Circuit Thry

CIRCUIT THEORY
UNIT I BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS 12
Ohm’s Law – Kirchoffs laws – DC and AC Circuits – Resistors in series and parallel circuits – Mesh
current and node voltage method of analysis for D.C and A.C. circuits.
INTRODUCTION
The interconnection of various electric elements in a prescribed manner

comprises as an electric circuit in order to perform a desired function. The electric
elements include controlled and uncontrolled source of energy, resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc. Analysis of electric circuits refers to computations required to determine
the unknown quantities such as voltage, current and power associated with one or more
elements in the circuit. To contribute to the solution of engineering problems one must
acquire the basic knowledge of electric circuit analysis and laws. Many other systems,
like mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, magnetic and power system are easy to analyze and
model by a circuit. To learn how to analyze the models of these systems, first one needs
to learn the techniques of circuit analysis. We shall discuss briefly some of the basic
circuit elements and the laws that will help us to develop the background of subject.
BASIC ELEMENTS & INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
Electrical Network: A combination of various electric elements (Resistor, Inductor,

Capacitor, Voltage source, Current source) connected in any manner what so ever is
called an electrical network. We may classify circuit elements in two categories, passive
and active elements.
Passive Element: The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then
either converts it into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field is called
passive element.
Active Element: The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element.
Examples of active elements include voltage and current sources, generators, and
electronic devices that require power supplies. A transistor is an active circuit element,
meaning that it can amplify power of a signal. On the other hand, transformer is not an
active element because it does not amplify the power level and power remains same
both in primary and secondary sides. Transformer is an example of passive element.
Bilateral Element: Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example: Resistance;

Inductance; Capacitance) with same magnitude is termed as bilateral element.
Unilateral Element: Conduction of current in one direction is termed as
unilateral (example: Diode, Transistor) element.
Meaning of Response: An application of input signal to the system will

produce an output signal, the behavior of output signal with time is known as
the response of the system
Linear and Nonlinear Circuits
Non-Linear Circuit: Roughly speaking, a non-linear system is that whose

parameters change with voltage or current. More specifically, non-linear circuit
does not obey the homogeneity and additive properties. Volt-ampere
characteristics of linear and non-linear elements are shown in figs. 3.2 - 3.3. In
fact, a circuit is linear if and only if its input and output can be related by a
straight line passing through the origin as shown in fig.3.2. Otherwise, it is a
nonlinear system.
Potential Energy Difference: The voltage or potential energy difference

between two points in an electric circuit is the amount of energy required to
move a unit charge between the two points.
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s laws are basic analytical tools in order to obtain the solutions
of currents and voltages for any electric circuit; whether it is supplied from a
direct-current system or an alternating current system. But with complex
circuits the equations connecting the currents and voltages may become so
numerous that much tedious algebraic work is involve in their solutions.
Elements that generally encounter in an electric circuit can be

interconnected in various possible ways. Before discussing the basic analytical
tools that determine the currents and voltages at different parts of the circuit,
some basic definition of the following terms are considered.
Meaning of Circuit Ground and the Voltages referenced to Ground
In many cases, such as in electronic circuits, the chassis is shorted to the earth
itself for safety reasons.
Voltage Divider
Current divider
Potentiometer and its function
Ideal and Practical Voltage Sources
Ideal and Practical Current Sources
Another two-terminal element of common use in circuit modeling is

current source` as depicted in fig.3.17. An ideal current source, which is
represented by a model in fig. 3.17(a), is a device that delivers a constant
current to any load resistance connected across it, no matter what the terminal
voltage is developed across the load (i.e., independent of the voltage across its
terminals across the terminals).
Conversion of a Practical Voltage Source to a Practical Current source and vise-
versa
Current source to Voltage Source
Solution of Electric Circuit Based on Mesh (Loop) Current Method
Let us consider a simple dc network as shown in Figure 4.1 to find the currents
through different branches using Mesh (Loop) current method.
Solution of Electric Circuit Based on Node Voltage Method

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CIRCUIT THEORY

UNIT I BASIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS 12

The interconnection of various electric elements in a prescribed manner

BASIC ELEMENTS & INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

Electrical Network: A combination of various electric elements (Resistor, Inductor,

Bilateral Element: Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example: Resistance;

Meaning of Response: An application of input signal to the system will

Linear and Nonlinear Circuits

Non-Linear Circuit: Roughly speaking, a non-linear system is that whose

Potential Energy Difference: The voltage or potential energy difference

Elements that generally encounter in an electric circuit can be

Another two-terminal element of common use in circuit modeling is

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