not take place within their company. The interviewees
listed security reasons, certifications, ensuring confidentiality or being a development centre for
the automotive industry as reasons for that. However, the majority of these interviewees added
that there are special events where employees can invite their family and friends, such as staff

parties, social events, open house days or guided company tours. These findings are summarized
pretty well by the exemplary statement from one interviewee.
“That is not part of our culture. We do events, there's an open house day, so of course
employees are very welcome to bring friends or family to see the company. But bringing
someone into the company just like that (...) is actually a no-go. Yes, and as it is with us,
we are a development centre for the automotive industry where a lot of work is done in
secrecy, it just doesn't work.” (Interview 7, Pos. 19, company 7)
Variable 2: Offers flexibility
Within this variable, overall, all interviewees claim that the physical environment in their
organisation is offering flexibility. However, this general agreement was refined when taking a
closer look at the detailed answers. As with the first variable, around one half of the interview
partners highly agreed with the statement. Flexibility, in their opinions, means either having an
own working space but also the options of using other areas in the company or not even having
their own workstation. Regarding other areas, silent rooms, phone boxes, open spaces, meeting
rooms, co-working spaces, cafés, terraces or libraries are available options. Furthermore, it was
often noted, that Home Office was already possible before the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. These
perceptions are reinforced by the following statement from an interviewee.
“If it's important for my creative process that I walk around the city for an hour now, then I
can do that. If an employee says that he wants to sit down in the library for two hours now
and work there, then he can do that too. If he says that he needs the atmosphere of a
coffeehouse to be creative, he will just sit down for an afternoon at Traxlmayr café with a
sketchbook or with his laptop.” (Interview 4, Pos. 38, Heidlmair)
The other half of the interviewees indicated that the employees clearly have their workplace and
that Home Office is not possible, except during the lockdown in the first half of 2020. For instance,
one interview partner mentioned, that the employees work a lot in teams and need their equipment
and due to that they clearly have their own workstation and Home Office is not possible. Again
another interview partner noticed, that at the moment their physical space is not really flexible,
however remarked that they plan a new building at the moment where they specifically pay
attention to creating flexibility and building open offices. This statement was also confirmed by
another interviewee who reported that topics around Home Office and flexible working gained
awareness through the Covid-19 pandemic and that they are increasingly working on new
solutions at the moment.

Variable 3: Organisation’s values are reflected
There was a general agreement among all interviewees about the importance that an
organisation’s values are reflected in the physical environment, which is confirmed by the following
statement of an interview partner.
“Yes, that is one of the very central questions. Which culture do you want to promote with
the working environment? And of course, the question of values is inevitably linked to this.”
(Interview 3, Pos. 28, Symbios)
According to the interviewees’ differing answers, there are very distinctive approaches to reflecting
the organisation’s values in the physical environment. One interview partner, for instance,
mentioned that their main value is quality, which is reflected in the technical equipment, interior
design but also in their social events. The interviewee further defined this with the example of
having olive wood tables, the newest iPhones and premium computers and explained that it has
the highest priority for their management board that everything is high-quality. Another interviewee
highlighted that team spirit is one of their most important values. How they anchored this in the
physical environment should be illustrated by the corresponding statement.
“The team spirit (...) which is very important for us, is, in my opinion, reflected in the physical
environment. Because we have tried to create many meeting zones (...) or many open
areas, or a café where you can exchange ideas, a rooftop terrace where you can do sports
together or just have a drink after work.” (Interview 9, Pos. 39, company 9)
Nevertheless, several other interviewees also remarked that the company values are not clearly
anchored in the physical environment of their organisation. Many of them rather expressed that
they are still on the way to achieving that. One interviewee remarked that when new buildings are
constructed, the company attaches great importance to reflecting their most important value,
which is innovation. However, in the older buildings, they are lacking this value reflection as the
opportunities are limited.
Variable 4: Leverages multiple workspace options
The answers to the variable whether the organisation leverages multiple workspace options were
pretty congruent with the answers concerning the second variable, which dealt with the flexibility
of the workspace. Therefore, this variable will not be addressed in detail separately. The only
relevant addition was made by one interviewee, who indicated the difference between blue-collar

and white-collar workers and pointed out that the multiple workspace options cannot be utilised
by the blue-collar workers, as reflected in his statement.
“Two-thirds of the employees are blue-collar workers. That significantly limits it. That just
leaves a remaining third (...). But of course, if you look at the entire workforce of, I don't
know, 10,000 employees, a relatively small percentage has the opportunity to make full
use of it.” (Interview 5, Pos. 54, 58, voestalpine)
5.2.4.2. Technological Environment
To continue, the status of Employee Experience in terms of technological environment was

enquired with three variables and the results are presented in this sub-chapter.
Variable 5: Availability to everyone
There is a shared opinion among the interviewees that when employees need the particular
technology for fulfilling their tasks, it is self-evident that those technologies or software programs
are available to the employees. Furthermore, in many companies where the interviewees work,
every employee has access to every software program that the organisation has in use. Especially
the interviewees who work in software companies or advertising agencies confirm these
circumstances, as mentioned in the following statement.
“Yes, we do not need to discuss that further. I think in a software company it has to be like
that. This goes as far as the interns, who really use exactly the same technology.”
(Interview 8, Pos. 88, 93, company 8)
Nevertheless, when the technology is not necessary for the employees’ tasks, some interviewees
remarked, that the cost-benefit ratio must be taken into account. It was indicated that access to
software programs for which licence fees must be paid per user is not granted to everyone without
restrictions. In these cases, it must be clearly argued by the employee why he or she wants to use
the software and what benefit the company derives from that.
Variable 6: Consumer Grade Technology
The next paragraph deals with the variable “Consumer Grade Technology”. Before presenting the
findings, a short explanation concerning this term is given. Morgan (2017, p. 82) describes
Consumer Grad Technology as “something that is so well designed, useful, and valuable that you
would consider using something similar in your personal life if it existed.” (Morgan, 2017, p. 82)
This definition was also given to the interviewees so they can provide a suitable answer.

As mentioned by several interviewees, in this category, there is a huge difference between
multicorporate enterprises and individual smaller firms. The interviewees affiliated to smaller
companies explained that they have really user-friendly systems in place because the employees
enjoy working with these programs and they are easier to operate. Although all interview partners
try to use such user-friendly software in the companies, it is perceived as incredibly difficult in the
huge international groups to tailor it to the different requirements and wishes. This is being
reflected by the following statement of an interviewed expert.
“This would of course be nice. But I think there are (...) systems, especially here in a large
corporation, that are not always really that great and user-friendly. But such systems often
have to cover (...) locations all over the world and everyone has to work in them. Everybody
has different requirements, how they normally handle it. (…) Then things often become a
bit complicated, or difficult, or you get annoyed about something. But it is the way it is and
you have to deal with these things somehow. If I am a sole proprietorship, i.e. a company
without any affiliation to a group and I can make sure that everything fits, I think the world
looks different again.” (Interview 7, Pos. 42, company 7)
Variable 7: Employee needs vs. Business Requirements
Similar to the findings regarding Consumer Grade Technology, tremendous differences also exist
when looking at employee needs compared to the business requirements of technology. Taking
employees’ needs into consideration when choosing technology is a prerequisite in the IT
companies and smaller, individual companies, as reported by interviewees from these companies.
There, the employees are naturally involved in the technology selection. One interviewee
summarised the situation in his company in the following statement.
“Not only integrated, but they have the main voice. So, we also change a technology when
they say they want something different. If they say, hey, they don't like it, they want to use
something else, then we let them evaluate what they want.” (Interview 1, Pos. 68,
TeamEcho)
The only difficulty when it comes to software programs that the smaller companies face is costs.
In this matter, one interviewee mentioned that they had not been able to afford the best and most
user-friendly program in the past and therefore used a cheaper solution. However, now, as they
have expanded their business and have more money available, they switched to the better
software, which is also enjoyed more by their employees.
Moreover, taking security reasons and requirements into account when implementing (new)
technology was also mentioned by several interview partners. Another interviewee from a large
corporation remarked that the integration of employees’ needs differs, depending on the kind and
size of the system. There, employees are not involved when it comes to the large technology
systems. Still, working groups are installed consisting of representatives with the goal of
customizing the systems as good as possible. Furthermore, the possibility to make suggestions
concerning the technologies to the IT department was enumerated in this context by other
interview partners. In addition, another interviewee explained that in some cases the employees
can even chose between two or more alternative programs which have the same function
according to their personal preferences. As an example for that, he explained that they were given
the choice between Microsoft Outlook or Gmail as E-Mail program.
5.2.4.3. Cultural Environment
This section deals with the interviewees’ opinions about the cultural environment in their respective
companies and is structured around ten variables according to Morgan (2017).
Variable 8: Company is viewed positively
The first variable in this environment is concerned with the company’s image not only from the
employees’ point of view but also including external opinions. All interviewees believe that the
company they work in is viewed positively by their current employees but also externally, by the
community, applicants or competitors. For instance, one interviewee justified this opinion with the
fact that they receive a lot of applications even though they do not actively advertise their open
positions on job platforms. In these applications, the candidates explain that they would like to
work for the company as they can identify with the company vision, goals and tasks. However,
one other interview partner disclosed that externally they do not always have the best reputation
as the company has been growing over time and has outrivalled the competitors to be the largest
one in the respective industry and now has some sort of a monopoly.
The majority of interviewees share the opinion that employer branding is the most effective
measure for achieving the goal of the company being seen positively. This includes sharing real
insights into the working situation in the company on the career page, answering all ratings on the
platforms kununu and glassdoor, being present on relevant (job) fairs and in universities, regular
posts on Social Media platforms and emphasizing the company benefits. Another interviewee
mentioned that for creating a positive view on the company internally, feedback and asking the
employees about their satisfaction in an engagement survey are most important. In this context,
she highlighted that the feedback must be taken seriously and efforts have to be made to work on
the obtained feedback.
One interviewee shared the insight that, according to him, the Covid-19 pandemic supported the
company and how it is viewed by the employees, which is being reflected in the following
statement.

“I believe that we have made a quantum leap thanks to Corona. I believe that there has
been a tremendous increase in appreciation among the employees in recent months (...).
“They won't let us down, even in times of crisis”, first point. Secondly, that we have simply
done everything for employees who are high-risk patients, we have done everything, even
for mothers or parents (...). So, in a crisis situation you again notice what benefits your
company offers. If we had conducted the interview half a year ago, I would certainly not
have rated it so positively.” (Interview 2, Pos. 65, company 2)
Variable 9: Everyone feels valued
In regard to the variable that everyone feels valued, several interviewees took some time to
critically reflect the situation. This perception is demonstrated by the statement of an interviewee,
cited below.
“I believe this is an art that no one excels at because there are always unpopular decisions
that have to be made in a general way and not just individually. (...) But the goal is of course
to find a suitable solution for everyone.” (Interview 4, Pos. 62, Heidlmair Kommunikation)
Other interview partners, on the other hand, confidently claimed that this is definitely the case in
their companies, as illustrated by the following statement.
“Everyone feels valued, I can say 100 percent.” (Interview 6, Pos. 106, Reichl und Partner)
Another interviewee supported this claim with an exemplary event that is taking place in their
company, which is described in the statement below.
“We normally have a quarterly breakfast with the Management Board members, where all
newcomers to the quarter are invited to spend a morning with the two members of the
Management Board. And they are really very interested in the individual careers, in how
people see things, in things that they are perhaps already criticizing, in things that might
be done better. And I believe, when the management board is taking time for newcomers
to sit together for a whole morning, then this is appreciation at a very high level.” (Interview
8, Pos. 127, company 8)
Variable 10: Legitimate sense of purpose
Also, in this category the answers differ significantly. On the one hand, there are interviewees who
can definitely confirm that their employees feel a sense of purpose. This is often derived from the
product itself, as mentioned by several interviewees. For instance, the company of one interview
partner included this question in their employee survey and besides the good rating, there were

also some comments indicating that the product itself already provides this sense of purpose, thus
the managers do not need to put extra effort into that. Another interviewee explained that they
additionally achieve this sense of purpose through using the Scrum method. This method includes
sprint planning meetings, where the tasks for the next sprint are defined by the team itself, as
described in the following statement.
“It is already this sprint planning meeting for the 2-week sprints, where the team gets
together and decides "what would I like to do in the next 2 weeks? (…) They choose
themselves what they would like to do, which tasks and if it makes sense to them.”
(Interview 8, Pos. 137, 139, company 8)
On the other hand, some interviewees explained that the extent to which the employees feel a
sense of purpose differs, depending on their tasks and whether they directly work with the product
or have a service function. As it was stated, this is an important but also difficult topic. However,
they try to improve that feeling of purpose by increasing the transparency and thereby ensuring
that everyone is seen. Furthermore, it was stated by one interviewee, that the service teams not
directly involved with the product, have objectives that are linked to the company objectives. This
should enable the visibility of department’s contribution to the company objectives and thereby
increase the sense of purpose. Furthermore, an interviewee from an advertising agency stated
that during an order clarification meeting with a customer everyone who is involved is present
ranging from strategy, project management, text conception, art direction to social media and web
design. By doing that, each employee knows the customer, the product and the order but also the
background details from which the meaningfulness is derived.
Variable 11: Employees feel like they are part of a team
What is especially interesting in regard to this variable is that the majority of interviewees reported
that the employees do feel like they are part of a team. It was indicated that the team spirit within
the teams is very present, however the cross-team collaboration could be better at some points.
One interviewee, who is advising and supporting other companies in the context of new working
environments, summarised this finding very well in the statement cited below.
“Yes, so team cultures are always very pronounced. There are companies where things
are going well within the team. But, especially in the classic corporate world, where
departmental thinking is very present (…), the company is often not seen as a team. That
is what we face as a standard, that they say "Everything is fine within the team. But the
colleagues in the neighbouring department.” So, it is our job then to create an environment
in which this is the case.” (Interview 3, Pos. 62, 64, Symbios)

The interviewees gave a range of examples how the affiliation to the team or company is
strengthened. It was often remarked that on the one hand, the organisational or HR team is
planning certain activities and additionally the teams plan their own events and, in some cases,
even have a separate budget for that. Among the bigger activities, a company birthday party,
Christmas parties, having breakfast together, a kids play day, hiking days, winter sports day or
other excursions were enumerated by the interviewees. Regarding the self-organised activities in
the teams, one interviewee expressed her thoughts which are reflected in the following statement.
“This is what we really live by. The teams go out for a beer in the evening in their free
time and if I don't feel like part of the team, I don't do that. Because then in the evening I
rather say "I go home now and goodbye".” (Interview 8, Pos. 150, company 8)
Only one interviewee referred to “lone wolves”, which are people who prefer to work on their own
and also work better alone. According to this interview partner, the company takes this preference
into account and also respects it as they believe that a lone fighter cannot or should not be
transformed into a team player compulsively as long as there are no problems with the colleagues.
Variable 12: Believes in Diversity and Inclusion
Within this variable, a clear differentiation has to be made. Despite the fact that all interviewees
believe in and value Diversity and Inclusion, around half of them admitted that there is still room
for improvement. Several interviewees reported that they struggle with diversity. While the ones
face difficulties in attracting women as they operate in the technical sector, others struggle with
diversity in terms of nationalities. It was indicated by one interviewee, that not only the current
team is pretty homogenous in terms of age, gender and nationality in particular, but also the
applications they receive are from similar candidates. On the other hand, the larger corporations
are more diverse, especially concerning nationalities. One interviewee even stated that they
employ people from more than 27 nations. However, another interview partner from a large
company remarked that they even need to recruit people from abroad as they cannot occupy all
positions with locals anymore.
When it comes to inclusion of disabled people, one interviewee, who is CEO, expressed his view
in the following statement.
“I also employ disabled people and I committed myself (...) to give a young man an
education and bring him through life. He is non-terminable. He will be with us for the next
30 or 40 years. He is a severely disabled person, an autistic. And he has also brought so
much good into our company. We learn from him, because we see how he learns, for

example. (...) And he is an enrichment for our team.” (Interview 6, Pos. 30, 32, Reichl und
Partner)
However, none of the remaining interview partners addressed the inclusion of disabled people.
Variable 13: Referrals come from employees
Almost all interviewees confirmed that they receive referrals from employees and explained that
this is very important for them. In this context, one interviewee highlighted that this is a particular
sign and acknowledgement because, according to him, an employee would only recommend the
employer to his friends when he is excited about the job and employer.
Around half of the interview partners stated that they have employee referral programmes
accompanied by hiring bonuses and that this is working fairly well for them. Briefly, this means
when an employee is recommending one of his friends or acquaintances for a position and this
person gets recruited then the employee receives a bonus. One interviewee, however, also views
this a bit critically, as illustrated by the statement cited below.
“We have had a referral bonus or a hiring bonus for years now. (…) But I would say that
this is rather a nice, additional financial goodie. Because that usually happens when the
team members actually believe, "Hey, I have someone who fits perfectly into the team.”
We once tried to increase the bonus temporarily, around two years ago, when we were
increasingly looking for software developers. (…) But it has not changed the number of
recommendations, because the amount was already relatively high before and everyone
who knew someone who would fit has already referred them anyway. This is the classic
proof that internal benefits are nice, but not everything.” (Interview 9, Pos. 103, company
9)
Only one interviewee declared that employee referrals were rare in the past due to the
organisational culture. However, this problematic situation was recognised and they are currently
working on improvements.
Variable 14: Ability to learn new things and given resources to do so and advance
First of all, there was a general agreement among all interviewees that human resources
development and development opportunities are of high importance. Especially the developing
companies (software development, development of industrial products) highlight the significance
of competent employees who constantly develop themselves and their knowledge further.

To gain an overview, the majority of answers can be divided in two main categories: on the one
hand, standardized trainings available to every employee and on the other hand individualized
offers only for individual employees or groups of employees.
Regarding the individualized measures, companies mainly refer to external trainings and
workshops. Furthermore, it was mentioned by one interviewee that their employees attend large
international conferences, for example a Marketing conference with Michelle Obama as a speaker.
Another interviewee described individual opportunities at the company like this:
“Anyone who is interested in something and addresses it and (...) where it is clear that this
is meant seriously and not just (...) a frivolous use of resources, can do just about anything
and has every opportunity to change.” (Interview 5, Pos. 110, voestalpine)
On the contrary, the standardized measures include (annual) feedback talks, career talks, soft skill
trainings, agility trainings (Scrum Master, Team Coach, Kanban), English courses, presentation
trainings, job enrichment measures as well as trainee programmes for internal employees. Some
companies even have their own academies for trainings.
However, one of the interviewees honestly remarked, that due to their quick growth, the ability to
learn new things is definitely given, but time resources are currently scarce, leading to the situation
that not every employee is given the corresponding resources to do so at the moment.
In addition to the most common answers, some special measures were mentioned which are very
interesting and thus quickly presented in this section as well. Firstly, one company has a two-days
activity around the generation of new ideas, which is organised by their head of creative projects.
During these days, every employee can work on topics and projects without any reference to their
normal job and these projects can be suggested by everyone beforehand. At the end, the results
are pitched in front of a jury like in the TV show “shark tank”. Even though this is not a classic
personnel development tool, the employees learn a lot while having fun and getting to know each
other better. The company even tried to integrate this event into the daily routine by granting each
employee 20% of their working time as “creator’s time” in which they can work on certain projects,
learn or develop themselves further. A company of another interviewee even follows a totally
different approach to employee selection and development, explained in the following statement.
“Our approach is to select the people who fit to our company and then we make sure to
find the ideal job description for that person and this can change constantly. Everybody
can choose what they want to do. This means that if someone starts on a certain job, it
doesn't mean that they have to stay there. But if he says he doesn't want to do that
anymore, then we will find something else. This is how we have always done it so far.”
(Interview 1, Pos. 134, 136, TeamEcho)
Finally, yet another interviewee mentioned a special measure within his company for encouraging
learning. He, as the CEO, gives each employee a book as a birthday present, adjusted to the role
in the company and to the personal preferences. This, according to him, is well received by the
employees.
Variable 15: Treats employees fairly
When it comes to fair treatment of employees, some interviewees raised the question of what
fairness really is. One interviewee defined it as the attempt of not differentiating between any
employee and any hierarchical level. In order to increase the fairness, they are currently working
on a project for defining salary ranges, job assessments and more. Another interview partner
emphasised the exchange with employee representatives, as described in the following statement.
“In my opinion, an essential point is that, knowing that you have blind spots, you should
also maintain a good and constructive exchange with the employee representatives in
order to uncover these blind spots again and again.” (Interview 5, Pos. 126, voestalpine)
For other interviewees, fair treatment has an extremely high priority, also in terms of employee
retention, as reflected in the statement, given by one interview partner.
“Well, I think, quite honestly, if you don't treat your employees fair these days, then you
have no more employees.” (Interview 8, Pos. 242, company 8)
On the other hand, it was also mentioned, that despite all efforts, there will always be decisions or
task distributions that are not perceived as fair by everybody. This was underpinned by a German
proverb, namely “Allen Menschen Recht getan, ist eine Kunst, die niemand kann“. In English, this
means “You can't make all of the people happy all of the time.”
Variable 16: Executives and Managers are coaches and mentors
Regarding this variable, the majority of interviewees agrees that this is an important part of
Employee Experience, which is confirmed by the statement below.
“The executive, this is an architect or a designer of the Job Experience.” (Interview 4, Pos.
110, Heidlmair Kommunikation)
Nonetheless not all executives are coaches and mentors yet but are rather still on their way.
Something that was often mentioned are development programmes for executives with the goal
of supporting managers in becoming coaches and mentors. Importantly, these do not cover any
job-specific or technical topics but are directed at the executives’ personalities, leadership style,
interpersonal relations, conflict management or conversation techniques. Furthermore, one
interviewee mentioned that the executives can also take advantage of a coaching for themselves
and their development or participate in the internal mentoring system. This goes hand in hand with
the remark that also the culture around leadership needs to change so that managers can really
become coaches and mentors.
Another interviewee from a company in the IT industry also mentioned the importance of technical,
job-specific coaching, which is reflected in the following statement.
“For some (...) we still have a lot of catching up to do, while others have it very well under
control. (…) But instead they are professional coaches. And that is extremely important,
especially in software development.” (Interview 8, Pos. 257, 279, 282, company 8)
Variable 17: Dedicated to Employee Health and Wellness
Overall, there was a general agreement among all interviewees that the company is dedicated to
Employee Health and Wellness. In many of them it goes under the heading of workplace health
promotion, thus it is not especially installed to improve the Employee Experience.
Two representatives of larger companies even mentioned that they have their own sports club
with several sections, a gym or a dietologist who makes suggestions for the staff canteen.
Likewise, a respondent from a smaller company told about their customized programme which
encompasses a fitness trainer who comes to the office during working hours once a week and
instructs a workout with exercises especially tailored to computer work. Another interviewee
instead highlighted that the employees in his company organise group sport activities on their own.
Other interviewees responded that they provide ergonomic work stations, height-adjustable tables
or computer glasses. Furthermore, some supply fruit baskets and support their employees when
training for a marathon. Moreover, medical examinations such as blood pressure measurements,
eye tests or hearing tests are organised as well as vaccinations in several companies.
But on the other hand, only two interviewees also mentioned measure for mental health for which
both cooperate with external partners. This reflects the lower awareness of mental health in
society.
When it comes to employee well-being, however, one of the consultants also expressed his critical
view on how companies think about it, reflected in the following statement.
“Again, and again, I am astonished how reserved companies are when the topic of well-
being comes up. I have also had projects where people have said "well, let's not put too
much emphasis on it.” So, interestingly enough, I realise that a change of consciousness
is still needed in Austria. Because in the end, the image of "well, they are here to work, not
to feel good” dominates.” (Interview 3, Pos. 93, 95, Symbios)

In the other interviews, well-being was only addressed in particular by one interviewee, who is not
in accordance with the statement above. The next statement reflects his thoughts on well-being
and what he offers his employees to guarantee that they are doing well.
“I also offer mediation and coaching in difficult personal situations. Recently we had two
employees who (...) had problems (...), where I offered coaching, which I also financed,
where I said “as long as you want to use it, you can use it. It is important to me that you
are doing well.”” (Interview 4, Pos. 116, Heidlmair Kommunikation)
Potential additions to the 17 variables
When talking about potential additions to the 17 variables during the interviews, the inclusion of
leadership was discussed with the majority of the interviewees. There was a general agreement
among these interviewees that leadership is of utmost importance for the successful long-term
implementation of Employee Experience. This is underlined by the following statements.
“Wherever management attention lies and the board of directors or whatever the name of
the upper levels is (...) are interested in and committed to this and also communicate this,
that's where things go naturally. And that's actually a basic prerequisite for serious long-
term and sustainable implementation.” (Interview 5, Pos. 154, 156, voestalpine)
“If the manager does not live up to this, then HR can think about it no matter how much, it
will not work.” (Interview 9, Pos. 158, company 9)
The importance of leadership also becomes even clearer when clarifying the responsibility of
Employee Experience. According to Maximilian Lammer, who is an Austrian Employee Experience
specialist, the responsibilities are divided as follows:
“Responsibilities are divided relatively clearly. Firstly, it is a C-Level Topic, which, at the
highest level, requires a clear commitment and understanding. Of course, HR has a
functional competence and also a responsibility, but in the sense of a coordination unit, an
architect's function. You have all the managers who are the most important facilitators of
Employee Experience in the organisation. And you have a responsibility and authority at
all employees. Because the employees are so-called "prosumers", meaning producers and
consumers of Employee Experience at the same time.” (interview 10, Pos. 40, Maximilian
Lammer)
The famous quote “People don’t leave jobs, they leave bosses” has also been mentioned twice,
highlighting the importance of managers for the whole Employee Experience and employee
retention, as an outcome of a great Employee Experience.
One interviewee remarked that the managers’ importance for Employee Experience also stems
from the fact that parameters and working conditions are mostly set up or at least influenced by
them. In this, the interviewee especially highlighted structures and processes which he would even
suggest as an additional variable.
Again two other interviewees believe that the mindset and “being human” plays a crucial role in
Employee Experience and is suggested as a new variable, which for them includes not only the
managers’ mindsets but also the individual employees’ mindset. In the context of managers, one
of them made the following statement.
“In a world that is becoming more and more complex and dynamic, you can no longer do
this with your head alone. On the contrary, you need to "be human" again, in its entirety.
(…) Here I am really talking about people, about consciousness, i.e. questions like
personal development up to personal transformation. "How do I trust intuition?", "How do I
put my ego back, especially as an executive?” (…) A company can only develop as far as
the executive is personally developed.” (Interview 3, Pos. 103, 107, Symbios)
In the organisational context, they mentioned that companies need to move away from a presence
culture to a culture of trust where employees can be creative and can make mistakes, move away
from just being present for a certain number of hours to a performance culture, move away from
being physically present in the office to working wherever and whenever the employees prefer.
However, according to these two interviewees, a shift in the mindsets and cultures is necessary
to realise these changes and improve Employee Experience.
Besides that, onboarding and offboarding was mentioned as a possible complement to the
Employee Experience Framework. However, according to Employee Experience literature
(Maylett & Wride, 2017, p. 161; Morgan, 2017, p. 206), this rather marks a moment of truth along
the employee lifecycle.
5.2.5. Employee Experience Implementation
In the previous section, the current status of Employee Experience was presented based on the
conducted interviews. Building on that, this section deals with research question number three
regarding the practical implementation of Employee Experience including advantageous and
impeding circumstances as well as best-practice examples.
Emergence of Employee Experience
When it comes to Employee Experience implementation in practice, all eight interviewees who are
affiliated to a company more or less replied that the topic Employee Experience has grown little
by little without anybody setting up a project or structure beforehand. The statements below aim
to portray the current situation in some of these companies.

“Employee Experience is a completely new concept in our company. And I would now say
(...) there are very, very many topics that contribute to Employee Experience. But they are
not yet so strategically, structurally anchored that they would represent this process 1:1 in
such a way that everything is based on this process. In short, Employee Experience in
company 2 is in the making.” (Interview 2, Pos. 124, company 2)
“We have not really introduced this as a term or category. (...) We did not look at it
specifically under the title Employee Experience, but it corresponds more (...) to our
general picture of how an organisation should function and how an organisation should be
lived.” (Interview 5, Pos. 142, 144, voestalpine)
"It has just grown. Well, everything we have discussed now was not like this from the
beginning. And certain processes simply emerged, certain tools were introduced, certain
things were changed over time, because that simply changes with the size of the company,
with the size of the team.” (Interview 9, Pos. 150, company 9)
All of these statements reveal that Employee Experience as a separate concept has not yet arrived
in any of these eight upper Austrian companies. This finding is also confirmed by Maximilian
Lammer, who works with companies across Austria, as reflected in his thoughts.
“The basic statement is that the majority of companies, or virtually all companies, currently
leave the topic of Employee Experience more or less to chance". (Interview 10, Pos. 16,
Maximilian Lammer)
Employee Experience practices and implementation
Even though the implementation did not follow a specific Employee Experience plan and mostly
happened in the course of dealing with other topics, still several practices worked very well for
those companies, thus are going to be mentioned in this section. Firstly, nearly all of the eight
interviewees based their efforts towards Employee Experience on an employee survey. According
to the interviewees, those surveys aided them in understanding the current status of employee
satisfaction, how they are feeling, what they like or dislike and what can be improved. Mostly, HR
carefully analysed the results and in further succession, certain measures were installed directly
by HR while other topics have been dealt with in projects, focus groups or workshops for which
employees could sign up voluntarily. Those however differ a lot among companies. For example,
one interviewee reported about a larger culture project with many sub-projects for which the
employees can apply and one interested employee even receives the lead for the project.
Furthermore, these employees are operating outside of the organisational structure for the time
period of the project, thus no hierarchies exist within the project team in order to enable a more
creative and casual atmosphere. In other companies it is a shorter workshop or focus group on
the results of the employee survey or on certain topics such as company values, employer
branding, branding or a new IT system. With reference to employer branding, one interviewee
made the following comment that has relevance for Employee Experience too.
“The same applies to employer branding, where you have to involve the employees very
strongly, because otherwise you will drift off completely. And then I have a great employer
branding that my employee does not take seriously and does not endorse. So that is
incredibly important that you always take them with you.” (Interview 8, Pos. 366, company
8)
In yet another company, there are predefined times for such workshops in which it is dealt with
any topic that is brought up by the employees and perceived as important by the others. To follow
on from that, suggestions and ideas by employees are a source for improving Employee
Experience as well in several companies. On the one hand, some companies actively ask for
these suggestions, for instance in the course of a feedback talk for new employees, while others
just receive ideas in a casual atmosphere, for example during the coffee break. To summarise,
involving employees as well as their ideas and feedback is executed and perceived as important
by all eight interviewees.
Regarding a successful implementation of Employee Experience in practice, the answers are

merely based on interview three with Symbios and interview ten with Maximilian Lammer, as these
two accompany and consult other companies in Employee Experience design and implementation
and explained their usual approach during the interviews.
First of all, both of them list conception or design as the first phase, in which ideas are generated
and a concept is developed, and implementation as the second phase, in which the concept is
executed. In this Master’s Thesis, the heading “Employee Experience Implementation”
encompasses both of these phases as it generally deals with the execution of Employee
Experience in practice.
Secondly, Maximilian Lammer named two basic principles that apply to Employee Experience
projects, as described in the following statement.
“Firstly, it is never completed. (...) An Employee Experience project does not end because
it is an iterative optimisation process that must be continued regularly. (...) Secondly, it
happens with the employees and not for them.” (Interview 10, Pos. 46, 48, Maximilian
Lammer)
Besides these basic principles, he enumerated C-Level support, a basic understanding of

Employee Experience within the organisation as well as giving Employee Experience projects at
least as much importance as customer projects as success factors.

Furthermore, both consultants agreed that it is important to set up a Co-Design team consisting
of employees from HR, marketing, IT and perhaps facility management as well as a representative
sample of users who are kindly regarded and should accelerate the process as change drivers.
This sample of users can be identified via an organisational network analysis. Maximilian Lammer
further specified the function of this team by explaining that they have an architectural function
and are responsible for coordination and framework conditions. He added that (nearly) all
employees are involved later on in the design steps in each department anyways.
When it comes to the actual design phase, both consultants are working in workshop settings and
using Design Thinking methods, however the procedure differs. On the one hand, Maximilian
Lammer starts by asking:
““What do we know already and what do we want to achieve?” and "What can we derive
or adopt or understand from what we already know in terms of what is important to the
people?” (Interview 10, Pos. 58, Maximilian Lammer)
Based on this knowledge, moments that matter are defined for the organisation, consisting of
personal and business moments that matter as well as predictable, unpredictable and ongoing
moments that matter. After identification, the most important moments that matter are analysed
regarding the current experience and in further consequence, these are (re-)designed with the aim
of providing a better experience for the employees in the future. The design is supported by the
method Design Thinking, which is putting the user, the human, to the centre of deliberations.
On the other hand, Christian Vieira dos Santos, CEO and interview partner of Symbios, mainly
focuses on the physical environments and on the design of new working environments, which is
of course accompanied by organisational development and cultural changes. In his workshops,
he also makes use of innovation methods such as Design Thinking or Human-centred design and
emphasises participative, co-creational processes. The approach in his projects is to plan back
from the future, which means having a clear picture in mind of how the future should look like and
then taking several steps back. Furthermore, he prefers to offer possibilities and to put specific
solutions at the end of considerations to smoothen the process. As an exemplary instrument, he
uses storyboards to visualize a typical day of an employee with all his experiences. One success
factor he mentioned is looking at successful projects, as reflected in the words below.
“That we visit other companies which have faced similar changes, (…) when you can talk
to colleagues in other companies "How did you perceive it?", "Well, it was not that bad!"
and so on. To sit down in such a room once and feel it.” (Interview 3, Pos. 139, Symbios)
Furthermore, to reduce resistance, it is beneficial to have a pilot area that is re-designed, where
new forms of cooperation are tested and employees can become acquainted with it.
Notwithstanding, when it comes to the use of people analytics, he mentioned that he and his

customers are currently not making use of it, due to data protection policies. Nevertheless, he
stated that in his community he heard about a few companies which start to use people analytics.
Advantageous and impeding factors and circumstances
One of the interview questions was about advantageous and impeding factors for implementing
Employee Experience in the company and the results are presented in this sub-section.
The most essential advantageous factor in Employee Experience implementation, based on the
interviews, is the involvement of the employees. Some companies solely leave it at executing an
employee survey and basing Employee Experience measures on that. In contrast, others really
set up co-creation processes and workshops, which was described in the section above.
As already discussed in previous sections, management attention and C-level support has again
been mentioned as one of the key factors that either has a positive effect if it exists or a negative
effect when it is not available or when the management team even restricts the implementation of
Employee Experience measures. To illustrate this in more detail, one interviewee with the role of
CEO explained that he educated himself in topics related to Employee Experience and that this
became a ping-pong effect as now many employees also started to educate themselves and to
bring up ideas.
One interviewee perceives authenticity as an additional advantageous factor. Briefly, his thoughts
were that it is advantageous to be authentic and honest towards yourself, towards the employees
and the public where the company is potentially recruiting instead of making empty promises.
According to other interviewees, culture plays a major role for Employee Experience
implementation as well. It is perceived as advantageous when the culture is shaped by openness,
internal communication and when feedback is perceived positively. In this context, another
interviewee emphasised that having satisfied employees can be seen as an advantageous factor
too as only then they are willing to improve Employee Experience even more and make respective
suggestions. Furthermore, it was noted that it is essential to take such employee suggestions
seriously and to continuously inform the employees about the current status of their suggestions
and whether they are taken into account or not.
In addition, one of the consultants reported that it is advantageous when the customer trusts the
consultant as well as the team that works on the Employee Experience project. He highlighted
that having a foundation of trust and a good team climate usually lead to better results as well. In
contrast, the other consultant remarked that having a plan regarding how the Employee
Experience concept is going to be implemented in the respective company is the most essential
factor. Moreover, for his projects it is advantageous whenever results are visible, comprehensible
and measurable in order to sustainably improve the Employee Experience.

In contrast, financial resources or to be precise the lack of these financial resources was
mentioned as an impeding factor twice. In this regard, one interviewee from a smaller company
explained that it was not possible for them to realise certain measures that would improve the
Employee Experience due to these financial constraints. One consultant also shares this
perception, as summarised in the statement below.
“An obstacle is always, (...) if it is not clear to the customer how much he really wants to
invest and how far he really dares to go. (…) Not only in terms of costs, but also in terms
of change. (…) And it becomes difficult when (...) the budget is not available to the extent.”
(Interview 3, Pos. 133, 135, Symbios)
Another impeding factor that has already been introduced in the citation above is a lack of
understanding, especially among managers, what such an Employee Experience project really
means, which areas are affected and that such a project is often accompanied by a change that
has to be managed. In addition to that, expectations are often wrong or too high.
Alluding to current events, one interviewee remarked that external factors such as the Corona
pandemic negatively influenced the continuous work on Employee Experience in the company as
many events and activities had to be cancelled as well as other measures postponed.
What has been added as a potential impeding factor by another interviewee is the circumstance
of having a foreign parent company that imposes certain measures to the subsidiary which do not
fit to the local subsidiary’s culture. Furthermore, this interviewee imagined that improving the
Employee Experience is more difficult among blue-collar workers compared to white-collar
workers.
One of the consultants remarked the distribution of responsibilities for Employee Experience in
the company as an impeding factor. This issue can occur because no department is solely
responsible for Employee Experience as mostly HR is perceived as being responsible for cultural
topics, IT for technical issues and facility management for the physical environment. Thus, a lot of
cooperation, coordination and communication required for being successful.
Finally, despite the advanced implementation of Employee Experience in some companies, none
of the interviewees’ companies is currently systematically planning the experiences along the
phases of the employee lifecycle. The interviewees who seem to be closest to this at least
mentioned that they do thoroughly plan the onboarding as well as offboarding experiences as
summarised in the following statement about the onboarding process in company 9.
“You will spend the first day with the other newbies, so we always start together once a
month. (…) On the one hand, it is about explaining certain tools, systems and processes,
and also setting up the laptop. But on the other hand, also to get to know and understand

the company better. And to get an overview of "Who am I now in the organisation and what
am I doing there and what can I use and how?” (…) Then they get to know our management
team, not on the first day, but usually in the second week. Which is also really nice, as they
take the time to answer questions and generally get to know the newbies. Then we have
set up a guideline for the onboarding phase for the team leaders and the newbies. (…) We
are currently working on a buddy system, especially for the international newbies.”
(Interview 9, Pos. 146, company 9)
To conclude, in the interviewed companies, the topic Employee Experience has grown little by
little, mostly by addressing other topics that also have a positive influence on Employee
Experience. However, when it comes to a successful, professional implementation, the
significance of having a co-design team that is responsible for architectural issues as well as
involving as many employees as possible were emphasised. Besides, having C-Level support and
establishing a basic understanding of Employee Experience were remarked as advantageous
factors, while financial constraints and negative external influences were mentioned as impeding
circumstances.
5.2.6. Competitive advantage through Employee Experience
The purpose of this chapter is to address research question number two by linking Employee
Experience with competitive advantage and ascertaining the potential, based on the findings of
the last two chapters.
As described in chapter 5.2.5, the interviewees affiliated to companies (excluding the two
consultants) revealed that they had not actively addressed Employee Experience per se in their
companies yet. This circumstance increases the difficulty of evaluating the potential of Employee
Experience to create competitive advantage and of making a valid assessment. This perception
is reflected by the answer of an interviewee.
“It is difficult to say because (...) we have not consciously introduced Employee
Experience.” (Interview 1, Pos. 206, TeamEcho)
However, as Employee Experience is a very broad concept and includes several aspects of other
topics (e. g. learning and development, workplace health promotion, leadership, facility
management, IT tool selection), which the companies mostly do address, the attempt of evaluation
is still started. Furthermore, especially the experiences from the two consultants aim to give
valuable insights into the investigated relationship between Employee Experience and competitive
advantage.

To start with, the potential of competitive advantage of employees or Human resources is
discussed. As elaborated in chapter 5.2.1, the majority of respondents agree that HR and the
employees have a high priority and significance in companies as they highly contribute to the
organisation’s success as well as customer satisfaction. Many of the interviewees even stated that
the employees are the most critical competitive factor, as reflected by the answers of several
interviewees presented below:
“HR is actually more important to us than any computer, more important than architecture.”
(Interview 6, Pos. 14, Reichl & Partner)
“For me, this is a very decisive, central competitive factor.” (Interview 2, Pos. 18, company
2)
“More and more companies recognise that employees are the most important factor for
success. Because simple activities, where it does not matter which employees you have,
that is, mindless routine activities, are becoming more and more automated anyway. And
this means that what remains are the activities that a person does that are creative, more
complex and there, you simply need the right people.” (Interview 1, Pos. 215, TeamEcho)
In this context, the interviewees are of the opinion that employees can be a source of competitive
advantage due to their behaviour, their motivation, their knowledge and skills, their creativity and
through their willingness to go the extra mile. Through these behaviours they show engagement
and cumulatively, this leads to productivity, performance and in turn competitive advantage. A part
of these arguments is reflected in the following statement.
“If the employees like to go to work, then the company as a whole is more successful.
Because they are simply more motivated, because they think along more, because they
get more involved, because they are more creative.” (Interview 1, Pos. 212, TeamEcho)
Another interviewee explained that, according to him, the productivity increases when the
employees are satisfied while another one argued that when employees are motivated and
satisfied, they represent the company in a positive way which in turn is beneficial for the
organisation’s image and employer brand.
As a next step, the potential of Employee Experience to create competitive advantage is evaluated
based on the conducted interviews. What has to be mentioned first is that all interviewees agree
that Employee Experience has a positive impact on the employees as well as on the firm’s
competitive position and competitiveness.
First of all, the effect of engagement is discussed in this section. On this subject, one interviewee
told a story about employees, who were previously unhappy, disengaged and had mentally
already resigned. However, with the introduction of Employee Experience projects and measures,

these employees prospered, were motivated and engaged again, which was visible through a
highly active behaviour and involvement. In turn, this active involvement implicates positive effects
for the organisation in terms of working climate, effectiveness and outcome. He ended this story
with the following words.
“Thus, the job engagement, job involvement of the employees leads directly to a
competitive advantage.” (Interview 2, Pos. 150, company 2)
This story should represent a real-life example of Employee Experience leading to employee
engagement and involvement and in turn to competitive advantage.
In accordance with this, another interviewee also mentioned that employees and their engagement
are essential for the company’s success, as reflected in the statement below.
“The human resources and the know-how (...) and the engagement that people bring with
them is an essential, the essential key factor to be successful in international competition
for a company that occupies a niche market, such as voestalpine.” (Interview 5, Pos., 10,
voestalpine)
This is also supported by Maximilian Lammer, who mentioned an equation for this. According to
him, in order to achieve a good performance (in terms of revenue, sales, customer satisfaction),
motivated, engaged employees who are emotionally committed to the company are necessary.
Furthermore, to achieve this employee engagement, the employees need to have a good
experience, so the Employee Experience has to be great for them. In short, his equation is
summarised in the following statement.
“That means, great experience makes more engagement and thus more performance.”
(Interview 10, Pos. 87, Maximilian Lammer)
Another interesting argumentation by an interviewee is that in his understanding, his employees

are investors in the company because they invest the most precious resource they have, their
time. He added that nowadays, the employees can choose in which company they invest their
time. Therefore, they will choose a company that acts in line with their values, their expectations
and requirements and where their experience is great or by implication leave a company whenever
this is not the case. Therefore, this can also be regarded as kind of employee engagement. The
interview partner claimed that having a great Employee Experience is highly important for the
employees, due to his understanding of employees as investors. Moreover, he also mentioned
that a great Employee Experience has a positive impact on employee retention, as the employees
stay longer in the company when their experience is good as well as on word-of-mouth in terms
of employer branding, because the employees talk in a good manner about their employer.
Building on this reference to employer branding, one interviewee mentioned the example of
product marketing and quality management from the 1980s. Back then, it was the case that

products had been advertised without having installed a proper quality management. This led to
disappointed customers as the advertisement made promises that the product was not able to
keep. And only when this happened, companies installed quality management systems to ensure
a high quality. Analogously, the interviewee observed companies launching the greatest employer
branding campaigns without being able to offer a similarly great Employee Experience afterwards.
He described his observation of the current situation as follows.
“You raise expectations, then employees start to work and then the experience is a
completely different one and then they do not stay. And the damage is a big one. And it is
similar to product marketing and quality management in that area now. Many companies
have started with employer branding and now, years later, the topic of Employee
Experience is slowly emerging. And the two things have to match. I must be able to keep
internally what I promise to the outside world.” (Interview 3, Pos. 145, Symbios)
To highlight the relevance, this exact same issue with unaligned employer branding campaigns
and Employee Experience as well as the implied negative impact was also mentioned by a second
interviewee.
Another interview partner also emphasised the importance of Employee Experience for the
competitiveness of companies, as reflected in his statement.
“It is an essential necessity to inspire employees to work here and to become part of this
community. Therefore, it is inevitable and necessary for the competitiveness of the
company and the further development of the company.” (Interview 5, Pos. 162,
voestalpine)
This is underlined by the answer of another interviewee who questioned whether being successful
and competitive as a company will even be possible anymore in the future without providing a
great Employee Experience.
In this section, the second relationship that is investigated is the effect of Employee Experience
and the accompanying practices on a positive working climate and in turn on competitive
advantage. One of the interviewees emphasised that Employee Experience practices lead to the
state that employees feel a sense of purpose in their work and overall, in the company’s business
operations, which for him is the most important objective. Another interviewee mentioned that the
existence of a positive working climate leads to a culture of innovation. According to him, in
companies with a bad Employee Experience, nobody is interested in being innovative or bringing
up a new idea, as the employees simply do not care anymore. However, of course the opposite is
true as well, meaning that a great Employee Experience leads to an innovation-friendly
atmosphere which in turn leads to positive outcomes for the organisation and its competitiveness.
Furthermore, it was remarked that an extraordinary Employee Experience accompanied by a
pleasant atmosphere results in higher retention rates, less fluctuation, less absenteeism and a
higher Net Promoter Score. Moreover, it was reported by different interviewees that the
employees’ well-being, motivation, involvement and employee satisfaction are improved, the
culture is perceived more positively and the employees have the opportunity to develop
themselves and evolve. According to one interview partner, Employee Experience, when done in
the right way, encompasses a huge chance, as described in the statement.
“If it is done right, it is actually a huge chance that this zero-sum game will finally come to
an end. Employer - employee, yes, this fight. No, it can only work together and I am deeply
convinced that a company can only grow properly, quantitatively and qualitatively, if it has
an environment where people can grow.” (Interview 3, Pos. 151, Symbios)
This is underlined by another interviewee who also emphasised that an organisation can only be
successful together, implying a good coexistence and cooperation between employer and
employees.
The third key aspect that was discussed is the potential of Employee Experience to create
competitive advantage through customer experience as a mediator. Many interviewees
emphasised the importance of employees having a good Employee Experience for providing a
great customer service and customer experience. In this regard, Maximilian Lammer argued that:
“Customer experience is always a reflection of the Employee Experience.” (Interview 10,

Pos. 119, Maximilian Lammer)
This should highlight the importance of dealing with and improving the Employee Experience.
Another interviewee explains this reflection, this relationship in more detail, referring to their
products and customers, in his answer depicted below.
“If I have motivated and enthusiastic employees, then good and inspiring concepts are
created and then we also delight the customer.” (Interview 4, Pos. 148, Heidlmair
Kommunikation)
The interviewee added that for them, a customer is only profitable after a longer time period, thus
the employee needs to delight the customer over a longer time frame so that the company has a
positive economic balance. Furthermore, a satisfied customer often acts as a multiplier and might
even acquire a new customer for the company. This makes customer satisfaction and enthusiasm
extremely important in the interviewee’s business.
The importance of employees and employee satisfaction for the customer experience was also
confirmed by another interviewee, as noted by the following statement.
“It is also noticeable that the employees contribute a great deal to the fact that the outcome,
that the effectiveness increases insanely. And, yes, we simply notice when employees are
satisfied and when employees are motivated, then they are of course different in the
customer experience, because they like it.” (Interview 2, Pos. 150, company 2)
To summarise, several interviewees agree that a great Employee Experience leads to a better
customer experience because the employees are intrinsically motivated, can identify themselves
more with the company and the product(s), they stand behind the product, they are creative, feel
comfortable and they are willing to go the extra mile to satisfy the customer. This together
positively influences revenues, profits as well as customer satisfaction and retention. The
company of one interviewee even made surveys in that regard to measure the impact of engaged
employees on customer experience and customer satisfaction. They approached this relationship
by researching the correlation between a satisfied employee, the amount of recommendations
such an employee makes and how successful or unsuccessful the branch or department is. With
that, they could easily see the direct correlation of the involvement and the satisfaction on the
employee engagement, on the recommendation rate and in further consequence on competitive
advantage.
Unfortunately, this is the only interviewee who reported about an internal study that used an
objective indicator to measure improved performance. All other interviewees merely reported
about their own subjective observations. This also reflects the situation in the academic field, as
Kim et al. (2013, p. 261) noted that many studies investigating the link between employee
engagement and competitive advantage measured a performance increase using subjective
indicators instead of financial figures.
Therefore, to conclude, as far as Employee Experience is currently established in the interview

partners’ companies, it is reported as being beneficial and perceived as having a positive influence
on competitiveness and the competitive position of a company. The potential to create competitive
advantage, according to the interviewees, stems from positively influencing employee
engagement, customer experience, commitment, job satisfaction, motivation, well-being,
employee behaviours and attitudes, innovation, loyalty and retention. However, these are mostly
subjective observations and estimations lacking objective, measurable figures, which makes it
difficult to conclude with a final statement on the research question.
5.3. Discussion of the research findings

The purpose of this chapter is to assemble and combine the findings of the theoretical literature
review and the empirical study to formulate hypotheses in further consequence. The chapter will
resume with a graphic representation of the main findings of the Master’s Thesis. Regarding the
further proceeding, the formulated hypotheses should be tested in the course of further scientific
and empirical studies in order to confirm or refute them.

To start with, the first research question how Employee Experience, with respect to current
challenges, can be a new approach to people management, is discussed. The literature review
revealed that in light of current challenges – such as generational differences, barely engaged
employees, the war for talent, the changing employer-employee relationship and the
accompanying shifts in employee expectations – a new approach to people management seems
to be required already at the moment or at least in the future. This finding is supported by the
interviews conducted in the empirical part as there was a general agreement among all
interviewees, that traditional human resources management is outdated and not properly
applicable anymore to address these challenges. Furthermore, it was mentioned that HR needs
to demonstrate its contribution to the organisation’s success and competitive advantage even
clearer in the future. Therefore, the first hypothesis concerning a new approach to people
management is as follows:
H1: A new approach to people management is necessary right now or will be necessary in
the near future, especially in regard to current challenges.
The first hypothesis addressed the question whether a new approach to HR is necessary,
however, neglected the question of how Employee Experience can be a solution to that. According
to Ulrich et al. (2017, ch. 1), it is unclear whether traditional HR is able to ensure that sufficiently
and suitable employees are available for the organisation. In contrast, Employee Experience is
guided by the question “How can we create a company where people want to show up vs. need
to show up?” (Morgan, 2017, p. 4) which, when executed properly, is suitable to secure the
demand for skilled workers. In a similar vein, the conducted interviews emphasised that HR should
be concerned with topics such as development opportunities, motivation, cultural and
interpersonal topics as well as the design of the working conditions rather than administrative
tasks, which can be seen as the core of Employee Experience (see also figure 22). Based on
these findings, the second hypothesis is as follows:
H2: Employee Experience is a new approach to people management due to its focus on
employees’ experiences at work, culture, employee motivation, personnel development,
working conditions, providing employees with a purpose and further interpersonal topics,
which is necessary to ensure the future demand for skilled workers.
Before continuing with the second research question, the proposed holistic Employee Experience
Framework (depicted as figure 22) is quickly reflected, taking into account the empirical findings.
Among other changes, Morgan’s (2017, p. 57) original elements of Employee Experience, namely

the cultural, technological and physical environment, were supplemented by the element of
leadership in the new framework. In this context, the interviewees are also of the opinion that
leadership is of utmost importance for successfully improving the Employee Experience, thus align
with this addition of leadership.
H3: Besides the cultural, technological and physical environment, leadership exerts an
enormous influence on the Employee Experience wherefore it should be included as a
supplement in the proposed holistic Employee Experience Framework.
To continue, the second research question addressing whether and how the concept of Employee
Experience has the potential to create competitive advantage for the firm is discussed. In general,
according to Wright et al. (1994, pp. 314–318), certain employees or particular aspects or
characteristics of employees constitute a source of competitive advantage. However, employees
alone rarely directly lead to competitive advantage. Therefore, according to literature and
empiricism, Employee Experience increases the probability that employees contribute to
competitive advantage by developing and advancing the employees’ competencies as well as
improving their psychological states and their behaviour. Moreover, in accordance with Morgan
(2017, pp. 6, 165) and Itam and Ghosh (2020, p. 40), some of the interviewees remarked that
Employee Experience leads to employee engagement. Moreover, as presented in chapter 3.4.2.1,
a clear link between employee engagement and competitive advantage that incorporates
improved performance can be observed based on several studies. This is supported by individual
interviewees, of which one mentioned that employees and their engagement are essential for the
company’s success and competitiveness. Furthermore, this engagement was visible through
increased motivation, active behaviour and involvement. In further consequence, positive effects
on the effectiveness, retention, word-of-mouth and performance were reported. These disclosed
relationships between employee engagement and competitive advantage are aligned with
Albrecht et al.’s (2015, pp. 7–9) framework. Therefore, these theoretical and empirical findings
result in the formulation of hypothesis five:
H4: Employee Experience leads to employee engagement, that in turn positively influences
employee attitudes and behaviour which creates competitive advantage and leads to
improved outcomes for the organisation such as effectiveness, retention, performance and
word-of-mouth.
Secondly, Morgan (2017, pp. 89–91) claims that Employee Experience can contribute to
competitive advantage via promoting a strong organisational climate and culture. (Morgan, 2017,
pp. 89–91) This view is also shared by the majority of interviewees. In this context, it was reported
that Employee Experience practices result in increased employee well-being, motivation,
involvement and employee satisfaction. Furthermore, employees feel a sense of purpose, a
culture of innovation is established, the culture is perceived more positively and the employees
have the opportunity to develop themselves and evolve. In further consequence, this leads to
higher retention rates, less fluctuation, less absenteeism and a higher Net Promoter Score. Based
on that, hypothesis six is formulated as follows:
H5: Employee Experience creates a pleasant organisational climate and culture where
employees feel comfortable, which is expressed through employees’ positive
psychological states and behaviours which lead to competitive advantage and improve
outcomes for the organisation such as increased retention rates and Net Promoter scores
and decreased absenteeism and fluctuation.
Thirdly, a clear connection between great Employee Experience, employee engagement and
extraordinary customer experience is suggested by Maylett and Wride (2017, pp. ix, 9) and Becker
and Bolink (2018, p. 20). Findings from literature and the qualitative interviews conducted in the
course of this Master’s thesis agree that customer experience is a reflection of the Employee
Experience. In addition, the interviewees are of the opinion that this is the case because the
employees can identify themselves with the products and company, stand behind the product, feel
comfortable, are intrinsically motivated, creative and show discretionary effort. These behaviours
positively influence customer interactions, profits, revenues as well as customer satisfaction and
retention. This link between employee engagement and customer satisfaction, retention and
increased revenues was also confirmed by Maylett and Wride’s (2017, pp. xiii, 17) study.
Combined, the results from the literature and empirical part lead to the following hypothesis:
H6: A great Employee Experience creates a great customer experience as the employees
express positive attitudes and behaviours, also when interacting with customers, which in
turn improves customer satisfaction and retention resulting in competitive advantage and
in further consequence in increased sales, revenues and profits.
This has been developed into a more comprehensive framework and should be an extension and
advancement of figure 23, which was presented in the interim conclusion. Figure 24 thus
endeavours to represent a summary of the main findings of the theoretical literature review and
empirical study which was based on qualitative interviews. Moreover, the just presented
hypotheses 4, 5 and 6 coalesce in this figure as well.

Figure 24: The proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage
Source: Own Illustration based on the Literature Review and Empirical Study

Although figure 24 is an own illustration and assembled by the author of this Master’s Thesis, it is
based on several frameworks by the authors Morgan (2017, p. 164), Maylett and Wride (2017,
p. 9), Becker et al. (1997, p. 40), Albrecht et al. (2015, p. 9), Macey et al. (2009, p. 8), Bailey et al.
(2017, pp. 37–42), Schmidt-Subramanian et al. (2017, p. 3) and Chi and Gursoy (2009, p. 246)
thus being based on theoretical, validated foundations.
The framework depicted as figure 24 proposes that a great Employee Experience has an influence
on employee engagement, great work climate and customer experience. Employee engagement
and a great work climate lead to certain psychological states or feelings of the employees, such
as increased motivation, satisfaction, commitment, retention, appreciation and improved skills and
knowledge while decreasing the turnover intention. These psychological states, on the one hand,
affect employee behaviour insofar as they improve productivity, creativity, discretional effort,
innovation, involvement, proactivity and word-of-mouth whilst decreasing absenteeism. On the
other hand, they exert positive effects on customers such as a better customer service, consistent
customer interaction as well as the employee standing behind the product. These positive effects
on customers, together with a great Employee Experience and employee engagement, improve
the customer experience. A great customer experience subsequently positively influences
customer behaviour as it increases customer satisfaction, loyalty, retention as well as advocacy.
This positive customer behaviour combined with the positive employee behaviour lead to
competitive advantage which in turn leads to performance improvements such as increased sales,
revenue, profits, profitability, growth and shareholder value.
Of course, this proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage
currently is solely a proposal based on a literature review and a small sample of qualitative
interviews. Even though several relationships included in this rather long chain of relationships
have been validated by empirical, scientific studies, the need arises to test and validate all these
relationships in order to guarantee the validity of the model. However, this lies beyond the scope
of the Master’s Thesis at hand and should be executed in future research.
Based on the proposed framework regarding the relationship between Employee Experience and
competitive advantage, the eighth hypothesis is formulated as follows:
H7: A great Employee Experience leads to competitive advantage with employee

engagement, customer experience and work climate as the primary mediators.
Thirdly, the last research question, regarding how Employee Experience should be implemented
in practice to create competitive advantage as well as the necessary levers, advantageous and
impeding factors, is discussed.

First of all, the focus should be laid on the current state of Employee Experience in (Upper) Austria.
In accordance with Lammer (2020), also the results from the qualitative interviews reveal that
Employee Experience as a separate, structured concept has not yet arrived in Austrian
companies. However, as Employee Experience is a broad concept and includes several aspects
of other topics (e. g. learning and development, workplace health promotion, leadership, facility
management, IT tool selection) the Employee Experience scores of the surveyed companies are
in a medium to high range. Still, the ninth hypothesis is formulated as follows:
H8: Employee Experience as a new approach to people management is not holistically

considered by (Upper) Austrian companies yet.
In terms of how Employee Experience should be practically implemented, literature does not
genuinely provide sophisticated answers. Despite that, a hypothesis based on the qualitative
interviews is still anticipated to be established. As the answers were principally overlapping, this
aspect is answered together with the necessary levers for successful implementation. The
interviewees reported that C-Level support and involvement of employees are the most important
prerequisites for implementing Employee Experience. This is supplemented by generating a basic
understanding of Employee Experience within the organisation and installing a co-design team
consisting of employees from several professions that is responsible for coordinating Employee
Experience efforts and creating a corresponding architecture. Finally, the Employee Experience
design should be executed using design thinking methods.
H9: In practice, Employee Experience should be implemented with C-Level support,

extensive involvement of employees, a general understanding of the topic in the
organisation and a co-design team responsible for coordination and architecture using
design thinking methods.
Lastly, advantageous and impeding factors for Employee Experience implementation are
addressed. In line with literature, the empirical findings list supportive leadership and top
management support as well as a culture or mindset of continuous improvement as advantageous
factors. Moreover, employee involvement was enumerated by the interviewees again. The other
advantageous factors (see table 3) suggested by literature have not been mentioned by any of
the interviewees. On the other hand, the lack of leadership support, not having someone who is
responsible for Employee Experience and not enough (financial) resources are impeding factors
reported by literature and the empirical studies. Again, the further impeding factors introduced by
literature were not declared by the interviewees. Consequently, the eleventh hypothesis is
formulated as follows:
H10: Supportive leadership, employee involvement and a culture of continuous

improvement have a positive influence on Employee Experience implementation while the

lack of leadership support, a lack of (financial) resources and not having someone who is
responsible for Employee Experience have a negative influence.
The insights from the empirical study were added to the findings of the literature review and are
now presented together as table seven.
Levers Advantageous factors Impeding factors
• Supportive leadership • Supportive leadership • Discouraging leadership

and Top Management
• Extensive involvement of • Lack of (financial)
support
employees resources
• Extensive involvement of
• Mindset of continuous • Not having an EX Officer
employees
improvement or someone who is
• Establishment of a responsible for EX
• Employees as the
general understanding of
number one priority • Seeing EX as a short-
EX in the organisation
term embellishment
• Customizing EX
• Installation of a co-design concept
programmes and
team for EX
practices so that they fit • Trying EX programmes
• Implementation with a the organisation on the side without
Design Thinking prioritizing it
• Integrated EX framework
approach and using DT
and offerings
tools and practices
• Commitment to genuinely
really care about
providing a great
Employee Experience
Table 7: Levers, advantageous and impeding factors for EX implementation

Source: Own Illustration based on the Literature Review and Empirical Study
To conclude, the proposed hypotheses endeavour to reflect the main findings from this Master’s
Thesis based on a comprehensive literature review and the qualitative empirical study.

6. Conclusion
The last chapter of this Master’s Thesis encompasses a summary and discussion of the main
findings. In addition, the limitations of the Master’s Thesis are elaborated and a future outlook
disclosing research gaps as well as possible future directions of research is given.
6.1. Summary and discussion of main findings

The main objective of this Master’s Thesis was to evaluate whether Employee Experience can be
a new strategic approach to people management to enhance competitiveness. In order to answer
the three corresponding research questions and postulate hypotheses, a two-stage research
procedure consisting of a comprehensive literature review and an empirical study including ten
semi-structured qualitative interviews, was accomplished. A short summary of the main results will
be given in this section.
Research question 1:
Taking into account current and probable future challenges, how can Employee Experience
be a new strategic approach to people management?
The literature research as well as the qualitative interviews reveal that a new approach to people
management is necessary as traditional human resources management will not be able to properly
address business challenges in the foreseeable future. Employee Experience in its proposed
holistic form (presented in figure 22) might offer suitable solutions to several challenges because
it aims to provide the best possible experience at work and addresses each employee as unique
human being with his or her needs, preferences, strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, the
focus is on improving the organisational culture, employee motivation, working conditions,
personnel development and providing employees with a purpose. By that, the future demand for
skilled employees might be secured more easily and in a more appropriate way. Therefore,
Employee Experience is proposed to be a suitable new strategic approach to people management.
Does the concept of Employee Experience have the potential to create competitive
advantage for the firm? If so, how?
With regards to this research question, this Master’s Thesis argues in accordance with several
authors that certain employees or particular aspects and characteristics of employees constitute
a source of competitive advantage and that Employee Experience and its practices increase the
probability of employees contributing to the achievement of this competitive advantage. The
proposed relationship between Employee Experience and competitive advantage (presented as
figure 24) is based upon several theoretical frameworks, empirical studies by different authors as
well as the qualitative interviews conducted in the course of this Master’s Thesis. In short,
Employee Experience is suggested to have a positive influence on employee engagement, great
work climate and customer experience. Employee engagement and a great work climate lead to
certain psychological states or feelings of the employees. These psychological states not only
affect employee behaviour but also exert positive effects on customers. These positive effects on
customers, together with an excellent Employee Experience and employee engagement, improve
the customer experience. A great customer experience subsequently positively influences
customer behaviour which, combined with the positive employee behaviour, lead to a competitive
advantage that in turn generate performance improvements.
How should Employee Experience be practically implemented in businesses to create

competitive advantage? Which levers are necessary and what are advantageous and
impeding factors or circumstances?
Finally, the main goal of the third research question was to gain insights into the practical
implementation of the concept Employee Experience. The relevant information for this is partly
based on theoretical suggestions but mainly stems from the qualitative interviews.
When it comes to certain measures, practices and practical implementation in general, these were
elaborated in chapter 5.2.4 in detail. The differing answers emphasise the diverging approaches
to the broad topic of Employee Experience as well as the observation that no best-practices have
been established yet. With reference to levers, advantageous and impeding factors, the findings
from the literature review were complemented with insights from the qualitative interviews and
presented in table 7. Briefly, the most relevant levers are C-Level support, extensive involvement
of employees, a general understanding of the topic in the organisation and a co-design team
responsible for coordination and architecture using design thinking methods. Moreover, regarding
the most important advantageous and impeding factors, the findings suggest that supportive
leadership, employee involvement and a culture of continuous improvement have a positive
influence on Employee Experience implementation while the lack of leadership support, a lack of
(financial) resources and not having someone who is responsible for Employee Experience have
a negative influence.
To conclude, the implementation of Employee Experience can be facilitated through making

employees and EX a priority – implying Top Management support – establishing a co-design team

that is responsible for EX and using a Design Thinking approach and Design Thinking tools and
practices, such as Employee Journeys or Personas, for the implementation.
In general, it has to be remarked that literature, in particular scientific literature, about the topic
Employee Experience is still scarce. Nevertheless, an increasing interest in this field of research
can be observed, which is also reflected in the ascending number of articles published recently.
The small body of literature is in line with the oftentimes restrained practical implementation. In
this context, several authors stress that Employee Experience is still not a priority in many
companies and among leaders which makes the implementation a challenge. This is also
confirmed by the qualitative interviews as the interviewees admitted, that the companies they work
in do not yet holistically and strategically engage in Employee Experience. Rather, they address
it in the course of other topics such as personnel development, workplace health promotion or
leadership. Because of this and due to the suggestion, that Employee Experience practices should
be tailored to the specific requirements of the particular company, no best-practice Employee
Experience measures or offerings have been established yet. As a result, Employee Experience
inherits an enormous (still unused) potential that can be realised by organisations in the future.
6.2. Limitations of the Thesis and Future research fields

Although this Master’s Thesis is based on a literature review as well as a qualitative study, it still
contains limitations. These are outlined within this chapter supplemented by possible suggestions
to overcome the limitations.
First of all, the empirical study, aimed at investigating Employee Experience in practice, only
contained ten interviewees, thus the potential for generalising the findings and results is reduced.
It is also noteworthy to mention that the interviews were conducted in German, thus information
may have been lost because of translating the statements into English. Moreover, research taking
into account not only CEOs and HR professionals but also employees from other professions
might yield additional valuable insights that could be compared with the existing ones. What is
more, even though interviewees from companies operating in different industries and of different
sizes were chosen, all of those companies either have their headquarters or at least a subsidiary
in the federal state Upper Austria, restricting the insights in terms of internationality. Research
including companies from other geographical areas or nations might offer a deeper or more
diverse knowledge in this field. Therefore, it is recommended that further research regarding the
practical experiences with the topic Employee Experience should be conducted. Despite the
enumerated limitations, the empirical study revealed in-depth information about differing
approaches to Employee Experience which assist in expanding the body of knowledge about the
topic and inspiring organisations to enhance their competitiveness by engaging in Employee
Experience.
Besides the limitations resulting from the empirical study, also the literature review entails several
limitations. As already mentioned earlier in the thesis, literature, especially academic literature on
Employee Experience, is still scarce. Therefore, although an effort was made to focus on high
quality peer-reviewed literature, also non-scientific literature had to be utilized in order to establish
a theoretical base of the topic Employee Experience. However, as this Master’s Thesis is rather
of an exploratory nature, this was an inevitable necessity. This exploratory approach further
required to base the thesis on several assumptions, described in the respective chapters. In turn,
in the course of this Master’s Thesis, two new frameworks, on the one hand on Employee
Experience itself, and on the other hand on the relationship between Employee Experience and
competitive advantage, have been developed. Furthermore, hypotheses on the respective
research questions could be established. As a consequence, these two proposed frameworks as
well as the hypotheses ought to be evaluated in future research with the objective of examining
whether they comprise any value for practical or theoretical utilization.

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8. Appendices
Appendix 1: E-Mail to potential interview partners (in German)
Betreff: Interviews für Masterarbeit
Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
mein Name ist Miriam Katzmayr und ich studiere im 4. Semester das Masterstudium Management
an der Johannes Kepler Universität in Linz. Derzeit schreibe ich meine Masterarbeit bei Frau
Mag. Dr. Sabine Reisinger am Institut für Strategisches Management zu dem Thema: Employee
Experience als ein neuer Ansatz im Personalmanagement zur Steigerung der
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (Employee Experience as a new approach to people management to
enhance competitiveness).
In meiner Arbeit geht es insbesondere um die Gestaltung des Mitarbeitererlebnis (Employee

Experience) in allen Berührungspunkten mit der Organisation und deren Produkten über die
gesamte Laufbahn eines/r Mitarbeiters/in im Unternehmen und um die Auswirkung auf die
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. In diesem Zusammenhang führe ich qualitative Interviews mit HR-
Expert/innen aus unterschiedlichen Firmen.
Aufgrund dessen würde ich mich sehr freuen, wenn Sie sich bereit erklären an diesem Interview
teilzunehmen und Ihre Erfahrungen und Wissen über das Mitarbeitererlebnis (Employee
Experience) mit mir teilen. Das Interview dauert ca. 30-45 Minuten, kann via Zoom (oder
anderen Onlinekonferenztools) oder persönlich durchgeführt werden und die Daten und
Antworten werden selbstverständlich streng vertraulich behandelt.
Bei Rückfragen können Sie sich gerne telefonisch oder per E-Mail an mich wenden.
Vielen Dank im Voraus!
Mit freundlichen Grüßen,
Miriam Katzmayr
Mail: [email protected]
Telefonnummer: 0664/1849984

Employee Experience (Mitarbeitererlebnis, Mitarbeitererfahrung):
Employee Experience = die Summe von Momenten, Interaktionen und Eindrücken, die einen
Mitarbeiter innerhalb eines bestimmten Zeitraumes im Unternehmen beeinflussen. Von dem
Vorstellungsgespräch, über Onboarding-Prozesse, tägliche To-Do’s und Routinen bis hin zum
abschließenden Gespräch.
Employee Experience ist eine Aufforderung, Mitarbeitern ein inspirierendes Arbeitserlebnis zu

ermöglichen und sich in die Position der Mitarbeitenden zu versetzen, beginnend mit dem Pre-
Employment (Suche, Interview, Angebot) bis zum Post-Employment (Trennung, Verbindung
halten, ggf. Wiedereintritt). Employee Experience beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie es gelingen
kann, Mitarbeitende so zu motivieren, dass sie ihre Fähigkeiten und Leidenschaften tatsächlich
mit Engagement in ihrer Arbeit einbringen, statt sich selbst und das Team zu frustrieren.
Employee Experience ist strategisch und operativ zwar zuvorderst im HRM-Bereich angesiedelt,
nimmt Führungskräfte jedoch nicht minder strategisch und operativ in die Verantwortung.
Bei der Employee Experience geht es um das Gesamtbild, welches Mitarbeiter und
Führungskräfte durch vielfältige Berührungspunkte mit der Organisation und deren Produkten
gewinnen. Dem hieraus resultierenden Mitarbeitererlebnis werden klare Auswirkungen bspw. auf
das Engagement und die Mitarbeiterbindung zugeschrieben. Es wird verdeutlicht, dass die
Employee Experience einem strategischen Gestaltungsimperativ unterliegt. So steigern
Mitarbeitende über die Kommunikation der erfahrungsgebundenen Kernbotschaft die Reputation
der Organisation. Im Idealfall entsteht so eine sich von der Konkurrenz abhebende Identität.
Da die Customer Experience vielfach über die Interaktion mit der Organisation verläuft, sind es
die Mitarbeitenden, die die entscheidenden Kontakte zu den Kunden haben (Vertrieb, Hotline,
Projektpartner etc.). Ergo: Wer bei der Kreation einer Employee Experience versagt, wird auch
die Customer Experience nicht maximieren können.
Eine Arbeitsumgebung ist durch viele miteinander verknüpfte Elemente gekennzeichnet: Jene
Faktoren beeinflussen sich wechselseitig und ergeben in Summe ein höchst komplexes
Konstrukt. Zur Vereinfachung lassen sich Räume identifizieren. Und so ergibt sich durch
1) das kulturelle Umfeld
2) technologische Voraussetzungen sowie die
3) physische Umgebung
die gesamte „Employee Experience”.
Das kulturelle Umfeld: Kultur = ein Gefühl, das u. a. abhängig ist vom Führungsstil,
Interaktionen und der Wertschätzung zwischen Kollegen. Das kulturelle Umfeld kann optimiert
werden, indem offene Kommunikation und Feedback-Kanäle genutzt werden, um
sicherzustellen, dass der Arbeitsplatz positiv und produktiv bleibt.
Die technologischen Voraussetzungen: Nichts ist frustrierender als die neuesten Ideen mit
Hilfe von veralteter Software umzusetzen. Mitarbeiter interagieren Tag für Tag mit
verschiedenen Technologien – von Videokonferenzen, digitalen Zeiterfassungssystemen,
Mailprogrammen bis hin zu Textverarbeitungsprogrammen. Wer sicher geht, dass das Büro auf
dem neuesten technischen Stand bleibt, verringert Frustration unter den Mitarbeitern, erhöht das
Produktionspotenzial und präsentiert das Unternehmen als entsprechend fortschrittlich.
Die physische Umgebung: Ein Büro soll funktional sein, um das Team zu inspirieren. Denn
wenn die Mitarbeiter das Gefühl haben, dass sie Dienst in einem sterilen Labor antreten, fühlen
sie sich wahrscheinlich nicht motiviert, was sich wiederum auf ihre Stimmung auswirkt.
Bürowände in freundlichen Farben, zeitgemäße Architektur sowie Akzente, die das Corporate
Design wiedergeben, lassen Kreativität spielend entfalten.
Faktoren, die sich positiv auf die Employee Experience auswirken:

physische Umgebung Technologie Kulturelles Umfeld
• Mitarbeiter bringen • Für jeden Mitarbeiter • Das Unternehmen wird
Freunde und verfügbar positiv gesehen
Besucher mit • “Consumer Grade • Jeder fühlt sich geschätzt
• Bietet Flexibilität Technology” – • Legitime Sinnhaftigkeit
• Die Werte der Technologie, die man • Mitarbeiter fühlen sich als
Organisation auch privat nutzen Teil eines Teams
spiegeln sich wider würde (Aufbau und • Schätzt Vielfalt und
• Mehrere Design) Inklusion
Arbeitsbereichs- • Mitarbeiterbedürfnisse • Empfehlungen kommen
optionen werden versus von Mitarbeitern
genutzt Geschäftsanforderungen • Möglichkeit, neue Dinge zu
lernen, und gegebene
Ressourcen, um dies zu
tun und voranzukommen
• Behandelt Mitarbeiter fair
• Führungskräfte und
Manager sind Coaches
und Mentoren
• Engagement für die
Gesundheit und das
Wohlbefinden der
Mitarbeiter

Appendix 2: Interview Guideline in German
Einleitung und Vorstellung meiner Person und der Masterarbeit

Vielen Dank, dass Sie sich Zeit für ein Interview im Rahmen meiner Masterarbeit nehmen.
Zuerst möchte ich mich und die Masterarbeit kurz vorstellen:
Mein Name ist Miriam Katzmayr und ich studiere an der Johannes-Kepler-Universität Linz im 4.
Semester das Masterstudium Management. Derzeit verfasse ich meine Masterarbeit am Institut
für strategisches Management. In der Masterarbeit beschäftige ich mich mit dem Thema
„Employee Experience as a new approach to people management to enhance competitiveness.”
– auf Deutsch „Employee Experience als ein neuer Ansatz im Personalmanagement zur
Steigerung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit.“ Im Zuge der Masterarbeit soll herausgefunden werden, ob
ein neuer Personalmanagementansatz notwendig ist, ob Employee Experience eine Option dafür
wäre, ob Employee Experience die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit steigern kann und wie die
Implementierung in den Unternehmen konkret aussieht. Dafür habe ich eine Literaturrecherche
durchgeführt und führe nun qualitative Interviews mit HR-Verantwortlichen verschiedenster
Unternehmen und Branchen um die praktische Erfahrung mit Employee Experience zu
erforschen.
Vorab noch zur Information: das Interview wird ungefähr 30-45 Minuten Ihrer Zeit in Anspruch
nehmen.
Zustimmung zur Aufzeichnung des Interviews einholen

Wenn es für Sie in Ordnung ist, würde ich das Interview gerne aufzeichnen, damit ich es später
transkribieren und analysieren kann und somit zu meinen Forschungsergebnissen gelange.
Stimmen Sie dem zu?
Vertrauliche Behandlung der Daten abfragen

Bezüglich der Behandlung Ihrer Daten gibt es zwei Möglichkeiten: Möchten Sie, dass Ihre Daten
(Name, Name des Unternehmens) anonym bleiben oder wollen Sie als relevanter Partner in der
Masterarbeit genannt werden?
Haben Sie noch offene Fragen?
Bevor wir beginnen nochmals zur Erinnerung: Employee Experience = die Summe von
Momenten, Interaktionen und Eindrücken, die einen Mitarbeiter innerhalb eines bestimmten
Zeitraumes im Unternehmen beeinflussen. Von dem Vorstellungsgespräch, über Onboarding-
Prozesse, tägliche To-Do’s und Routinen bis hin zum abschließenden Gespräch.

Teil Offene Frage Konkretisierungsfragen Ergänzungen
A Welchen Stellenwert hat HR • Welche strategische Bedeutung hat das Wie wichtig ist HR/
in Ihrem Unternehmen? Personalmanagement? sind die Mitarbeiter
• Welche strategische Bedeutung haben die bei Ihnen?
Mitarbeiter?
• Wird der Faktor Mensch als
Wettbewerbsfaktor angesehen?
B Inwieweit eignet sich aus Ist das traditionelle
Ihrer Sicht das traditionelle HR geeignet, Ihr
HRM in Zukunft? Unternehmen in
Zukunft zu
unterstützen?
C Gibt es ein Konzept oder Woran orientiert sich
Modell nachdem Ihre HR- Ihr HR-Bereich?
Arbeit ausgerichtet ist? Beiblatt: Morgan betont im Konzept der
Employee Experience drei relevante Wie würden Sie das
Bitte beurteilen Sie folgende Kategorien zur Anziehung und Bindung von Unternehmen in
Kriterien nach Ihrer Mitarbeitern. folgenden Kriterien
persönlichen Erfahrung (1-5): bewerten?
• Sind das aus Ihrer Sicht auch die
wichtigsten Kategorien?
• Fehlt eine Kategorie?
• Fehlt ein Unterpunkt in irgendeiner
Kategorie?
Je nach Bewertung:
• Wie haben Sie 5 Punkte bei dem
Unterpunkt XY erreicht?
• Warum spielt Unterpunkt XY eine
geringere Rolle? Sehen Sie es als
Unterpunkt des Modells problematisch
oder ist es nur in Ihrem Unternehmen
irrelevant?
D Wie haben Sie Employee • Welche Maßnahmen wurden getroffen? Wie wurde Employee
Experience implementiert? • Wie und von wem wurden die Experience
Maßnahmen ausgewählt / erarbeitet? eingeführt?
• Welche Rollen spielen die
Führungskräfte? Würde es Sinn machen,
Leadership in das Modell aufzunehmen?
• Welche Faktoren haben sich positiv auf
die Implementierung ausgewirkt?
• Welche Faktoren haben sich negativ auf
die Implementierung ausgewirkt?
• Planen Sie bewusst die
Mitarbeitererlebnisse anhand der Phasen
des Employee Lifecycle?
o Wenn ja, wie?
o Wenn nein, warum nicht?
E Wie wirkt sich die Einführung • Welche Vor- und Nachteile haben sich Was hat sich durch
von Employee ergeben? die Einführung von
Experience/ähnlichen o Für Mitarbeiter? Employee Experience
Konzepten aus? o Für das Unternehmen? verändert?
(Mitarbeiterakquise und -bindung)
• Welche Auswirkung auf die
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit/ -position gab es?
F Gibt es noch etwas
Wichtiges zum Thema, das Sie
hinzufügen möchten?
Die 3 Umgebungen der Employee Experience (nach Morgan):

Einschätzung der Employee Experience (Erfahrungen & Erlebnisse
der Mitarbeiter/innen) anhand der 17 Variablen nach Morgan.
Bitte schätzen Sie den aktuellen Stand Ihres Unternehmens / einer

Unternehmenseinheit anhand der 17 Variablen ein.
Physische Umgebung
Bitte beurteilen Sie folgende Kriterien: 1- Trifft gar 5- Trifft
nicht zu völlig zu
Mitarbeiter/innen bringen Freund/innen und Besucher/innen     
mit
Die physische Umgebung bietet Flexibilität     
Die Werte der Organisation spiegeln sich wider     
Mehrere Arbeitsbereichsoptionen werden genutzt     
Technologische Umgebung
nicht zu völlig zu
Die Technologie ist für jede/n Mitarbeiter/in verfügbar     
“Consumer Grade Technology” – Technologie, die man auch     
privat nutzen würde (Aufbau und Design)
Die Technologie ist auf die Mitarbeiter/innenbedürfnisse     
(nicht nur auf die Geschäftsanforderungen) ausgerichtet
Kulturelle Umgebung
nicht zu völlig zu
Das Unternehmen wird positiv gesehen     
Jede/r fühlt sich geschätzt     
Legitime Sinnhaftigkeit wird empfunden     
Mitarbeiter/innen fühlen sich als Teil eines Teams     
Das Unternehmen schätzt Vielfalt und Inklusion     
Empfehlungen kommen von Mitarbeiter/innen     
Möglichkeit, neue Dinge zu lernen, und gegebene     
Ressourcen, um dies zu tun und voranzukommen
Das Unternehmen behandelt Mitarbeiter/innen fair     
Führungskräfte und Manager/innen sind Coaches und     
Mentor/innen
Engagement für die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der     
Mitarbeiter/innen

Abschluss
Vielen Dank, dass Sie sich Zeit für das aufschlussreiche Interview genommen haben und Ihre
Erfahrungen und Meinungen so offen mit mir geteilt haben.
Dürfte ich bei eventuellen Rückfragen nochmals auf Sie zukommen?

Appendix 3: Interview Guideline in English
Introduction and presentation of myself and my Master’s Thesis
Thank you very much for taking the time for an interview in the course of my master thesis.
First, I would like to introduce myself and the master thesis:
My name is Miriam Katzmayr and I am studying in the master programme Management at the
Johannes-Kepler-University Linz in the 4th semester. Currently, I am writing my Master’s Thesis
at the Institute of Strategic Management. In my master thesis I am dealing with the topic "Employee
Experience as a new approach to people management to enhance competitiveness.” In the course
of the Master’s Thesis I would like to find out if a new approach to people management is
necessary, if Employee Experience would be an option for that, if Employee Experience can
enhance competitiveness and how the implementation in companies looks like in concrete terms.
For this purpose, I accomplished a literature research and now I conduct qualitative interviews
with HR managers of different companies and industries to explore the practical experience with
Employee Experience.
First of all, I want to inform you that the interview will take about 30-45 minutes.
Obtain permission to record the interview
If it is okay with you, I would like to record the interview so that I can transcribe and analyse it later
and thus get to my research results. Do you agree with this?
Clarification of confidential treatment of the data
With regard to the treatment of your data, there are two possibilities: Do you either want your data
(name, name of the company) to remain anonymous or do you want to be named as a relevant
partner in the master thesis?
Do you still have open questions?
Before we start, just to remind you: Employee Experience = the sum of moments, interactions
and impressions that influence an employee within a certain period of time in the company. From
the job interview, onboarding processes, daily to-do's and routines to the final interview.

Part Open questions Concretization questions Additions
A Which significance does HR • What is the strategic importance of How important is HR/
have in your company? human resources management? are the employees
• What is the strategic importance of with you?
employees?
• Is the human factor considered a
competitive factor?
B In your opinion, to what Is traditional HR
extent is traditional HRM suitable to support
suitable for the future? your company in the
future?
C Is there a concept or model What is your HR
that fits your HR work? department oriented
towards?
Supplementary sheet: In the Employee
Please rate the following Experience concept, Morgan emphasises How would you rate
criteria according to your three relevant categories for attracting and the company in the
personal experience (1-5): retaining employees. following criteria?
• In your opinion, are these also the most
important categories?
• Is one category missing?
• Is a sub-item missing in any category?
Depending on the rating:

• How did you achieve 5 points in sub-
item XY?
• Why is sub-item XY less important? Do
you see it as a problematic sub-item of
the model or is it only irrelevant in your
company?
D How did you implement • What measures were taken? How was Employee
Employee Experience? • How and by whom were the measures Experience
selected / developed? introduced?
• What are the roles of the executives?
Would it make sense to include
leadership in the model?
• Which factors have had a positive effect
on the implementation?
• Which factors have had a negative
effect on the implementation?
• Do you consciously plan the employee
experiences based on the phases of the
employee lifecycle?
o If so, how?
o If not, why not?
E What is the effect of • What are the advantages and What has changed
introducing Employee disadvantages? through the
Experience/similar o For employees? introduction of
concepts? o For the company? (recruitment and Employee Experience?
retention of employees)
• What effect on the competitiveness /
competitive position was there?
F Is there anything else
important about the topic
you would like to add?

The 3 Employee Experience Environments (according to Morgan):

Evaluation of the Employee Experience based on the 17 variables
according to Morgan.
Please estimate the current status of your company / business unit using the 17
variables.
Physical Environment
Please rate the following criteria: 1- Does 5- Fully
not apply applies
at all
Chooses to bring in friends and visitors     
Offers flexibility     
Organization’s values are reflected     
Leverages multiple workspace options     
Technological Environment
not apply applies
at all
Availability to everyone     
Consumer Grade Technology     
Employee needs vs. Business R     
requirements
Cultural Environment
not apply applies
at all
Company is viewed positively     
Everyone feels valued     
Legitimate sense of purpose     
Employees feel like they are part of a team     
Believes in Diversity and Inclusion     
Referrals come from employees     
Ability to learn new things and given resources to do so and     
advance
Treats employees fairly     
Executives and Managers are coaches and mentors     
Dedicated to Employee Health and Wellness     

Closing
Thank you very much for taking the time for this informative interview and for sharing your
experiences and opinions so openly with me.
Would it be alright to contact you again if I have any further questions?

Katzmayr Miriam Master Thesis

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EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCE Submitted at

APPROACH TO PEOPLE Supervisor

MANAGEMENT TO Mag.a Dr.in Sabine Reisinger

This printed thesis is identical with the electronic version submitted.

Linz, December 2020

Miriam Katzmayr III

To summarise, literature proposes several positive aspects of providing employees with an

Miriam Katzmayr VII

Miriam Katzmayr VIII

Miriam Katzmayr XII

1.1. Problem Statement

In such turbulent times, an organisation’s employees seem to be a major source of competitive

Miriam Katzmayr 2/136

1.2. Research Questions

3. How should Employee Experience be practically implemented in businesses to create

1.3. Objectives of the Master’s Thesis

Miriam Katzmayr 3/136

Miriam Katzmayr 4/136

1.5. Structure and content

Miriam Katzmayr 5/136

2.1. Defining Employee Experience

Miriam Katzmayr 6/136

Morgan (2017, p. 8) “the intersection of employee expectations, needs,

Plaskoff (2017, p. 137) “the employee’s holistic perceptions of the

Yohn (2018) “EX is sum of everything an Employee Experiences

Miriam Katzmayr 7/136

Table 1: Definitions of Employee Experience

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2.2.1. Morgan’s Framework

Figure 2: The Employee Experience Pyramid

Miriam Katzmayr 9/136

COOL physical spaces ACE technology CELEBRATED culture

• Chooses to bring in • Availability to • Company is viewed positively

• Ability to learn new things and

• Treats employees fairly

• Executives and Managers are

• Dedicated to employee health

Table 2: Employee Experience Environments and Variables

Miriam Katzmayr 10/136

Figure 3: The golden circle

2.2.2. Maylett and Wride’s Framework

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To summarise, figure 4 visualises the Employee Experience Framework, based on the

Expectation Three Trust

•Fairness •Brand contract •Moments of

Figure 4: Maylett and Wride's Employee Experience Framework

2.2.3. Bersin et al.’s Framework

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Figure 5: Simply Irresistible Organization model

2.2.4. IBM and Globoforce’s Framework

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Figure 6: Framework of drivers and outcomes of Employee Experience at work

2.2.5. Yildiz et al.’s Framework

Miriam Katzmayr 15/136

The Goal: Creation of Positive Employee Experience

Positive Human Capital's

Knoweldge Flexibility and

Continuous and Recognition and