Arbues, Azalea Patrisse C.

BSDM 2-1

This document is composed of information about indicators and measurements of

development. Some of the information here is searched, but I read it, paraphrase it, and indicate
the references for the credibility of the data. I also got some graphs that are recently related to
some indicators here in the Philippines, so I can easily understand the meaning of each indicator.
And as you go further in this document, I indicate more indicators other than what Mrs. De Mesa
discussed, that I remember when I was in 1st year college. I have some ideas for this module,
because when I was in my 1st year of college, I reported this topic under Mr. Ruperto Sanggalang.

Discuss the Indicators and Measurements of Development in no less than 500 WORDS
per Indicator and Measurements
Development Indicators, according to Mrs. De Mesa's PowerPoint, are a tool for
determining how developed a country or region is in comparison to others, whereas Economic
Indicators are used to determine how developed a country is through financial and industrial
methods. Those two signs, put simply, are an approach that can assist anyone in determining if
a country or region is developed. Indicators are important because they allow us to determine the
scope and magnitude of problems, whether we have sufficient resources to address them, and
whether we are making progress toward resolving them.
Economic Indicators
According to Investopedia, An economic indicator is a piece of economic data, usually
of macroeconomic scale, that is used by analysts to interpret current or future investment
possibilities. These indicators also help to judge the overall health of an economy. Economic
indicators can be anything the investor chooses, but specific pieces of data released by the
government and non-profit organizations have become widely followed.
(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic_indicator.asp)

As I remembered in Introduction to Development Management, there are many economic

indicators used to measure how a country has been developed. Economic Indicators are listed
below.

1. Gross Domestic Product

GDP tracks the wellbeing of a country's economy. It speaks to the esteem of all products
and administrations delivered over a particular time inside a country's borders. Financial
specialists can use GDP to decide whether an economy is developing or encountering a
recession. Investors can use GDP to form speculations decisions—a terrible economy implies
lower profit and lower stock costs. GDP measures the money related esteem of last products and
services—that is, those that are bought by the final user—produced in a nation in a given period
(say a quarter or a year). It tallies all the yield created inside the borders of a nation. GDP is
composed of goods and administrations delivered for deal within the showcase additionally
incorporates a few nonmarket generations, such as defense or instruction administrations given
by the government. An elective concept, net national item, or GNP counts all the output of the
inhabitants of a nation. So, if an America-owned company features a plant within the Philippines,
the yield of this production line would be included in Philippines GDP, but in America GNP.
 Not all beneficial action is included in GDP. For illustration, unpaid work (such as that
performed within the domestic or by volunteers) and black-market exercises are not
included since they are troublesome to measure and esteem precisely. Meaning, for case, that
a bread cooked who produces a lounge of bread for a client would contribute to GDP but would
not contribute to GDP in case he heated the same daydream for his family
(although the fixings he obtained would be tallied).

The production approach wholes the “value-added” at each arrange of generation, where
value-added is characterized as add-up to deals less the esteem of halfway inputs into the
generation handle. For case, flour would be a middle input and bread the ultimate item; or an
architect’s administration would be a halfway input, and the building the ultimate product.
The expenditure approach includes up the esteem of buys made by last users—for case,
the utilization of nourishment, TVs, and restorative administrations by families; the ventures in
apparatus by companies; and the buys of products and administrations by the government and
foreigners.
The income approach includes the salaries created by production—for illustration, the
remuneration workers get and the working overflow of companies (generally deals less costs).

The table below shows the gross domestic product in the Philippines according to Philippine
Statistics Authority.

The Philippine Gross Domestic Product (GDP) posted a growth of 11.8 percent in the second
quarter of 2021. This was the highest since the fourth quarter of 1988 which posted a growth
of 12.0 percent. The main contributors to the growth, with their corresponding increase, were
Manufacturing, 22.3 percent; Construction, 25.7 percent; and Wholesale and retail trade; repair
of motor vehicles and motorcycles, 5.4 percent. Among the major economic sectors, Industry and
Services posted positive growths of 20.8 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively. Meanwhile,
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing posted a contraction of -0.1 percent in the second quarter of 2021.
On the demand side, Household Final Consumption Expenditure (HFCE) improved by 7.2
percent, along with the following items: Gross Capital Formation (GCF), 75.5 percent;
Exports, 27.0 percent; and Imports, 37.8 percent. On the other hand, the Government Final
Consumption Expenditure (GFCE) dropped by -4.9 percent in the second quarter of 2021. Net
Primary Income (NPl) from the Rest of the World declined by -53.8 percent. Meanwhile, the Gross
National lncome (GNl) posted a growth of 6.6 percent during the period.
(https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts).

2. Economic Structure

This measures the percentage of GDP that is created through the different sectors of the
economy. A country that produces its wealth through secondary and tertiary industries is likely to
be more developed than a country which relies on primary industries.

Economic structure may be a term that depicts the changing adjust of yield, exchange,
livelihoods, and business drawn from distinctive financial divisions – extending from essential
(cultivating, angling, mining etc.) to auxiliary (fabricating and development businesses) to tertiary
and quaternary divisions (tourism, managing an account, computer program businesses).
Changes in financial structure are a normal include of financial life but they bring challenges in
terms of reallocating components of generation. For case, a move in generation
and employments in one division can lead to issues of basic unemployment.

Some of the examples of Economic Structure that we discussed earlier are Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE), Department of Trade and Industries (DTI), Bureau of Internal
Revenues (BIR), Department of Agriculture (DA) and etc.

3. Aid Received

This measures the amount of money a country receives as a percentage of their GDP.
Higher values would suggest that countries are unable to create enough wealth domestically
to provide for their population.

Foreign aid, the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country
or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population. Aid can
be economic, military, or emergency humanitarian (e.g., aid given following natural disasters).
Foreign Aid are official development tools designed and funded by government agencies or
international nonprofits to combat the problems associated with poverty. Humanitarian efforts
spearheaded by governments are almost exclusively done by wealthier nations that are also
members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
(https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/082616/what-are-different-types-foreign-
aid.asp)

Foreign Aid can include an exchange of money related assets or commodities (e.g.,
nourishment or military hardware) or specialized counsel and preparing. The assets can take the
frame of awards or concessional credits (e.g., trade credits). The foremost common sort of outside
help is official improvement help (ODA), which is help given to advance advancement and to
combat destitution. The essential source of ODA—which for a few nations speaks to as it were a
little parcel of their assistance—is respective gifts from one nation to another, although a few of
the help is within the shape of advances, and now and then the help is channeled through
worldwide organizations and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). For illustration, the
Universal Money related Finance (IMF), the World Bank, and the Joined together Countries
Children’s Finance (UNICEF) have given noteworthy sums of help to nations and to NGOs
included in help activities.

Countries often provide foreign aid to enhance their own security. Thus, economic assistance
may be used to prevent friendly governments from falling under the influence of unfriendly ones
or as payment for the right to establish or use military bases on foreign soil. Foreign aid also may
be used to achieve a country’s diplomatic goals, enabling it to gain diplomatic recognition, to
garner support for its positions in international organizations, or to increase its diplomats’ access
to foreign officials. Other purposes of foreign aid include promoting a country’s exports (e.g.,
through programs that require the recipient country to use the aid to purchase the donor country’s
agricultural products or manufactured goods) and spreading its language, culture, or religion.
Countries also provide aid to relieve suffering caused by natural or man-made disasters such as
famine, disease, and war, to promote economic development, to help establish or strengthen
political assistance activities. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid)
4. Tax Revenue in per cent GDP

Government revenues are vital for government spending for infrastructure, social services,
funding, trade, etc. Tax revenue is usually the largest contributor of government revenue which
stems from tax and non-tax paid by residents, citizens, and local and foreign businesses.

The tax-to-GDP proportion may be a degree of a nation's assess income relative to the
measure of its economy. This proportion is utilized with other measurements to decide how well
a nation's government coordinates its financial assets by means of tax assessment. Created
countries ordinarily have higher tax-to-GDP proportions than creating countries. Higher assess
incomes cruel a nation can spend more on progressing foundation, wellbeing, and education—
keys to the long-term prospects for a country’s economy and individuals. According to the World
Bank, assess incomes over 15% of a country’s net residential item (GDP) are a key fixing for
financial development and, eventually, destitution diminishment. The tax-to-GDP proportion is the
proportion of the charge income of a nation compared to the country’s net household item (GDP).
This proportion is utilized as a degree of how well the government controls a country's financial
assets. Tax-to-GDP proportion is calculated by isolating the charge income of a particular time by
the GDP. Charge income incorporates incomes collected
(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax-to-gdp-ratio.asp)

According to World Bank, as of 2019 the Tax Revenue (% of GDP) of Philippines is 14.5.
(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS?name_desc=false)

5. Ratio of Government Expenditure to GDP

Government spending is vital for socioeconomic growth. Higher spending stimulates growth
through research and development, structural improvements, infrastructure development plans,
sustainability in agriculture, and establishment of industry and manufacturing.

Government spending as a percentage of GDP is a simple metric that some use to assess
government spending across the globe. One weakness of this measure is that it considers only
the expense side and ignores government revenues generated through taxation and other
methods. The government spending as a percentage of GDP, in conjunction with other metrics,
reflects government spending more accurately. (https://www.investopedia.com/financial-
edge/0911/countries-with-the-highest-government-spending-to-gdp-ratio.aspx)
 The table below shows the ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product in the
Philippines from2016 to 2026.

The statistic shows the ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) in
the Philippines from 2016 to 2020, with projections up until 2026. In 2020, government
expenditure in the Philippines amounted to about 25.11 percent of the country's gross domestic
product.

6. Balance of Payments – Total External Debt (in percent of GDP)

Total external debt is a portion of a country’s overall debt borrowed from foreign lenders, which
can be foreign banks, institutions, or governments. Unable to repay debt can plunge a country
into debt crisis worse a sovereign default. A crisis like this can cause the borrowers currency to
collapse or an overall economic stall.

The debt-to-GDP ratio is the metric comparing a country's public debt to its gross domestic
product (GDP). By comparing what a country owes with what it produces, the debt-to-GDP ratio
reliably indicates that country’s ability to pay back its debts. Often expressed as a percentage,
this ratio can also be interpreted as the number of years needed to pay back debt if GDP is
dedicated entirely to debt repayment.

As a rule, the higher a country’s debt-to-GDP ratio climbs, the higher its risk of default
becomes. If a country defaults on its debt, it often triggers financial panic in domestic and
international markets alike. A study by the World Bank found that countries whose debt-to-GDP
ratios exceed 77% for prolonged periods, experience significant slowdowns in economic growth.
 The table below represents the Philippine’s External Debt: % of GDP from 1990 to 2020
according to https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/external-debt--of-nominal-gdp.

Philippines External Debt accounted for 27.2 % of the country's Nominal GDP in 2020,
compared with the ratio of 22.2 % in the previous year. Philippines External Debt: % of Nominal
GDP data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1990 to Dec 2020.

7. Inflation Rate

Inflation is the decline of the purchasing power of a given currency over time reflected to
increasing average price of a selected basket of goods in each period (Investopedia, 2020). A
slight inflation may stimulate economic growth but, high and sustained inflation rates can be
detrimental to economy especially to the low-income population as increased price may limit their
purchasing of basic goods and services.

Inflation is the rate of increase in costs over a given period. Inflation is ordinarily a wide degree,
such as the generally increment in costs or the increment within the fetched of living in a nation.
But it can, moreover, be more barely calculated—for certain products, such as nourishment, or
for administrations, such as a hair style, for illustration. Anything the setting, swelling speaks to
how much more costly the important set of merchandise and/or administrations has ended up
over a certain period, most commonly a year.

(https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/30-inflation.htm)

Causes of inflation: An increase in the supply of money is the root of inflation, though this
can play out through different mechanisms in the economy. Money supply can be increased by
the monetary authorities either by printing and giving away more money to the individuals, by
legally devaluing (reducing the value of) the legal tender currency, more (most commonly) by
loaning new money into existence as reserve account credits through the banking system by
purchasing government bonds from banks on the secondary market. In all such cases of money
supply increase, the money loses its purchasing power. The mechanisms of how this drives
inflation can be classified into three types: demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in
inflation. (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp)

Headline Inflation Rates in the Philippines are shown below. That data is from
https://www.bworldonline.com/aug-inflation-fastest-in-over-2-years/.

The latest headline figure is higher than the 4.4% median in a BusinessWorld poll
conducted late last week but falls within the 4.1-4.9% estimate given by the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP) for August. Year to date, inflation averaged 4.4%, still above the BSP’s 2-4%
target range this year and its 4.1% forecast for the entire year. Core inflation, which discounted
volatile prices of food and fuel, stood at 3.3% in August — faster than the previous month’s 2.9%
and 3.1% a year earlier. It averaged 3.3% so far this year. The PSA attributed the faster inflation
in August primarily to the higher annual uptick in the heavily weighted food and non-alcoholic
beverages at 6.5% from 4.9% in the previous month. These goods account for 38.3% of the
average Filipino household’s theoretical basket of goods.

The government also noted faster annual increases in alcoholic beverages and tobacco (10.3%
in August from 10.2% in July); transport (7.2% from 7%); restaurant and miscellaneous goods
and services (3.8% from 3.6%); housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (3.1% from 2.6%);
furnishing, household equipment and routine household maintenance (2.5% from 2.3%); and
clothing and footwear (1.8% from 1.7%). (https://www.bworldonline.com/aug-inflation-fastest-in-
over-2-years/)
Human Development Indicator / Social Indicator

Social indicators measure how developed a country may be through non-financial and
economic means. Human development indicator measures the access the population has to
wealth, jobs, education, nutrition, health, leisure, and safety - as well as political and cultural
freedom. Material elements, such as wealth and nutrition, are described as the standard of living.
Health and leisure are often referred to as quality of life.

Social indicators are measurable time arrangements that are "utilized to screen the social
framework, making a difference to recognize changes and to direct mediation to modify the course
of social alter" (Ferriss 1988, p. 601). Cases are unemployment rates, wrongdoing rates, gauges
of life anticipation, wellbeing status records such as the normal number of "sound" days (or days
without movement restrictions) within the past month for a particular populace, school enrollment
rates, normal accomplishment scores on a standardized test, rates of voting in decisions, and
measures of subjective well-being such as fulfillment with life as a entire.
(https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-
maps/social-indicators)

Social indicators display a totally distinctive strategy of destitution estimation. Analysts

have a long convention of utilizing social pointers to degree both financial hardship and riches.
Examiners regularly characterize coordinate measures of hardship, such as the need for
nourishment, warmth, or get to wellbeing care (Bauman 1998; Mayer and Jencks 1993). Since
each household's require is incompletely measured by a salary or utilization limit, numerous
families with salaries over the edges may still involvement hardships, such as starvation, or
confront tall lease installments or overwhelming therapeutic costs that avoid its individuals from
buying sufficient nourishment or fuel. Advance, individuals of a family may endure hardship since
of unequal sharing of earnings inside the family. In these cases, coordinated measures of fabric
hardship might offer a valuable sign of destitution, particularly in a cross-national setting, and
numerous sociologists are in this manner pulled into such measures (Mayer and Jencks 1993).

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/social-indicators)

Here are some of Social Indicators, that measure how developed is the country.

1. Literacy Rate

This measures the percentage of adults in a country who can read and write their common
language. A higher literacy rate is an indication of higher standards of education and the good
ability of the population to find formal employment.

The education rate is characterized by the rate of the populace of a given age bunch that can
peruse and type in. The grown-up proficiency rate compares to ages 15 and over; the youth
proficiency rate to ages 15 to 24, and the elderly to ages 65 and over. It is ordinarily measured
concurring to the capacity to comprehend a brief basic articulation on lifestyle. For the most part,
education too includes numeracy, and estimation may consolidate a basic appraisal of number
juggling capacity. The education rate and number of literates ought to be recognized from useful
proficiency, a more comprehensive degree of education surveyed on a continuum in which
different capability levels can be decided. (http://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/literacy-rate)
 Literacy rate is a result indicator to assess instructive fulfillment. This information can
anticipate the quality of future labor drive and can be utilized in guaranteeing approaches for life
aptitudes for men and ladies. It can be moreover utilized as an intermediary instrument to see the
adequacy of instruction framework; a tall proficiency rate proposes the capacity of an instruction
framework to supply an expansive populace with openings to secure education aptitudes. The
amassed accomplishment of instruction is essential for assist mental development and social and
financial improvement, although it doesn't essentially guarantee the quality of instruction. Literate
ladies suggests that they can look for and utilize data for the improvement of the wellbeing,

sustenance, and instruction of their family individuals. Literate ladies are moreover enabled to
play an important part.

2. Life Expectancy

This measures the average age at which a person of that country is likely to die. This is a
good indicator of the quality of the healthcare provided by a country as well as the ability of the
population to access adequate sanitation and simple disease prevention methods.

Life expectancy depicts the average life span of a person from birth. Life expectancy,
assessment of the normal number of extra a long time that an individual of a given age can
anticipate living. The foremost common degree of life anticipation is life anticipation at birth. Life
expectancy could be a theoretical degree. It expects that age-specific passing rates for the year
in address will apply throughout the lifetime of people born in that year. The gauge, in impact,
projects age-specific mortality (passing) rates for a given period over the complete lifetime of the
populace born (or lively) amid that time. The degree contrasts impressively by sex, age, race, and
geographic area. Subsequently, life expectancy is commonly given for categories, instead of for
the populace in general.
Life expectancy reflects nearby conditions. In less-developed nations, life hope at birth is
moderately moo, compared with more-developed nations. In less-developed countries, life
expectancy at birth is relatively low, compared with more-developed countries. In some less-
developed countries, life expectancy at birth may be lower than life expectancy at age 1, because
of high infant mortality rates (commonly due to infectious disease or lack of access to a clean
water supply). (https://www.britannica.com/science/life-expectancy)
 The graph below shown the Life Expectancy in the Philippines according to
https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/life-expectancy/.

3. People per doctor

This measure the average number of people that could be seen by a doctor at any one time.
The higher the number the greater the indication of low central funding for healthcare and low
education levels that would allow people to train the profession.

How many people there are for every doctor in a country or place. Again, this indicates how
much money is available in a country for the training and recruitment of doctors, which has an
instant knock-on effect on the well-being and quality of life of a person.
(https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/EW_Measures_Development.php). \

One of our social issues nowadays, is health. As we experienced this pandemic, we needed
several people per doctor to assist everyone. But since we have quite a few doctors, and because
of poverty, many people die without seeing or checking by a doctor.

The graph below shown the number of doctors in the Philippines as of April 2020. This
statistical data was published by Statista Research Department, September 29, 2021. As of April
2020, there were ten doctors per 10,000 population in the National Capital Region of the
Philippines. In comparison, there were only 0.8 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants in the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
 4. Population size

The foremost crucial statistic parameter is the number of people inside a populace (Lebreton
et al. 1992). Population size is characterized as the number of people shown in a subjectively
assigned geographic run. Despite the effortlessness in its concept, finding all people amid a
census (a full number of each person) is about incomprehensible, so scientists as a rule assess
populace measure by tallying people inside a little test range and extrapolating that test to the
bigger populace. In any case of the challenges in measuring populace measure, it is an imperative
characteristic of a populace with critical suggestions for the flow of the populace as an entirety
(Lebreton et al. 1992). Populations show unmistakable behaviors based on their estimates. Little
populaces confront a more noteworthy chance of extinction.
(https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/introduction-to-population-demographics-
83032908/)

The graph shown the Philippines Population as of September 30, 2021, according to
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/.
 ▪ The current population of the Philippines is 111,392,590 as of Thursday, September 30,
2021, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
▪ The Philippines 2020 population is estimated at 109,581,078 people at midyear according
to UN data.
▪ The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.41% of the total world population.
▪ The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
▪ The population density in the Philippines is 368 per Km 2 (952 people per mi2).
▪ The total land area is 298,170 Km2 (115,124 sq. miles)
▪ 47.5 % of the population is urban (52,008,603 people in 2020)
▪ The median age in the Philippines is 25.7 years.

5. Population Growth Rate

Indicates how fast a population increases or decreases because of the interplay of births,
deaths, and migration during a given period. Where the population is closed, meaning no
migration, the population growth rate is the same as the rate of natural increase, i.e., the difference
between the number of births and the number of deaths during a specified period. The three
methods for computing the rate of growth based on the assumption with respect to the change
are: arithmetic change, geometric change, and exponential change.
(https://psa.gov.ph/content/population-growth-rate-1)

The annual average rate of change of population size, for a given country, territory, or
geographic area, during a specified period. It expresses the ratio between the annual increase in
the population size and the total population for that year, usually multiplied by 100. The annual
increase in the population size is defined as a sum of differences: the difference between births
less deaths and the difference between immigrants less emigrants, in a given country, territory or
geographic area at a given year. Population growth rate is generally based on either an
intercensal population growth rate calculated from two censuses, each adjusted for
incompleteness, or from the components of population growth, adjusted for incompleteness when
necessary, during a specific period, namely, numbers of births, deaths, immigrants, and emigrants.
(https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/1120)

The line graph below shown Population growth (Annual%) – Philippines, according to
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=PH. The data shown that the
Population growth of the Philippines in a year of 2020, 1.345%.
 6. Fertility Rate
Fertility rate is defined as the average number of children born by a woman while at
her child-bearing age. The fertility rate at a given age is the number of children born alive to
women of that age during the year as a proportion of the average annual population of women of
the same age.
By extension, the fertility rate is the ratio between the number of live births in a year and the whole
female population of childbearing age (the average number of women between 15 and 50 years
of age over the year). Unlike total period fertility, the fertility rate is partly dependent on trends in
the age structure of women between the ages of 15 and 50.
(https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1872)
The total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as the total number of children that would be
born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and give birth to
children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates. It is calculated by totaling age-
specific fertility rates as defined over five-year intervals. Assuming no net migration and
unchanged mortality, a total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman ensures a broadly stable
population. Together with mortality and migration, fertility is an element of population growth,
reflecting both the causes and effects of economic and social developments. The reasons for the
dramatic decline in birth rates during the past few decades include postponed family formation
and childbearing and a decrease in desired family sizes. This indicator is measured in children
per woman. (https://data.oecd.org/pop/fertility-rates.htm)

Chart and table of the Philippines fertility rate from 1950 to 2021. United Nations projections are
also included through the year 2100, according to
(https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PHL/philippines/fertility-rate)

• The current fertility rate for Philippines in 2021 is 2.504 births per woman, a 1.03%
decline from 2020.
• The fertility rate for Philippines in 2020 was 2.530 births per woman, a 0.98% decline from
2019.
• The fertility rate for Philippines in 2019 was 2.555 births per woman, a 0.97% decline from
2018.
• The fertility rate for Philippines in 2018 was 2.580 births per woman, a 3.52% decline from
2017.
 7. Age Structure

The age structure of a population is the distribution of people of various ages. It is a useful
tool for social scientists, public health and health care experts, policy analysts, and policymakers
because it illustrates population trends like rates of births and deaths. They have a host of social
and economic implications in society, like understanding the resources that must be allocated for
childcare, schooling, and health care, and the familial and greater social implications of whether
there are more children or elderly in society. (https://www.thoughtco.com/age-structure-definition-
3026043).

The composition of a population in terms of the proportions of individuals of different ages;

represented as a bar graph with younger ages at the bottom and males and females on either
side. The variation of populations over time, also known as population dynamics, depends on
biological and environmental processes that determine population changes. A population’s
growth rate is strongly influenced by the proportions of individuals of ages. With knowledge of this
age structure, population growth can be more accurately predicted. Age structure data allow the
rate of growth (or decline) to be associated with a population’s level of economic development.
For example, the population of a country with rapid growth has a triangle-shaped age structure
with a greater proportion of younger individuals who are at or close to reproductive age. This
pattern typically occurs where fewer people live to old age because of sub-optimal living standards,
such as occurs in underdeveloped countries.

(https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_B
iology_(Boundless)/45%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/45.4%3A_Human_Populatio
n_Growth/45.4C%3A_Age_Structure_Population_Growth_and_Economic_Development)

This statistic is according to https://www.statista.com/statistics/578779/age-structure-in-

philippines/, that shows the age structure in the Philippines from 2010 to 2020. In 2020, about
30.04 percent of the total population of the Philippines were aged 0 to 14 years.
 References:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic_indicator.asp
https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/082616/what-are-different-types-foreign-aid.asp
https://www.britannica.com/topic/foreign-aid
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax-to-gdp-ratio.asp
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZS?name_desc=false
https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0911/countries-with-the-highest-government-
spending-to-gdp-ratio.aspx
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/external-debt--of-nominal-gdp
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/30-inflation.htm
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp
https://www.bworldonline.com/aug-inflation-fastest-in-over-2-years/.
https://www.bworldonline.com/aug-inflation-fastest-in-over-2-years/)
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