Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature: Grade
Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature: Grade
Learning From Others and Reviewing The Literature: Grade
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 4
Week 5 - 8
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
Learning from
Others and
Reviewing the
Literature
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
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gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of inquiry and research. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
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What I Know
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over a
long period of time.
B. MLA is easier than APA D. The way the citations are formatted
5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews?
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A. theory B. method C. instruction D. model
8. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is practicing
____________.
10. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
12. The following example of an APA in-text citation is incorrectly formatted, because
_______.
(Giugovaz 2008 p. 2)
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A. Copying the work of others accurately
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
17. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research you have
talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include something she
said to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference this, and if so, how
would you do it?
A. Put a parenthetical note as follows: (J. Doe, personal communication, April 1, 2004),
but do not put it into the reference list.
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own words, it
is not necessary to cite it at all.
C. It is sufficient to mention in your text that a friend had experienced this situation.
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18. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is still
considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed the
author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are attributing
to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the
exact words of the original.
20. You're worried that your paper will look as if all the ideas come from someone else
and appears to list one reference citation after another. You can avoid this by:
A. Having your own over-riding argument and thesis, being analytical, and presenting
your own interpretations of the evidence.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas or
information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own words
in a seamless web, and varying the way you introduce your references to the original
sources.
D. Both a and c.
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Lesson
Review of Related
1 Literature (RRL)
Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant
experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner. Embodied
in any literary work like essay, novel, journal, story, biography, etc. are
man’s best thoughts and feelings about the world. These recorded or
preserved world perceptions of man are expressed directly and indirectly.
Direct expression of man’s knowledge of the world are in books,
periodicals, and online reading materials. Indirect expressions are his
inferences or reflections of his surrounding that are not written or spoken
at all (Ridley 2012).
What’s In
Directions: List and rank sources that you would reference for your
research from the following potential sources of information. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answer.
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What’s New
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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What is It
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered
to support the conclusion of your research.
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies.
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3. State-of the-art review – makes the researcher deal with the latest research
studies on the subject
4. Expert review – encourages a well- known expert to do the RRL because of the
influence of certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her
5. Scoping review – prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of
project making about community development, government policies, and health
services, among others.
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A systematic review of literature is a rigorous way of obtaining data from
written works. It is a bias-free style and ensures objectivity in every stage of the
research. (Fraenbell 2012)
The following table shows the way several books on RRL compare and
contrast the two styles of RRL.
Regardless of what RRL structure you opt to use, you must see to it that
the organizational pattern of the results of your review contains these three
elements:
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✓ An introduction to explain the organizational method of your literature review
✓ Headings and subheadings to indicate the right placement of your supporting
statements and
✓ A summary to concisely restate your main point. ( Ridley 2013)
What’s More
Directions: Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore.
Enumerate at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data
needed about the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like
to probe on the chosen subject. Use separate sheet of paper for your answers.
Follow the given examples and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Answer:__________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer:___________________________________________________________
Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical and
Vocation Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development, 2(Ii), 25–
32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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2._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional
technical vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in non-
traditional areas.
Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source 1:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 2:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 3:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in the
technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain types of
area.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the
next step of this study?
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson Criteria in Selecting,
There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed
in the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many
sources should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how
to cite authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step
guide in undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding.
What’s In
What’s New
I know by this time you have searched many literatures from the library or
from the internet. Have you used the different internet platform in searching
literature? Have you tried Google Scholar, Eric, Springer, ResearchGate, Elsevier,
or ProQuest? There are bunch of literatures waiting for you there. You are a true
researcher now that maybe even in your dreams you can now see the studies
around waiting for you to read. Well, I think you find it hard to organize them all.
Do not worry, this lesson is for you. You will not be dreaming of those again
because this lesson will allow you to arrange them properly.
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What is It
Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
The stage where you devote much of your time looking for sources of
knowledge, data, or information to answer your research questions or to support
your assumption about the topic.
The following are pointers you have to remember in searching for the best
sources of information or data. (Fraenbell 2012)
1. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research.
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2. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertis or authority in
the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data.
4. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from general
reading materials.
Stage 2: Reading the Source Materials
You will deal with idea connection and organization to form overall
understanding of the materials by paraphrasing or summarizing. I doing
paraphrasing and summarizing, you need to change the arrangement of ideas,
structures of the language, and format the text using appropriate using
organizational techniques of comparison-contrast, chronological order, spatial
relationship, inductive –deductive order, and transitional devices. The changes
will make the quality of ideas incorporated into the summary or paraphrase
effective. This means that in writing the review, you are free to fuse your
opinions with the author’s ideas. (Corti 2014).Good literature writing shuns
presenting ideas in serial abstracts which means every paragraph merely
consist of article.
Juxtaposing or dealing with studies with respect to each other will prove
the extent of the validity of findings of previous studies vis-à-vis the recent ones.
By reading the source materials and writing the review analytically or critically,
you are giving yourself to express your genuine or opinionated knowledge about
the topic and increasing the enthusiasm of people in reading your work. (Radyler
2013)
Opening an article with bibliographic list that begins with the author’s
name like the following examples is not good.
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Alvarez (2015) said ….
Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature
review in a way that evidence coming from various sources of data, will present
an overall understanding of the context or present circumstances affecting the
research problem.
What’s More
The headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in
the table with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in
proper order, use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or
italicize if necessary).
Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics
Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.
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Book (two to more than three authors) – print source
Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall.
Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., & Genobaten, D. (2009). Work
Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1 First Middl Author2 First Middl Author3 First Middl Author4 First Middl
’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e ’s Last Initi e
Name al Initia Name al Initia Name al Initia Name al Initia
l l l l
Author5’ First Middl Author6’ First Middl (Publicatio Boo Place of Publishe
s Last Initia e s Last Initia e n Date) k Publication r
Name l Initial Name l Initial Title :
Initial
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Encyclopedia Article - Internet
Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation
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What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of
referencing, or giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of
research. Such referencing acts will make your study reliable and acceptable in
the research community once evaluated by an ethics review committee which sets
out the standards for research in each forum or platform where you share and
present your study. This part will also give you an idea about the researcher’s
responsibilities towards participants or respondents, common difficulties in the
conduct of research, possible solutions to answer it or minimize risks, conflicting
values, and other ethical issues that might engulfed the research process.
What’s New
During the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that will greatly
affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept enough to
foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be resolved sooner.
Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues you may
encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight
Directions: Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try
resolving the conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in
each box.
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Identify the Facts
2.
3.
What is It
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Citation and Citation style
Citation is giving of credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual
works that you utilized to support your research. This can also be used to find
particular sources and combat plagiarism.
A citation typically includes the author's name, date, location of the
publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
A citation style tells the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is arranged, as well as punctuation and other formatting.
There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The
citation style use depends on the academic discipline involved.
Purposes of Citation
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims,
conclusions and arguments
3. To improve your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant
materials about your topic
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
1. Integral Citation
Way of citing or referring to the author by using active verbs like claim, assert,
state, etc. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental
position, attitude, stand or opinion in relation to the information referred to.
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Examples of Integral Citation:
APA MLA
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts… The latest work by (Lee 123)
2. Non-integral Citation
This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
Stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
Examples of Non-integral Citation:
The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people
from different cultural background can harmoniously relate themselves with one
another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
Knowledge is one component of not only Systemic Functional Grammar but
Intercultural competence as well. It is the driving force beyond any successful
collaborative activities to develop interpersonal relationships and communicative
competence. (Smith 2015)
Patterns of Citation
1. Summary – the shortened the version of the original text that is express
in your own language.
2. Paraphrase – in this pattern of citation, instead of shortening the
version of the original text, you explain what the text means to you
using your own words.
3. Short Direct Quotation – you can quote or repeat writing certain part
of author’s sentence, the whole sentence or several sentences not
exceeding forty (40) words.
4. Long Direct Quotation – this citation patterns, allow you to copy the
author’s exact words or sentence, from 40 to one hundred 100 words
only. Under APA style, the limit is eight lines and placed it in the middle
of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose
a stanza in a poem.
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5. Tense of verbs for reporting – reporting author’s ideas using active
verbs are effective words to use. Presents their ideas in any of these
tenses: Past, present and present-perfect tense.
Example:
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and
passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of plagiarism is
using the words of the original text in expressing your understanding of the
reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express the borrowed
ideas in your own words. (Ransome 2013)
What’s More
Directions: Analyze and do two things about each sentence or paragraph. First,
identify the citation style used; second, comment on the accuracy of each text
based on what you have learned about in-text citation. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
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1. Many gave their comments about the medicinal powers of Ampalaya. For
instance, the latest study by Santos and Gomez revealed that the juice of this
vegetable can be a good cure against diabetes.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. De Jesus and Roces felt that one research study by (Collanto and Fernandez
p. 88) and Vallejo, 2015 validated Meneses findings on the Ebola virus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. A number of medicinal plants can be found in one’s family’s backyard. Fruit
trees like santol, mango, guava, tamarind, atis, and guyabano, among others,
grow robustly in any spacious area in a yard. Needing no regular watering, these
plants always make themselves available to people believing in their medicinal
qualities. (Rafael Corpuz)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. One study by Laguardia (2015) has identified the seven components of
Intercultural competence that according to Florentino (2015, p. 45) are likewise
the leading elements of one “contemporary language theory called Systematic
Functional Grammar.”
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
(1)_________, confidentiality, (2)_________, (3)________ that is evident by
(4)_________, (5)_________, (6)_________, (7)_________, and right to review. It is
strengthened by principles narrated as follows: honesty, (8) _______,
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trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______ property, and
social and (10) ________responsibility. Once research ethics are not tagged, it may
give rise to scientific misconduct. For example, are falsification and fabrication of
data, (11) ________, and non-publication of data. To avoid these mishaps, the
following are required by the Ethics (12) ________ Committee: (in any order)
Research Abstracts, Human Participants Form, Student Checklist, Risk
(13)________ form, Parents
(14) ________ Form, Research Plan, and Research (15) _________.
What I Can Do
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
The undersigned is a Grade 11 student taking Practical Research I. As a
requirement, I am conducting a research entitled “Student Satisfaction on Food
Services Provided by the School Canteens of SQNHS”
In connection with this, I am asking for your time, and voluntary effort to
answer the questionnaire that are important for the completion of the study. Rest
assured that all data gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of
confidentiality. Your positive response will be valuable contribution for the
success of the study and will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much for
your cooperation.
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Sincerely yours,
Juan Dela Cruz
Assessment
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a
separate sheet of paper.
B. MLA is easier than APA D. The way the citations are formatted
4. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over
a long period of time.
5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews?
32
6. A systematic review of related literature follows a certain __________.
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
10. The following example of an APA in-text citation is incorrectly formatted, because
_______. (Giugovaz 2008 p. 2)
11. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is
practicing ____________.
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12. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
14. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
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16. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is
still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are
attributing to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the
exact words of the original.
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
18. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research you
have talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include
something she said to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference
this, and if so, how would you do it?
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own
words, it is not necessary to cite it at all.
C. It is enough to mention in your text that a friend had experienced this situation.
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19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is
still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas
or information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own words
in a seamless web and varying the way you introduce your references to the original
sources.
D. Both a and c.
20. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
36
Additional Activities
Directions: In the video, you will be provided additional tips in writing a literature
review. You will need your cell phone or laptop with a Wi-Fi connection or internet
data to access the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIYC6zG265E
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Answer Key
WHAT I KNOW
1. C 6. D 11. D 16. B
2. C 7. B 12. D 17. A
3. C 8. C 13. A 18. D
4. D 9. B 14. C 19. D
5. B 10. D 15. A 20. D
ASSESSMENT
1. C 6. B 11. C 16. D
2. D 7. D 12. B 17. B
3. C 8. D 13. C 18. A
4. C 9. B 14. D 19. D
5. B 10. A 15. A 20. D
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References
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