ELecture2015 Note01

1896 1920 1987 2006
Introduction to
Marine Hydrodynamics
(NA235)
Website: http://naocecfd.sjtu.edu.cn/
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
1896 1920 1987 2006
Full English Course(NA235)

Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics
Lecturers：
Xiechong Gu 顾解忡 [email protected]
Lu Zou 邹璐 [email protected]
Francis Noblesse [email protected]
Decheng Wan 万德成 [email protected]
Asistant：
Ping Cheng 程萍 [email protected]
Course Information
1896 1920 1987 2006
Course Code： NA235
Course Homepage: http://naocecfd.sjtu.edu.cn/
The nature of the course: Basis and core curriculum in

the specialized fields of Naval Architecture and Ocean
Engineering
The Periods of the Course: 68 ＝ 64 (Lectures) ＋ 4

(Exercise and Practical Lectures)
Assessment (Scores)： 30% = homework assignment

70% = final examination
Lecture Notes
1896 1920 1987 2006
The lecture notes can be downloaded from

the following website after each lecture.
Website：ftp://public.sjtu.edu.cn
Username：dcwan
Password：2015mhydro
Directory：IntroMHydro2015-LectureNotes
Extended Reading Books
1896 1920 1987 2006
Hydrodynamics, H. Lamb, 6th edition, Cambridge

University Press, 1932
Marine Hydrodynamics, J.N. Newman, MIT Press, 1977
An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, G.R. Batchelor,
Cambridge University Press, 1967
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics，James A. Fay，MIT
Press, 1994
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics， B.R. Munson, D.F.
Young & T.H. Okiishi, Wiley Asia Student Edition, 2005
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Y.A.
Cengel & J.M. Cimbala, McGraw-Hill, 2006
Fluid Mechanics， 5th Ed., F.M.White, McGraw-Hill.
Extended Reading Books
1896 1920 1987 2006
《水动力学基础》，刘岳元、冯铁城、刘应中编，
上海交通大学出版社，1990
《流体力学》，许维德，国防工业出版社，1989
《流体力学》(上、下册)，吴望一，北京大学出版
社，1982
《流体力学》(上、中、下册)，丁祖荣，高等教育
出版社，2003
《流体力学基础》(上、下册)，潘文全等，机械工
业出版社，1982
《流体力学》，易家训著(章克本、张涤明等)，高
等教育出版社，1983
Introduction
Introduction
Fluid mechanics and daily life
Development of fluid mechanics
Methods in fluid mechanics
Scope of fluid mechanics

Introduction

Fluid Mechanics and Daily Life
Fluid mechanics is a theoretical and fundamental

discipline. It covers a vast array of phenomena that occur in
both engineering field and daily life with unlimited practical
applications.
Fluid Mechanics
Chemical Technology
Ocean Engineering
Weather & Climate

Ship Engineering
Bioengineering
Transportation
Aerodynamics
Environment
Hydraulics
Sports
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Propeller
Ship Engineering
Ship Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering
Energy Generation
Energy Generation
Energy Generation
Energy Generation
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics
Hydraulics
Hydraulics
Transportation
Question: drag of a car comes from fore-part or after-part?
The car was invented in late 19th century. At that time people
thought the drag of a car was mainly caused by the collision of the
fore part with the air. Therefore, early cars had a bluff after-part
(rear). It had a large drag coefficient CD , about 0.8
In fact, the drag of a

car results from the
wake behind the car,
called form drag
Transportation
Aerodynamic design of cars has evolved from the early 1930s.
This change in design from a bluff body to a more streamlined
body (the Beetle) reduced the drag coefficient to 0.6.
Transportation
During 1950s-1960s, the car has been improved to a ship-shaped

body, the drag coefficient is about 0.45.
Transportation
With tests in wind tunnels in 1980s, the car was changed to fish-
like shape, the drag coefficient dropped to 0.3.
Transportation
Later, further improvements made the car to be wedge-shaped,

with the drag coefficient about 0.2.
Transportation
After 90's, researchers have developed new cars with only a
0.137 drag coefficient.
Transportation
Transportation
Bridges and Buildings
Nanpu Bridge, Shanghai
Eiffel Tower Oriental Pearl TV Tower
Environment
Environment
sand storm
Weather & Climate
Weather & Climate
Weather & Climate
Weather & Climate
Sports
Swimming
Sports
Sports
valley rafting
Chemical Engineering
Reaction
Biology
whale
Biology
Jellyfish
Biology
A albatross is gliding
Biology
Drosophila
Bioengineering
Introduction

Development of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes' principle
Fluid statics Pascal's principle
Bernoulli equation
Ideal fluid mechanics Euler equation
Newton's law of viscosity, Navier-

Viscous fluid mechanics Stokes equation, Reynolds
experiment, Boundary layer theory
Computational fluid mechanics,

Multiphase fluid mechanics, Multi-
Modern fluid mechanics scale fluid mechanics, Nanofluids
mechanics
The fundamental principles of

hydrostatics were given by Archimedes
(c.287‐c.212 BC) in his work On Floating
Bodies, around 250 BC. He is known for
his formulation of a hydrostatic principle
(known as Archimedes’ principle), which
led to the understanding of the hydro‐
mechanical buoyancy and the stability of
floating bodies. His discoveries remained,
however, without further impact on the
development of fluid mechanics in the
following centuries.
Blaise Pascal (1623‐1662) clarified
principle of transmission of fluid‐
pressure (Pascal's law). He was the
first to formulate the he pressure on
a fluid at rest.
Isaac Newton (1642‐1727) was the greatest

scientist of his era. His book "Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy", first
published in 1687, laid the foundations for most
of classical mechanics.
Problems involving the momentum of fluids
could finally be analyzed after Newton. He was
the first to realize that molecule‐dependent
momentum transport, which he introduced as
flow friction, is proportional to the velocity
gradient and perpendicular to the flow
direction. He introduced the law of viscosity of
the linear fluids (now called Newtonian fluid).
Daniel Bernoulli (1700‐1782) published

his work Hydrodynamica in 1738, which
included the famous equation (known as
the Bernoulli principle) governing the flow
of fluids in terms of speed, pressure, and
potential energy. This equation has
remained the general principle of
hydrodynamics and aerodynamics up to
date.
Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783) is considered

to be the father of fluid mechanics. He
laid the formulas for the continuity
equation, the Laplace velocity potential
equation, and the Euler equations for the
motion of an inviscid incompressible fluid.
He first explained role of pressure in fluid
flow; developed both the differential
equations of motion and their integrated
form.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717‐1783): in 1744, he

derived the acceleration component of a fluid element in
field variables and expressed the hypothesis that a body
circulating in an ideal fluid has no flow resistance. This fact,
known as d’Alembert’s paradox, led to long discussions
concerning the validity of the equations of fluid mechanics,
as the results derived from them did not agree with the
results of experimental investigations.
Joseph de Lagrange (1736‐1813): invented the method

of solving differential equations known as variation of
parameters. He introduced the velocity potential for real
fluid flows, provided that the resultant of the forces
derives from a potential. He also presented the concept of
stream function.
C.‐L.‐M.‐H. Navier (1785‐1836) was the first to derive the differential

equations of motion for an incompressible viscous fluid.
George Gabriel Stokes (1819‐1903): independently discovered these
equations with the assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of a
diffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and a
pressure term ‐ hence describing viscous flow. As this work was in
conjunction with Navier, these equations were named as Navier‐Stokes
Equations.
Navier (French) Stokes (British)

William Froude (1810‐1879) developed the procedures and proved

the value of physical model testing. He established a formula (now
known as the Froude number) by which the results of small‐scale
tests could be used to predict the behavior of full‐sized hulls. His
work on the development of towing tank techniques led to model
investigations on ships.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821‐1894) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

(1824‐1887) studied vortex motion in fluids from experimental
discovery and theoretical analysis, and developed theorems for
vortex dynamics.
Osborne Reynolds (1842‐1912) published

the classic pipe experiment in 1883, which
showed transitioned from laminar flow to
turbulent flow and the importance of the
dimensionless Reynolds number for
dynamic similarity named after him. This
number now is used to characterize the
laminar flow and turbulent flow.
Ludwig Prandtl (1875‐1953) introduced

concept of the boundary layer where the
friction effects are significant and an outer
layer where such effects are negligible. He also
laid the foundations of modern aerodynamic
research. In addition to his important
advances in the theories of supersonic flow
and turbulence, he made notable innovations
in the design of wind tunnels and other
aerodynamic equipment.
He is considered the “Father of modern aerodynamics” and

founder of modern study of aerodynamics.
Theodore von Kármán (1881‐1963) made an

analysis of the alternating double row of
vortices behind a bluff in a fluid stream in 1911‐
1912, now famous as Kármán's Vortex Street. In
1930, he succeeded in deriving a formula for
turbulent skin friction. He also provided major
contributions to theories of turbulence, airfoils
in steady and unsteady flow, boundary layers,
and supersonic aerodynamics.
Hsue‐Shen Tsien (Qian Xuesen) (1911‐2009) :

the father of Chinese rocketry and spaceflight;
was a protege of Theodore von Kármán. In
order to investigate the possibility of realizing
the high‐speed flight with supersonic
airplanes, rockets and guided missiles, he has
made great contributions to research and
development in the fields of Aerodynamics,
Solid Mechanics, Flight Mechanics; and has
founded several new branches in Engineering
Sciences, i.e., Jet Propulsion Science &
Technology,Engineering Cybernetics and
Physical Mechanics, etc.
Pei‐Yuan Chou (1902－1993) : a
renowned theoretical physicist of
China. He made very considerable
scientific contributions to fluid
mechanics and theoretical physics,
especially to turbulence theory and
relativity theory.
Chung‐Hua Wu (1917‐1992) developed the

general theory of steady three‐dimensional
flow for the turbomachinery in two papers
“A general theory of three‐dimensional flow
in subsonic and supersonic turbomachines of
axial‐, radial‐, and mixed‐flow types” (1952)
and “three‐dimensional turbomachine flow
equations expressed with respect to non‐
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates and
methods of solution” (1976), now is still the
main basis of the design for turbomachinery.

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1896 1920 1987 2006

Full English Course(NA235)

Course Code： NA235

Course Homepage: http://naocecfd.sjtu.edu.cn/

The nature of the course: Basis and core curriculum in

The Periods of the Course: 68 ＝ 64 (Lectures) ＋ 4

Assessment (Scores)： 30% = homework assignment

The lecture notes can be downloaded from

Hydrodynamics, H. Lamb, 6th edition, Cambridge

Fluid mechanics and daily life

Development of fluid mechanics

Methods in fluid mechanics

Scope of fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics and daily life

Development of fluid mechanics

Methods in fluid mechanics

Scope of fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics is a theoretical and fundamental

Weather & Climate

In fact, the drag of a

During 1950s-1960s, the car has been improved to a ship-shaped

Later, further improvements made the car to be wedge-shaped,

Fluid mechanics and daily life

Development of fluid mechanics

Methods in fluid mechanics

Scope of fluid mechanics

Newton's law of viscosity, Navier-

Computational fluid mechanics,

The fundamental principles of

Isaac Newton (1642‐1727) was the greatest

Daniel Bernoulli (1700‐1782) published

Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783) is considered

Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717‐1783): in 1744, he

Joseph de Lagrange (1736‐1813): invented the method

C.‐L.‐M.‐H. Navier (1785‐1836) was the first to derive the differential

Navier (French) Stokes (British)

William Froude (1810‐1879) developed the procedures and proved

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821‐1894) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Osborne Reynolds (1842‐1912) published

Ludwig Prandtl (1875‐1953) introduced

He is considered the “Father of modern aerodynamics” and

Theodore von Kármán (1881‐1963) made an

Hsue‐Shen Tsien (Qian Xuesen) (1911‐2009) :

Chung‐Hua Wu (1917‐1992) developed the

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