FUNDAMENTALS OF

FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 4
Kinematics of Fluid Motion

1
MAIN TOPICS
™ The Velocity Field
™ The Acceleration Field
™ Control Volume and System Representation
™ The Reynolds Transport Theorem

2
Field Representation of flow 1/2

™At a given instant in time, any fluid property (such

as density, pressure, velocity, and acceleration) can
be described as a functions of the fluid’s location.
™This representation of fluid parameters as
functions of the spatial coordinates is termed a
field representation of flow.

3
Field Representation of flow 2/2

™ The specific field representation may be different at

different times, so that to describe a fluid flow we must
determine the various parameter not only as functions of
the spatial coordinates but also as a function of time.
™ EXAMPLE: Temperature field T = T ( x , y , z , t )
™ EXAMPLE: Velocity field

V = u ( x , y, z , t )i + v ( x , y, z , t ) j + w ( x , y, z , t ) k

4
Velocity Field

™ The velocity at any particle in the flow field (the velocity

field) is given by V = V ( x , y , z , t )
V = u ( x , y, z , t )i + v ( x , y, z , t ) j + w ( x , y, z , t ) k
The velocity of a particle is
the time rate of change of the
position vector for that
particle.
r r
d rA
VA =
dt 5
Example 4.1 Velocity Field Representation
r
( r r
)
z A velocity field is given by V = (V0 / l ) x i − y j where V0 and l are
constants. At what location in the flow field is the speed equal to V0?
Make a sketch of the velocity field in the first quadrant (x 0, y 0) by
drawing arrows representing the fluid velocity at representative
locations.

6
Example 4.1 Solution
The x, y, and z components of the velocity are given by u = V0x/l, v
= -V0y/ l, and w = 0 so that the fluid speed V
V0 2
V = ( u + v + w ) = ( x + y 2 )1 / 2
2 2 2 1/ 2

l
The speed is V = V0 at any location on the circle of radius l
centered at the origin [(x2 + y2)1/2= l] as shown in Figure E4.1 (a).

The direction of the fluid velocity relative to the x axis is given in

terms of θ= arctan(v/u) as shown in Figure E4.1 (b) For this flow

v − V0 y / l − y
tan θ = = =
u V0 x / l x
7
Velocity Field

Considering…
™ Method of Description
™ Steady and Unsteady Flows
™ 1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
™ Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines

8
Methods of Description

™Lagragian method = System method

™Eulerian method = Control volume method

9
Lagragian Method

™ Following individual fluid particles as they move.

™ The fluid particles are tagged or identified.
™ Determining how the fluid properties associated with these
particles change as a function of time.
™ Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device to a
particular fluid particle A and record that particle’s temperature as it
moves about. TA = TA (t) The use of may such measuring devices
moving with various fluid particles would provide the temperature
of these fluid particles as a function of time.

10
Eulerian Method
™ Use the field concept.
™ The fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the
necessary properties as a functions of space and time.
™ Obtaining information about the flow in terms of what
happens at fixed points in space as the fluid flows past
those points.
™ Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device to a
particular point (x,y,z) and record the temperature at that point as a
function of time. T=T(x,y,z,t)

11
1D, 2D, and 3D Flows

™ Depending on the number of space coordinates required to

specify the flow field.
™ Although most flow fields are inherently three-
dimensional, analysis is based on fewer dimensions is
frequently meaningful.
™ The complexity of analysis increases considerably with
the number of dimensions of the flow field.

12
Steady and Unsteady Flows

™ Steady flow: the properties at every point in a flow field

do not change with time.
∂η
=0
∂t
where η represents any fluid property.
™Unsteady flow:…. Change with time.
ÖNonperiodic flow, periodic flow, and truly random
flow.

13
Timelines and Pathlines

™ Timeline: Line formed by a number of adjacent fluid

particles in a flow field marked at a given instant.
™ Pathline: Path or trajectory traced out by a moving fluid
particle.
¾Using dye or smoke to identify a fluid particle at a
given instant, and then take a long exposure
photograph of its subsequent motion. The line traced
out by the particle is a pathline.

14
Streaklines

™ Streakline: Line jointing the fluid particles passing

through one fixed location in space. Streaklines are more
of a laboratory tool than an analytical tool.
¾Sreaklines can be obtained by taking instantaneous
photographys of maked particles that all passed
through a given location in the flow field at some
earlier time.
¾Using dye or smoke at a fixed location in space to
identify all fluid particles pass through this point.

15
Streamlines 1/2
™ Streamline: Line drawn in the flow field so that at a given
instant they are tangent to the direction of flow at every
point in the flow field. >>> No flow across a streamline.
¾Streamline is everywhere tangent to the velocity field.
¾If the flow is steady, nothing at a fixed point changes
with time, so the streamlines are fixed lines in space.
¾For unsteady flows the streamlines may change shape
with time.
¾Streamlines are obtained analytically by integrating the
equations defining lines tangent to the velocity field.
16
Streamlines 2/2
¾For two dimensional flows the slope of the streamline,
dy/dx, must be equal to the tangent of the angle that the
velocity vector makes with the x axis
dy v If the velocity field is known
= as a function of x and y, this
dx u equation can be integrated to
give the equation of
streamlines.

Steady flow: pathlines, streaklines, and streamlines are identical lines

Unsteady flow: pathlines, streaklines, and streamlines are not coincide. 17
Example 4.2 Streamlines for a Given
Velocity Field
z Determine the streamlines for the two-dimensional steady
r
(
r r
)
flow discussed in Example 4.1, V = (V / l ) x i − y j
0

Figure E4.2 18
Example 4.2 Solution
Since u = (V0 / l )x and v = −(V0 / l )y

The streamlines are given by solution of the equation

dy v − (V0 / l )y y
= = =−
dx u (V0 / l )x x
Integrating….

dy dx
∫ y
=−
∫x
or ln y = − ln x + cons tan t

The streamline is xy=C, where C is a constant

19
Example 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines,
Pathlines, and Streaklines1/2
z Water flowing from the oscillating slit shown in Figure E4.3 (a)
produces a velocity field given by V=u0sin[ω(t-y/v0)]i+v0j, where u0,
v0, and ω are constants. Thus, the y component of velocity remains
constant (v=v0) and the x component of velocity at y=0 coincides
with the velocity of the oscillating sprinkler head [u=u0sin(ωt) at
y=0]. (a) Determine the streamline that passes through the origin at
t=0; at t=π/2ω. (b) Determine the pathline of the particle that was at
the origin at t=0; at t=π/2. (c) Discuss the shape of the streakline that
passes through the origin.

20
Example 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines,
Pathlines, and Streaklines2/2

Figure E4.3
21
Example 4.3 Solution1/8
(a) Since u=u0sin[ω(t-y/v0)] and v=v0, the streamlines are given by
the solution of
dy v v0
= =
dx u u 0 sin[ω(t − y v 0 )]
Integrating….

⎡ ⎛ y ⎞⎤
u0
∫ sin ⎢ω⎜⎜ t −
⎢⎣ ⎝ ∫
⎟⎟⎥ dy = v 0 dx ,
v 0 ⎠⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ y ⎞⎤
u 0 (v 0 ω)cos⎢ω⎜⎜ t − ⎟⎟⎥ = v 0 x + C (1)
⎢⎣ ⎝ v 0 ⎠⎥⎦
where C is a constant.
22
Example 4.3 Solution2/8
For the streamline at t=0 that passes through the origin (x=y=0), Eq.
1 gives the value of C=u0v0/ω. The equation for this streamline is

u0 ⎡ ⎛ ωy ⎞ ⎤
x= ⎢cos⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥ (2)
ω ⎣ ⎝ v0 ⎠ ⎦
Similarly, for the streamline at t=π/2ω that passes through the origin,
Eq. 1 gives C=0. The equation for this streamline

u0 ⎡ ⎛ π y ⎞⎤ u0 ⎛π ω y ⎞
x = cos ⎢ω ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎥ = cos⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
ω ⎣ ⎝ 2ω v0 ⎠⎦ ω ⎝ 2 v0 ⎠

u 0 ⎛ ωy ⎞
x = sin⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (3)
ω ⎝ v0 ⎠ 23
Example 4.3 Solution3/8
(b) The pathline of a particle can be obtained from the velocity field and
definition of the velocity.
Since u=dx/dt and v=dy/dt

dx ⎡ y ⎤ dy
= u 0 sin ⎢ω( t − )⎥ and = v0
dt ⎣ v0 ⎦ dt

Integrated to give the y coordinate of the pathline

y = v 0 t + C1 (4) Where C1 is a constant.

24
Example 4.3 Solution4/8
With this known y=y(t) dependence, the x equation for the pathline
becomes
dx ⎡ v t + C1 ⎤ ⎛ C ω⎞
= u 0 sin ⎢ω( t − 0 )⎥ = − u 0 sin⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
dt ⎣ v0 ⎦ ⎝ v0 ⎠
Integrated to give the x component of the pathline
⎡ ⎛ C1ω ⎞⎤
x = − ⎢u 0 sin⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ t + C2 (5) where C2 is a constant.
⎣ ⎝ v 0 ⎠⎦

For the particle that was at the origin (x=y=0) at time t=0, Eqs. 4
and 5 give C1=C2=0. Thus, the pathline is

x=0 and y = v0 t (6)

25
Example 4.3 Solution5/8
Similarly, for the particle that was at the origin at t=π/2ω, Eqs. 4
and 5 give C1=-πv0/2ωand C2=-πu0/2ω. Thus, the pathline for this
particle is
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
x = u0 ⎜ t − ⎟ and y = v0 ⎜ t − ⎟
⎝ 2ω ⎠ ⎝ 2ω ⎠
The pathline can be drawn by plotting the locus of x(t), y(t) value
for t≥0 or by eliminating the parameter t from Eq.7 to give
v0
y= x (8)
u0

26
Example 4.3 Solution6/8
The pathlines given by Eqs. 6 and 8, shown in Figure E4.3 (c),
are straight lines from the origin (rays). The pathlines and
streamlines do not coincide because the flow is unsteady.

27
Example 4.3 Solution7/8
(c) The streakline through the origin at time t=0 is the locus of
particles at t=0 that previously (t<0) passed through the origin.
The general shape of the streaklines can be seen as follows.
Each particle that flows through the origin travels in a straight line
(pathlines are rays from the origin), the slope of which lies
between ± v0/u0 as shown in Figure E4.3 (d). Particles passing
through the origin at different times are located on different rays
from the origin and at different distances from the origin.

28
Example 4.3 Solution8/8
The net result is that a stream of dye continually injected at the
origin (a streakline) would have the shape shown in Figure
E4.3(d). Because of the unsteadiness, the streakline will vary
with time, although it will always have the oscillating, sinuous
character shown. Similar streaklines are given by the stream of
water from a garden hose nozzle that oscillates back and forth in
a direction normal to the axis of the nozzle. In this example
neither the streamlines, pathlines, nor streaklines coincide. If the
flow were steady all of these lines would be the same.

29
Acceleration

™ For Lagrangian method, the fluid acceleration is described

as done in solid body dynamics
r r
a = a(t)
™ For Eulerian method, the fluid acceleration is described as
function of position and time without actually following
any particles.
r r
a = a ( x , y, z , t )
30
Acceleration Field 1/5

™ The acceleration of a fluid particle for use in Newton’s

second law is:
r r
a = d V / dt YES or NO ?
r
™ This is incorrect, because V is a field, i.e. , it describes
the whole flow and not just the motion of an individual
particle.
™ The problem is : Given the velocity field
r r
V = V ( x , y, z , t )
find the acceleration of a fluid particle,
31
Acceleration Field 2/5

™ The velocity of a fluid particle A in space at time t:

r r
VA = VA ( x , y , z , t )
t

™ The velocity of a fluid particle in space at time t+dt:

r r
VA = VA ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz , t + dt )
t + dt

™ The change in the velocity of

the particle, in moving from
r r r
location r to r + d r , is given
by the chain rule:
r r r r
r ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
dVA = A dx A + A dy A + A dz A + A dt
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t 32
Acceleration Field 3/5
r r r r r
r d VA ∂ VA dx A ∂ VA dy A ∂ VA dz A ∂ VA
aA = = + + +
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt ∂t
dx A dy A dz A
= uA , = vA, = wA
dt dt dt
r r r r r
r d VA ∂ VA ∂ VA ∂ VA ∂ VA
⇒ aA = = uA + vA + wA +
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
Valid for any particle…..
r r r r
r ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
a= +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

33
Acceleration Field 4/5

Scalar components
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
r
r DV
A shorthand notation a =
Dt
34
Acceleration Field 5/5
r
r DV Where the operator
a=
Dt
D( ) ∂ ( ) ∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( )
= +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂( ) r
=
∂t
( )
+ V⋅∇ ( )

is termed the material derivative or

substantial derivative.

35
Physical Significance- Unsteady Effect

™ Time derivative: Local derivative.

™ It represents effect of the unsteadiness of the flow
r
∂V
Local acceleration
∂t

36
Physical Significance- Convective Effect

™ Spatial derivative: Convective derivative.

™ It represents the fact that a flow property associated with a
fluid particle may vary because of the motion of the
particle from one point in space to another point.
v r
( V ⋅ ∇ ) V Convective acceleration

37
Physical Significance

r r r r r
r D V ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
a= = +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Total Local
Acceleration Acceleration Convective Acceleration

r r
r D V ∂V v r
a= = + (V ⋅ ∇)V
Dt ∂t 38
For Various Fluid Parameters

™ The material derivative concept is very useful in analysis

involving various parameter, not just the acceleration.
™ For example, consider a temperature field T=T(x,y,z,t)
associated with a given flow. We can apply the chain rule
to determine the rate of change of temperature as

d TA ∂ TA ∂ TA dx A ∂ TA dy A ∂ TA dz A
= + + +
dt ∂t ∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt
DT ∂ T ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T r
⇒ = +u +v +w = + V ⋅ ∇T
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
39
Example 4.4 Acceleration along a
Streamline
z An incompressible, inviscid fluid flows steadily past a sphere of
radius R, as shown in Figure E4.4 (a). According to a more
advanced analysis of the flow, the fluid velocity along streamline A-
B is given by R3
V = u(x) î = V0 (1 + 3
)î
x
where V0 is the upstream velocity far ahead of the sphere.
Determine the acceleration experienced by fluid particles as they
flow along this streamline.

40
Example 4.4 Solution
The acceleration along streamline A-B

∂V ∂u ⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂u ∂u
a= + u = ⎜ + u ⎟ î or ax = + u , a y = 0, a z = 0
∂t ∂x ⎝ ∂t ∂x ⎠ ∂t ∂x

∂u/ ∂t=0. With the given velocity distribution along the streamline,
the acceleration becomes

∂u ⎛ R 3
⎞
ax = u = V0 ⎜ 1 + 3 ⎟ V0 [R 3 (- 3X -4 )]
∂x ⎝ X ⎠

1 + (R / x )
3

a x = − 3(V0 / R )
2
or
(x / R )4 41
Example 4.5 Acceleration from a Given
Velocity Field
z Consider the steady, two-dimensional flow field discussed in
Example 4.2. Determine the acceleration field for this flow.
r r r
V = (V0 / l )( x i − y j )

42
Example 4.5 Solution1/2
In general, the acceleration is given by
r r r r r r
( )( )
r DV ∂V r r ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
a= = + V⋅∇ V = +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
u = (V0/ l )x and v = -(V0/ l )y
For steady, two-dimensional flow
r r
r ∂V ∂V ⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ r ⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ r
a=u +v = ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ i + ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ j
∂x ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

r ⎛ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎞ r ⎛ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎛ V0 ⎞ ⎞ r
a = ⎜ ⎜ ⎟( x )⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟( y )(0) ⎟ i + ⎜ ⎜ ⎟( x )(0) + ⎜ − ⎟( y )⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ j
⎝⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎠ ⎝⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠⎠
2 2
V x V y
a x = 02 a y = 02
l l 43
Example 4.5 Solution1/2
For this flow the magnitude of the acceleration is constant on circles
centered at the origin
2
2 2 2 1/ 2 ⎛ V0 ⎞ 2
a = (a x + a y + a z ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( x + y 2 )1 / 2
⎝ l ⎠
Also, the acceleration vector is oriented at an angle θ from the x
axis, where
ay y
tan θ = =
ax x

44
Example 4.6 The Material Derivative

z A company produces a perishable product in a factory located at

x=0 and sells the product along the distribution route x > 0 .The
selling price of the product P, is a function of the length of time after
it was produced, t , and the location at which it is sold, x. That is,
P=P(x,t). At a given location the price of the product decreases in
time (it is perishable) according to δP/δt= -8 dollars/hr. In addition,
because of shipping costs the price increase with distance from the
factory according to δP/δx=0.2 dollars/mi. If the manufacturer
wishes to sell the product for the same 100-dollar price anywhere
along the distribution route, determine how fast he must travel along
the route.

45
Example 4.6 Solution1/2
For a given batch of the product (Lagrangian description ), the time
rate of change of the price can be obtained by using the material
derivative
DP ∂P r ∂P ∂P ∂P ∂P ∂P ∂P
= + V ⋅ ∇P = +u +v +w = +u
Dt ∂t ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t ∂x
The motion is one-dimensional with
r
V = uî
Where u is the speed at which the
product is convected along its route.

46
Figure E4.6
Example 4.6 Solution2/2
The price is to remain constant as the product moves along the
distribution route, then
Dp ∂P ∂P
= 0 or +u =0
Dt ∂t ∂x
Thus, the correct delivery speed is

− ∂P / ∂t 8 dollars / hr
u= = = 40mi / hr
∂P / ∂x 0.2 dollars / mi

47
Streamline Coordinates 1/4

™ Streamline coordinate is a coordinate system defined in

terms of the streamline of the flows.
™ Unit vectors are denoted by
r r
s and n

48
Streamline Coordinates 2/4

™ Why using the streamline coordinates?

>The velocity is always tangent to the s direction
r r
V = Vs
>This allows simplification
in describing the fluid
particle acceleration and
in solving the equations
governing the flow.

49
Streamline Coordinates 3/4
™ If the streamlines are curved, both of the speed of the particle and its
direction of flow are defined
r r
V = V(s, n ) s = s (s, n )
™ For a given particle, the value of s changes with time, but the value
of n remains fixed because the particle flows along a streamline
defined by n=constant.
™ Application of the chain rule gives
r r r r r
r D (Vs ) DV r Ds ⎛ ∂V ∂V ds ∂V dn ⎞ r ⎛ ∂s ∂s ds ∂s dn ⎞
a= = s +V =⎜ + + ⎟s + V ⎜ + + ⎟
Dt dt Dt ⎝ ∂t ∂s dt ∂n dt ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ∂s dt ∂n dt ⎠
r
r ⎛ ∂V ⎞ r ⎛ ∂s ⎞
a = ⎜V ⎟ s + V⎜ V ⎟
⎝ ∂s ⎠ ⎝ ∂s ⎠ 50
 Streamline Coordinates 4/4
r r r r Normal to the fluid motion
∂s δs n r DV r r
= lim = a= = as s + ann
∂s δs→0 δs R Dt
r
r ⎛ ∂V ⎞ r ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂V ⎞ r V 2
r
a = ⎜V ⎟ s + V ⎜ V ⎟ = ⎜V ⎟s + n
⎝ ∂s ⎠ ⎝ ∂s ⎠ ⎝ ∂s ⎠ R

Convective acceleration
along the streamline

51
System and Control Volume
Representation
BASIC LAWS

System Method Control Volume Method

Governing Equation Governing Equation

System Formulation Control
Control Volume
Volume Formulation
Formulation

52
Basic Laws for a System
- Conservation of Mass

™ Conservation of Mass
BRequiring that the mass, M, of the system be constant.
dM ⎞
⎟ =0
dt ⎠system
Where the mass of the system

M system = ∫ dm = ∫ ρdV
M ( system ) V ( system )

53
Basic Laws for a System
- Newton’s Second Law

™ Newton’s Second Law

BStating that the sum of all external force acting on the
system is equal to the time rate of change of linear
momentum
r of the system.
r dP ⎞
F= ⎟
dt ⎟⎠
system
Where the linear momentum of the system
r r r
Psystem = ∫ Vdm = ∫ VρdV
M ( system ) V ( system )
54
Basic Laws for a System
- The Angular Momentum Principle

™ The Angular Momentum Principle

BStating that the rate of change of angular momentum is
equalrto the sum of all torques acting on the system.
r dH ⎞
T= ⎟
dt ⎟⎠
system
Where the angular momentum of the system
r r v r r
H system = ∫ r × Vdm = ∫ r × VρdV
M ( system ) V ( system )
Torque can be produced by surface and body forces, and
also by shafts that cross the system boundary.
r r r r r r
T = r × Fs + ∫ r × gdm + Tshaft 55
M ( system )
Basic Laws for a System
- The First Law of Thermodynamics

™ The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of

Energy)
BRequiring that the energy of system be constant.
& & dE ⎞
δ Q − δ W = dE Q−W= ⎟
dt ⎠system
Where the total energy of the system
E system = ∫ edm = ∫ eρdV
M ( system ) V ( system )

V2 u is specific internal energy, V the speed, and z the

e=u+ + gz height of a particle having mass dm.
2 56
Basic Laws for a System
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics

™ The Second Law of Thermodynamics

BIf an amount of heat, δQ , is transferred to a system at
temperature T, the change in entropy, dS, of the system
satisfies
δQ dS ⎞
⎟
1 &
≥ Q
dS ≥ dt ⎠system T
T
Where the total entropy of the system

Ssystem = ∫ sdm = ∫ sρdV

M ( system ) V ( system )
57
System and Control Volume
Representation
BASIC LAWS

System Method Control Volume Method

Governing Equation Governing Equation

System Formulation Control
Control Volume
Volume Formulation
Formulation

58
Method of Analysis

™ System method
BIn mechanics courses.
BDealing with an easily identifiable rigid body.
™ Control volume method
BIn fluid mechanics course.
BDifficult to focus attention on a fixed identifiable
quantity of mass.
BDealing with the flow of fluids.

59
System Method

™ A system is defined as a fixed, identifiable quantity of

mass.
™ The boundaries separate the system from the surrounding.
™ The boundaries of the system may be fixed or movable.
No mass crosses the system boundaries.

60
System Representation 1/2

™ A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity, which

may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings.
™ A system is a specific, identifiable quantity of matter. It
may consist of a relatively large amount of mass, or it may
be an infinitesimal size.
™ In the study of statics and dynamics, the free-body
diagram concept is used to identify an object and isolate it
from its surroundings, replace its surroundings by the
equivalent actions that they put on the object.

61
System Representation 2/2
™ A mass of air drawn into an air compressor can be
considered as a system. It changes shape and size, its
temperature may change.
)It is difficult to identify and keep track of a specific
quantity of matter associated with the original air
drawn into the compressor.

62
Control Volume Method

™ Control volume is an arbitrary volume in space through

which the fluid flows.
™ The geometric boundary of the control volume (CV) is
called the “Control Surface (CS).”
™ The CS may be real or imaginary.
™ The CV may be at rest or in motion.

63
Control Volume Representation 1/3
™ A control volume is a volume in space through which fluid
may flow.
™ Example: Determining the forces put on a fan, airplane, or
automobile by control volume approach.
)Identify a specific volume in space (a volume
associated with the fan, airplane, or automobile) and
analyze the fluid flow within, through, or around that
volume.
)The control volume can be a fixed, moving, or
deforming volume.

64
Control Volume Representation 2/3

)For case (a), fluid flows through a pipe. The fixed control
surface consists of the inside surface of the pipe, the outlet
end at section (2), and a section across the pipe at (1).
)For case (b), control volume is the rectangular volume
surrounding the jet engine. If the airplane to which the
engine is attached is sitting still on the runaway, air flow
through this control volume. At time t=t1, the air was
within the engine itself. At time t=t2, the air has passed
through the engine and is outside of the control volume.
At this latter time other air is within the engine.
65
Control Volume Representation 3/3

)For case (c), the deflating balloon provides an example of

a deforming control volume. The control volume (whose
surface is the inner surface of the balloon) decreases in
size .

66
System and Control Volume
Representation
BASIC LAWS

System Method Control Volume Method

Governing Equation Governing Equation

System Formulation Control
Control Volume
Volume Formulation
Formulation

67
Analytic Tool

Shift from system representation to

control volume representation
Reynolds Transport Theorem
The Reynolds transport theorem provides the relationship
between the time rate of change of an extensive property
for a system and that for a control volume

68
Reynolds Transport Theorem 1/4

™ All physical laws are stated in termed of various physical

parameters. Velocity, acceleration, mass, temperature, and
momentum are but a few of the more paramenter.
™ Let B represent any one of the system extensive
properties ( mass, linear momentum, angular momentum,
energy, and entropy), the corresponding intensive
property (extensive property per unit mass ) will be
designated by b

B = mb BSYS = lim ∑ b i (ρi δVi ) ≡ ∫ sys ρbdV

δV →0
69
Reynolds Transport Theorem 2/4

B = mb BSYS = lim ∑ b i (ρi δVi ) ≡ ∫ sys ρbdV

δV →0

Ö If B=m (Mass), b=1.

Ö If B=mV2/2 (Kinematic energy of the mass), b= V2/2 .
Ö If B=mV (Momentum of the mass), b=V.

70
Reynolds Transport Theorem 3/4

™ Most of the laws governing fluid motion involve the time

rate of change of an extensive property B of a fluid
system – the rate at which the momentum of a system
changes with time, the rate at which the mass of a system
changes with time, and so on.

dBsys
=
(
d ∫ sys bρdV )
dt dt

71
Reynolds Transport Theorem 4/4

™ To formulate the law into a control volume, we must

obtain an expression for the time rate of change of an
extensive property within a control volume, Bcv, not
within a system.

( )
The Reynolds transport theorem

dBcv d ∫ cv ρbdV
provides the relationship between the

=
time rate of change of an extensive
property for a system and that for a
dt dt control volume

dBsys dBcv
→ ?????
dt dt 72
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem1/9

™ How to derive a control volume representation from a

system representation of a fluid flow?
BChoosing a fixed control volume in space relative to
coordinate xyz.
BImaging selecting an arbitrary piece of the flowing
fluid at time=t, and dyeing this piece of fluid.
BThe initial shape of the fluid system is chosen as
control volume.
BAfter an infinitesimal time δt, the system will have
moved to a new location.
73
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem2/9

At t BSYS(t) ≡BCV(t)
At t+δt BSYS (t+δt ) ≡BCV (t+δt ) - B (t+δt ) + B (t+δt )
The change in the amount of B in the system in the time interval δt
δBsys Bsys (t + δt ) − Bsys (t ) Bcv ( t + δt ) − Bcv (t ) BΙ (t + δt ) BΙΙ (t + δt )
= = − +
δt δt δt δt δt
1 2 3 74
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem3/9

™ In the limit δt→0, evaluate each of the three terms…

1 The first term is seen to be the time rate of change of the
amount of B within the control volume.

BCV ( t + δt ) − BCV ( t )
lim
δt →0 δt
∂BCV ∂
= = ∫ bρdV
∂t ∂t CV

75
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem4/9

2 The second term is inflow rate of B into the control volume.

BI ( t + δt ) = (ρ1b1 )(δV1 ) = ρ1b1A1V1δt

&B = lim BI ( t + δt ) = ρ b A V
in 1 1 1 1
δt → 0 δt
3 The third term is outflow rate of B from the control volume.

BII ( t + δt ) = (ρ 2 b 2 )(δV2 ) = ρ 2 b 2 A 2 V2δt

&B = lim BII ( t + δt ) = ρ b A V
out 2 2 2 2
δt → 0 δt 76
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem5/9

™ The relationship between the time rate of change of B for

the system and that for the control volumne
DBsys ∂BCV & &
= + Bout - B in
Dt ∂t
DBsys ∂BCV
or = + ρ 2 A 2 V2 b 2 − ρ1A1V1b1
Dt ∂t
This is a version of the Reynolds transport theorem
valid under the restrictive assumptions associated with
the flow through a variable are pipes

For more general condition 77

Example 4.7 Time Rate of Change for a
System and a Control Volume
z Find flows from the fire extinguisher tank shown in Figure E4.7.
Discuss the differences between dBsys/dt and dBcv/dt if B represents
mass.

Figure E4.7
78
Example 4.7 Solution1/2
With B=m, the system mass, it follows that b=1

d⎛⎜ ∫ ρdV ⎞⎟
dBsys dmsys
≡ = ⎝ sys ⎠ dBsys d⎛⎜
= ⎝
∫ sys bρdV ⎟
⎞
⎠
dt dt dt dt dt

And

dBcv dmcv
d⎛⎜ ∫ ρdV ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ dBcv
d ⎛⎜
= ⎝
∫ cv ρbd V ⎞
⎟
⎠
≡ = cv
dt dt
dt dt dt

79
Example 4.7 Solution2/2
If mass is to be conserved (one of the basic laws governing fluid
motion), the mass of the fluid in the system is constant, so that
⎛ ⎞
d ∫ ρdV ⎟
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sys ⎠ =0
dt

On the other hand, it is equally clear that some of the fluid has left the
control volume through the nozzle on the tank. Hence, the amount of
mass within the tank (the control volume) decreases with time, or
⎛ ⎞ Clearly the meanings of dBsys/dt and
d ⎜ ∫ ρdV ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ cv ⎠ <0 dBcv/dt are different. For this example,
dt dBsys/dt < dBcv/dt . Other situations
may have dBsys/dt dBcv/dt 80
Example 4.8 Use of the Reynolds
Transport Theorem
z Consider again the flow from the fire extinguisher shown in Figure
E4.7. Let the extensive property of interest be the system mass
(B = m, the system mass, or b =1)and write the appropriate form of
the Reynolds transport theorem for the flow.

Figure E4.7
81
Example 4.8 Solution1/2
For this case there is no inlet, section (1), across which the fluid flows
into the control volume (A1 =0). There is ,however , an outlet, section
(2). Thus, the Reynolds transport theorem can be written as

Dm sys
=
(
∂ ∫ ρdV
cv
)+ ρ A V
2 2 2
Dt ∂t
The basic law of
conservation of mass

(
∂ ∫ ρdV
cv
) = −ρ A V
2 2 2
∂t
82
Example 4.8 Solution2/2
When there were both an inlet and an oulet to the control volume

(
∂ ∫ ρdV
cv
)= ρ A V −ρ A V
1 1 1 2 2 2
∂t

For steady flow

ρ1A1V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V2

83
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem6/9

™ For much more general conditions.

A general, fixed control volume with fluid flow through it.

Control volume and system for

flow through an arbitrary, fixed
control volume. 84
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem7/9

2 The second term is inflow rate of B into the control volume.

r r
&B =
in ∫ dBin = − ∫ ρbV cos θdA = − ∫ ρbV ⋅ ndA
&
CSin CSin CSin

85
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem8/9

3 The third term is outflow rate of B from the control volume.

δB& = lim ρbδV = lim (ρbV cos θδt )δA = ρbV cos θδA
out
δt → 0 δt δt → 0 δt
r r
&B =
out ∫ dBout = ∫ ρbV cos θdA = ∫ ρbV ⋅ ndA
CSout
&
CSout CSout

86
Possible Velocity Configuration

Possible velocity configurations on portions of the control

surface: (a) inflow, (b) no flow across the surface, (c) outflow.

87
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem9/9

™ The net flux (flowrate) of parameter B across the entire

control surface is r
r
&B − B
out
& =
in ∫ CS ρbV ⋅ ndA
The Reynolds Transport Theorem
This is the fundamental relation between the rate of change of any
arbitrary extensive property, B, of a system and the variations of
this property associated with a control volume.
DBsys ∂BCV r r
= + ∫ CS ρbV ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t
∂ r r
= ∫ CV ρbdV + ∫ CSρbV ⋅ ndA
∂t 88
Physical Interpretation

™ dB / dt ) system : is the rate of change of any arbitrary

extensive property B of the system. This may represent the
rate of change of mass, momentum, energy, or angular
momentum of the system.
∂
™ ∂t ∫
CV
ηρ d V : is the rate of change of any arbitrary
extensive property B within the control volume at a given
time.
r r
™ ∫CS ηρ V ⋅ d A : is the net rate of flux of extensive property
B out through the control surface. 89
Relationship with Material Derivative
D( ) ∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( ) ∂( )
= + V ⋅ ∇( ) = +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

DBsys∂ r r
= ∫ CV ρbdV + ∫ CSρbV ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t

Unsteady effect Convective effect:

The effect associated with
the particle’s motion.
90
Moving Control Volume1/2

™ Example of a moving control volume

r r r
VCV = V − W
r r r
V = VCV + W
r r r
W = V − VCV

Vcv is the velocity of control volume, V is the absolute

velocity measured relative to inertial coordinate system,
W is the relative velocity measured relative to the
moving control volume – the fluid velocity seen by an
observer riding along on the control volume. 91
Moving Control Volume2/2

™ The Reynolds transport equation for a control volume

moving with constant velocity is
DBsys ∂ r r
= ∫ CV ρbdV + ∫ CSρbW ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t DB ∂ r r
= ∫ CV ρ + ∫ CSρ ⋅
sys
bdV b V n dA
Dt ∂t

Control volume and system as

seen by an observer moving
with the control volume.
92
Selection of a Control Volume

™ To ensure that the points, associated with unknown

parameters, are located on the control surface, not buried
within the control volume.
™ If possible, the control surface should be normal to the
fluid velocity.
™ Not wrong, but much better selection.

9
93