Table of Contents

10 Bottom Hole Assemblies Page

10.1 ROTARY BHA.................................................................................................................10-2
10.1.1 Rotary BHA Theory..............................................................................................10-3
10.1.1.1 Principles of the Rotary BHA .....................................................................10-3
10.1.1.2 Side Force....................................................................................................10-4
10.1.1.3 Stiffness.......................................................................................................10-4
10.1.2 Slick Assembly .....................................................................................................10-6
10.1.3 Single stabilizer BHAs .........................................................................................10-6
10.1.4 Two stabilizer BHAs ............................................................................................10-7
10.1.5 Multi-stabilizer BHAs ..........................................................................................10-10
10.1.5.1 Undergauge Near-bit Stabilizer...................................................................10-11
10.1.5.2 Undergauge Second Stabilizer ....................................................................10-12
10.1.5.3 Hole Washout..............................................................................................10-13
10.1.6 BHAs for building Inclination ..............................................................................10-14
10.1.7 BHAs for maintaining Inclination ........................................................................10-15
10.1.8 BHAs for Dropping Inclination ............................................................................10-16
10.1.9 Special BHAs........................................................................................................10-17
10.2 COMMON BHA PROBLEMS.............................................................................................10-20
10.2.1 Formation Effects .................................................................................................10-20
10.2.2 Worn Bits..............................................................................................................10-20
10.2.3 Accidental Sidetrack .............................................................................................10-20
10.2.4 Pinched Bit............................................................................................................10-21
10.2.5 Differential Sticking .............................................................................................10-21
10.2.6 Drilling Parameters ...............................................................................................10-21
10.3 BHA EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS........................................................................................10-22
10.4 RECAP .............................................................................................................................10-22

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List of Figures Page

Figure 10-1 Slick and packed hole BHAs .............................................................................. 10-3
Figure 10-2 BHA side forces.................................................................................................. 10-4
Figure 10-3 BHA as a hollow cylinder .................................................................................. 10-4
Figure 10-4 Pendulum force and weight on bit...................................................................... 10-6
Figure 10-5 Single stabilizer BHA......................................................................................... 10-7
Figure 10-6 Two stabilizer BHA............................................................................................ 10-8
Figure 10-7 Negative side force ............................................................................................. 10-8
Figure 10-8 Comparison of sideforces on single and two stabilizer BHAs ........................... 10-9
Figure 10-9 Buildup BHA using two stabilizers.................................................................... 10-9
Figure 10-10 Effect of WOB increase on sideforce. ............................................................ 10-10
Figure 10-11 Inclination v sideforce for 3 BHAs................................................................. 10-10
Figure 10-12 Increase of side force with addition of one stabilizer..................................... 10-11
Figure 10-13 Undergauge near bit stabilizer........................................................................ 10-12
Figure 10-14 Undergauge second stabilizer......................................................................... 10-12
Figure 10-15 Effect of hole washout on side force .............................................................. 10-13
Figure 10-16 BHAs for building inclination ........................................................................ 10-14
Figure 10-17 BHAs for maintaining inclination .................................................................. 10-15
Figure 10-18 Typical locked up BHA for 12-1/4 in. hole.................................................... 10-15
Figure 10-19 BHAs for dropping inclination....................................................................... 10-16
Figure 10-20 Semidrop BHA ............................................................................................... 10-17
Figure 10-21 Typical jetting BHA ....................................................................................... 10-18
Figure 10-22 Example of a Gilligan BHA ........................................................................... 10-19

List of Tables Page

Table 10-1 Modulus of elasticity ........................................................................................... 10-5

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10 Bottom Hole Assemblies

About this chapter
The design of the rotary bottom hole assembly (BHA) is, together with orientation, the
most critical part of the DD job. Minimizing trips for BHA changes is the objective of
every client. They all want to "make hole" and drill a usable hole to TD as soon as
possible. A DD’s reputation depends, to a large extent, on the judgment and "feel" he has
for choosing the appropriate BHA for a given situation.
This chapter is meant to be an introduction to BHA principles, concepts and design. It is
not meant to be a theoretical approach to the subject. The objective is to give broad
guide-lines in selecting BHAs. Deciding on the changes to be made to a BHA (e.g. not
over-reacting to unexpected BHA tendencies) is often more difficult than in selecting the
basic BHA.
It is important that the DD keep an open mind about BHA design. A DD may think he’s
got his BHAs all figured out until he moves to a new area. He may be baffled to find that
few or none of his previous BHAs work as expected. This is understandable. As long as
the "learning curve" is short, the client will not complain. Finally, keeping accurate,
comprehensive records of BHA performance is vital. When a "new" DD arrives in an
area, the only aid he has in selecting the BHAs is the performance of previous wells.
There is no excuse for a DD departing the rig not to leave proper hand-over BHA
performance records to his relief. Steerable BHAs are covered in Chapter 7.

Objectives of this Chapter

On completing this chapter the directional driller should be able to do the following
exercises:
1. Describe the minimum number of BHA changes needed in
• a slant directional well.
• an "S"-type directional well.
Assume only conventional (non-steerable) PDMs are available.
2. Describe what is meant by
• bit side force.
• fulcrum effect.
• pendulum effect.
3. Explain the effect of drill collar stiffness in BHA design.
4. Explain why it is advisable to minimize the number of DCs and stabilizers in a
directional BHA.
5. Describe the effect of an undergauge near-bit stabilizer in
• drop-off BHAs.
• build-up BHAs.
6. Show why an undergauge second stabilizer is often used in a locked BHA.

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

7. Describe the effect of hole washout (erosion) on BHA behavior in soft formations.
Show how it can be overcome.
8. Describe the effect drilling parameters have on inclination and direction with each
type of BHA.
9. Explain why it is advisable to take frequent surveys, particularly in the build-up and
drop-off phases) when an MWD tool is available.
10. Give examples of typical BHAs designed to build and drop inclination at various
rates.
11. Give an example of a Gilligan BHA. Describe its possible uses.

10.1 Rotary BHA

Before the advent of MWD tools and/or steerable motors, the “classic" approach to a
typical DD job (e.g. kickoff point in 17 1/2" hole) was as follows:
1. One or more rotary BHAs (typically in 36" and 26" hole sizes) were used to drill the
top hole section. A 17-1/2" rotary BHA was used to drill out the 20" casing shoe and
drill down to the kickoff point. The well would normally be planned to have
sufficient open hole from the 20" casing to the kickoff point to eliminate the
possibility of magnetic interference when kicking off.
2. A bit (17 1/2" or smaller) / mud motor / bent sub combination was RIH. Magnetic
(or, where necessary gyro) single-shot surveys were taken at short intervals. Hole
inclination was built to 8° in hard formation and typically +/- 15° in softer formation.
Having achieved the required hole azimuth (lead angle taken into account), this BHA
was then POOH.
3. A rotary build BHA was RIH. The inclination was built up close to the required
maximum angle on the well plan. By controlling the drilling parameters (particularly
WOB and RPM) every effort was made to hold the well azimuth on course. This
BHA was then POOH.
4. A rotary lockup BHA was then RIH. In a slant well, the normal objective was to hold
the inclination until the next casing point. Small variations in inclination were
permissible. Again, drilling parameters were varied as deemed necessary. Because
the BHA was “stiff”, in theory it gave the best possibility of keeping the well
azimuth within the prescribed limits.
From the above scenario, it is clear that several trips were required for BHA changes
(even assuming that the well behaved perfectly from a DD standpoint). When directional
problems occurred (unpredictable BHA behavior), several days were often lost. Even
worse, a "crooked hole" occasionally resulted.
MWD surveys meant that the DD had more control over survey intervals. It became
common to survey every single in the kickoff and buildup phases. Even better, in soft
formation it became possible to build up to the required maximum angle (even up to +/-
50° inclination) with the bit/mud motor/ bent sub/ MWD combination, provided hole
friction did not become excessive. This eliminated one round trip.
The arrival of steerable motors meant that a complete hole phase became possible using
a single BHA which included a bit steerable motor/ string stabilizer/ MWD combination.
BHAs of this type are covered in Chapter 11.

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The significant extra cost incurred from using the steerable motor was counteracted by
the savings in trip time and the rig convenience and reduced wear on the drillstring.
The comparison of the steerable and “classic" BHAs, however, is more complex than the
above. In certain areas, steerable BHAs are indeed the most cost-effective for the client.
However, there are also many areas where the conventional approach is actually cheaper.
In addition, the hole condition is usually better (less friction) where more than one round
trip is made. Case studies which compare the two types of BHA (conventional rotary
versus steerable) have been made for DSE projects. They illustrate the above.
Which approach do we recommend to the client? Often the client has a preference for
one or the other. A cost/benefit analysis should be made where possible. Use of steerable
motors means more revenue for ANADRILL than use of straight motor/ bent sub.
However, ultimately the cost to the client is the determining factor. Finally, it is common
practice to have conventional mud motors and bent subs on rigs where steerable motors
are used. They are there as a backup. Their rental cost is relatively cheap.
The arrival of surface-adjustable and downhole-adjustable bent housings has made
steerable motors more versatile. The DD is no longer “caught-out" if the desired dog-leg
severity is not achieved by a particular bent housing. However, there will continue to be
applications where the straight-housing motor/ bent sub will be preferred on cost grounds
e.g. sidetracks.

10.1.1 Rotary BHA Theory

Once the initial deflection and direction of the well (i.e. the kickoff) has been achieved
by the bit/ mud motor/ bent sub, the remainder of the well (apart from correction runs) is
drilled using conventional rotary drilling techniques.

10.1.1.1Principles of the Rotary BHA

The BHA affects the wellbore trajectory. The design of BHA can vary from very simple
(bit, drill collars, drillpipe) to a complicated hookup (bit, shock sub, roller reamers,
stabilizers, non-magnetic drill collars, steel drill collars, crossover subs, extension subs,
jars, heavy weight drillpipe and drillpipe). Figure 10-1 illustrates the two extremes.

Regular Drill
Pipe
Heavy Weight
Drillpipe Drill Pipe(s)
Drilling Jars

Smaller Drill
Collars

Crossover Sub to
Smaller Drill Collars

Measurement While
Drilling (MWD) Tool
Stabilizer

Collars Nonmagnetic Drill

Collar
Roller Reamer

Bit Shock Sub

Near Bit Stabilizer

Slick B.H.A.

Packed-Hole B.H.A.

Figure 10-1 Slick and packed hole BHAs

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.1.1.2Side Force
All BHAs cause a side force at the bit (Figure 10-2) that leads to an increase in hole
inclination (positive side force - Fulcrum effect), no change in inclination (zero net side
force - Lockup BHA) or a drop in inclination (negative side force - Pendulum effect). In
addition, changes in hole direction (bitwalk) may be either minimized or increased by
specific rotary BHAs and drilling parameters.

WOB

a
WOB

Build Force or
Positive Side Force
Negative Side Force
or Pendulum Force

Figure 10-2 BHA side forces

10.1.1.3Stiffness
Most drilling components used in a BHA (e.g. drill collars) can be treated as hollow
cylinders (Figure 10-3). Their stiffness can be easily calculated.

Inside Diameter
of Drill Collar

Outside Diameter
of Drill Collar

ID
OD

Moment of Inertia
for Round Drill Collars

Figure 10-3 BHA as a hollow cylinder

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Stiffness Coefficient = E × I
where
E = Young’s Modulus (lb/in2)
I = Moment of Inertia (in4)

Moment of Inertia I = π ( OD4 - ID4) ÷ 64

where
OD = outside diameter
ID = inside diameter.
Stiffness coefficient is a measure of component rigidity. A table of Young’s Modulus
values for various materials is given in Table 10-1. Note how limber aluminum is and
how rigid tungsten is compared to alloy steel, e.g., determine stiffness of a steel drill
collar having:
a. OD = 8" and ID = 2-13/16"
Solution

E × I = 30.0 × 106 × π × (8.04 -2.81254) ÷ 64

= 5.9397 × 109
b. OD = 7” and ID = 2-13/16"
Solution

E × I = 30.0 × 106 × π × (7.04-2.81254) ÷ 64

= 3.444 × 109
In this case, a reduction in O.D. of 12.5% (for the same I.D.) results in a reduction in
stiffness of 42%!
It is important to take drill collar stiffness into account when designing BHAs. Where an
MWD tool is to be used close to the bit, it is absolutely essential to know the stiffness of
the MWD collar. Otherwise, dogleg severity achieved may differ greatly from what was
expected.
Table 10-1 Modulus of elasticity
2
Material Used In lb/in
6
Alloy steel Drill pipe 30.0 X10
6
Drill collars 30.0 x 10
6
Aluminum Drill pipe 10.5 x 10
6
Drill collars 10.5 x 10
6
Monel Non-magnetic collars 26.0 x 10
6
Stainless steel Non-magnetic collars 28.0 x 10
6
Tungsten carbide Bit inserts 87.0 x 10
6
Tungsten Collars 51.5 x 10

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.1.2 Slick Assembly

The simplest type of BHA (bit, drill collars, drillpipe) is shown in Figure 10-4.

Tangency Point

Tangency Point

L
W W- D W

L- D L

H = Negative Side Force

WOB Increased H- D H
H WOB

Figure 10-4 Pendulum force and weight on bit

With zero weight on bit, a negative side force (pendulum force) only applies.
The maximum pendulum force at the bit is given by:

H = (Wc.L.BC.sinI) ÷ 2
where:
L = Tangency length
BC = Buoyancy Factor
Wc = Weight of collars in air (lbs/ft)
I = Inclination
The greater the hole inclination, the higher the pendulum force.
If we apply an axial load (weight on bit), a positive (bending) force is introduced. The
tangency point moves closer to the bit. The pendulum force is thus reduced. A condition
of zero net side force is achieved at some point.
If we use stiffer drill collars, a larger pendulum force results. A higher weight on bit
must be used to achieve a balanced condition. It may not even be possible.
It is obvious that the uncertainty (lack of control) when using a slick assembly leads to
unpredictable results. Thus, this type of BHA is not used in deviated wells.

10.1.3 Single stabilizer BHAs

An easy way to control the tangency point is to insert a stabilizer in the BHA (Figure 10-
5). If the stabilizer is far enough back from the bit, it has no effect on BHA behavior.
However, if the stabilizer is moved closer to the bit, the tangency point changes. The
collar(s) between the bit and stabilizer bend when a certain weight on bit is applied. A
point is reached where maximum negative (pendulum) side force occurs. Moving the
stabilizer closer to the bit reduces the pendulum force.

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Eventually, a point is reached where zero side force occurs. Moving the stabilizer further
down gives a positive side force. The collar directly above the stabilizer bends when
weight is applied. The stabilizer forces the bit towards the high side of the hole. This is
called the fulcrum effect. Increases in weight on bit (up to a certain point) lead to
increased buildup rate.

Tangency

L
2

M M = Moment of Inertia

L
1

H
WOB

Figure 10-5 Single stabilizer BHA

The more limber the collar directly above the near-bit stabilizer, the greater the buildup
rate. The smaller the O.D. of the collar directly above the near-bit, the closer to the bit
the contact point becomes. Thus, a higher positive side force is achieved.
Single-stabilizer buildup BHAs are not normally used. Under no circumstances should a
single stabilizer be run if, later in the hole, multi-stabilizer BHAs are to be run. More
predictable BHA behavior and better hole condition results from using two or more
stabilizers in every BHA.

10.1.4 Two stabilizer BHAs

The simplest multi-stabilizer BHA has a near-bit stabilizer (3’-6’ from the bit to the
leading edge of the stabilizer blade) and a second stabilizer at some distance above this
(Figure 10-6).

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Tangency

L
3

2
M
M , M = Moments of Inertia
1 2

L
2

1
M

L
1

H
WOB

Figure 10-6 Two stabilizer BHA

For a given weight on bit, the distance from bit to first stabilizer (L1) and between the
stabilizers (L2) determines the tangency point.
If tangency occurs between the bit and the bottom stabilizer, negative side force results
(Figure 10-7).

90 ft.

70 ft.

50 ft.

30 ft.

S.F=-171 lb S.F=-249 lb S.F=-295 lb S.F=-210 lb

Figure 10-7 Negative side force

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

A comparison of side force values for a single-stabilizer pendulum BHA versus a

two-stabilizer pendulum BHA is seen in Figure 10-8. The second stabilizer increases the
negative side force by reducing the effect of the positive building force.

-400

60'
-500

60' 30'

-600

-700
10 20 30 40 50 60
Weight on Bit, 1000 lb

Figure 10-8 Comparison of sideforces on single and two stabilizer BHAs

Figure 10-9 shows a two-stabilizer 90’ buildup BHA in which tangency occurs between
the two stabilizers. Various bit and collar sizes are shown, together with the bit side
forces achieved for WOB = 30,000 lbs. in each case.

9-1/2" 8" 7" 6"

Collars Collars Collars Collars

14-3/4" 12-1/4" 9-7/8" 8-1/2"

Bit Bit Bit Bit
S.F.=814 lb S.F.=1521 lb S.F.=2587 lb S.F.=3343 lb

Figure 10-9 Buildup BHA using two stabilizers

Figure 10-10 shows the effect of increasing weight on bit. In practice, weight on bit is
one of the most important ways the DD has of controlling buildup rate.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-9

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

70 ft

S.F.=855 lb S.F.=962 lb S.F.=1,002 lb

20,000 lb WOB 30,000 lb WOB 40,000 lb WOB

Figure 10-10 Effect of WOB increase on sideforce

Reaming in soft formation (and flow rate) has a significant effect.

10.1.5 Multi-stabilizer BHAs

Addition of a third stabilizer at 30’ above the original top stabilizer has a significant
effect on the response of a building BHA. Figure 10-11 is a plot of inclination versus
side force at the bit for three 2-stabilizer BHAs. Figure 10-12 shows how the use of a
third stabilizer increases the side force.

12.25" hole, 10-lb/gal mud

2.25" x 8" collars
25,000 lb collars
10,000
90' 300'
9,000

8,000
60' 300'
7,000
Bit Side F orce, lb

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000
45' 300'
2,000

1,000

0
-500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Inclination, degrees

Figure 10-11 Inclination v sideforce for 3 BHAs

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

12.25" hole, 10-lb/gal mud

2.25" x 8" collars
10˚ inclination

2,800
60' 30' 300'
2,600

2,400

Bit Side F orce, lb

2,200
60' 60' 300'
2,000

1,800
45' 30' 300'
1,600

1,400

1,200
45' 60' 300'
1,000

800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Inclination, degrees

Figure 10-12 Increase of side force with addition of one stabilizer

In lock-up BHAs, use of the third stabilizer is essential. Otherwise, BHA behavior is
erratic and unpredictable.
However, in drop-off (pendulum) BHAs, two-stabilizer BHAs are normally sufficient. A
third stabilizer would have negligible effect in most cases.
Unless absolutely necessary (e.g. differential sticking problems), it is advisable to limit
the number of stabilizers in any BHA to three. It helps keep rotary torque within
acceptable limits and reduces mechanical wear on the hole. This is the approach in most
locations worldwide.

10.1.5.1Undergauge Near-bit Stabilizer

If the near-bit stabilizer is undergauge (Figure 10-13), a loss of bit side force results.
With a buildup BHA, rate of buildup is thus reduced. With a lockup BHA, a drop in
inclination results.
The more undergauge, the greater the effect. In drop-off BHAs, use of an undergauge
near-bit stabilizer is recommended (where economics permit) in "S" wells at the start of
the drop-off.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-11

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

FG

30' FG

FG 30'

FG
30'

10'

UG UG

Figure 10-13 Undergauge near bit stabilizer

10.1.5.2Undergauge Second Stabilizer

If the second stabilizer is undergauge (Figure 10-14), it becomes easier to get a tangency
point below it. It becomes easier to build angle. The more undergauge, the greater the
effect.

FG

30' FG

UG 30'

UG
30'

10'

FG FG

Figure 10-14 Undergauge second stabilizer

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

In holding (locked) BHAs, an undergauge second stabilizer is usually deliberately

included in the BHA. The objective is to reach a condition of zero net side force at the
bit.

10.1.5.3Hole Washout
In soft formations, hole erosion occurs due to high annular velocities (Figure 10-15).
Attempts at holding or building inclination are more difficult (impossible to keep
sufficient weight on bit).
In very soft formation, it may be necessary to use a lower flow rate while drilling but
wash through each stand/single at full flow rate before making the connection. If this
does not solve the problem, a round trip for a more limber bottom collar ("gilligan"
BHA) may be necessary. If this is not acceptable, a motor run may be required. It’s
important for the DD to ensure he is not so far behind the program" due to slow buildup
rate that a plug back and sidetrack is required.

Side Force at
Hole Diameter
Stabilizer F 3
D1
Dynamic
Drilling
Assembly

Static Hole Diameter

Assembly D2

Well Bore Size

Increased by
Stabilizer Cutting
Side Force at
Hole Stabilizer F 2
Diameter
D1 Side Force While
Drilling Causes
Elliptical Hole
Side Force at
Bit F 1

Axial
Weight
Top Hole Diameter
View D1 Initial
D Gauge
1 Hole
Net Side
D
2 Force Drcreases

Figure 10-15 Effect of hole washout on side force

Sometimes it may be necessary to drill a pilot hole first and follow up with a hole
opener/under-reamer. Let us examine typical BHAs designed to build, hold or drop. It is
important to note that these are only guidelines. Experience in a particular field/area will
help the DD in “fine-tuning" the BHA.

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.1.6 BHAs for building Inclination

Figure 10-16 shows examples of commonly used BHAs for building inclination. Rates of
build of the order of 5°/100' and higher are possible with BHA No. 9, depending on the
geology, inclination, hole diameter, collar diameter and drilling parameters.

Highest
Building 90' 30'
(9)
Response
90'
(8)

(7)

50'-75' 30'
(6)

50'-75'
(5)

30'-50' 30'
(4)

30' 30'
(3)
UG
30'
(2)

30' 30'
(1)

Figure 10-16 BHAs for building inclination

BHA No. 3 is used as a slight-to-medium building assembly, depending on how much

undergauge the middle stabilizer is and how responsive to weight the BHA is. For any
buildup BHA, the near-bit stabilizer has to be close to full gauge. The smaller the hole
size, the more critical this becomes.
The rate of increase in inclination (buildup rate, in °/100') is very important. The safe
maximum is about 5°/100'). If the rate of curvature of the wellbore is high and it occurs
at a shallow depth, key seats may form in the curve as we drill ahead. If the curve is
cased, the casing may become worn through as the lower part of the hole is drilled. This
wear is caused by the pipe rotating in tension past the area of high curvature (Chapter
13). Several clients will set a dogleg severity maximum of 3°/100' (or even less).
It's important to be aware of the client's acceptable limit for buildup rate. The effective
stiffness of a drill collar increases as RPM is increased. This leads to a reduced buildup
rate.
As hole inclination increases, it becomes easier to build angle. Thus, where MWD is
available, it is advisable to survey every single during the buildup phase. This allows the
DD to avoid unnecessary and unwanted doglegs. Weight on bit may need to be reduced
and/or reaming initiated where such an acceleration in buildup rate occurs.
It is common practice to use the minimum number of drill collars in the BHA. Two
stands of collars is typical. The remaining weight on bit is got from heavyweight
drillpipe. A weight calculation (Chapter 11) must be made at the BHA design stage
(taking into account hole inclination, buoyancy factor, drilling jar position and safety
factor). On no account should the drillpipe be run in compression in a normal directional
well.

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.1.7 BHAs for maintaining Inclination

In order to keep the hole inclination within a small "window" (a so-called lockup
situation), a condition of zero net side force on the bit has to be aimed for. This type of
BHA must be stiff. The stiffness of the BHA also helps to control bit "walk".
In practice, slight changes in hole inclination often occur even with a good choice of
locked BHA. However, the objective is to get a complete bit run without needing to
POOH for a BHA change. Experience in a location should give the DD the data for
fine-tuning the BHA.
Figure 10-17 gives some typical lockup BHAs.

15'-20' 30' 30'

(7)

5'-20' 30' 30'

(6)
UG
12'-15'
30' 30' 30'
(5)

12'-15'
30' 30'
(4)

12'-15'
30'
(3)

5'-12'
30' 30'
(2)

30' 30' 30'

(1)

(2) Can Vary From Positive to Negative Tendency

(1) Special Holding BHA to Achieve Positive Tendency

Figure 10-17 BHAs for maintaining inclination

A typical lockup BHA for 12-1/4" hole at 30° inclination is shown in Figure 10-18. If a
slight build is called for (semi-build BHA), the second stabilizer should be reduced in
gauge - typically down to 12".

12 1/4"
12'-15' 30' 8" D.C. HWDP
8" SDC 8" NMDC
FG UG FG
(12 1/8")

Figure 10-18 Typical locked up BHA for 12-1/4 in. hole

The DD would be well advised to have at his disposal a range of undergauge stabilizers
from 11-1/2" up to 12-1/8" in increments of 1/8".
BHA No. 1 in Figure 10-17 can have either a building or a dropping tendency. This BHA
using 8" collars in 17-1/2" hole in soft formation may barely hold inclination. However,
using the same BHA and collars in 12-1/4" hole may lead to a significant buildup rate
(0.5°-1.0°/100').

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

The response of this type of BHA is determined by the following factors:

1. Hole size.
2. Distance between the near-bit and lower string stabilizers.
3. Stiffness of the collar directly above the near-bit.
4. Gauge of the stabilizers.
5. Formation effects.
6. Drilling parameters.
To summarize, reducing the gauge of the second stabilizer gives the same result as
leaving the stabilizer alone but increasing the distance between it and the near-bit by a
certain amount. However, for directional control purposes, the former approach is better.
Lockup BHAs account for the biggest percentage of hole drilled in deviated wells. Thus,
the DD’s judgment and expertise in BHA selection is vital in saving trips.

10.1.8 BHAs for Dropping Inclination

A selection of common dropping assemblies is listed in Figure 10-19.

Maximum
Dropping (7) 75'-90' 30'
BHA
75'-90'
(6)

60'-75' 30'
(5)

60'-75'
(4)

30'-60' 30'
(3)

30'-60'
(2)

Special 30'-75' 30'

(1)
Dropping UG
BHA

Figure 10-19 BHAs for dropping inclination

BHA No. 5 (60' pendulum) is the most common where a high drop-off rate (1.5°-4°/100')
is needed, i.e., in "S"-type directional wells. However, “S"-type wells are normally
planned to have a drop-off rate of 1°- 2°/100'. This is in order to avoid keyseats and
excessive wear on the drilling tubulars. Thus, a common approach is to start the drop-off
earlier than the program with a less-aggressive BHA incorporating an undergauge
near-bit stabilizer (a modification of BHA No. 1). A drop-off rate of about 1°-1.5°/100' is
often achievable with such a BHA. When the inclination has fallen to about 15° (at
which point the gravity force is much less), a round trip is made. BHA No. 5 is then
used to drill to TD. This plan should, however, be discussed with the client before the
job starts. An "extra" trip is involved.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-16

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Rate of drop-off usually slows significantly below 8°-10° inclination. When the
inclination falls to 2°, the well is considered vertical. However, the inclination should
continue to be monitored, to ensure it does not start to increase again. It's advisable to
ream each connection.
There is very little control over hole direction when using a pendulum BHA. Sometimes
the well walks excessively when using a tricone bit during the drop-off. The DD should
thus have some tolerance available in hole direction when he starts the drop-off. RPM
should be kept high (this also helps the drop-off rate).
A lock-up BHA incorporating an undergauge near-bit (Figure 10-20) is known as a
semi-drop BHA. This type of BHA is often used in slant wells where the DD is "above
the line" and wants to drop into the target with a nice slow drop-off rate (typically
0.1°-0.5°/100'). The drop-off rate achieved is determined by how much undergauge the
near-bit is. Part of the art of the DD is to choose the correct stabilizer gauge in a given
situation. Experience from offset wells is indispensable.

12 1/4"
15' 30' 8" D.C. HWDP
8" SDC 8" NMDC
UG FG FG
(12 1/16")

Figure 10-20 Semidrop BHA

10.1.9 Special BHAs

Tandem Stabilizers It's fairly common to run a string stabilizer directly above the
near-bit. This is normally for directional control purposes. An alternative is to run a
near-bit with a longer gauge area (greater wall contact).
High rotary torque may result in either case. It is dangerous to run tandem stabilizers
directly after a more limber BHA. It's advisable to ream to bottom at the first indication
of the bit "taking weight".
Because of the increased stiffness of a tandem stabilizer, it's normally necessary to
increase the spacing between it and the next stabilizer, compared to when a standard
near-bit stabilizer is used.
Roller Reamers In medium/hard formation where rotary torque is excessive, it may be
necessary to dispense with some or all of the stabilizers in the BHA. Roller reamers are a
good alternative. However, while they are relatively easy to rotate, they behave
differently to stabilizers from a directional viewpoint. As a rule, they have a tendency to
drop angle. Thus, the spacing between the near-bit roller reamer and the lower string
roller reamer/stabilizer has to be greater than in the conventional lock-up using
stabilizers only. The exact spacing should come from experience in the area.
A tandem near-bit roller reamer/string stabilizer combination is another alternative. It's
important to check the condition of the roller reamers after each run and replace the
cutters/pins/blocks as required.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-17

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Jetting BHA In very soft formation, jetting is an easy and cost-effective way to kick off a
well. Jetting is perfectly compatible with MWD. Although some "spudding" of the
drillstring is normally required, the shock loading on the MWD tool is not excessive
(formation is soft).
Jetting has the advantage that the well can be kicked off along the required direction and
the inclination built up all the way to maximum angle in one run.
Another application of jetting is "nudging" a well on a multiwell platform. Where
insufficient/imprecise survey information is available for surrounding wells, jetting is a
safer anti-collision approach than using a mud motor.
As mentioned previously, a jetting BHA is a modified buildup BHA. Aligning the key of
the mule shoe sleeve directly above the center of the large open nozzle (where two
blanks are used) or above the center of the two large nozzles (where one blank is used) is
the basic difference.
A typical jetting BHA used to kickoff in 17-1/2" hole at a shallow depth (e.g. 500’) in
soft formation is shown in Figure 10-21.

Nozzles (28,0,0)
17 1/2"
90' 30' 240' X/O HWDP
D.C. D.C.
FG FG FG
(UBHO+NMDC's+D.C.)

Figure 10-21 Typical jetting BHA

Precautions to be taken when running a jetting BHA:

1. Plan the job! Pick up enough drill collars in the BHA (kickoff point is shallow) to
allow sufficient BHA weight for spudding/slacking off as required. Ensure that the
driller does not spud with more weight than you have available. Otherwise, a bent
kelly/string will result (not a good situation!). It’s advisable to have 12x8" drill
collars and 30x5" HWDP in the string when doing a jetting job. Account for
inclination etc. in your available WOB calculation as you pick up drill collars and
HWDP.
2. Do not run drilling jars in the jetting BHA.
3. Do not jet too long an interval! Check dogleg severity on each single.
Decrease/increase jetted interval as required. Wipe out excessive doglegs by
reaming/washing and re-surveying. A good guideline is to jet 5’ and drill the
remainder of each of the first 2 singles. Check the resulting dogleg severity.
Straight-hole BHAs Several years ago, a 60’ Pendulum BHA was most often used to
control deviation in vertical wells. This approach is still used in some areas which do not
have severe formation dip. However, if high weight on bit is applied with such a BHA,
the bit may be "kicked off" and a crooked hole will result.
Now, a stiff (packed-hole) BHA is preferred. It gives a much better possibility of giving
a near-vertical hole. If, due to severe formation effects, the hole becomes crooked, it may
be necessary to run a mud motor or a Pendulum BHA (with low WOB and high RPM), to
get the well back to vertical before re-running the stiff BHA.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-18

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

Gilligan BHAs A "Gilligan" BHA is a flexible buildup BHA designed for certain
specific applications where high buildup rates are required, e.g. in a conventional DD job
when we're far “below the line" on the directional plot - probably also with significantly
less inclination than needed at that point; in horizontal drilling - use of rotary buildup is
faster and easier in the buildup phase (less hole friction) for the DD than using a mud
motor - provided hole direction can be corrected later using a steerable motor.
Buildup rates of the order of 6°-11°/100' are possible, depending on the flexibility of the
tubular component (flexible collar, heavyweight or even drillpipe) directly above the
near-bit stabilizer. It's vital to take surveys at close intervals to “track" the buildup rate
achieved. Again, as hole inclination increases, buildup rate increases.
It was quite common before the advent of mud motors to use a type of gilligan BHA to
perform a “blind” sidetrack (vertical well) by “bouncing off” the cement plug.
This would include a flexible joint (e.g. heavyweight) directly above the bit. Because of
its crude nature and high dog-leg severity induced, this latter application for a gilligan
BHA is seldom, if ever, seen. However, gilligan BHAs are still used in other
applications. An example of a gilligan BHA is given in Figure 10-22.

FG

30' 8" D.C.

FG/UG

8" O.D.
30' Steel D.C.

8" O.D.
30' NMDC

6 1/2" O.D.
30' NMDC

FG

12 1/4"

Figure 10-22 Example of a Gilligan BHA

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-19

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.2 Common BHA Problems

10.2.1 Formation Effects
It often happens that when a certain TVD is reached, BHA behavior changes
significantly e.g. A BHA which held inclination down to 5,000’ may start to drop angle.
Why? Assuming that the near-bit has not gone undergauge, it’s probably due to formation
effects (change in formation, change in dip or strike of the formation etc.). It’s vital to
keep a good database and try to anticipate the problem for the following well.
Abrasive formations pose problems for the DD. Ensure the bit has good gauge
protection. Use stabilizers with good abrasion resistance, e.g. geothermal dressing or
pressed-in TCIs. Check the gauge of the stabilizers when POOH. Watch out for a groove
cut on the leading edge of stabilizers - indication of need to change out the stabilizer.
When it’s difficult to drop inclination, sometimes a larger O.D. drill collar is used as the
lower part of the pendulum. Another possibility is the use of a tungsten short collar - the
concentration of the same weight into a much shorter element should give a more
effective pendulum side force.

10.2.2 Worn Bits

In a long hole section in soft formation interbedded with hard stringers, the long-toothed
bit may get worn. ROP will fall sharply. Net side force will decrease due to stabilizers
undercutting the hole.
Thus, a BHA which had been holding inclination up to that point will start to drop angle.
However, if the survey point is significantly behind the bit, this decrease in angle will
not be seen in time. If the worn teeth are misinterpreted as a balled-up bit and continued
lengthy efforts made to drill further, serious damage may be done to the hole. It has
happened that a drop in inclination of 6 (with a severe dogleg severity) has happened in
this situation. In addition, a bit having worn teeth has a tendency to lose direction. Thus,
it is important to POOH a worn bit in such a situation.

10.2.3 Accidental Sidetrack

In soft formation, where a multi-stabilizer BHA (either Buildup or Lockup) is run
immediately after a mud motor/bent sub kickoff run, great care must be taken.
Circulation should be broken just before the kickoff point. The BHA should be
washed/worked down, using full flow rate. The DD must be on the drill floor while this
is happening. Try to work through tight spots. If string rotation is absolutely necessary,
keep RPM low and cut rotating time to the absolute minimum. The risk of sidetracking
the well (with subsequent expensive plug-back and redrill) is high. Several kickoffs have
been lost in various parts of the world by carelessness on the part of the DD.
Where the kickoff is done in a pilot hole in soft formation, an under-reamer or hole
opener is used to open the hole prior to running casing. Again, to avoid an unwanted
sidetrack, a bull-nose (not a bit) and possibly an extension sub/short collar should be run
below the under-reamer/hole opener.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-20

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.2.4 Pinched Bit

In hard formation, it’s especially important to check each bit for gauge wear etc. when it’s
POOH. When RIH with a new bit and/or BHA, it’s imperative that the driller start
reaming at the first sign of under-gauge hole (string taking weight). If he tries to “cram"
the bit to bottom, it will become “pinched". Bit life will be very short.

10.2.5 Differential Sticking

Where differential sticking is a problem, more than three stabilizers may be run in an
effort to minimize wall contact with the drill collars. However, the distance between
these “extra" stabilizers normally has to be such that they have little effect. They only
lead to increased rotary torque.
It is vital to minimize time taken for surveys (even with MWD) in a potential differential
sticking area.

10.2.6 Drilling Parameters

High rotary/top drive RPM acts to stiffen the string. Thus, for directional control, if
possible, high RPM should be used during the rotary buildup phase, when the BHA is
most limber. However, it's vital to check with MWD engineer for acceptable range of
RPM (to avoid resonance). On a new job the rig specifications (particularly mud pumps
and drawworks) should be checked with the toolpusher.
Typical values in 17-1/2" hole during rotary build/lock phases with a milled- tooth bit
would be 160-170 RPM. The rotary transmission would normally have to be put into
high gear. In 12-1/4" hole, RPM is normally less (e.g. 100-140), due to bit life and other
factors.
Conversely, to induce right-hand walk, it's recommended to slow the RPM (if the hole
direction allows). Weight on bit may be simultaneously increased, if the hole inclination
allows.
PDC bits normally have a tendency to walk left. This should be allowed for when
planning the lead angle at the pre-kickoff stage. Again, experience in the area has to be
used in making this decision.
To increase rate of buildup, increase the weight on bit. This is normally the case.
However, when the WOB reaches a certain value, reverse bending may occur when using
a flexible buildup BHA (e.g. 90' between near-bit and bottom string stabilizers).
Suggested maximum value of WOB for 17 1/2" hole is 55,000 lbs. If inclination is not
building enough at this WOB, it's very unlikely that increasing the WOB will improve
the situation. Look to hydraulics or possibly POOH for a more limber hook-up.
It's vital that the DD observe the buildup rate carefully. Drilling parameters normally
have to be changed very often (typically after every survey). With MOOD, there's no
excuse for not keeping close control of buildup rate. The client normally will not
complain about the DD taking too many surveys. He will complain if the well goes off
course due to insufficient control by the DD!

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 Bottom Hole Assemblies

10.3 BHA Equipment and Tools

It’s the responsibility of the DD to ensure that everything needed (within reason) for
future BHAs is available on the rig. This applies regardless of whether the tools come
from ANADRILL, the client or a third party. As stated in the DD UOP, the DD must
check all the directional equipment thoroughly on arrival at the rigsite. Additional
equipment must be ordered with plenty of lead time. Sufficient backup of motors, bent
subs, etc., should be at the wellsite.
For rotary BHAs, following are some suggestions:
1. A selection of stabilizers (normally a combination of sleeve- type and integral blade
design for 17-1/2" and smaller hole sizes) with 360 wall coverage should be
available.
2. Short drill collars are a vital component of a lockup BHA. If possible, a selection of
short collars (e.g. 5’, 10’ and 15) should be available. In addition, in a well where
magnetic interference from the drill-string (mud motor) is expected to be a problem
during the buildup phase, non-magnetic (rather than steel) short collars should be
provided
3. Check that the rig has sufficient drill collars and HWDP available.
4. Check that the client has sufficient bit nozzles of each size (including what’s needed
when running a mud motor).
5. Have at least one spare non-magnetic drill collar of each size. As NMDCs are more
prone to galling, damaged collars should be returned to the shop for
re-cutting/re-facing when replacements arrive.
6. Any crossover subs, float subs, bit subs etc. required later must be on the rig.
Think ahead! The DD should be thinking at least one BHA ahead!

10.4 Recap
1. To build inclination, always use a full-gauge nearbit stabilizer.
2. The more limber the bottom collar, the greater the buildup rate achievable.
3. Take frequent surveys (e.g. every single with MWD) during the buildup phase (all
wells) and the drop-off phase ("S"-type wells) in order to react quickly to unexpected
trends.
4. A jetting BHA is a modified buildup BHA. Don’t jet too far! Watch the WOB
available for jetting/spudding.
5. To drop inclination, either use an under-gauge near-bit (semi-drop BHA, for low
drop-off rate) or no near-bit (pendulum BHA, for sharp drop-off rate).
6. A locked BHA which is holding inclination with an under-gauge stabilizer above the
short collar will start to drop inclination if this stabilizer is made full -gauge.
7. In an “S”-type well, try to start the drop-off early using a semi-drop BHA. Change to
a pendulum BHA at, say, 15 inclination.
8. Try not to have to build inclination into the target - better to drop slowly into the
target.

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-22

 Bottom Hole Assemblies

9. Three stabilizers are normally sufficient in a BHA. In pendulum BHAs, two

stabilizers should suffice.
10. Use as few drill collars as possible. Use heavyweight drillpipe as remaining available
weight on bit.
11. Try to use a fairly standard (reasonably predictable) BHA. Do not try any “fancy"
BHAs in a new area. Get some experience in the field first!
12. “Gilligan” BHAs are not standard. Only use one when absolutely necessary.
13. DD should be on the drill floor when washing/working rotary BHA through kickoff
section in soft formation. Avoid sidetracking the well!
14. After a kickoff or correction run in medium and hard formations, ream carefully
through the motor run with the following rotary BHA until hole drag is normal.
15. In hard and/or abrasive formations, gauge stabilizers carefully when POOH. Replace
stabilizers as required. Check the bit. If bit is undergauge, reaming will be required!
Do not let the driller "pinch" the bit in hard formation.
16. Check all DD equipment before and after the job. It's good practice to caliper all the
DD tools and leave list on drill floor for drillers. Watch out for galled shoulders!
17. In potential differential sticking areas, minimize survey time. If using single-shot
surveys, reciprocate pipe. Leave pipe still only for minimum interval required.
18. A BHA which behaves perfectly in one area may act very differently in another area.
Local experience is essential in “fine-tuning" the BHAs!
19. Deciding when to POOH for a BHA change is one of DD's main responsibilities.
Ideally, this should coincide with a trip for bit change.
20. In the tangent section of a well, a BHA change may simply entail changing the sleeve
on the stabilizer directly above the short collar. The trick is - by how much does the
DD change the gauge? Sometimes a change in gauge of 1/16" may lead to a
significant change in BHA behavior!
21. High RPM "stiffens” the BHA- helps to stop walk due to formation tendencies.
22. It's usually easier to build inclination with lower RPM. However, DD may want to
use high RPM during buildup phase (for directional control). WOB is the major
drilling parameter influencing buildup rate.
23. To help initiate right-hand walk, it's advisable to use higher WOB and lower RPM.
24. In soft formation, it may be necessary to reduce mud flow rate to get sufficient WOB
and reduce hole washout. Be careful! Wash each joint/stand at normal (full) flow
rate before making the connection.
25. Reaming is effective in controlling buildup rate in soft formation. It becomes less
effective as formation gets harder. However, even in hard formation, reaming before
each connection helps keep hole drag low.
26. Lower dogleg severity = smoother wellbore = lower friction = lower rotary torque =
less keyseat problems = less wear on tubulars = less problems on trips. All these
things mean a happier client! however, we must hit the target also!

January 1997 Confidential Directional Drilling 10-23