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    Single Equilibrium Stages (2) Single Equilibrium Stages

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    Hajra Aamir
    The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

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    Single Equilibrium Stages (2) Single Equilibrium Stages

    Uploaded by

    Hajra Aamir
    43 views16 pages
    The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

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    The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views16 pages

    Single Equilibrium Stages (2) Single Equilibrium Stages

    Uploaded by

    Hajra Aamir
    The feed solution contains 45% glycol and 55% water. When contacted with twice its weight of furfural solvent, the mixture separates into two liquid phases - an extract enriched in furfural and the solute glycol, and a raffinate enriched in water and the portion of glycol not extracted. Using the distribution coefficient and material balances, the compositions of the extract and raffinate can be determined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    Lecture 6.

    Single Equilibrium Stages (2)


    ( )
    [Ch. 4]
    • Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and
    Dew-Point Calculations
    - Variables and equations in flash vaporization
    - Isothermal flash
    - Bubble and dew points
    - Adiabatic flash

    • Ternaryy Liquid-Liquid
    q q Systems
    y
    - Carrier A and solvent C mutually insoluble
    - Carrier A and solvent C partially soluble
    Flash Vaporization

    • Flash : a single-equilibrium-stage distillation in which a


    feed is partially vaporized to give a vapor richer in the
    more-volatile components than the feed
    • If the equipment is properly designed, the vapor and
    liquid leaving the flash drum are in equilibrium

    Flash vaporization Partial condensation


    Single-
    Single-Stage Equilibrium Operation
    • 3C + 10 variables
    F V
    F, V, L,
    L zi, yi, xi, TF, TV, TL, PF, PV, PL, Q
    V, yi, hV, • 2C + 5 equations
    PV, TV

    F
    zi Q
    hF
    TF
    PF

    L, xi, hL,
    PL, TL

    • C + 5 degrees of freedom
    Common Sets of Specifications
    • C + 3 feed variables (F, TF, PF, zi) are known
     2 additional variables can be specified

    • TV,,PV Isothermal flash


    V, yi, hV,
    PV, TV • V/F=0, PL Bubble-point T
    • V/F=1,
    V/F 1 PV D
    Dew-point
    i tT
    • V/F=0, TL Bubble-point P
    F
    zi Q • V/F=1, TV Dew-point P
    hF • Q
    Q=0
    0, PV Adiabatic flash
    TF
    PF • Q, PV Nonadiabatic flash

    L, xi, hL, • V/F, PV Percent vaporization


    PL, TL flash
    Isothermal Flash (1)
    • Isothermal flash calculation
    - When the equilibrium
    temperature TV (or TL) and
    the equilibrium pressure
    PV (or PL) are specified
     2C + 5 variables are
    determined from 2C + 5
    equations
    - Not straightforward
    because of nonlinear
    equations
    ti
    - Use the Rachford-Rice
    procedure when K-values
    K values
    are independent of
    composition
    Isothermal Flash (2)
    zi (1  Ki )
    C
    f {}   0
    i 1 1   ( K i  1)

    • Solve iteratively by guessing values of  between 0 and 1


    until the function f{} = 0
    f (x)
    • Newton’s
    N ’ method
    h d
    f (x)
    ( k 1)) f { }(k )
      (k )

    f '{ ( k ) }
    C
    zi (1  K i ) 2
    f '{ }   (k )
    2
    i 1 1   ( K i  1) 
    (k )

     ( k 1)   ( k ) /  ( k )   ( 0.0001) x4 x3 x2 x1
    x
    Bubble and Dew Points (1)
    C
    zi (1  Ki )
    f {}   0
    i 1 1   ( K i  1)

    point,  = 0 and f{0} = 0


    • At the bubble point
    f {0}   zi (1  K i )   zi   zi K i  0  z Ki i 1
    i i i i

    • At the due point,  = 1 and f{1} = 0


    zi (1  K i ) zi zi
    f {1}       zi  0  i K  1
    i Ki i Ki i i

    • For a given feed composition, zi, the above equation can


    be used to find T for a specified P or to find P for a
    specified T
    Bubble and Dew Points (2)

    • How to determine K-values ?


    (1) Plots of K-values for a specific T and P
    (2) Equations for vapor-liquid equilibria
    - Raoult’s law K i  Pi sat / P
    - Modified Raoult
    Raoult’s
    s law K i   i Pi sat / P
    (3) Iterative calculations
    C C
    zi
    f {P}   zi K i  1 f {P}   1
    i i Ki
    Method of false position

     f { P ( k 1)
    }  f { P (k )
    }
    P ( k  2) P ( k 1) ( k 1)
     f {P }/  ( k 1) 
     P  P (k )

    Adiabatic (Q=0) Flash
    Start with guessed value of TV Start with guessed value of 
    (wide-boiling mixtures) (close-boiling mixtures)
    Q Q
    Outer-loop
    Outer-loop
    Guess 

    C
    zi (1  Ki )
    f {TV }   0
    i 1 1   ( K i  1)

    Inner-loop Inner-loop

    f {TV }  hV  (1   )hL  hF  0 Satisfy ? f {}  hV  (1   )hL  hF  0 Satisfy ?


    Ternary Liquid-
    Liquid-Liquid Systems
    • Ternary mixtures that undergo phase splitting to form two
    separate liquid phases : using solubility difference
    • Extract : the exiting liquid phase that contains the solvent and
    the extracted solute
    • Raffinate : the exiting liquid phase that contains the carrier, A,
    and the portion of the solute, B, that is not extracted
    Components A and C mutually insoluble Components A and C partially soluble
    Solvent, S Extract, E Solvent, S Extract, E
    (component C) (components B,B C) (component C) A B,
    (components A, B C)

    Feed, F Raffinate, R Feed, F Raffanite, R


    (components A, B) (components A, B) (components A, B) (components A, B, C)
    Components A and C mutually
    Insoluble
    • Solute material balance
    X B( F ) FA  X B( E ) S  X B( R ) FA

    K 'DB  X B( E ) / X B( R )  X B( E )  K 'DB X B( R )
    XB: ratio of mass (or moles) of solute B, to mass (or moles) of the other
    component
    p in F,, R,, or E
    K’DB: distribution coefficient defined in terms of mass or mole ratios

    X B( F ) FA
    X B( R ) 
    FA  K 'DB S
    • Extraction factor
    factor, EB
    E B  K 'DB S / FA E  : (the extent to which the solute is extracted) 

    1
    X ( R)
    /X (F )
     : fraction of B that is not extracted
    1  EB
    B B
    Components A and C Partially
    Soluble
    • Equilateral triangular diagram
    -WWater
    t (A),
    (A) ethylene
    th l glycol
    l l (B)
    (B),
    furfural (C) Single phase
    region
    - Above bubble-point
    bubble point pressure
    : no vapor phase

    the two liquid phases have


    identical compositions
    (one phase)
    p

    Two-liquid
    T li id
    phase region

    Miscibility limits for water-furfural


    Other Liquid
    Liquid-
    -Liquid Equilibrium
    Diagrams
    Right triangular diagram Equilibrium solute diagram in mass fractions

    Equilibrium
    q solute diagram
    g in mass ratios Janecke diagram
    g
    [Example] Water
    Water--Glycol-
    Glycol-Furfural
    Equilibrium (1)
    A 45% by weight glycol (B)-55% water (A) solution is
    contacted with twice its weight of pure furfural solvent (C)
    ( )
    at 25℃ and 101 kPa.
    D t
    Determine
    i ththe composition
    iti off th
    the equilibrium
    ilib i extract
    t t and d
    raffinate phases produced.
    Furfural, S 200 g
    100% C
    Extract, E • Basis : 100 g of feed
    • Overall material balance
    F+S=E+R

    Raffinate, R
    Feed, F 100 g
    55% A, 45% B
    [Example] Water
    Water--Glycol-
    Glycol-Furfural
    Equilibrium (2)
    Locate the feed (F) and solvent
    (S) compositions

    Define M, the mixing point


    M=F+S=E+R

    Apply the inverse-lever-arm rule


    ( mass b
    (or balance)
    l ) tto fi
    find
    d M point
    i t

    ( F  S ) wC( M )  FwC( F )  SwC( S )


    F wC( S )  wC( M ) SM
     (M ) 
    S wC  wC (F )
    MF

    Find E and R along a tie line

    Apply
    A l the
    th iinverse-lever-
    l
    arm rule to find the
    amounts of E and R
    When Two Pairs of Components are
    Partially Soluble
    Miscibility boundaries Tie lines do not merge
    are separatet : three-phase
    th h region,
    i
    : two separate two- RST is formed
    phase regions

    Miscibility boundaries As temperature is


    and tie-line equilibria reduced,
    merge
    g (a)  (b)  (c)

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