Biotech-Genetic Sci. Timeline

Genetic Science
Periods Events
1900  Mendel’s work had given birth to genetic science.
1902  Human genetics was born.

 Sutton discovered that chromosomes contain elements which
are transferrable from one generation to another.
1905  2 researchers, Edmund Beechur Wilson and Nettie Stevens shared
the same idea of separating X and Y chromosomes for the
determination of sex.
1905-  Several researchers found that several genes alter or modify the
action of other genes.
1908
1907  Thomas Hunt Morgan revealed that chromosomes have a defined
role in heredity.
 Morgan discovered mutation theory.
1909  In Mendel’s laws to animals, Wilhelm Johannsen used the word

‘gene’ to mean the carrier of heredity.
1910  Morgan demonstrated that asor genes (carriers of genetic
information) are present on chromosomes which created the basis
for modern genetics.
1912  In the Crystallography era, William Lawrence Bragg discovered the
application of x-rays in the determination of molecular structure of
crystalline substances.
1926  Morgan published The Theory of the Gene.
1928  Frederick Griffiths reported the ‘transforming element’.

 Oswald Theodore Avery discovered that ‘transforming element’ to be
DNA.
 Alexander Fleming discovered peninclin.
1938  DNA and Proteins were studied by means of x-rays.
1941  George Wells Beadle and Edward L. Tatum examined Neurospora

crassa (a mold that invades and grows on bread) and proposed ‘one
gene, one enzyme’ theory.
1943-  Cortisone, the first biotech product, was first produced in great
amounts.
1953
1944  A Ukrainian-American researcher named Selman Abraham
Waksman explored streptomycin, an active antibiotic against TB.
1945  Animal cell cultures were harvested in laboratories, giving birth to the
field of animal tissue culture.
-1950
1947  Barbara McClintok first demonstrated ‘transposable elements’
known as ‘jumping genes’ with the capability to move from one site
on the genome to another.
1953  George Otto Grey developed the HeLa human cell line.
1957  Crick and Gamov studied ‘central dogma’ demonstrating how DNA
functions to construct protein
1966  Several researches explored the genetic code.
1967  Arthur Kornberg reported a study using single-stranded natural
1970  Peter H. Duesberg and Peter K. Vogt identified the first oncogene in
a virus.
1972  The first recombinant DNA molecule synthesized.
 Paul Berg utilized a restriction enzyme to cut DNA into
fragments.
1973  Ames test became extensively used to identify cancer-causing
substances.
 Bruce Nathan Ames developed an investigation to distinguish
chemicals that damage DNA.
1974  The first vaccine for chicken pox was developed in Japan.
1976  J Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus established cancer-causing

genes called oncogenes become visible in animal chromosomes,
and modifications in their structure can result in metastatic growth.
1977  Genentech Inc. achieved the synthesis of a human protein
(Somatostatin) in a bacterium.
1978  Herbert W Boyer synthesized synthetic human insulin by introducing
the insulin gene into the bacterium Escgerichia coli.
 Genentech Inc. had achieved the synthesis of human insulin
using rDNA technology
1980  Several researchers established a tool for multiplying DNA
sequences in vitro using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
1982  Michael Smith established a procedure precise amino acid changes
in a protein.
1985  Genetic fingerprinting stepped into the court room.
 Cal Bio produced a gene by a cloning method that encodes
human lung surfactant protein.
1987  Calgene Inc. obtained a patent for the tomato polygalacturonase
DNA sequence.
1996  Discovery of a gene linked to Parkinson’s disease
 Colleuges from the Roslin Institute in Scotland had cloned a sheep
called Dolly from the cell of an adult ewe.
1998  A group of researchers succeeded in culturing embryonic stem cells.
2000  The Human Genome Project was successfully completed.

 Craig Venter sequenced the human genome.
2002  An era of very rapid shotgun sequencing of major genomes was
completed.
2004  The FDA approved a DNA microarray analysis system,which helped
in selecting medications for different conditions.
2006  The FDA sanctioned a recombinant vaccine against human
papilloma-virus, which causes genital warts and cervical cancer.
 Researchers established the three-dimensional (3D) structure
of HIV, which causes AIDS.
2007  Researchers discovered how to use human skin cells to produce
embryonic stem cells.
2008  Japanese chemists developed the first DNA molecule made nearly
entirely of artificial parts.
2009  Geron commenced the first FDA approved clinical trial by means of
embryonic stem cells.
2010  Venter showed that a synthetic genome could duplicate alone.
2011  A trachea developed from stem cells was transplanted into a human
recipient.

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Genetic Science

1902  Human genetics was born.

1909  In Mendel’s laws to animals, Wilhelm Johannsen used the word

1928  Frederick Griffiths reported the ‘transforming element’.

1938  DNA and Proteins were studied by means of x-rays.

1941  George Wells Beadle and Edward L. Tatum examined Neurospora

1967  Arthur Kornberg reported a study using single-stranded natural

1976  J Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus established cancer-causing

2000  The Human Genome Project was successfully completed.

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