Identifying the genre of materials viewed

What is Viewing?
Viewing refers to perceiving, examining, and interpreting meaning from visual images. It is classified
according to its purpose and type of information presented. The classification of viewing is called genres
of viewing.

- Materials, which may come as text or video, can be anything which is deliberately used to increase the
learners’ knowledge and/or experience. The purpose of the materials, whether used for educational or
entertainment purposes, is always very important.

What is the purpose of material viewed?

Materials according to purpose

Informational videos or text are meant to inform the viewers. This type of material has an instructive
and educational content that is both shareable and easy to retain. Informative videos are good for
educating your audience about certain topics related to your project or brand.

Entertainment videos or texts are meant to entertain. These are amusing, diverting, enjoyable and
pleasurable materials like movies, clips, feature articles or a comic strip.

Persuasive video or texts can be a highly effective and engaging form of content. It is meant to influence
and encourage the intended audience.

What are the genres of materials and their features?

Genre
- refers to the form of the material defined by its purpose and intended audience and identified by its
format, style and language.

Popular Genres

News flash is a timely piece of news which is delivered quickly and could interrupt any aired programs.

Weather reports are a part of an entire news program that updates and foretells weather conditions in
a specific area. Weather forecasts are made by collecting data about the current state of the
atmosphere at a given place.

- If a weather news interrupted the programs all of a sudden it is a news flash.

Internet-based programs provide the viewers informative shows that can be accessed through websites
using internet connection.

Movie trailers are short clips that are usually shown before a movie is officially released. They are
usually interesting and intriguing parts of a movie but relatively short to avoid spoilers. It usually is the
highlight of a movie.
Movie clip is an excerpt or selection from a movie. It can be taken from any part of the movie, usually
unedited, mostly about 1 to 10 mins. It is a part of a whole.

Documentary is a genre of viewing that is based on research. Jessica Soho is a documentary but it is
more of a magazine show.

Commercials are printed, video or audio materials that aim to promote or endorse a product or event.

Music videos are like short clips but are far more entertaining because of their elements and features. It
is a short video that visualizes a song.

Categorizing genre according to purpose:

Informational Entertainment

a. News Flash a. Movie clips

b. Documentaries b. Music videos

Persuasive

a. Trailers

b. Commercials

Importance of Knowing the Filipino Culture, History, and Environment

What is Culture?
Culture is a complex of features held by a social group, which may be as small as a family or a tribe or as
large as a racial or ethnic group, a nation, or in the age of globalization, by people all over the world.
Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society."

What is History?
History is the study of the past. History also includes the academic discipline that uses a narrative to
describe, examine, question, and analyze a sequence of past events and investigate the patterns of
cause and effect related to them. History provides us with a sense of identity.

What is Environment?
An environment is a place where different things, living (biotic) or nonliving (abiotic), constantly interact
with and adapt to conditions in their environment. A person's environment is the event and culture that
the person lived in. The environment is everything around us. A person's beliefs and actions depend on
his environment.

The Pre-colonial Literature

Pre-colonial literature refers chiefly to oral knowledge preserved among the illiterate masses elsewhere
or the oral literature of all people whether they have written knowledge or not. The pieces of literature
during these times are orally spoken especially during celebrations and festivities. They are passed from
generation to generation through word of mouth.
Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, we already have our own literature but because of
the Spaniards they burned our literature because of the thought that those literatures are words of the
devil and they wanted the literature of the Philippines to start with them.

Importance of Knowing the Filipino Culture, History, and Environment

1. We get to understand the people and the world better.

2. It helps us understand ourselves.

3. Knowledge of our own culture is increased.

4. It helps us overcome and prevent racial and ethnic divisions.

5. We get exposure to new experiences.

6. We become more prepared to cope with the ever-changing world.

7. It helps us develop a new level of appreciation for just about everything.

Techniques and Strategies in Conducting Interview

Interview
An interview is a formal meeting in which one person questions, consults, or evaluates another person.
It can be a meeting or conversation in which a writer or reporter asks questions of one or more persons
from whom material is sought for research, newspaper story, television broadcast, etc.

The participants in an interview are:

Interviewer- the person who asks the questions and gathers information.

Interviewee- is the person who answers the questions

Types of Interviews
1. Formal and Informal interviews:
- Formal interviews are well-planned interviews, the questions are prepared in advance, and the time,
date, venue, dress code, everything is decided before the interview.

Ex. Job Interviews

- Whereas, informal interviews are not well-planned and the questions are random and generic. The
communication between both is also casual as compared to formal interviews.

Ex. Ambush Interviews

2. Sequential and Panel Interview:
- Sequential interviews consist of several interviews. Here in this kind of interview, the same set of
questions are asked repeatedly by several interviewers to check if the interviewee answers in the same
manner or not.

Ex. Presidential Interview

- In a Panel Interview, several interviewers are sitting to ask questions to the interviewee. This type of
interview is mainly done in public or large gatherings.

3. Group Interview:
- Group Interviews are where many interviewees participate in the interview. Usually, it is termed as a
press conference. In group interviews, a pool of interviewers and interviewees are gathered in one place
to save time.

4. Situational Interview:
- In this kind of interview, a situation or a problem is kept front of the interviewee and interviewers ask
them how they will deal with it and what will be the solution for it.

- Through this interview, they evaluated how well they will manage problems in an organization and
how proactive they are in taking decisions in such situations.

Ex. Q and A

5. Phone or Video Call interview:

- This interview will be performed on the phone call (Telephonic round) or video Call. In the current
pandemic, we have witnessed how interviewers were taking place on video calls. And this type of
interview was majorly focused on during the covid-19 situation.

Ex. News (covid 19 set up)

Writing Effective Interview Questions

1. They are Relevant
- The interview questions you ask, of course, must be relevant to the topic you are researching and the
question(s) you are seeking answers to.

- As you write your interview questions, think about how each question will contribute to answering
your inquiries and your understanding of your topic. If a question you have in mind isn’t particularly
relevant, think of different ones.
2. They are Open-Ended
- Effective interview questions are designed to give the respondent a wide berth of the kinds of answers
he or she can give. This means you should avoid writing "yes-or-no" questions and respondents
shouldn't be given a set of answers they can respond with. Instead, it is better to write questions that
begin with the interrogative pronouns: who, what, where, when, why, and how. These kinds of
questions make it possible for a respondent to answer in a variety of ways. It also encourages them to
explain or justify their answers. A couple of “yes-or-no” or short answer questions are okay, most of
your interview questions should be open- ended.

3. They are Clear

- When writing interview questions, you should craft each question with simple, clear prose, making sure
there will be no confusion about how to understand the question itself. Respondents need to
understand each question and how to answer it or they will not get the information you are looking for.
It is a good idea to test your questions for clarity. Find someone else to read the questions to and
confirm whether they can understand them before you conduct your interviews with your selected
respondents.

4. They are Applicable

- Good interview questions need to be tailored to what the respondents have the knowledge to answer.
Be sure to consider whether the people you are interviewing have the knowledge and experience to give
qualified answers to your questions and rephrase or eliminate questions they cannot realistically
answer.

5. They are Unbiased

- Good interview questions avoid making any judgmental assumptions about the subject of research or
the respondent. Thus, when writing your interview questions, you should avoid questions that are
loaded or leading.

- The questions imply that there is a right or wrong answer or that there is right or wrong, good or bad,
perspectives on the subject. Such loaded questions can backfire in a couple of ways.

Steps in Conducting an Interview

Step 1: Research, Research, Research
Step 2: Contact the Person You Wish to Interview
Step 3: Read Over Your Research and Brainstorm a List of 15 Questions
Step 4: Come Prepared
Step 5: Conduct Your Interview in an Organized, Timely Manner
- During the interview:
• Be courteous to your subject.

• Always take time to ask for an explanation about things you don't understand.

• Don’t be afraid of uncomfortable silences and pauses.

• Let the interview take its natural course.

• Look the person in the eye when asking questions.

- Always listen carefully to the answers. Each answer could lead to more questions or include an answer
to a question you haven’t asked yet. Don't ask a question that has already been answered. Your subject
will know you weren't listening and be insulted.

- Don't read through your questions one right after another like you can't wait to be finished. Conduct
your interview like a conversation. One question should lead naturally into another. If you are listening
to the answers this will come naturally.

Step 7: Even If You Are Recording an Interview, Take Notes

Phrase, Clause and Sentences

Sentence
- It is a word or group of words that expresses a complete thought or idea. Typically, a sentence contains
a subject and a predicate. To know the various kinds of sentences according to structure it is important
to know what clauses are.

Clause
- It is a group of words consisting of a subject and a finite form of a verb (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020).

- It may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself.

Two Types of Clauses

1. Main Clause – is a clause considered as a sentence for it conveys a complete thought; also known as
the independent clause.

2. Subordinate Clause – is a clause that complements the main clause; it does not have a complete
thought for it is dependent on the main clause; also known as the dependent clause.

Ex. I submitted all of my school requirements on time because I had managed my time wisely.

Legend:

Main Clause – Green

Subordinating Clause – Yellow

Underline – Verb
Highlighted – Subordinating Conjunction

Subject – I

Phrase
- It is a group of words that express a concept and I used as a unit within a sentence. Since it has no
subject-verb structure, the phrase is not considered as a sentence such as the following underlined
phrases:

The biggest pearl is found in the Philippines. (Prepositional)

Bocaue is the Gateway to Bulacan. (Noun)

I miss hanging out with friends at Meycauayan City. (Gerund)

Having accomplished all activities in English 7 Module 6, I took screenshots of my answers and send
them to my teacher via Messenger. (Participial)

To access digital modules, visit our school website. (Infinitive)

Kinds of Phrases
1. Prepositional Phrase – is a phrase preceded by any preposition.

Ex. above sea level in the Philippines

at the Citi Mall

throughout the world

from the bottom of my heart

within the family

2. Noun Phrase – is a phrase that is headed by a noun that includes modifiers.

Ex. Department of Education

locally stranded individuals

Bulacan Schools Division

modular distance learning

inhabitants along coastal areas

person with disabilities

3. Gerund Phrase – is a verbal phrase that begins with a gerund; hence, it functions as a noun. A gerund
is a word ending in "-ing" that is made from a verb and used as a noun.
Ex. Jogging an hour every morning energizes my senses. (Subject)

I love studying in a quiet and cozy room. (Direct Object)

My hobby is playing the guitar. (Subject Complement)

4. Participial Phrase- is a verbal phrase that starts with a participle; hence, it functions as an adjective. A
participle is the form of a verb that usually ends in "ed" or "ing" and is used as an adjective.

Ex. Inspired by Greta Thunberg, groups of students campaign for a clean and green environment.

Listening to Blackpink hits, Cathy enjoys answering her module.

5. Infinitive Phrase – is a verbal phrase that starts with an infinitive. An infinitive is composed of a
preposition “to” and any base form of the verb.

Ex. To submit all of your Module 6 answers, take photos of them and send them via Messenger.

To lessen the risk of COVID 19, some students chose the digital-modular distance learning modality.

I study as diligently as possible to fulfil my ambition in life.

Modal Verbs
- Modal Verbs are auxiliary or helping verbs that modify or change the meaning of the main verbs. You
use modal verbs in giving advice or suggestions, in making requests, or in giving predictions and
prohibitions.

Difference of Phrase and Clause

A phrase and a clause are both groups of words. However, a phrase is a group of words with no subject-
verb unit and is always a part of a sentence. A clause has a subject-verb unit and can be a part of a
sentence (subordinate clause) or a sentence itself (main clause).
Difference of Main and Subordinate Clause
- A main clause has a complete thought while a subordinate is always a part of a sentence and begins
with any subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun.

Determining the Worth of Ideas Mentioned in the Text and Summarizing

Key Information
Listening
- is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication process. Listening is
key to all effective communication. Without the ability to listen effectively, messages are easily
misunderstood.

Active Listening
- Active listening means, as its name suggests, actively listening. That is fully concentrating on what is
being said rather than just passively ‘hearing’ the message of the speaker. Active listening involves
listening with all senses.

Benefits of a Good Listener

- A greater number of friends and social networks, improved self-esteem and confidence, higher grades
at school and in academic work, and even better health and general well-being. Studies have shown
that, whereas speaking raises blood pressure, attentive listening can bring it down.

Difference of Hearing and Listening

- Hearing refers to the sounds that enter your ears. It is a physical process that, provided you do not
have any hearing problems, happens automatically. Listening, however, requires more than that: it
requires focus and concentrated effort, both mental and sometimes physical as well.

Connecting Critical Thinking in the Text listened to

- Critical thinking occurs whenever people figure out what to believe or what to do and do so in a
reasonable, reflective way. The concept and principles of critical thinking can be applied to any context
or case, but only reflecting upon the nature of that application.

- Critical thinking skills include observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation,
and metacognition.

Text Relevance
- It refers to the match between a listener’s goal and information related to that goal. Relevance differs
from importance. Importance is author/speaker defined and is cued by various characteristics internal
to the text (e.g., first mention, text signals, elaboration).
Determining the Importance of a Heard Information
- Determining the importance of an information heard is a strategy that readers use to distinguish
between what information in a text is most important versus what information is interesting but not
necessary for understanding.

- This practical reading strategy will help you distinguish between the most and least important
information presented. Determining importance is more than just remembering the important details to
summarize the text.

To understand the concept of determining important details, we need to determine other important
pieces of information such as:

• determine when and why a character begins to change

• determine the importance of something a character says or does

• determine the importance of a story’s setting

• determine the significance of an event in a story and how it will impact the rest of the story

• determine the most important theme in a story

• determine the most important lesson learned in a story

• determine important vocabulary introduced in a text

Summarizing
- Summarizing teaches students how to discern the most important ideas in a text, how to ignore
irrelevant information, and how to integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way. Teaching students to
summarize improves their memory for what is read. Summarization strategies can be used in almost
every content area.

Benefits of Summarizing
• It helps students learn to determine essential ideas and consolidate important details that support
them.

• It enables students to focus on keywords and phrases of an assigned text that are worth noting and
remembering.

• It teaches students how to take a large selection of text and reduce it to the main points for a more
concise understanding.

How can we summarize?

Begin by reading or listen to a text selection.

Ask the following framework questions:

1. What are the main ideas?

2. What are the crucial details necessary for supporting the ideas?

3. What information is irrelevant or unnecessary?

Use keywords or phrases to identify the main points from the text.