I. Static Friction Ii. Dynamic Friction Iii. Rolling Friction

FRICTION-1 SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE 9438224466, 9040224466
Friction: If we slide or try to slide a body over another surface, the motion of the body is resisted by bonding
between the body and the surface. This resistance is called friction.
 The force of friction is parallel to the contact surfaces and opposite to the direction of intended or relative
motion.
 There are three types of frictional forces
i. Static friction ii. Dynamic friction iii. Rolling friction
 If a body is at rest and no pulling force is acting on it,force of friction on it is zero. If a body is at rest and no
pulling force is acting on it, force of friction on it is zero.
 If a force is applied to move the body and it does not move,the friction developed is called static friction,
which is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the applied force (static friction is self adjusting
force).
 If a force is applied to move the body and it moves,then the friction developed is called dynamic or kinetic
friction.
 When a body rolls on the surface of another body friction developed is called as rolling friction
 It is due to the deformation at the point of contact and depends on area of contact.
|f|
smax
= sN
N
s = F
F k = kN
fs
0 F
Static region Kinetic region
w
Note-i: If you are walking due east, then the friction on the feet is due east and the friction on the surface is
due west.
Note-ii: Engine is connected to rear wheels of a car. When the car is accelerated, direction of frictional
force on the rear wheels will be in the direction of motion and on the front wheels in the opposite direction
of motion
Note-iii:In cycling ,the force exerted by rear wheel on the ground makes the force of friction to act on it in
the forward direction. Front wheel moving by itself experience force of friction in backward direction.
Note-iv: If the pedaling cycle is accelarating on the horizontal surface, then the forward friction on the rear
wheel is greater than the backward friction on the front wheel.
Note-v:When pedaling is stopped,the frictional force is in backward direction for both the wheels.
(1) Static friction : The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of
another, but the actual motion has yet not started is called static friction. R
(i) If applied force is P and the body remains at rest then static friction F = P. P
(ii) If a body is at rest and no pulling force is acting on it, force of friction on it F
is zero. mg
Fig. 5.1
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(iii) Static friction is a self-adjusting force because it changes itself in accordance with the applied force and is
always equal to net external force.
(2) Limiting friction : If the applied force is increased, the force of static friction also increases. If the applied force
exceeds a certain (maximum) value, the body starts moving. This maximum value of static friction upto which body
does not move is called limiting friction.
(i) The magnitude of limiting friction between any two bodies in contact is directly proportional to the normal
reaction between them.
Fl ∝R or Fl =μ s R
(ii) Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to the direction in which one body is at the
verge of moving over the other
(iii) Coefficient of static friction : (a) μs is called coefficient of static friction and is defined as the ratio of force
F
μs =
of limiting friction and normal reaction R
0 0 0
(b) Dimension : [ M L T ]
(c) Unit : It has no unit.
(d) Value of μ depends on material and nature of surfaces in contact that means whether dry or wet ; rough
or smooth polished or non-polished.
(e) Value of μ does not depend upon apparent area of contact.
(3) Kinetic or dynamic friction : If the applied force is increased further and sets the body in motion, the
friction opposing the motion is called kinetic friction.
(i) Kinetic friction depends upon the normal reaction.
Fk∝ R or F k=μ k R where μk is called the coefficient of kinetic friction
(ii) Value of μk depends upon the nature of surface in contact.
(iii) Kinetic friction is always lesser than limiting friction F k <F l  μk < μ s
i.e. coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than coefficient of static friction. Thus we require more
force to start a motion than to maintain it against friction. This is because once the motion starts actually ;
inertia of rest has been overcome. Also when motion has actually started, irregularities of one surface have little
time to get locked again into the irregularities of the other surface.
(iv) Kinetic friction does not depend upon the velocity of the body.
(v) Types of kinetic friction
(a) Sliding friction : The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually sliding over the
surface of the other body is called sliding friction. e.g. A flat block is moving over a horizontal table.
(b) Rolling friction : When objects such as a wheel (disc or ring), sphere or a cylinder rolls over a surface,
the force of friction that comes into play is called rolling friction.
 Rolling friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction (R) and inversely proportional to the
radius (r) of the rolling cylinder or wheel.
R
Frolling =μ r
r
μr is called coefficient of rolling friction. It would have the dimensions of length and would be measured in
metre.
 Rolling friction is often quite small as compared to the sliding friction. That is why heavy loads are
transported by placing them on carts with wheels.
 In rolling the surfaces at contact do not rub each other.
 The velocity of point of contact with respect to the surface remains zero all the times although the
centre of the wheel moves forward.
Laws of Friction:
 Friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction acting on the body.
 The law of static friction may thus be written as fsα R , fs = µsR = fl where fl is limiting friction
Generally 0 ≤static friction ≤ fl

Where the dimensionless constant µs is called the coefficient of static friction and N is the magnitude of the
normal force.
( fs ) max =fl =µs R; fl =Limiting friction
 Coefficient of static friction ( µ s) depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact and is independent
of the area of contact.
 Static friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces
fk
 Coefficient of kinetic friction ( µ )k= , It is independent of velocity of the body.
R
fR
 Coefficient of rolling friction ( µ )R=
R
 Rolling friction depends on the area of the surfaces in contact.
Note : µ S > µ K > µ R
 Friction depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact i.e., nature of materials, surface finish,
temperature of the two surfaces etc.
Angle of Friction
Angle of friction may be defined as the angle which the resultant of limiting friction and normal reaction
makes with the normal reaction.
R
fl S
By definition angle  tan  =
R fs P
is called the angle of friction

fl
 tan = s [As we know =s ] mg
R
or  = tan-1 s
Hence coefficient of static friction is equal to tangent of the angle of friction.
Resultant Force Exerted by Surface on Block

2 2
In the above figure resultant force S= √ F +R
S= √( μmg )2 +(mg )2
S=mg √ μ2+1
when there is no friction (μ=0 ) S will be minimum
i.e. S = mg
Hence the range of S can be given by, mg≤S≤mg √ μ2 +1
Angle of Repose
Angle of repose is defined as the minimum angle of the inclined plane with horizontal such that a body
placed on it is just begins to slide.
By definition,  is called the angle of repose.
In limiting condition F=mg sin α and R=mg cos α
R F
mg sin
mg cos
mg
F
=tan α
So R
F F
 = µs = tan = tan α [As we know = µs = tan
R R
Thus the coefficient of limiting friction is equal to the tangent of angle of repose.
As well as α =  i.e. angle of repose = angle of friction.
Calculation of Required Force in Different Situation
If W = weight of the body,  = angle of friction, μ=tan θ= coefficient of friction
Then we can calculate required force for different situation in the following manner :
(1) Minimum pulling force P at an angle  from the horizontal P
By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in figure)

R
P sin
F P cos
For the condition of equilibrium W

F=P cosα and R=W −P sin α
By substituting these value in F=μR

P cosα=μ (W −P sin α )
sin θ
P cosα= (W −P sin α )
 cosθ [As μ=tan θ ]
W sin θ
P=
 cos (α−θ )
(2) Minimum pushing force P at an angle  from the horizontal
P
By Resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in the figure)
F P cos
P sin
W
For the condition of equilibrium

F=P cosα and R=W + Psin α
By substituting these value in F=μR

 P cosα=μ (W +P sin α )
sin θ
P cos α= (W +P sin α )
 cosθ [As μ=tan θ ]
W sin θ
P=
 cos (α +θ)
(3) Minimum pulling force P to move the body up on an inclined plane
P
By Resolving P in the direction of the plane and perpendicular to the plane (as shown in the figure)
R + P sin
P cos
F + W sin
For the condition of equilibrium W

W cos
R+P sin α=W cos λ

Fig. 5.15
 R=W cos λ−P sin α and F+W sin λ=P cosα
 F=P cosα−W sin λ
By substituting these values in F=μR and solving we get

W sin (θ+ λ)
P=
cos (α−θ )
(4) Minimum force to move a body in downward direction along the surface of inclined plane
P
Fig. 5.16
R + P sin
F
P cos
+
W sin
W cos
W
Fig. 5.17
R+P sin α=W cos λ
 R=W cos λ−P sin α and F=P cosα+W sin λ
W sin(θ−λ )
P=
cos (α−θ )
(5) Minimum force to avoid sliding of a body down on an inclined plane
P
Fig. 5.18
R + P sin F + P cos
W sin W cos
W
Fig. 5.19

R+P sin α=W cos λ
 R=W cos λ−P sin α and P cosα+F=W sin λ
 F=W sin λ−P cos α
sin ( λ−θ )
P=W
[ cos (θ+α ) ]
(6) Minimum force for motion along horizontal surface and its direction
P
Fig. 5.20
Let the force P be applied at an angle α with the horizontal.

By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in figure)
R + P sin
F P cos
mg
Fig. 5.21
For vertical equilibrium

R+P sin α=mg
 R=mg−P sin α …(i)
and for horizontal motion
P cosα≥F
i.e. P cosα≥μR …(ii)
Substituting value of R from (i) in (ii)
P cosα≥μ (mg−P sin α )
μ mg
P≥
cos α+μ sin α …(iii)
For the force P to be minimum (cosα+μ sin α ) must be maximum i.e.
d
[cos α+μ sin α ]=0 1
2
dα
 −sin α+μ cos α=0
1
 tan α=μ
−1 Fig. 5.22
or α=tan ( μ)=angle of friction
i.e. For minimum value of P its angle from the horizontal should be equal to angle of friction
μ
sin α=
As tan α=μ so from the figure, √1+μ2
1
cosα=
and √ 1+μ 2
By substituting these value in equation (iii)
μ mg
P≥
1 μ2 μ mg
+ ¿
2
√1+ μ √1+ μ 2
√1+μ2
μ mg
Pmin=
 √ 1+μ2
Acceleration of a Block Against Friction
(1) Acceleration of a block on horizontal surface
When body is moving under application of force P, then kinetic friction opposes its motion. R
ma
Let a is the net acceleration of the body
Fk P
From the figure
ma=P−F k
P−Fk mg
a=
 m Fig. 5.23
(2) Acceleration of a block sliding down over a rough inclined plane
When angle of inclined plane is more than angle of repose, the body placed on the inclined plane slides
down with an acceleration a.
R
From the figure ma=mg sin θ−F
F
ma
 ma=mg sin θ−μR

 ma=mg sin θ−μ mg cosθ mg sin mg cos
mg
Fig. 5.24
 Acceleration a=g [ sinθ−μcosθ ]
Note :  For frictionless inclined plane μ=0 ∴a=gsin θ .
(3) Retardation of a block sliding up over a rough inclined plane
When angle of inclined plane is less than angle of repose, then for the upward motion
ma=mg sinθ+F ma
R
ma=mg sinθ+μ mg cosθ
Retardation a=g [ sinθ+μ cosθ] mg sin + F

mg
mg cos
Note :  For frictionless inclined plane μ=0 ∴a=g sin θ Fig. 5.25
Work done against friction
(1) Work done over a rough inclined surface
If a body of mass m is moved up slowly on a rough inclined plane through distance s, then
Work done = force  distance
= ma  s = mg [sin +  cos ]s =mg s [sin θ+μcosθ ] R
ma
mg sin + F mg cos
mg
Fig. 5.26
(2) Work done over a horizontal surface
In the above expression if we put  = 0 then
Work done = force  distance = F  s =  mg s
It is clear that work done depends upon
R
F P
s
mg
Fig. 5.27
(i) Weight of the body.

(ii) Material and nature of surface in contact.
(iii) Distance moved.
Motion of Two Bodies one Resting on the Other

When a body A of mass m is resting on a body B of mass M then two conditions are possible
(1) A force F is applied to the upper body, (2) A force F is applied to the lower body
m A F
L
M B
Fig. 5.28
We will discuss above two cases one by one in the following manner :
(1) A force F is applied to the upper body, then following four situations are possible
(i) When there is no friction
(a) The body A will move on body B with acceleration (F/m).
a A =F /m
(b) The body B will remain at rest
a B=0
(c) If L is the length of B as shown in figure, A will fall from B after time t
2 L 2 mL 1
t=
√ √
a
=
F [ As s= a t 2 and a=F/m
2 ]
(ii) If friction is present between A and B only and applied force is less than limiting friction (F < Fl)
(F = Applied force on the upper body, Fl = limiting friction between A and B, Fk = Kinetic friction between A
and B)
(a) The body A will not slide on body B till F<F l i.e. F<μ s mg
F
a A =a B=
(b) Combined system (m + M) will move together with common acceleration M+ m
(iii) If friction is present between A and B only and applied force is greater than limiting friction (F > Fl)
In this condition the two bodies will move in the same direction (i.e. of applied force) but with different
acceleration. Here force of kinetic friction μk mg will oppose the motion of A while cause the motion of B.
F−F k=m a A Free body diagram of

F−F k A maA
aA =
i.e. m
A F
( F−μk mg )
aA =
m Fk
F k=M a B Free body diagram of

Fk B MaB
a B=
i.e. M FK
B
μ k mg
a B=
 M
Note :  As both the bodies are moving in the same direction.

Acceleration of body A relative to B will be
MF −μk mg ( m+ M )
a=a A −a B =
mM
So, A will fall from B after time
2L 2 m ML
t=
√ √
a
=
MF−μ k mg (m+M )
(iv) If there is friction between B and floor
(where F'l =μ' ( M +m) g = limiting friction between B and floor, Fk = kinetic friction between A and B)
' '
B will move only if Fk> Fl and then F k−F l =M aB
MaB
FK
B
Fl
Fig. 5.29
However if B does not move then static friction will work (not limiting friction) between body B and the
'
floor i.e. friction force = applied force (= Fk) not Fl .
(2) A force F is applied to the lower body, then following four situations are possible
(i) When there is no friction
(a) B will move with acceleration (F/M) while A will remain at rest (relative to ground) as there is no
pulling force on A.
a B= ( MF ) and a A =0
(b) As relative to B, A will move backwards with acceleration (F/M) and so will fall from it in time t.
A m
L F
M B
Fig. 5.30
2 L 2 ML

t=
√ √ a
=
F
(ii) If friction is present between A and B only and F < Fl
(where F = Pseudo force on body A and Fl = limiting friction between body A and B)
F
a=
(a) Both the body will move together with common acceleration M +m
(b) Pseudo force on the body A,
' mF
F =ma=
m+M and Fl =μ s mg
mF
<μ mg
(c) F' < F l  m+ M s  F<μ s (m+M ) g
F
a A =a B =
So both bodies will move together with acceleration m+ M if F<μ s [ m+M ] g
(iii) If friction is present between A and B only and F > Fl
(where Fl = s mg = limiting friction between body A and B)
Both the body will move with different acceleration. Here force of kinetic friction μk mg will oppose the
motion of B while will cause the motion of A.
ma A =μ k mg Free body diagram of A
A maA
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i.e. a A =μk g
F−F k=Ma B Free body diagram of B

MaB
i.e.
FK
[ F−μ k mg ] F
a B= B
M
Note : As both the bodies are moving in the same direction
Acceleration of body A relative to B will be
F−μk g(m+ M )
a=a A −a B=− [ M ]
Negative sign implies that relative to B, A will move backwards and will fall it after time
2L 2 ML
t=
√ √
a
=
F−μk g (m+M )
(iv) If there is friction between B and floor and F > Fl :
(where Fl = s(m+M)g = limiting friction between body B and surface)
''
The system will move only if F>F l then replacing F by F−Fl ′′ . The entire case (iii) will be valid.
However if F<F 1 ′′ the system will not move and friction between B and floor will be F while between
A and B is zero.
Motion of an Insect in the Rough Bowl
The insect crawl up the bowl, up to a certain height h only till the component of its weight along the bowl
is balanced by limiting frictional force.
r
O
Fl R
y
A
mg sin h
mg cos
mg
Fig. 5.31
Let m = mass of the insect, r = radius of the bowl,  = coefficient of friction

for limiting condition at point A
R=mgcosθ ......(i) and Fl =mg sin θ ......(ii)
Dividing (ii) by (i)
Fl
tan θ= =μ
R [ As F l=μR ]
√r2− y 2 =μ y=
r
∴ y or √ 1+μ 2
1 1
So
h=r− y=r 1−
[ √ 1+μ 2 ] , ∴
[
h=r 1−
√1+μ 2 ]
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Minimum Mass Hung from the String to Just Start the Motion
(1) When a mass m1 placed on a rough horizontal plane Another mass m2 hung from the string
connected by frictionless pulley, the tension (T) produced in string will try to start the motion of mass
m1 .
R
T
Fl m1
T
m1g
m2
Fig. 5.32 m2g
At limiting condition T =Fl
 m2 g=μR  m2 g=μ m1 g
∴ m2=μm 1 this is the minimum value of m2 to start the motion.

m2
μ=
Note :  In the above condition Coefficient of friction m1
(2) When a mass m1 placed on a rough inclined plane Another mass m2 hung from the string
connected by frictionless pulley, the tension (T) produced in string will try to start the motion of mass m1
.
T
R
T
m1 m2
m1g sin + F m1g cos m2g
m1g
Fig. 5.33
At limiting condition
For m2 T =m2 g …(i)
For m1 T =m1 g sin θ+ F
 T =m1 g sin θ+ μR
 T =m1 g sin θ+μm 1 g cos θ …(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii) m2=m1 [sin θ+μ cos θ ]
this is the minimum value of m 2 to start the motion

Note :  In the above condition Coefficient of friction
m2
μ=
[ m 1 cos θ
−tan θ
]
Maximum Length of Hung Chain
A uniform chain of length l is placed on the table in such a manner that its l' part is hanging over the
edge of table without sliding. Since the chain have uniform linear density therefore the ratio of mass and ratio
of length for any part of the chain will be equal.
12
m 2 mass hanging from the table
μ= =
We know m 1 mass lying on the table
 For this case we can rewrite above expression in the following manner
length hanging from the table
μ=
length lying on the table [As chain have uniform linear density] (l–l)
'
l
μ= '
∴ l−l
l
' μl
l=
by solving (μ +1)
Fig. 5.34
Coefficient of Friction Between a Body and Wedge

A body slides on a smooth wedge of angle  and its time of descent is t.
S S
Smooth wedge Rough wedge
Fig. 5.35 Fig. 5.36
If the same wedge made rough then time taken by it to come down becomes n times more (i.e. nt)
The length of path in both the cases are same.
1
S=u t + at 2
For smooth wedge, 2
1
S= (g sin θ ) t2
2 …(i)
[ As u=0 and a=g sinθ ]
1
S=u t + at 2
For rough wedge, 2
1
S= g (sin θ−μ cosθ ) (nt )2
2 …(ii)
[ As u=0 and a=g (sin θ−μ cosθ )]
From equation (i) and (ii)
1 1
( g sin θ) t 2 g (sin θ−μcos θ ) (nt )2
2 = 2
2
 sin θ= (sin θ−μcosθ) n
1

μ=tan θ 1−
[ ] n2
Stopping of Block Due to Friction

(1) On horizontal road
(i) Distance travelled before coming to rest : A block of mass m is moving initially with velocity u on a
rough surface and due to friction, it comes to rest after covering a distance S.
S
v=0
u
Fig. 5.37
13
Retarding force F=ma=μR  ma=μ mg
∴ a=μg
From
2 2
v =u −2 aS  0=u2 −2μ g S
[ As v=0 , a=μg]
2
u P2
S= S=
∴ 2 μg or 2 μm2 g
[As momentum P = mu]
(ii) Time taken to come to rest
From equation v=u−a t  0=u−μ g t
[ As v=0, a=μ g]
u
t=
∴ μg
(2) On inclined road : When block starts with velocity u its kinetic energy will be converted into
potential energy and some part of it goes against friction and after travelling distance S it comes to rest i.e. v =
0.
We know that retardation a=g [ sinθ +μcosθ ]
By substituting the value of v and a in the following equation v=0
S
u
2 2
v =u −2a S
Fig. 5.38
 0=u2−2g [sin θ+μcosθ ] S
u2
S=
∴ 2 g (sin θ+μ cosθ )
Stopping of Two Blocks Due to Friction
When two masses compressed towards each other and suddenly released then energy acquired by each
block will be dissipated against friction and finally block comes to rest
i.e., F × S = E [Where F = Friction, S = Distance covered by block, E = Initial kinetic energy of
the block] A B
m1 m1 m2 m2
S1 S2
Fig. 5.39
2
P
F×S=
 2m [Where P = momentum of block]
2
P
μ mg×S=
 2m [As F =  mg]
14
2
P
S=
 2 μm 2 g
In the given condition P and  are same for both the blocks.
2
S1 m2
So, m
1
S∝ 2
; ∴ S2
=
[ ]
m1
Velocity at the Bottom of Rough Wedge

A body of mass m which is placed at the top of the wedge (of height h) starts moving downward on a
rough inclined plane.
Loss of energy due to friction = FL (Work against friction) u=0
m
A
PE at point A = mgh L
1 2 h
mu
KE at point B = 2 m B
v
Fig. 5.40
By the law of conservation of energy

1 2
mv =mgh−FL
i.e. 2
2
v=
√ m
( mgh−FL )
Sticking of a Block With Accelerated Cart

When a cart moves with some acceleration toward right then a pseudo force (ma) acts on block toward
left.
This force (ma) is action force by a block on cart.
a
F
ma m F
R M m
CART
mg
Fig. 5.41
Now block will remain static w.r.t. cart. If friction force μR≥mg
 μ ma≥mg [ As R=ma ]
g
a≥
 μ
g
a min=
∴ μ
This is the minimum acceleration of the cart so that block does not fall.
and the minimum force to hold the block together
F min=( M +m) a min
g
F min=( M +m)
μ
Sticking of a Person with the Wall of Rotor
15
A person with a mass m stands in contact against the wall of a cylindrical drum (rotor). The coefficient of
friction between the wall and the clothing is .
If Rotor starts rotating about its axis, then person thrown away from the centre due to centrifugal force at a
particular speed ω , the person stuck to the wall even the floor is removed, because friction force balances its
weight in this condition.
From the figure.
Friction force (F) = weight of
person (mg) F
 R = mg  μ Fc =mg R FC
mg
[Here, Fc=
centrifugal force]
Fig. 5.42
 μmω2min r=mg
g
∴
ω min=
μr √
Friction is a Cause of Motion
It is a general misconception that friction always opposes the motion. No doubt friction opposes the motion
of a moving body but in many cases it is also the cause of motion. For example :
(1) While moving, a person or vehicle pushes the ground backwards (action) and the rough surface of
ground reacts and exerts a forward force due to friction which causes the motion. If there had been no friction
there will be slipping and no motion.
Friction
Action
Fig. 5.3
(2) During cycling, the rear wheel moves by the force communicated to it by pedalling while front
wheel moves by itself. So, when pedalling a bicycle, the force exerted by rear wheel on ground makes
force of friction act on it in the forward direction (like walking). Front wheel moving by itself
experience force of friction in backward direction (like rolling of a ball). [However, if pedalling is
stopped both wheels move by themselves and so experience force of friction in backward direction].
While pedalling Pedalling is stoped

Fig. 5.4
(3) If a body is placed in a vehicle which is accelerating, the force of friction is the cause of motion of
the body along with the vehicle (i.e., the body will remain at rest in the accelerating vehicle until
ma<μs mg ). If there had been no friction between body and vehicle, the body will not move along with the
vehicle.
a
smg ma
16
From these examples it is clear that without friction motion cannot be started, stopped or transferred from
one body to the other.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction
(1) Advantages of friction
(i) Walking is possible due to friction.
(ii) Two body sticks together due to friction.
Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.7
(iii) Brake works on the basis of friction.

(iv) Writing is not possible without friction.
(v) The transfer of motion from one part of a machine to other part through belts is possible by friction.
(2) Disadvantages of friction
(i) Friction always opposes the relative motion between any two bodies in contact. Therefore extra energy
has to be spent in over coming friction. This reduces the efficiency of machine.
(ii) Friction causes wear and tear of the parts of machinery in contact. Thus their lifetime reduces.
(iii) Frictional force result in the production of heat, which causes damage to the machinery.
Methods of Changing Friction
We can reduce friction
(1) By polishing.
(2) By lubrication.
(3) By proper selection of material.
(4) By streamlining the shape of the body.
(5) By using ball bearing.
Also we can increase friction by throwing some sand on slippery ground. In the manufacturing of tyres,
synthetic rubber is preferred because its coefficient of friction with the road is larger.
8 CIRCULAR MOTION
If a particle moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed point remains constant its path will be circular
and its motion is called as circular motion. If we whirl a stone tied with a string at one end, its motion is circular
motion. Motion of electron around the nucleus is treated as a circular motion. Motion of earth around the sun is
treated as circular for some gravitational study.
ANGULAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES FOR CIRCULAR MOTION
17
Consider a particle moving on a circular path of B
center O and radius R as shown in figure. Let OX is a  A
reference line (taken arbitrary) through O. At any moment

t if particle is at A, then angle  between OA and OX is
O x
called as its angular position. If during a time interval of
t particle moves from position A to B, the angle
subtended by the arc AB on the centre  is called as Fig. (6)
angular displacement. The rate at which particle subtend
angle at the center is called as angular velocity represented
by .

 Average angular velocity,  = t and
 d
Lt
Instantaneous angular velocity,  = t  0 t = dt
The rate of change of angular speed is called as angular acceleration represented by 


 Average angular acceleration, t and
 d
Lt 
Instantaneous angular acceleration,  = t 0 t dt
d 2 d 

2
 = dt d
We have different kinds of motion in case of motion in one dimension such as motion with uniform
velocity and motion with uniform acceleration. Also in those cases we have kinematic relation between the
different linear variables. Similar derivation can be done in case of circular motion and such kinematic relations
can be obtained for angular variables also.
For uniform circular motion;
Angular displacement,  = t
For circular motion with uniform angular acceleration;
1
 = 0t + 2 t2
 = 0 + t
2 = 02 + 2
8.2 LINEAR KINEMATICS FOR CIRCULAR MOTION
In the previous article we have seen different angular kinematic variables and relation between them in
different types of motion. Now we will define linear velocity and linear acceleration of a particle in circular
motion.
As circular motion is the motion in a plane, we take two co-ordinate axes through center for the linear
kinematics analysis.
18
Suppose a particle P is moving on a circular path of Y
radius R. The axes are taken as shown in figure. At any
P
moment its angular position is .
  
Position vector of particle, r = OQ + QP 

O Q X
= R cos  iˆ + R sin  ĵ
Also, unit vector along OP ê r can be written as,
ê r = cos  iˆ + sin  ĵ Fig. (7)
Unit vector along tangential direction ê t is given by
ê t = -sin iˆ  cos  ˆj
Linear velocity and linear acceleration of particle in circular motion
In the previous discussion
 ˆ ˆ
Position vector of particle, r  R cos  i  R sin  j


dr
v 
Velocity of particle, dt
d ˆ d ˆ
i  R (cos ) j
= R (–sin) dt dt
 d 
  
ˆ ˆ
= R [  sin i  cos j ]  dt 
= R ê t

 | v | = R and its direction is along the tangent to the path i.e., if a particle is moving on circular path
its velocity is of magnitude equal to product of radius of circular path and its angular velocity and its direction
is tangential to the circular path.

dv 
a
The acceleration of particle in circular motion dt

 d d ˆ 
a  R  ( iˆ sin   ˆj cos )  (  i sin   ˆj cos )
From equation (2)  dt dt 
 ˆ d ˆ d  d

 i cos  dt  j sin  dt   R dt  iˆ sin   ˆj cos 
= R   
Rd
eˆ r  eˆ t
=  R 2 dt
Rd
Therefore, acceleration of particle has two parts one along the tangent having magnitude dt or R or
dv v2
2 R 
dt is called as tangential acceleration. The other component of acceleration is R along the radial
direction and is called as radial acceleration or centripetal acceleration.
2 2 2 2 2
Hence total acceleration of particle a  a t  a r  ( R )  (R )
19
at
If direction of acceleration makes an angle  with radius than, tan  = ar
Illustration 20
Question: The moon orbits the earth with a period of 11.574 days at a distance of 10  108 m from
the centre of earth. Find its linear speed. ( = 10 )

Solution: The period of revolution of moon, T = 11.574 days = 106 s
Linear speed, v = R
2
R
= T
2  10  10  10 8
= 10 6
= 2000 ms1
Illustration 21
Question: A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm. Its linear speed at any time is given by v = 2t
where v is in m/s and t is in seconds. Find the radial and tangential accelerations at t = 3
seconds.
Solution: The linear speed at 3 seconds is
v = 2  3 = 6 m/s
The radial acceleration at 3 seconds
v2 66
= r = 0.2 = 180 m/s2
The tangential acceleration is given by
dv
dt= 2, because v = 2t.
 tangential acceleration is 2 m/s2.
8.3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION AND CENTRIPETAL FORCE
If a particle moves on a circular path with a constant speed, its motion is called as a uniform circular
motion. In this motion angular speed of the particle is also constant. Linear acceleration in such motion will not
have any tangential component, only radial or centripetal acceleration the particle possesses. Therefore in case
of uniform circular motion the particle will have acceleration towards the center only and is called as centripetal
v2
acceleration having magnitude R or 2R. The magnitude of acceleration remains constant but its direction
changes with time.
v2
If a particle moving on circular path is observed from an inertial frame it has an acceleration 2R or R
acting towards center. Therefore from Newton’s second law of motion, there must be a force acting on the
mv 2
particle towards the center of magnitude m2R or R . This required force for a particle to move on circular
path is called as centripetal force.
mv 2
 centripetal force = R
20
The term ‘centripetal force’ merely a force towards center, it tells nothing about its nature or origin. The
centripetal force may be a single force due to a rope, a string, the force of gravity, friction and so forth or it may
be resultant of several forces. Centripetal force is not a new kind of force, just as ‘upward force’ or a
‘downward force’ is not a new force. Therefore while analyzing motion of particle undergoing circular motion
we need not to consider centripetal force as a force, we need to consider only external forces.
Illustration 22
Question: A ball of mass 0.5 kg is attached to the end of a cord whose length is 1 m. The ball is
whirled in a horizontal circle. If the cord can withstand a maximum tension of
50.0 N, what is the maximum speed of the ball can have before the cord breaks?
Solution: Because the centripetal force in this case is the force T exerted by the cord on the ball, we
have
v2
T m
r
Tr
v
Solving for v, we have m
The maximum speed that the ball can have corresponds to the maximum tension. Hence, we find
Tmax r (50.0 N ) (1. m )
v max  
m 0.500 kg = 10 m/s
8.4 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
An observer in a rotating system is another example of a non-inertial observer. Suppose a block of mass
m lying on a horizontal, frictionless turntable is connected to a string as in figure. According to an inertial
observer, if the block rotates uniformly, it undergoes an acceleration of magnitude v2/r, where v is its tangential
speed. The inertial observer concludes that this centripetal acceleration is provided by the force exerted by the
string T, and writes Newton’s second law
2
T = mv /r.
n
n
Non-inertial observer
mv 2
T
T r
Inertial Observer mg
mg
(b)
(a)
Fig. (12)
According to a non-inertial observer attached to the turntable, the block is at rest. Therefore, in applying
Newton’s second law, this observer introduces a fictitious outward force of magnitude mv2/r. According to the
non-inertial observer, this outward force balances the force exerted by the string and therefore T – mv2 /r = 0.
In fact, centrifugal force is a sufficient pseudo force only if we are analyzing the particles at rest in a
uniformly rotating frame. If we analyze the motion of a particle that moves in the rotating frame we may have
to assume other pseudo forces together with the centrifugal force. Such forces are called Coriolisforces. The
21
Coriolis force is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle and also perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the
frame. Once again it should be remembered that all these pseudo forces, centrifugal or Coriolis are needed only
if the working frame is rotating. If we work from an inertial frame there is no need to apply any pseudo force.
There should not be a misconception that centrifugal force acts on a particle because the particle describes a
circle.
Therefore when we are working from a frame of reference that is rotating at a constant angular velocity
 with respect to an inertial frame. The dynamics of a particle of mass m kept at a distance r from the axis of
rotation we have to assume that a force m2r acts radially outward on the particle. Only then we can apply
Newton’s laws of motion in the rotating frame. This radially outward pseudo force is called the centrifugal
force.
You should be careful when using fictitious forces to describe physical phenomena. Remember that
fictitious forces are used only in non-inertial frames of references. When solving problems, it is often best to
use an inertial frame.
8.5 SOME IMPORTANT UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTIONS
(i) Conical Pendulum: It consists of a string OA whose upper end O is fixed and a bob is tied at the free
end. When the bob is drawn aside and given a horizontal push let it describe a horizontal circle with uniform
angular velocity  in such a way that the string makes an angle  with vertical. As the string traces the surface
of a cone of semi-vertical angle  it is called conical pendulum. Let T be the tension in string,  be the length
and r be the radius of the horizontal circle described. The vertical component of tension balances the weight
and the horizontal component supplies the centripetal force.
T cos  = mg, T sin  = mr2 O
r 2 
g tan 
 tan  = g , = r
h T
T being the period i.e., time for one revolution. T cos
2 g tan  N A
T sin
 T =  sin 
mg
cos
2
g
T= = 2 h / g , where h =  cos .
(ii) Motion of a cyclist on a circular path: Let a cyclist moving on a circular path of radius r bend away
from the vertical by an angle .
R is the reaction from the ground. It can be resolved
in the horizontal and vertical directions. The components
are respectively equal to
R sin and R cos. The vertical component balances his R cos
weight mg. The horizontal component R sin  supplies the
necessary force for making the circular path.
 mg
mv 2
R sin  = r R R sin 
R cos  = mg
 tan  = v2/rg
(iii) Banking of roads

On highways or mountain roads the roads on a turn are raised so that the surface of the road becomes like the
surface of a cone.
22
The car will neither slip inwards nor it will slip (or skid) outward if
Vmin  V  Vmax
g  sin    cos  
Vmax  Rmin  R
Where R  cos    sin  
g  sin    cos 
Vmin  Rmin  R
R  cos    sin 

Angle of banking
The civil engineer designing the road sets the angle of banking for a particular speed (generally
45 km/hr) so that the car can turn without the help of friction meaning there is no tendency of slipping. To find
such speed and angle combination put  = 0 in the above formula.
g sin 
V R
R cos 
V  Rg tan 
V2
tan  
Rg
Illustration 23
Question: A table with smooth horizontal surface is fixed in a cabin that rotates with angular speed 
= 0.1 rad/s in a circular path of radius R = 2m. A smooth groove AB of length L = 1cm
(<<R) is made on the surface of table as shown in figure.
O
A B

R
A small particle is kept at the point A in the groove and is released to move, find the time taken
by the particle to reach the point B.
Solution: Let us analyse the motion of particle with respect to table which is moving with cabin with an
angular speed of . Along AB centrifugal force of magnitude m2R will act at A on the particle
which can be treated as constant from A to B as L<<R.
 acceleration of particle along AB with respect to cabin a = 2R (constant)
Required time ‘t’ is given by
1
S = ut + 2 at2
23
1
 L=0+ 2× 2Rt2
2L
 t= 2 R = 1s
8.6 NON UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

If the speed of the particle moving in a circle is not constant the acceleration has both radial and
tangential components. The radial and tangential accelerations are
v2
ar = 2r = r
dv
at = dt
The magnitude of the resultant acceleration will be
2
v2   dv  2
  
2 2  r   dt 
a = a r a t =  
If the direction of resultant acceleration makes an angle  with the radius, then
dv / dt
2
tan  = v / r
Now as acceleration of particle undergoing non-uniform circular motion is
2 2
 d   v 2   dv  2  dv / dt 
2 2
a  ( R )   R     
  dt   2 
 dt   R  in the direction tan1  v / r  with radius it need resultant force
2 2
v2 
m     dv 
 R   dt 
of   in the direction of acceleration.
Illustration 24
Question: A car goes on a horizontal circular road of radius R = 1 m, the speed increasing at a rate
dv 1
dt = a = 3 m/s2. The friction coefficient between road and tyre is  = 10 . Find the speed
at which the car will skid.
Solution: Here at any time t, the speed of car becomes V the net acceleration in the plane of road is
2
v2 
   a2
 R 
  . This acceleration is provided by frictional force. At the moment car will slide,
2
v2 
M    a 2  Mg
 R 
 
 v = [R2(2g2 – a2)]1/4
= 1 m/s
24
Motion in a vertical circular is a common example of non-uniform circular motion that we
will discuss in next lesson of ‘Work, Energy and Power’, as it needs same idea of energy and
its conservation.
PROFICIENCY TESTII
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following briefly. Go
to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult the Study Material while attempting
these questions.
1. For the arrangement shown in figure. Find acceleration B

of blocks, tension in string and frictional force on mB = 10kg
blocks. The coefficient of friction between any block mA = 2kg
and surface is 0.5. A
2. A body of mass M = 10 kg is found to be rest, when a F
force F = 100 3 N is applied on it (refer figure). What

is net force exerted by the surface on the block?
3. For the arrangement shown in figure, find the tension

in the string. m = 1kg
 = 0.8
37°
4. A car starts from rest on a half kilometer long bridge. The coefficient of friction between the tyre and
the road is 1.0. Show that one cannot drive through the bridge in less than 10s.
5. A body of mass 2 kg is lying on a rough inclined plane of inclination 30°. Find the magnitude of the
force parallel to the incline needed to make the blocks move
(a) up the incline
(b) down the incline
[coefficient of friction = 0.2]
6. A block slides down an inclined plane of slope of angle  with a constant velocity. It is then projected
up the plane with an initial velocity u. To what distance will it rise before coming to rest?
25
7. There is an inclined plane having an inclination of 30°
with the horizontal. A body of mass 10 kg rest on it m
without applying any external force. Calculate the
minimum force required to move the body up the plane
(g = 10 m/s2)  = 30°
8. A scooter is moving on a straight horizontal surface with a velocity u, calculate the shortest distance in
which the scooter can be stopped; if coefficient of friction between tires and road is .
9. A body of mass 80 kg is whirled in a circle with a velocity of 2 ms –1 using 0.6 m length of a string,
which can withstand a tension of 15 N. Neglecting the force of gravity on the body, predict whether or
not the string will break. Give reasons for your answer.
10. A mass of 100 kg is resting on a rough inclined plane of angle 30 0. If the coefficient of friction is 1/ 3 ,
find the greatest and the least forces that acting parallel to the plane in both cases, just maintain the mass
in equilibrium. (g = 10 m/s2)
11. A body of mass 2 kg lying on a smooth surface is attached to a string 3 m long and then whirled round
in a horizontal circle 60/ revolutions per minute. Find (i) angular velocity (ii) the linear velocity (iii)
the centripetal acceleration and (iv) the tension in the string.
12. A bus moving with a velocity 12 m/s suddenly turns round a curve of radius 8 m. Find the force acting
on a passenger of 70 kg due to this circular motion.
13. A certain string which is 1 m long will break if the load on it is more than 0.5 kg. A mass of 0.05 kg is
attached to one end of it and the particle is whirled round in a horizontal circle by holding the free end
of the string by one hand. Find the greatest angular velocity with which the string can be rotated.
14. A long smooth slab of length 9 m is having a block resting on its surface at one end. A force is applied
to the slab which accelerates it horizontally with an acceleration of 2 ms–2
(i) What is the pseudo force experienced by the block of mass 2 kg when seen from the slab?
(ii) What will be the speed of the block wrt the slab when it falls off the slab?
15. A lift falls down with acceleration of 5 ms–2. A man in the lift experiences a loss of weight. What are the
forces experienced by the man in the frame of lift? (mass of man = 60 kg and g = 10 m/s2)
16. (a) A turn of radius is banked for vehicles moving at a speed of 36 km/hr. What is the angle of banking?
(b)In the above question,if the coefficient of friction is 0.4 then what is the minimum and maximum
velocity for which no slipping takes place?
ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TESTII
26
1. aA = aB = 0, T = 20N, fA = 0, fB = 20 N
2. 200 N
3. zero
5. (a) 13 N (b) zero
u2
6 4g sin 
7. 100 N
u2
8. 2g
10. 100 kgf, zero
11. (i) 2 rad/s (ii) 6 m/s (iii) 12 m/s2 (iv) 24 N
12. 1260 N
13. 10 rad/s
14. (i) 4 N (ii) 6 m/s
15. 600 N downward (weight), 300 N upward (pseudo force), 300 N upward (normal force)
16. (a) R = 20 m
(b) Between 14.7 km/hr and 54 km/hr
27
SOLVED OBJECIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
Three equal weights A, B&C each of mass 2kg are
hanging on a string passing over a fixed frictionless
pulley as shown in figure. The tension in string
connecting B and C is
(a zero (b) 13 N A B
(c) 3.3 N (d) 19.6 N
C
Solution:
For mass C, resultant force on C = 2g T2
 2g T2 = 2a … (i)
For mass B, 2g + T2T1 = 2a … (ii)
For mass A, T1 2g = 2a … (iii) T1 T1
Adding (1), (2) and (3)
2g g 2 kg A B 2 kg
 
a 6 3 T2 2g
2g 2g T2
Tension, T2 = 2g 2a = 2g 3 C 2kg
4g 49.8 39 .2
  
3 3 3 = 13 N 2g
 (b)
Example 2:
A body of mass 1 kg is suspended from a spring balance graduated at g = 10 m/s2. The spring
balance is fixed in a lift, which is moving up with an acceleration of 5 m/s 2. What is the reading in
the spring balance?
(a) 0.5 kg (b) 1.5 kg (c) 1 kg (d) 3.5 kg
Solution:
The tension in spring balance T is given by
Tmg = ma T = m (g + a) N
 a
mg 1 
 g  kg  5 
1 kg
= g =  10  = 1.5 kg
 (b)
Example 3:
A force F1 acting on a free mass m at rest produces in it acceleration of 1 m/s 2. Another force F2
acting on the same mass at rest can produce in it a velocity of 10 m/s after 5 s. The greatest
acceleration of the mass m when both forces F1 and F2 act on it together will be
(a) 2 m/s2 (b) 4 m/s2 (c) 3 m/s2 (d) 1 m/s2
Solution:
F1 produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2.
F2 produces a velocity 10 m/s after 5 s. If acceleration produced by F2 is a then,
v = at, 10 = 5a, a = 2 m/s2
28
Hence both together can produce a maximum acceleration of 3 m/s2
 (c)
Example 4:
A given object takes  times as much time to slide down a 45° rough incline as it takes to slide
down a perfectly smooth 45° incline. The coefficient of kinetic friction between object and incline
is given by
1 1 1 1
μ   1    1
1η 2
2 1  2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Solution:
g
Acceleration without friction = g sin  = 2
g
With friction, the acceleration is g (sin  –  cos ) = 2 (1 – )
1 2
at
Since the body starts from rest, the distance is equal to 2 .
g g
t 12  (1 ) t 22
Thus, S = 2 2 ;
1  t 12 1
 
Given t2 = t1
1 t 22 2
 
1  1 
 2 
=  η 
(b)
Example 5:
A block slides down an inclined plane of slope of angle  with a constant velocity. It is then
projected up the plane with an initial velocity u. The distance upto which it will rise before coming
to rest is
u2 u u 2 sinθ usinθ
4g sinθ 4g sinθ 4g 4g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Solution:
R R
f
mg sin   mg sin 
mg cos  mg cos 
mg mg
 
The force diagram in the two cases are shown in Figure.

Case (i): When the block slides with constant velocity the acceleration is zero.
 f = mg sin 
f = R =  mg cos 
 mg cos  = mg sin 
29
 = tan  ... (i)
Case (ii): The block is projected with velocity u and hence it experiences downward acceleration a. In
this case
mg sin  + mg cos  = ma
mg sin  + mg tan  cos  = ma
 a = 2g sin  ... (ii)
Let x be the distance moved up before it comes to rest.
0 – u2 = – 2  2g sin S
u2
4g sinθ
 S=
 (a)
Example 6:
A 40 kg slab (B) rests on a smooth floor as
shown in figure. A 10 kg block (A) rests on the
top of the slab. The static coefficient of friction 100 N 10 kg
between slab and block is 0.6 while the kinetic
friction coefficient is 0.4. The block (A) is acted 40 kg
upon by a horizontal force 100 N. If g = 9.8
m/s2, the resulting acceleration of the slab (B)
will be
(a) 0.98 m/s2 (b) 1.47 m/s2 (c) 1.52 m/s2 (d) 6.1 m/s2
Solution:
For a force of 100 N on 10 kg block, relative 100 N 10 kg
motion will take place.
 The frictional force between 10 kg block and 40 40 kg
kg block,
f = mg
= 0.4  10  9.8 N
The acceleration of the slab of 40 kg is
0.4  10  9.8
a= 40
= 0.98 m/s2
 (a)
Example 7:
On a slippery road with a coefficient of friction reduced to 0.2, the maximum speed at which a car
can go round a curve of radius 100 m is
(a) 5 m/s (b) 7 m/s (c) 14 m/s (d) 20 m/s
Solution:
v = gr = 0.2  100  9.8 = 14 m/s
 (c)
Example 8:
Two particles move on a circular path (one just inside and the other just outside) with angular
velocities  and 5  starting from the same point. Then, which is incorrect
2
(a) they cross each other at regular intervals of time 4ω when their angular velocities are
oppositely directed
30
(b) they cross each other at points on the path subtending an angle of 60  at the centre if their
angular velocities are oppositely directed

(c) they cross at intervals of time 3ω
if their angular velocities are oppositely directed
(d) they cross each other at points on the path subtending 90  at the centre if their angular
velocities are in the same sense
Solution:
If the angular velocities are oppositely directed, they meet at intervals of
2  2 
 
 rel 6 3
time t =

Angle subtended at the centre by the crossing points  = t = 3= 60
When their angular velocities are in the same direction,
2 2    
  
 rel 4 2
t = and  = 2 = 90
2
 Option (b), (c) and (d) are correct and incorrect option is (a)
 (a)
Example 9:
Two moving particles P and Q are 10 m apart at 6 m /s
a certain instant. The velocity of P is 8 m/s
30°
making 30 with the line joining P and Q and P
30° 10 m Q
that of Q is 6 m/s making 30 with PQ in the
Figure. 8 m /s
Then the angular velocity of Q with respect to P
in rad/s at that instant is
(a) 0 (b) 0.1
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.7
Solution: 6 m/s
Angular velocity of Q relative to P
30°
P
30° Q
Projection of VQP perpendicu lar to the line PQ 8 m/s
= Separation between P and Q

VQ sin  2 VP sin 1 6sin30   ( 8sin30  )

PQ 10 = 0.7 rad/s
 (d)
Example 10:
A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of radius 10 m with constant speed of 10 m/s. A
plumb bob is suspended from roof by a light rigid rod of length 1 m. The angle made by the rod
with the track is
(a) zero (b) 30 (c) 45 (d) 60
Solution:
The different forces acting on the bob are shown in
Figure. Resolving the forces along the length and
perpendicular to the rod, we have
31
2
mv
sin   T
mg cos  + R  mv 2
cos 
T R
mv 2
cos mv 2
mg sin  = R R
v2 (10 ) 2 mv 2 sin 
 1
Rg (10 )(10 ) R
tan  = mg sin 
mg mg cos 
 = tan1 (1) = 45
 (c)
SOLVED SUBJECIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
In the system shown below, friction and mass of the pulley are negligible. Find the acceleration of
m2 if m1 = 300 g, m2 = 500 g and F = 3.4 N
F
m2
m1
Solution:
When the pulley moves a distance d, m1 will move a distance 2d. Hence m2 will have twice as large an
acceleration as m2 has. Also because the total force on the pulley must be zero,
T1 = (T2/2).
T1
T2
F
m2
m1 T1
For mass m1, T1 = m1 (2a) … (i)

For mass m2, F – T2 = m2 (a) … (ii)
T2
2
Putting T1 = , (i) gives T2 = 4m1a
Substituting in equation (ii), F = 4m1a + m2a = (4m1 + m2)a
F 3. 4

( 4m1 m 2 ) 4(0.3)0.5
Hence a = = 2 m/s2
Example 2:
A light inextensible string passing over a smooth fixed pulley attaches two masses of magnitudes
m and xm. Find the product of two possible values of x if the acceleration of the system is g/4.
32
Solution:
Two cases will arise according as x< 1 or x> 1
Case 1:
When x< 1, xm<m and the mass m will fall while the mass
xm will rise. T T
The equations of motion will be
m
for mass m, mgT = ma … (i) xm
for mass xm, Txmg = (xm) a … (ii)
Adding, mg (1 x) = (1 + x) ma
or, g(1 x) = a (1 + x)
g
It is given a = 4 . Putting this value,
 1 x 
 
(1 x) =  4 
3
or, 5x = 3 Hence x = 5
Case 2:
When x> 1, xm>m and the mass xm will fall while mass m will rise. The equations of motion will be
for mass m, Tmg = ma … (iii)
for mass xm, xmgT = (xm)a … (iv)
Adding, (x 1) mg = (x + 1) ma
g
Putting a = 4 , 4(x 1) = (x + 1)
5
or, 3x = 5 giving x = 3
g 3 5
Thus the two possible values of x for which the acceleration of the system will be 4 are 5 and 3 .
3 5

Therefore their product is 5 3 =1
Example 3:
A mass of 2 kg hangs freely at the end of a string, which passes over a smooth pulley fixed at the
edge of a smooth table. The other end of the string is attached to a mass M on the table. If the
mass on the table is doubled the tension in the string increases by one-half. Find the mass M.
Solution: a
The tension in the string is given by T
M
mM
g
m M
T = … (i)
T
In the second case M changes to 2M and T
3
2T m a
changes to
3  m(2M ) g mg
T m (2M )
 2 … (ii)
33
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
2 m 2M 1
 
3 m M 2
Substituting m = 2 kg, then
M = 1 kg
Example 4:
Two masses m and 2m are connected by a massless
string, which passes over a pulley as shown in figure. The
masses are held initially with equal lengths of the strings
on either side of the pulley. Find the velocity of masses at
the instant the lighter mass moves up a distance of 15m.
The string is suddenly cut at that instant. Calculate the 2m
time taken by heavier mass to reach the ground. (g = 10 m
m/s2) 30 m
Ground
Solution:
The masses A and B of m and 2m respectively are initially
along the horizontal position through the line AB.
When the masses are left free, B comes down, A moves up
with acceleration a.
(2m m )g g
 B
2m  m 3 A
Now, a = m 2m
The initial velocities of both of them is zero.
When the lighter mass A moves up through a height 15 m, its 30 m
velocity v is given by
C
10
2aS  2  15 
v= 3 10m/s
Both the masses A and B have the velocity of same magnitude 10 m/s. At this instant the string snaps.
Calculation of the time taken by B to reach the ground
u = 10 m/s
a = 10 m/s2
S = (30–15) = 15 m
1 1
2
S = ut + at  15 = 10 t + 10 t2
2 2
or t = 2 s
34
Example 5: 18kg 9kg
Two particles of masses 9kg and 18 kg are

placed on a smooth horizontal table. A string,
which joins them, hangs over the edge
supporting a light pulley, which carries a mass
16 kg.
The two parts of the string on the table are
parallel and perpendicular to the edge of the
table. The parts of the string outside the table
16kg
are vertical. Find the acceleration of the
particle of mass 16kg. [ take g = 10 m/s2]
Solution:
Let T be the tension in the string; a be the acceleration of the mass 18 kg; 2a be the acceleration of mass
9 kg.
T = m 2a
a  2a 3a

The mass 16 kg will come down with an acceleration 2 2
 3a  18kg 9kg
16 g  2T  16 
 2 
 3a  a 2a
16 g  4  9a  16  
 2 
T T
8
a
 3 m/s2
3
a 2T
 the acceleration of 16 kg mass = 2 = 4 m/s2 3a
2
16kg
16 g
Example 6:
In the system of three blocks A, B and C B
shown in figure, (i) how large a force F is A
needed to give the blocks an acceleration of C
F 1.5 kg 2 kg
3 m/s2, if the coefficient of friction between
1 kg
blocks and table is 0.3 (ii) how large a force
does the block A exert on the block B? (g =
10 m/s2)
Solution:
(i) Let a be the acceleration of the system to
right. All the three frictional forces f1 = m1g,
f2 = m2g and f3 = m3g will be directed to
the left as the motion of bodies is to the right.
Hence, for the whole system
35
Fm1gm2gm3g = (m1 + m2 + m3) a
F = (m1 + m2 + m3) (a + g) 2 kg
= (1.5 + 2 + 1) (3 + 0.3  10) = 27 N F 1.5 kg
1 kg
m1 m2 m3
(ii) The force exerted by the 1.5 kg block on the 2 kg block = Fm1 (a + g)
= 27  1.5 (3 + 0.3  10)
= 18 N
Example 7:
A block of mass m = 10 kg is pulled upward by T
means of a thread up an inclined plane forming

an angle  = 45° with the horizontal as shown in
m
figure. The coefficient of friction is  = 0.5.
What is the value of the minimum tension? (g =
10 m/s2) 
Solution:
The different forces acting on the mass are shown in R
T
Figure. Let the mass move up the plane with an
acceleration a. Writing the equation of motion T cos 
T sin  
R + T sin  = mg cos 
R = mg cos  – T sin  … (i) m
T cos  – mg sin  – f = ma … (ii)
where f is the force of friction. f
mg sin  
f =  (mg cos  – T sin )
mg cos 
… (iii) mg

Substituting the value of f from equation (iii) in
equation (ii)
T cos  –mg sin  – mg cos  + T sin  = ma
T (cos  +  sin ) = ma + mg sin  + mg cos 
ma mg sinmg cos
T
cos sin
… (iv)

For T to be minimum (cos  + sin ) should be maximum.
d
(cossin )  0
d
d2
(cos sin )   ve
d 2
d
(cos  sin )   sin  cos  0
d
 = tan 
d2
2
It can be shown that d is negative.
T will have minimum value when a = 0 and  = tan1()
From equation (iv)
36
mg sin  mg cos
Tmin 
cos  sin

cos  + sin  = cos  +  (  cos )
2
= cos  +  cos 

cos 1 2   1  2
sec 
1 2 1 2
 
1 tan 2  1 2  1   2
mgsin θ  μmgcos θ
Tmin 
1  μ2
 = 30 N
Example 8:
A large mass M = 20 kg and a small mass m = 2kg hang at the two ends of the string that passes
through a smooth tube as shown in Figure. The mass m moves around in a circular path, which
lies in the horizontal plane. The length of the string from the mass m to the top of the tube is 10
cm and  is the angle this length makes with vertical. What should be the frequency of rotation of
mass m so that M remains stationary ? ( 10  )
Solution:
The forces acting on mass m and M are shown in
Figure. When mass M is stationary 
T = Mg …(i) horizontal l
plane
where T is tension in string.
T T cos 
For the smaller mass, the vertical component of
T sin  m
tension T cos balances mg and the horizontal
component T sin  supplies the necessary mg
centripetal force.
T cos = mg …(ii)
M
T sin  = mr2 …(iii) Mg
 being the angular velocity and r is the radius of

horizontal circular path.
From (i) and (iii), Mg sin  = mr2
Mg sin Mg sin Mg
 
mr msin m
=
1 1 
 
Frequency of rotation = T 2  /  2
1 Mg
 Frequency = 2 m = 5 Hz
37
Example 9:
The 4kg block in the Figure is attached to the
A
vertical rod by means of two strings. When the
system rotates about the axis of the rod, the two 1.25 m
strings are extended as indicated in Figure. How 2m P

many revolutions per minute must the system O
4 kg
make in order that the tension in upper string is
60 N. What is tension in the lower string? 1.25 m
B
Solution:
The forces acting on block P of mass 4 kg are shown A
in the Figure. If  is the angle made by strings with
 T1
vertical, T1 and T2 tensions in strings for equilibrium T1 cos 
in the vertical direction
O m P
T1cos  = T2cos  + mg
T2 cos 
(T1 – T2) cos  = mg 
mg
1 4 T2

cos  = 1.25 5
 OA 1 
 cos  AP  1.25 
 
mg 5mg 5
 
T1 – T2 = cos  4 4  4  9.8 = 49 N
Given T1 = 60 N
T2 = T1 – 49 = 60 N – 49 N = 11 N
The net horizontal force (T1 sin  + T2 sin ) provides the necessary centripetal force m2r.
 (T1 + T2) sin  = m2r
(T1  T 2 )sin
 = 2 mr
3
1  cos 2   1  ( 4 / 5) 2 
sin  = 5
2 2
r = OP = (1.25 )  (1) = 0.56
3
(60  11)
5
( 4  0.56 )
2 = = 19
 = 19 = 4.36 rad/s
 4.36

Frequency of revolution = 2 2  3.14
= 42 rev/min
38
Example 10:
A metal ring of mass m = 2 kg and radius R = 1 m is placed on a smooth horizontal table and is
set rotating about its own axis in such a way that each part of ring moves with velocity v = 5 m/s.
Find the tension in the ring.
Solution:
Consider a small part ACB of the ring that subtends
T
an angle  at the centre as shown in Figure. Let
 A
the tension in the ring be T. 2
O
The forces on this elementary portion ACB are C

(i) tension T by the part of the ring left to A 2 B
(ii) tension T by the part of the ring right to B T
(iii) weight (m) g

(iv) normal force N by the table.
As the elementary portion ACB moves in a circle of
radius R at constant speed v its acceleration
(m )v 2
towards centre is R .
Resolving the forces along the radius CO
      v2
T cos  90    T cos  90     m
 2   2  R
…(i)
 v2
2T sin  m
2 R …(ii)
m
Length of the part ACB = R. The mass per unit length of the ring is 2R
Rm m

 mass of this portion ACB, m = 2R 2
Putting this value of m in (ii),
39
2
 m v
2T sin 
2 2 R
  
 2

mv  2 
T
2R     
 sin  

   2 
  
 
 2 
  
 sin   
 
Since   2 is equal to 1,
mv 2
T = 2R = 25 N
MIND MAP
Law 1. (Defines force and Inertia) Law 2. Gives relation between force Law 3. When a body A exerts a force on
Everybody remains at rest or and acceleration another body B, B exerts an equal and
continues to move with uniform opposite force on A. If one of these two
velocity unless an external force is
applied to it.
i.e.,  F ext  M a forces is considered as action, then
other will be reaction.
COMMONLY USED ASSUMPTIONS NEWTON’S LAWS OF COMMONLY USED FORCES

Normal force: Normal to the surfaces of
Rigid body MOTION contact and towards the body under
Inextensible string consideration.
Weight of body: Equals to Mg and acts
Massless string (Applicable for inertial frame only) vertically downward.
Tension in string: along the string, away from
Massless and frictionless pulley the body under consideration.
Stepwise procedure to solve questions based on motion of connected bodies:

1. Identify the unknown forces and accelerations.
2. Draw FBD of bodies in the system.
3. Resolve forces in the direction of motion and perpendicular to it.
4. Apply F = M a in the direction of motion and F = 0 in the direction of equilibrium.
5. Write constraint relation if required and possible.
6. Solve the equations written in steps 4 and 5 to get the results.
40
MIND MAP
41
NON-INERTIAL FRAME
1. Non-inertial frame 2. In non-inertial frame we can write

 In this frame Newton’s laws of motion is Newton’s Law as
not applicable. F ext  F Pseudo  M a
 To apply Newton’s laws of motion in this
frame, other than external forces, we F Pseudo  M a frame
need to consider pseudo force(s).
1. It is a tangential force between the 2. Frictional force is of three types:

surfaces in contact that opposes relative  Static frictional force: Self adjusting force
motion or tendency of the relative motion having magnitude less than or equal to
between the contact surfaces. s N.
 Limiting frictional force: Maximum value
of frictional force having value sN.
 Kinetic frictional force: Having value
equal to kN.
FRICTION
3. Angle between the resultant reaction 4. Angle made by an inclined plane with
force in limiting friction and normal force horizontal at which a body starts sliding
is called as angle of friction , given by down itself is called as angle of repose
f () given by,
tan  = 1
N  = tan (s)
1. Angular kinematics relations

 Uniform circular motion,  = t
 Uniformly accelerated circular motion,
1
   o t  t 2 ,   o  t
2

2  o  2 ,  n  o   2n  1
2

2
CIRCULAR MOTION
2. Relation between linear kinematic variable MV 2
and angular kinematic variable 3. Centripetal force: Fr  M2R  towards
 Linear velocity, V = R R
 Tangential acceleration, at = R the center.
2
 Radial or centripetal acceleration, ar =  R MV 2
 Centrifugal force: Fr '  M2R  , away
 Total acceleration, a =  2R 2  4 R 2 at an R
from the center (Applicable with respect to a
 at  rotating frame).
angle of tan   with radius.
1

 ar 
EXERCISE – I
NEET-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
42
1. At a certain moment of time velocity of A is 10 m/s
upward. The velocity of B at that time will be
(a) 30 m/s downward (b) 20 m/s downward
(c) 10 m/s down ward (d) 5 m/s down ward B
10 m/s A
2. In the arrangement shown in figure if the surface is

m1
smooth, the acceleration of the block m2 will be
m2 g 2m 2 g
4m1  m 2 4m1  m 2
(a) (b)
2m 2 g 2m1g m2
m1  4m 2 m1  m2
(c) (d)
3. In the given figure, the acceleration of block A with A

m
respect to ground is (Neglect friction)
B
g g
10
(a) 3 (b) 3 m
2g
(c) 3 (d) g
m C
4. Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 2 kg are initially at rest F

on the floor as shown in figure. A light string, passing
over a light frictionless pulley, connects them. An
upward force F is applied on the pulley and maintained
constant. Find the maximum value of F applied so that
5 kg 2 kg
the accelerations of 5 kg is zero
(g = 10 ms-2)
(a) 50 N (b) 100 N.
(c) 200 N. (d) none
5. A string of negligible mass going over a clamped pulley

m
of mass m supports a block of mass M as shown. The
force on pulley by the clamp is given by
(a) 2 Mg (b) 2 mg M
43
2 2 2 2
(c) (M  m )  m g (d) (M  m )  M g
6. The ratio of T1 and T2 is (see figure) F

(neglect friction) T2 T1 300
3 kg 12kg 15kg
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 5 : 1
7. With what acceleration ‘a’ should the box of figure

a
moving up so that the block of mass M exerts a force M
7Mg/4 on the floor of the box?
(a) g/4 (b)g/2 (c) 3g/4 (d)
4g
(c) 3g/4 (d) 4g
8. A block of mass 10 kg is suspended through two light

spring balances as shown in figure.
(a) Both the scales will read 10 kg
(b) Both the scales will read 5 kg
(c) The upper scale will read 10 kg and the lower zero
(d) The readings may be anything but their sum will be 10
10 kg
kg
9. The over-bridge of a canal is in the form of a circular arc of radius R. What is the greatest speed at
which a motor cyclist can cross the bridge without leaving the ground?
(a) 5gR (b) 3gR (c) 2gR (d) gR
44
10. Same spring is attached with 2 kg, 3kg and
1 kg blocks in three different cases as shown
in the figure. If x1, x2 and x3 be the
extensions in the spring in these three cases
respectively then 2kg 2kg 3kg 2kg 1kg 2kg
(2)
(a) x1  0, x 3  x 2 (b) x 2  x1  x 3
(1) (3)
(c) x 3  x1  x 2 (d) x1  x 2  x 3
30° 30°
11. A block of mass 2 kg is hanging with two identical
massless springs as shown in figure. The acceleration of the 2kg
block just at the moment, the right spring breaks is
(g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 10 m/s2 (b) 5 m/s2 (c) 25 m/s2 (d) 4 m/s2
12. The force required to just move a body up an inclined plane is double the force required to just prevent it
from sliding down. If f is angle of friction and q is the angle which incline makes with the horizontal,
then
(a) tan q = tan f (b) tan q = 2 tan f (c) tan q = 3 tan f (d) tan f = tan q
13. What is the maximum value of the force F such that the block F
shown in the arrangement does not move? (g = 1

60° m=3kg 
2 3
10 m/s2)
(a) 20 N (b) 10 N
(c) 12 N (d) 15 N
14. A body is placed on a rough inclined plane of inclination q. As the angle q is increased from 0° to 90°,
the contact force between the block and the plane
(a) remains constant (b) first remains constant then decreases
(c) first decreases then increases (d) first increases then decreases
15. A block of mass m1 rests on a rough horizontal plane. A

light string attached to the body passes over a light pulley
and carries at its other end a mass m2 and the system just
begins to move. The value of coefficient of friction 45º
m2
m1
between the surface and block is
45
m2 m2
2m1 m 2 2m1 m 2
(a) (b)
m1 m1
2 m 2  m1 2m 2 m1
(c) (d)
16. In the arrangement shown in figure m A  mB  2kg . A
String is massless and pulley is frictionless. Block B is

B
F
resting on a smooth horizontal surface, while friction
coefficient between blocks A and B is m = 0.5. The
maximum horizontal force F can be applied so that
block A does not slip over the block B is. (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 25 N (b) 40 N
(c) 30 N (d) 20 N
17. Blocks A and B in the figure are connected by a bar of B

negligible mass. If masses of A and B are 170 kg each A
respectively and mA = 0.2 and mB = 0.4, where mA and mB 8
are the coefficients of limiting friction between blocks
15
2
and plane, calculate the force in the bar. (g = 10 m/s ).
(a) 150 N (b) 75 N
(c) 200 N (d) 250 N
18. A hollow cylinder of radius R is rotated about its axis, which is kept vertical. Calculate the minimum
frequency of revolution such that a body kept on the inside of the wall does not slip down. The
coefficient of friction between body and surface of cylinder is m.
1 g 1 g g R
2 2
(a) 2π μR (b) 2 R (c) R (d) g
19. An insect is crawling up a hemispherical bowl of radius R. If the coefficient of friction is 1/3, the insect
will be able to go up to height h equal to (take 3 / 10  0.95 )

R R R R
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 30
20. A block released on a rough inclined plane of inclination  = 30º slides down the plane with an
acceleration g/4, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. What is the coefficient of friction between
the block and the inclined plane?
46
2 1 1 3
3 (b) 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 2
(a)
21. A uniform chain of length l is placed on a rough table with length nl hanging over the edge (n< 1). If
the chain just begins to slide off the table by itself from this position, the coefficient of friction between
chain and table is
1 n 1 1n
(a) n (b) 1n (c) n 1 (d) 1n
22. An undeformed spring of spring constant k has length l0. 

When the system rotates at an angular velocity w as shown in m
.
figure the weight with mass m causes an extension of the

spring. The length of the rotating spring is
0 0 0
m 2
m 2 0 k 1
1 1  m 2
(a) k (b) k (c) 1  m 2 (d) k
23. Two spheres of equal masses are attached to a string of

length 2 m as shown in figure. The string and the spheres
1m P
are then whirled in a horizontal circle about O at a O Q
1m
constant angular speed. The value of the ratio
 Tension in the stringbetween P and Q 
 
 Tension in the stringbetween P and O  is
1 2 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2
24. A particle stays at rest as seen in a frame. We can conclude that

(a) the frame is inertial
(b) resultant force on the particle is zero
(c) the frame may be inertial but the resultant force on the particle is zero
(d) the frame may be noninertial but the resultant force on the particle is zero
47
25. A bead is free to slide down a smooth wire tightly A
stretched between points A and B on a vertical circle.

If the bead starts from rest at A, the highest point on
B
the circle
(a) its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to
sinq
(b) its velocity v on arriving at B is proportional to tan
q
(c) time to arrive at B is proportional to cosq
(d) time to arrive at B is independent of q
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE- SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. Consider the diagram a1 and a2 are accelerations of two

blocks respectively just after cutting the spring. Similarly
a3 and a4 are accelerations of two blocks just after cutting
the string. Which one of the following option is correct?
m1
(a) a1 = g (b) a2 = g
(c) a3 = m1g/m2 (d) a4 = g
m2
2. In the figure shown, what should be the value of force F

applied so that the whole system can remain in the state of
rest? Both the wedges are of the same mass M and the F  F
angle inclination is . (Neglect friction )
(a) Mg tan  (b) Mg/tan 
(c) 2Mgtan (d) Mgsin
3. A wire ABC supports a body of mass m as shown in the A

figure. The wire passes over a fixed pulleys at B and is F
firmly attached to a vertical wall at A. The line AB makes 
an angle  with the vertical, and the pulley at B exerts on
the wire a force F, then the value of force F is B
 
2 2 C
(a) 2 mg sin (b) 2 mg cos
 m
(c) 3 mg cos 2 (d) none

[
48
4. In the figure, the block A, B and C
of mass m each, have acceleration
a1, a2 and a3 respectively. F1 and
F2 are external forces of
magnitudes
2 mg and mg respectively. Then m m m
(a) a1 = a2 = a3 A B C
F1 = 2mg
(b) a1>a3>a2 2m m F2 = mg
(c) a1 = a2, a2>a3
B
(d) a1>a2, a2 = a3
5. A man thinks about 4 arrangements as shown to raise two small bricks each having mass m. Which of
the arrangement would take minimum time?
F
F
m m
m m
(a) (b)
F
F
m
m
(c) (d) m m
6. A trolley is being pulled up an incline plane by a man

sitting on it (as shown in figure). He applies a force
of 250 N. If the combined mass of the man and 250 N
trolley is 100 kg, the acceleration of the trolley will
be [sin 15° = 0.26]
(a) 2.4 m/s2 (b) 9.4 m/s2 15°
(c) 6.9 m/s2 (d) 4.9 m/s2
49
7. A weightless string passes through a slit over a
pulley. The slit offers frictional force f to the string.
The string carries two weights having masses m1 and
m2 where m2>m1, then acceleration of the weights is m1
m2
 m2  m1  g  f f   m2  m1  g  m1  m2  g  f m2 g  f
(a) m1  m 2 (b) m1  m2 (c)  m1  m2  (d)  m1  m2 
8. The system is pushed by a force F as shown in

figure. All surfaces are smooth except between B and A B C
C. Friction coefficient between B and C is . F m
2m 2m
Minimum value of F to prevent block B from
downward slipping is
 3   5  5 3
 mg  mg   mg   mg
(a)  2  (b)  2  (c)  2  (d)  2 
9. Two blocks each of mass m = 2kg placed on rough horizontal

surface connected by massless string as shown in the figure. 2kg 2kg F=tN
A variable horizontal force F = t N (where t is time
) is applied, then the tension T in string versus time graph is =0.2 =0.2
T T
(a) (b)
t t
T T
(c) (d)
t t
10. Find the least horizontal force P to start motion of any part of
the system of the three blocks resting upon one another as A P
shown in figure. The weight of blocks are A = 300N, B
B = 100 N and C = 200 N. Between A and B,  = 0.3, between C
B and C,  = 0.2 and between C and the ground  = 0.1.
(a) 90 N (b) 60 N (c) 80 N (d) 100 N
11. A horizontal force F = 20 N is applied on a block of mass 2 kg

placed an rough inclined plane with coefficient of friction 2kg
µ = 0.2 as shown, then the acceleration of block is
F = 20 N
 3 2
 tan 37 º  , g  10m / s 
 4  37º
2 2
(a) 2 m/s (b) 1 m/s
(c) zero (d) 1.5 m/s2
50
12. Two blocks A and B placed over an inclined plane of B
A
inclination  have masses m and M. The coefficients of friction
between bodies and plane are respectively 1 and 2. Find the
minimum value of  at which the blocks start moving if 1>2. 
 1m  2 M  1m  2 M
(a) tan  = (M m ) (b) sin  = (M m )
 1m  2 M  1m  2 M
(c) cos  = (M m ) (d) cot  = (M m )
13. A block of mass m is placed on a wedge of mass 2m which rests

on a rough horizontal surface. There is no friction between the m
block and the wedge. The minimum coefficient of friction 2m
0
between the wedge and the ground so that the wedge does not 45
move is
(a) 0.167 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.23 (d) 0.33
14. A weight is moved from the bottom to the top of an inclined plane. If the force to drag it along the plane
is to be smaller than to lift it the value of  should be such that
     
        
(a) < tan  4 2  (b) < tan  2 4  (c) < tan  4 2  (d) < tan 
15. A block, released from rest from the top of a smooth inclined plane of inclination , has a speed v
when it reaches the bottom. The same block, released from the top of a rough inclined plane of the same
inclination , has a speed v/n on reaching the bottom, where n is a number greater than unity. The
coefficient of friction is given by
 1   1
µ  1  2  tan  µ  1  2  cot 
(a)  n  (b)  n 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 1   1 
µ  1  2  tan  µ  1  2  cot 
(c)  n  (d)  n 
16. A boy of mass m is applying a horizontal force to slide a box of mass M on a rough horizontal surface.
The coefficient of friction between the shoes of the boy and the floor is  and that between the box and
the floor is . In which of the following cases it is certainly not possible to slide the box?
(a)   ' , m  M (b)   ' , m  M (c)   ' , m  M (d)   ' , m  M
17. A weightless inextensible rope rests on a stationary

wedge forming an angle  with the horizontal. One
A
end of the rope is fixed to the wall at the point A. A
small load is attached to the rope at the point B, the B a
wedge starts moving to the right with constant 
acceleration ‘a’. What is the acceleration of the load
when it is still on the wedge?
(a) 2a sin  (b) 2a cos 
51
 
(c) 2a sin 2 (d) 2a cos 2
18. An inclined plane makes an angle 30° with the

horizontal. A groove OA = 5 m cut in the plane makes A
cylinder
an angle 30° with OX. A short smooth cylinder is free
to slide down under the influence of gravity. The time 30°
taken by the cylinder to reach from A to O is 30°
O
(g = 10 m/s2) X
(a) 4 s (b) 2 s
(c) 2 2 s (d) 1 s
19. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a string of length l while the other end is fixed to a point
h meter above the horizontal table. The particle is made to revolve in a circle on the table so as to make
P revolution per second. The maximum value of P if the particle is to be in contact with the table, will
be
1
2 gh g /h 2 h / g g /h
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
20. A point moves along the arc of a circle of radius R. Its speed varies as v  a s , where a is constant and
s is the arc length travelled by the particle. The angle between the vector of total acceleration and
the vector of velocity is given by
1 1 1 1
(a) tan (R / S ) (b) tan (R / 2S ) (c) tan (2S / R ) (d) tan (S / R )
ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT
1. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 connected by a spring of k

m1 m2
spring constant k, are kept on a plank which in turn is a
kept over a frictionless horizontal surface as shown.
Coefficients of friction between masses m1 and m2 and
plank are 1 and 2. Plank is given a horizontal
acceleration of magnitude a. Then
(a) elongation may take place in spring if  2   1
(b) compression may take place in spring  1   2
(c) elongation may take place in spring  2   1
(d) there will be no elongation or compression in the spring if  1   2
2. A solid block of mass 2 kg is resting inside a cube as

shown in the figure. The cube is moving with the
 ˆ ˆ
velocity  5ti  2 j m/s (t is time in second). The block
v
is at rest with respect to the cube and coefficient of
friction between the surfaces of cube and the block is
0.2. Then (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) force of friction acting on the block is 10 N.
(b) force of friction acting on the block is 4 N.
(c) the total force exerted by the block on the cube is 14 N.
52
(d) the total force exerted by the block on the cube is 10 5 N.
3. In the figure shown all the surfaces are smooth. All B

the strings are either horizontal or vertical. A P2 m P3
horizontal force of magnitude F Newton is acting at
the end of the string towards P4. Select the correct 2m P4
alternatives if m1 = 1 kg A P1
C F
(a) acceleration of the block C is zero 2m
2F
(b) acceleration of the block C is 5 m/s2
F
(c) net acceleration of the block B is 3 m/s2
F
(d) net acceleration of the block B is 5 m/s2
4. A block of mass 1 kg is at rest relative to a smooth wedge 1kg

moving leftwards with constant acceleration a = 5 m/s2.
a
Let N be the normal reaction between the block and the
wedge. Then (g = 10 m/s2) 
1
tan  
(a) N = 5 5 N (b) N = 15 N (c) 2 (d) tan   2
5. A block of mass m is kept over a wedge of mass M. The

m F
coefficient of friction between block and wedge is  and M
between wedge and ground is zero. A force F is applied on
the wedge such that block remains at rest with respect to
wedge. Then
 sin    cos    sin    cos  
Fmax   M  m  g   Fmax   M  m  g  
(a)  sin    cos   (b)  cos    sin  
 sin    cos    sin    cos  
Fmin   M  m  g   Fmin   M  m  g  
(c)   cos   sin   (d)   sin   cos  
6. A uniform rod of weight W is made to lean between rough A

vertical wall and rough ground as shown. Friction 1
1 
1 2
1 
coefficient between rod and wall is 2 and between 
1 1 B
2  2 
4 . The correct options are 4
the rod and the ground is
 2W
(a) the normal reaction between rod and wall is 1   1 2
53
W
(b) normal reaction between rod and ground is 1   1 2
2
2 W
(c) friction force between rod and wall is 1   1 2
 1W
(d) friction force between rod and ground is 1   1 2
7. The blocks B and C in figure have mass m each. The A

strings AB and BC are light, having tensions T1 and T2 1 T1
respectively. The system is in equilibrium with a constant B
horizontal force mg acting on C.
1  2 T2
tan 1 
(a) 2 (b) tan  2  1 F=mg
(c) T1  5 mg (d) T2  2 mg C
8. Three identical cars A, B and C are moving at the same speed on three bridges. The car A goes on a
plane bridge, B on a bridge convex upward and C goes on a bridge concave upward. Let FA, FB and FC
be the normal forces exerted by the cars on the bridges when they are at the middle of bridges.
(a) FA is maximum of the three forces (b) FB is minimum of the three forces
(c) FC is maximum of the three forces (d) FA = FB= FC
9. F, Fn and f denote the magnitudes of the contact force, normal force and friction force respectively
exerted by one surface on the other when both are in contact. None of the force is zero. Then
(a) F>Fn (b) F>f
(c) Fn>f (d) Fn – f<F<Fn + f
10. The following figure shows an arrangement of three blocks X, Y

and Z suspended by springs or strings as shown. Three points A, B
and C are marked on the spring or strings. Let a1, a2 and a3 be the A
instantaneous accelerations of blocks X, Y and Z respectively on X 7kg
cutting the arrangement from any of the points A, B or C. Select B
the correct alternative(s)
Y 7kg
(a) a3 = 0 when the arrangement is cut from A or B
C
(b) a1 = a2 = 3g/2 downward, when the arrangement is cut from A
(c) a1 = a2 = g/2 upward, when the arrangement is cut from C
(d) a1 = a2 = a3 = 0 always
Z 7kg
54
EXERCISE – III
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column –II.
1. Two blocks A and B of masses 5/3 kg and 5/6 kg are

placed on an inclined plane of inclination 370 (with the B
horizontal) with initial normal reaction between the A
blocks is zero and coefficient of friction between the F
blocks and the surface is 0.9. A force F is applied on
370
block A along the inclined plane as shown.
( g = 10 m/s2, tan 370 = 3/4)
Column-I Column-II
I. The possible values of F to keep the blocks stationary A. 11 N
is
II. Limiting values of contact force between the blocks B. 3N
III. Contact force between the blocks when applied force C. 16 N
55
F = 48 N
IV. The possible values of F to keep the blocks stationary D. zero
if force is applied on block B down the inclined plane. E. 7N
REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose

(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.
1. Statement-1: Two objects of equal mass rest on the opposite pans of an arm balance. Scale will remains
balanced, when it is accelerated up or down in a lift.
Statement-2: Both masses experience unequal fictitious forces in magnitude as well as in direction
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
2. Statement-1: A car accelerates on a horizontal road due to the force exerted by the engine of the car.
Statement-2: To accelerate a body force is always needed in the direction of required acceleration.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
3. Statement-1: Centrifugal force acts on a particle because the particle moves on a circle.
Statement-2: Centrifugal force is a pseudo force.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
4. Statement-1: If a string moves over a rough massive pulley without slipping, then tension in the string,
on both sides of pulley will be different.
Statement-2: To rotate a massive pulley, there should be net torque acting on the pulley
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
5. Statement-1: Value of frictional force as seen from an inertial frame, for a pair of solids may change if it
is observed from a non inertial frame.
Statement-2: Coefficient of friction  does not depends on frame of reference.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
A wagon is going horizontally with an M

acceleration a0 m/s2. A system inside the wagon a0 m/s2
contains two blocks of mass M and m m
connected by a thread which passes over a
pulley as shown in the figure (all the surfaces
are smooth)
56
1. The tension in the string is given by

2mM  g  a0  2mM  g  a0  mM  g  a 0  mM  g  a0 
(a) mM (b) M m (c) M m (d) 2m  M
2. Magnitude of normal reaction between the block m and vertical wall when acceleration of lift became
a0/2
Ma0 ma0 ma0
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) ma0 (d) 2
3. What is the total reaction force on the pulley as seen from the ground?
2mM  g  a0  2mM  g  a0  mM  g  a0  mM  g  a0 
(a) mM (b) M m (c) 2M  m (d) 2m  M
EXERCISE – IV
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
57
1. The diagram shows two blocks A and B, of masses
m1= 1/2kg and m2 = 1/2kg respectively connected by a light P1 P2
inextensible string passing over two fixed smooth pulleys
P1 and P2 and under a light movable pulley P3, which
carries a block C of mass m3 =1 kg. Find P3
(a) the acceleration of block A, A B
(b) the acceleration of block C
(c) the tension in string connecting A and B.
[take g = 10 m/s2] C
2. Two particles of equal masses m =1kg are connected by a

light string of length L = 2 5 m as shown in figure. A F
constant force F = 4 N is applied continuously at the middle
m
of the string, always along the perpendicular bisector of the m
line joining the two particles. Find the acceleration of
approach of the particles when the distance between them is
l =2m.
3. In the arrangement shown in the figure, the mass of ball

133
1 is  = 68 times as great as rod 2. The length of the latter
is l = 100 cm. The mass of the pulley and the threads, as
well as the friction, is negligible. The ball is set on the same
level as the lower end of rod and then released. How soon
will the ball be opposite the upper end of the rod? [take
g = 10 m/s2] l
1 2
4. Figure shows three movable pulleys of masses m1 = 1kg, m2

= 2kg and m3 = 8 kg connected by a single string. If the P1 P2
pulleys are frictionless, string is light inextensible and
pulleys P1 and P2 are light, find tension in the string.
[take g = 10 m/s2] m1
m2
m3
5. A particle is projected directly up a plane inclined at an angle  = 45° with horizontal with initial
velocity u given by u2 = 2g  (sin  +  cos ) where  is the coefficient of friction. If tan >, find the
velocity when it returns to the starting point and explain the difference between the initial and final
1   16
kinetic energies. (Take  = 2 , 5 2 , g = 10 m/s2)
6. A chain of mass m = 2 kg forming a circle of radius R = 2m is slipped on a smooth round cone with
half angle  = 45°. Find the tension of chain if it rotates with constant angular velocity = rad/s about
a vertical axis coinciding with symmetry axis of the cone. (2 = 10)
58
7. Figure shows a small block of mass m = 1kg kept at

the left end of a larger block of mass M = 3kg and
length l = 12m. The system can slide on a horizontal m
road. The system is started towards right with an initial
M
velocity v. The friction coefficient between the road
and the bigger block is  = 0.4 and that between the l
blocks is /2. Find the time elapsed before the smaller
block separates from the bigger block.
8. In the figure masses m1, m2 and M are 20 kg, 5 kg m1

P1
and 50 kg respectively. The coefficient of friction
between M and ground is zero. The coefficient of
friction between m1 and M and that between m2 and M F
P2
ground is  = 0.3. The pulleys and the string are m2
massless. The string is perfectly horizontal between
P1 and m1 and also between P2 and m2. The string is
perfectly vertical between P1 and P2. An external
horizontal force F is applied to the mass M. The
magnitude of the force of friction between m1and M
be f1 and that between m2and ground be f2. For a
particular F, it is found that f1=2f2. Find F, tension
in the string T and acceleration a (in cm/s 2) of the
masses. (Take g = 10 /s2)
9. A cyclist rides along the circumference of a circle in a horizontal plane of radius R = 100 m, the friction
 r 
1  
coefficient being dependent only on distances r from the centre O of the plane as  = o  R  , where
o = 0.4. Find the radius r of the circle with the centre at the point O along which the cyclist can ride with
the maximum velocity. What is this maximum velocity?
10. Two block of mass M1 = 10 kg and M2 = 5 kg connected to each other by a massless inextensible string
of length l = 0.3 m, are placed along a diameter of the table such that centre of the string is at the centre
of the table. The coefficient of friction between the table and M1 is  = 0.5 while there is no friction
between M2 and the table.
The table is rotating with an angular velocity of  = 10 rad/s about a vertical axis passing through its
centre O such that the mass M1 is at a distance r = 0.124 m from O. The masses are placed along the
diameter of table on either side of the centre O. The masses are observed to be a rest with respect to an
observer on the turn table
(a) calculate the frictional force on M1
(b) The distances of M1 and M2 from axis of rotation be r1 cm and r2 cm such that the friction force
on M1 becomes zero. Find the values of r1 and r2.
59
ANSWERS
EXERCISE – I
NEET-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d)
EXERCISE – II
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT
1. (a,d) 2. (a,d) 3. (a,c) 4. (a,c) 5. (b,d)

6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (a,b,c,d) 8. (b,c) 9. (a,b,d) 10. (a,b,c)
EXERCISE – III
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. I – A, B, C, D, E; II – A, D ; III – C ; IV – B, D
REASONING TYPE
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
60
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b)
EXERCISE – IV
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
 
 
 4 
a1  g  1  
m 4 m1
 1  1  
 m2 m3 
1. (a) 0 m/s2 ,
 
 
 4 
a 2  g 1  
m 4m 2
 1  2  
2  m1 m3 
(b) 0 m/s ,
4g
T 
1 1 4
 
(c) 5 N, m1 m 2 m 3
Fl
a
2. 2 m/s2, L l2
2
2l  4  
t  
3. t = 3 sec ,
3g  2  
4g
T 
1 1 4
 
4. 20 N, m1 m2 m3
5. 4 m/s, v  2gl  sin    cos 


T  g cot   R 2  2m
6. 30 N,
2l m 1
t a  g   
7. 3 s, a where  2M 2 
 M 
F   2  m 2 g
 m1  m 2 
8. 60 N,
 m2 
T  m 2 g 1  
 m1  m 2 
18 N,
m 2 g
a
60 cm/s2, m1  m 2
R
r 
9. 50 m, 2
 0 Rg
v max 
10 m/s, 2
(a) 36 N, f r     m1  m2  r  m2l 
2
10.
61
m2l
r1 
(b) 10 cm, m1  m 2 ,
m 1l
r2 
20 cm, m1  m 2
IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR IIT-JEE EXAM – 1
Q.1 A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration about its axis. Initially its angular velocity is zero.
In the first 2 sec, it rotates through an angle  ; in the next 2 sec, it rotates through an additional
angle 2. The ratio of 2 /1 is-
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 5
Q.2 In applying the equation for motion with uniform angular acceleration  = 0 +  t, the radian
measure -
(1) must be used for both  and 
(2) may be used for both  and 
(3) may be used for  but not 
(4) cannot be used for both  and 
Q.3 The linear and angular acceleration of a particle are 10 m/sec 2 and 5 rad/sec2 respectively it will be
at a distance from the axis of rotation -
(1) 50 m (2) 1/2 m
(3) 1 m (4) 2 m
Q.4 A tachometer is a device to measure -

(1) gravitational pull
(2) speed of rotation
(3) surface tension
(4) tension in a spring
Q.5 Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving along the circular path of radius r 1 and r2. They take one
round in the same time. The ratio of angular velocities of the two cars will be-
(1) m1 : m2 (2) r1 : r2
(3) 1 : 1 (4) m1 r1 : m2 r2
Q.6 A bottle of soda water is grasped by the neck and swing briskly in a vertical circle. Near which portion
of the bottle do the bubbles collect ?
(1) near the near bottom
(2) in the middle of the bottle
(3) near the neck
62
(4) uniformly distributed in the bottle
Q.7 In circular motion, the centripetal acceleration is given by-

(1) a × r (2)  × v (3) a × v (4)  × r
Q.8 The ratio of angular speeds of minutes hand and hour hand of a watch is -
(1) 1 : 12 (2) 6 : 1
(3) 12 : 1 (4) 1 : 6
Q.9 A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revolutions per second. The acceleration of particle
in m/s2 is -
(1) 2 (2) 82
(3) 42 (4) 22
Q.10 A particle moves in circular path with uniform speed v. The change in its velocity on rotating through
60º is -
v
(1) v 2 (2) 2
(3) v (4) Zero
Q.11 In uniform circular motion-

(1) both velocity and acceleration are constant
(2) acceleration and speed are constant but velocity changes
(3) both acceleration and velocity change
(4) both acceleration and speed are constant
Q.12 When a body moves with a constant speed along a circle-

(1) no work is done on it
(2) no acceleration is produced in the body
(3) no force acts on the body
(4) its velocity remains constant
Q.13 What happens to the centripetal acceleration of a revolving body if you double the orbital speed v and
halve the angular velocity  ?
(1) the centripetal acceleration remains unchanged
(2) the centripetal acceleration is halved
(3) the centripetal acceleration is doubled
(4) the centripetal acceleration is quadrupled
Q.14 A body is moving with a constant speed v in a circle of radius r. Its angular acceleration is-
63
v
(1) Zero (2) r
v2 v2
2
(3) r (4) r
Q.15 A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and carries a mass of 100 gm at the other end. The string
makes (2/) revolutions per second around vertical axis through the fixed end. Calculate the tension in
the string-
(1) 1.0 N (2) 1.6 N
(3) 2 N (4) 4 N
Q.16 A body is revolving with a uniform speed V in a circle of radius r. The angular acceleration of the body
is -
V
(1) r
(2) Zero
V2
(3) r along the radius and towards the centre
V2
(4) r along the radius and away from the centre
Q.17 A particle is acted upon by a constant force always normal to the direction of motion of the particle. It is
therefore inferred that-
(a) Its velocity is constant
(b) It moves in a straight line
(c) Its speed is constant
(d) It moves in circular path
(1) a, d
(2) c, d
(3) a, b
(4) a, b, c
Q.18 A body of mass 2 kg is moving in a vertical of radius 2 m. The work done when it moves from the
lowest point to the highest point is-
(1) 80 J (2) 40 J
(3) 20 J (4) 0
Q.19 A particle rests on the top of the hemisphere of radius R. The small horizontal velocity that must be
imparted to the particle if it is to leave the hemisphere without sliding down. is-
64
(1) v = (2gR)1/2 (2) v = (gR/2)1/2
(3) v = (gR)1/2 (4) v = (2g/R)1/2
Q.20 A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a string of length 20 cm. By how much does the
tension of the string at the lowest point exceed the tension at the top most point?
(1) 2 m g (2) 4 m g
(3) 6 m g (4) 8 m g
Q.21 A car is travelling with linear velocity v on a circular road of radius r. If it is increasing it speed at the
rate of 'a' metre/sec2, then the resultant acceleration will be-
 v2   v4 2
 a2   
 r2   r2  a 
(1)   (2)  
 v4 2  v2 2
   
 r2  a   r2  a 
(3)   (4)  
Q.22 On an unbanked road, a cyclist negotiating a bend of radius r at velocity v must lean inwards by an
angle  equal to -
(1) tan–1 (v2/g) (2) tan–1 (g/v)
(3) tan–1 (v2 / gr) (4) tan–1 (rg/v2)
Q.23 A string can bear a maximum tension of 100 Newton without breaking. A body of mass 1 kg is attached
to one end of 1 m length of thin string and it is revolved in a horizontal plane. The maximum linear
velocity which can be imparted to the body without breaking the string, will be -
(1) 10 m/s (2) 1 m/s
(3) 100 m/s (4) 1000 m/s
Q.24 The roadway of a bridge over a canal is in the form of a circular arc of radius 18 m. What is the greatest
speed with which a motor cycle can cross the bridge without leaving ground.
(1) 98 m/s (2) 18 9.8 m / s
(3) 18 × 9.8 m/s (4) 18 / 9.8 m/s
Q.25 A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car passenger take the same turn is thrown outwards. The
reason is-
(1) car is heavier then cycle
(2) car has four wheels while cycle has only two
(3) difference in the speed of the two
(4) cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while in the case of car only the passenger is thrown
by this force
Q.26 A cyclist turns around a curve at 15 miles/hour. If he turns at double the speed, the tendency to overturn
is -
(1) doubled (2) quadrupled
65
(3) halved (4) unchanged
Q.27 A cyclist is moving on a circular track of radius 80 m with a velocity of 72 km/hr. He has to lean from
the vertical approximately through an angle-
(1) tan–1 (1/4) (2) tan–1 (1)
(3) tan–1 (1/2) (4) tan–1 (2)
Q.28 A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km per hour on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a
point where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 metres. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s 2.
In order to avoid skidding, he must not bend with respect to the vertical plane by an angle greater than-
(1) = tan–1 6 (2)  = tan–1 2
(3)  = tan–1 25.92 (4)  = tan–14
Q.29 A particle of mass ‘m’ describes a circle of radius (r). The centripetal acceleration of the particle is 4/r 2.
The momentum of the particle -
2m 2m
(1) r (2) r
4m 4m
(3) r (4) r
Q.30 A particle move along a circular path of radius (r) with a uniform speed (v). The angle described by the
particle in one second is given by -
(1) vr–1 (2) v–1r
(3) vr–2 (4) v2r
Q.31 A particle moving along a circular path with a speed (v) and its speed increases by ‘g’ per second. If the
radius of the angular path be (r), than the net acceleration of the particle is -
 v2   v2 2
  g    g 
 r   r 
(1)   (2)  
1/ 2 1/ 2
 v4   v2 
  g2    g
 r2   r 
(3)   (4)  
Q.32 A particle is moving around a circular path with uniform angular speed (). The radius of the circular
path is (r). The acceleration of the particle is -
2 
(1) r (2) r
(3) v (4) vr
Q.33 Let ‘’ denote the angular displacement of a simple pendulum oscillating in a vertical plane. If the
mass of the bob is (m), then the tension in string is mg cos  -
(1) always
(2) never
66
(3) at the extreme positions
(4) at the mean position
Q.34 The angular acceleration of particle moving along a circular path with uniform speed -
(1) uniform but non zero
(2) zero
(3) variable
(4) such as can not be predicted from given information
Q.35 A car moves on a circular road, describing equal angles about the centre in equal intervals of times
which of the statements about the velocity of car are true -
(1) velocity is constant
(2) magnitude of velocity is constant but the direction of velocity change
(3) both magnitude and direction of velocity change
(4) velocity is directed towards the centre of circle
Q.36 A pendulum bob has a speed 3m/s while passing through its lowest position, length of the pendulum is
0.5 m then its speed when it makes an angle of 60º with the vertical is -
(1) 2 m/s (2) 1 m/s
(3) 4 m/s (4) 3 m/s
Q.37 An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes 7
revolutions in 100 s. What is the linear speed of the motion -
(1) 2.3 cm/s (2) 5.3 cm/s
(3) 0.44 cm/s (4) none of these
Q.38 The mass of the bob of a simple pendulum of length L s m. If the bob is left from its horizontal position
then the speed of the bob and the tension in the threads in the lowest position of the bob will be
respectively -
L O
(1) 2gL and 3 mg (2) 3 mg and 2gL
(3) 2 mg and 2gL (4) 2 gL ad 3 mg
Q.39 A stone of mass 1 kg is tied to the end of a string of 1 m long. It is whirled in a vertical circle. If the
velocity of the stone at the top be 4 m/s. What is the tension in the string ?
(1) 6 N (2) 16 N
(3) 5 N (4) 10 N
Q.40 If the speed and radius both are trippled for a body moving on a circular path, then the new centripetal
force will be -
67
(1) F2 = 2F1 (2) F2 = F1
(3) F2 = 3F1 (4) F2 = F1/3
Q.41 The blades of an aeroplane propeller are rotating at the rate of 600 revolutions per minute its angular
velocity is -
(1) 10 rad/s (2) 20  rad/s
(3) 2  rad/s (4) None of these
Q.42 A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If
the stone makes 14 revolutions in 22 s than the acceleration of the stone is -
(1) 5 m/s2 (2) 10 m/s2
(3) 12.8 m/s2 (4) None of these
Q.43 A particle moves on a circular path of radius (r) with speed (v) if its speed and radius both are doubled
than centripetal force is -
(1) same (2) doubled
(3) quadrupled (4) eight times
Q.44 A particle moves in a circle of the radius 25 cm at two revolutions per second. The acceleration of the
particle in m/sec2 is -
(1) 2 (2) 82
(3) 42 (4) 22
Q.45 When a body moves with a constant speed along a circle -
(1) no acceleration is produced in the body
(2) no force acts on the body
(3) its velocity remains constant
(4) no work gets done on it
Q.46 A particle moves in a circle describing equal angle in equal times, its velocity vector :
(1) remains constant
(2) changes in magnitude
(3) change in direction
(4) changes in magnitude and direction
Q.47 A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by means of a string at an initial speed of 5 r.p.m.
keeping the radius constant the tension in the string doubled the new speed is nearly -
(1) 7 r.p.m. (2) 14 r.p.m.
(3) 10 r.p.m. (4) 20 r.p.m.
Q.48 In a vertical circle of radius (r), at what point in its path a particle may has tension equal to zero-
(1) highest point
(2) lowest point
(3) at any point
68
(4) at a point horizontal fromthe centre of radius
Q.49 If the radius of circular path of two particles of same masses are in the ratio of 1 : 2 and have equal
centripetal force their velocities should be in the ratio of -
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1
(3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : 4
Q.50 A string of length 0.1 m cannot bear a tension more than 100 N. It is tied to a body of mass 100g and
rotated in a horizontal circle. The maximum angular velocity is….
(1) 100 rad/s (2) 1000 rad/s
(3) 10000 rad/s (4) 0.1 rad/s
Q.51 The radius of the circular path of a particle is doubled but its frequency of rotation kept constant. If the
initial centripetal force be F, then the final value of centripetal force will be -
(1) F (2) F/2 (3) 4F (4) 2F
Q.52 a 0.5 kg ball moves in a circle of radius 0.4 m at a speed of 4 ms–1. The centripetal force on the ball is -
(1) 10 N (2) 20 N (3) 40 N (4) 80 N
Q.53 A car is travelling at 20 m/s on a circular road of radius 100 m. It is increasing in speed at the rate of 3
m/s2. Its acceleration is -
(1) 3 m/s2 (2) 4 m/s2 (3) 5 m/s2 (4) 7 ms–1
Q.54 A weightless thread can bear tension upto 3.7 kg wt. A stone of mass 500 gm is tied to it and revolved in
a circular path of radius 4m in a vertical plane. If g = 10 ms –2, then the maximum angular velocity of the
stone will be-
(1) 16 rad/s (2) 21 rad/s
(3) 2 rad/s (4) 4 rad/s
Q.55 A stone attached to one end of a string is whirled in a vertical circle. The tension in the string is
maximum when -
(1) the string is horizontal
(2) the string is vertical with the stone at highest position
(3) the string is vertical with the stone at the lowest position
(4) the string makes an angle of 45º with the vertical
Q.56 A weightless thread can withstand tension upto 30 N. A stone of mass 0.5 kg is tied to it and is revolved
in a circular path of radius 2m in a vertical plane. If g = 10 m/s 2, then the maximum angular velocity of
the stone will be-
(1) 5 rad/s (2) 30 rad/s
(3) 60 rad/s (4) 10 rad/s
69
Q.57 A particle moving along a circular path. The angular velocity, linear velocity, angular acceleration and
   
centripetal acceleration of the particle at any instant respectively are  , v ,  are a c . Which of the
following relation is/are correct -
   
(a)   v (b)   
   
(c) v  a c (d)   a c
(1) a, b, d (2) b, c, d
(3) a, b, c (4) a, c, d
Q.58 A small mass of 10 gm. Lies in a hemispherical bowl of radius 0.5 m at a height of 0.2 m from the
bottom of the bowl. The mass will be in equilibrium of the bowl rotates at an angular speed of - (g = 10
m/sec2)
0.5 m
m
0.2m 0.4m
10
rad / s
(1) 3 (2) 10 3rad / s
(3) 10 rad/s (4) 20rad / s
Q.59 A body is revolving with a constant speed along a circle. If its direction of motion is reversed but the
speed remains the same then -
(a) the centripetal force will not suffer any change in magnitude
(b) the centripetal force will have its direction reversed
(c) the centripetal force will not suffer any change in direction
(d) the centripetal force is doubled
(1) a, b (2) b, c
(3) c, d (4) a, c
Q.60 A body tied to a string of length L is revolved in a vertical circle with minimum velocity, when the body
reaches the upper most point the string breaks and the body moves under the influence of the
gravitational field of earth along a parabolic path. The horizontal range AC of the body will be -
P
v
m L O
x
A C
70
(1) x = L (2) x = 2L
(3) x = 2 2L (4) x  2L
Q.61 A particle is moving in a vertical circle the tension in the string when passing through two position at
angle 30º and 60º from vertical from lowest position are T1 and T2 respectively then -
(1) T1 = T2 (2) T1> T2
(3) T1< T2 (4) T1 T2
Q.62 A body crosses the topmost point of a vertical circle with critical speed. What will be its centripetal
acceleration when the string is horizontal -
(1) g (2) 2g (3) 3g (4) 6g
Q.63 A particle (P) is moving in a circle of radius (a) with a uniform speed (v). C is the centre of the circle
and AB is a diameter. The angular velocity of particle when it is at point B about (A) and (C) are in the
ratio -
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 2 : 1 (4) 4 : 1
Q.64 A small particle of mass ‘m’ starts sliding down from the top of a hemispherical bowl of radius ‘r’. The
particle and the surface of the hemisphere are frictionless. The height from the ground at which the
particle leaves contact with the sphere is -
(1) 2r/3 (2)3r/2 (3) r/2 (4) r/3
Q.65 If ar and at represent radial and tangential acceleration, the motion of a particle will be uniform circular
motion if -
(1) ar = 0 and at = 0 (2) ar = 0 but at 0
(3) ar 0 but at = 0 (4) ar 0 and at 0
Q.66 A 1500 kg car moving on a flat road negotiates a curve whose radius is 35 m. If the coefficient of static
friction between the tyres and the dry pavement is 0.5. Find the maximum speed, the car can have in
order to makes the turn successfully -
(1) 13.1 m/s (2) 15.1 m/s (3) 20 m/s (4) 25 m/s
Q.67 Stone tied at one end of light string is whirled round a vertical circle. If the difference between the
maximum and minimum tension experienced by the string wire is 2 kg, then the mass of the stone must
be -
(1) 1 kg (2) 6 kg (3) 1/3 kg (4) 2 kg
Q.68 A body holds a pendulum in his hand while standing at the edge of a circular platform of radius r
rotating at an angular speed . The pendulum will hang at an angle  with the vertical such that -
2 r 2
(1) tan  = 0 (2) tan  = g
r 2 g
(3) tan  = g (4) tan  = 2 r
71
Q.69 A mass tied to a string moves in a vertical circle with a uniform speed of 5 m/s as shown. At the point P
the string breaks. The mass will reach a height above P of nearly -
1m
O P
(1) 1 m (2) 0.5 m(3) 1.27 m (4) 1.25 m
Q.70 A particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude which is always perpendicular to the velocity
of the particle The motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows -
(1) its velocity is constant
(2) its K.E. is constant
(3) its acceleration is constant
(4) its moves in a straight line
Q.71 If the overbridge is concave instead of being convex, the thrust on the road at the lowest position will be
-
mv 2 mv 2
(1) mg + r (2) mg – r
m 2 v 2g v 2g
(3) r (4) r
Q.1 A particle rests on the top of a hemisphere of radius R. The minimum linear horizontal velocity for the
particle to leave the vertex without slipping will be-
Rg
v
2gR 2
(1) v = (2)
2g
v
v  gR R
(3) (4)
Q.2 A particle of mass m is tied to a string of length  and whirled into a horizontal plane. If tension in the
string is T then the circular speed of the particle will be -
72
T 2T
(1) m (2) m
3T T
(3) m (4) m
Q.3 A tube of length L is filled completely with an incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both the
ends. The tube is them rotated in a horizontal plane about one of its ends with a uniform angular velocity
. The force exerted by the liquid at the other ends is -
ML2 ML2 
(1) 2 (2) 2
ML2
(3) ML2 (4) 2
Q.4 A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km/hr on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point
where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 meters. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s 2. In
order to avoid skidding, he must not bend with respect to the vertical plane by an angle greater than -
(1)  = tan–16
(2) = tan–12
(3) = tan–1 25.92
(4)  = tan–14
Q.5 A mass is performing vertical circular motion (see figure). If the average velocity of the particle is
increased, then at which point maximum breaking possibility of the string :
A
m
D O C
B
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.6 Two particle having mass ‘M’ and ‘m’ are moving in a circular path having radius R and r. If their time
period are same then the ratio of angular velocity will be -
r R
(1) R (2) r
R
(3) 1 (4) r
Q.7 In a circus stuntman rides a motorbike in a circular track of radius R in the vertical plane. The minimum
speed at highest point of track will be -
(1) 2gR (2) 2gR
(3) 3gR (4) gR
Q.8 If the equation for the displacement of a particle moving on a circular path is given by () = 2t 3 + 0.5,
where  is in radians and t in second, then the angular velocity of the particle after 2s from its start is -
73
(1) 8 rad/s (2) 12 rad/s
(3) 24 rad/s (4) 36 rad/s
Q.9 A particle moves along a circle of radius (20/)m with constant tangential acceleration. If the velocity
of the particle is 80 m/s at the end of the second revolution after motion has begun, the tangential
acceleration is -
(1) 40 m/s2 (2) 640  m/s2
(3) 160  m/s2 (4) 40  m/s2
Q.10 A stone is tied to a string of length ‘’ and is whirled in a vertical circle with the other end of the sting
as the centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is at its lowest position and has a speed ‘u’. The
magnitude of the change in velocity as it reached a position where the string is horizontal (g being
acceleration due to gravity) is -
2 2
(1) u  g (2) u  u  2g
2
(3) 2g (4) 2(u  g)
Q.11 A stone tied to the end of a string of 1m long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If
the stone makes 22 revolution in 44 second, what it the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the
stone -
(1) 2ms–2 and direction along the tangent to the circle
(2) 2ms–2 and direction along the radius towards the centre
(3) 2/4 ms–2 and direction along the radius towards the centre
(4) 2ms–2 and direction along the radius away from the centre
Q.12 A car runs at a constant speed on a circular track of radius 100 m, taking 62.8 seconds for every circular
lap. The average velocity and average speed for each circular lap respectively is -
(1) 0, 0 (2) 0, 10 m/s
(3) 10 m/s, 10 m/s (4) 10 m/s, 0
Q.13 A particle moves in a circle of radius 5 cm with constant speed and time period 0.2  s. The
acceleration of the particle is :
(1) 5 m/s2 (2) 15 m/s2
(3) 25 m/s2 (4) 36 m/s2
Q.1 If the radius of a circular path of a body revolving at a constant speed is doubled, the value of the
centripetal force will be -
(1) halved (2) doubled
(3) four time (4) unchanged
74
Q.2 A bucket full of water is tied to a string of one meter length and is rotated in a vertical circle. What is the
minimum speed at the highest point so that water in it does not spill ?
g
g 2g
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) 5g
Q.3 Keeping the banking angle of the road constant, the maximum safe speed of passing vehicles is to be
increased by 10%. The radius of curvature of the road will have to be changed from 20 m. to -
(1) 16 m (2) 18 m
(3) 24.20 m (4) 30.5 m
Q.4 A neutron star of enormous density is rotating at the rate of one rotation per second . If the radius of the
star is 20 k, then the acceleration in m/s2 units for any particle situated at the equator of the star will be -
(2 10)
(1) 8 × 105 (2) 20 × 103
(3) 12 × 106 (4) 4 × 108
Q.5 A sphere of mass 10 kg is tied to a rope 4 m long. What will be the tension in the rope when the sphere
is rotated along a circle in a horizontal plane with a velocity of 5 m/s (apporox.) -
(1) 10 kg wt (2) 14 kg wt
(3) 6 kg wt (4) 12 kg wt
Q.6 A body of mass 100 g is tied to one end of a 2m long string. The other end of the string is at the centre
of the horizontal circle. The maximum revolution in one minute is 200. The maximum tensile strength
of the string is approx -
(1) 8.76 N (2) 8.9 N
(3) 87 dyne (4) 87.64 N
Q.7 A body of mass 1 kg tied to one end of string is revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 0.1 m with a
speed of 3 revolution/sec, assuming the effect of gravity is negligible, then linear velocity, acceleration
and tension in the string will be -
(1) 1.88 m/s, 35.5 m/s2, 35.5 N
(2) 2.88 m/s, 45.5 m/s2, 45.5 N
(3) 3.88 m/s, 55.5 m/s2, 55.5 N
(4) None of these
Q.8 A car moving on a horizontal road may be thrown out of the road in taking a turn -
(1) by the gravitational force
(2) due to lack of proper centripetal force
(3) due to rolling friction between the tyres and the road
(4) due to reaction of road
Q.9 A cyclist taking bends inwards while a car passenger taking same turn is thrown outwards. The reason is
-
(1) car is heavier than cycle
(2) car has four wheels while cycle has only two
(3) difference in the speed of the two
(4) cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while in the case of car only the passenger is thrown by
this force
75
Q.10 A particle of mass m is executing a uniform motion along a circular path of radius r. If the magnitude of
its linear momentum is P, the radial force acting on the particle will be -
(1) pmr (2) rm/p
2
(3) mp /r (4) p2/rm
Q.11 Sometimes a car overturns while turning at a curve. In such a case -

(1) the inner wheels leave the ground first
(2) the outer wheels leave the ground first
(3) both the inner and the outer wheels leave the ground simultaneously
(4) either of the wheels can leave the ground first
Q.12 The critical speed of a body at the highest point to complete a circle in a vertical plane should be-
(1) rg (2) 2rg (3) 5rg (4) 4rg
Q.13 Radius of the curved road on national highway is R. Width of the road is b. The outer edge of the road is
raised by h with respect to inner edge so that a car with velocity v can pass safely over it. The value of h
is -
v2b v v2R v2b
(1) Rg (2) Rgb (3) bg (4) R
Q.14 The maximum speed of a car on a road turn of radius 30 m, if the coefficient of friction between the
tyres and the road is 0.4, will be -
(1) 9.84 m/s (2) 10.84 m/s
(3) 7.84 m/s (4) 5.84 m/s
Q.15 A particle of mass (m) revolving in horizontal circle of radius (R) with uniform speed v. When particle
goes from one end to other end of diameter than -
(1) K.E. change by 1/2 mv2
(2) K.E. change by mv2
(3) no change in momentum
(4) change in momentum is 2 mv
Q.16 Cream gets separated out of mild when it is churned, it is due to -
(1) gravitational force (2) centripetal force
(3) centrifugal force (4) frictional force
Q.17 A car when passes through a convex bridge exerts a force on it which is equal to -
Mv 2 Mv 2
(1) Mg + r (2) r
(3) Mg (4) None of these
Q.18 The angular velocity of a wheel is 70 rad/s. If the radius of the wheel is 0.5m, then linear velocity of the
wheel is -
(1) 70 m/s (2) 35 m/s
(3) 30 m/s (4) 20 m/s
Q.19 A cyclist on the ground goes round a circular path of circumference 34.3 m in 22 second. The angle
made by him, with the vertical, will be -
(1) 45º (2) 40º
(3) 42º (4) 48º
76
Q.20 A motor cycle driver doubles its velocity when he is having a turn. The force exerted outwardly will be -
(1) double (2) half

(3) 4 times (4) 1/4 times
Q.21 There identical particles are joined together by a thread as shown in figure. All the three particle are
moving in a horizontal plane. If the velocity of the outermost particle is v 0, then the ratio of tensions in
the three section of the string is -
O A B C
  
(1) 3 : 5 : 7 (2) 3 : 4 : 5
(3) 7 : 11 : 6 (4) 3 : 5 : 6
Q.22 A car is moving on a circular path and takes a turn. If R 1 and R2 be the reactions on the inner and outer
wheels respectively then -
(1) R1< R2 (2) R1 = R2
(3) R1 R2 (4) R1> R2
Q.23 A motorcycle is travelling on a curved track of radius 500 m if the coefficient of friction between road
and tyres is 0.5. The speed avoiding skidding, will be -
(1) 50 m/s (2) 75 m/s
(3) 25 m/s (4) 35 m/s
Q.24 A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a velocity of 36 km/hr. The centripetal force is
(1) 250 N (2) 1000 N
(3) 750 N (4) 1200 N
Q.25 A stone of mass 0.2 kg is tied to one end of a thread of length 0.1 m whirled in a vertical circle. When
the stone is at the lowest point of circle, tension in thread is 52 N, then velocity of the stone will be -
(1) 4 m/s (2) 5 m/s

(3) 6 m/s (4) 7 m/s
Q.26 A stone is attached to the end of a string and whirled in horizontal circle, then -
(1) its linear and angular momentum are constant
(2) only linear momentum is constant
(3) its angular momentum is constant but linear momentum is variable
(4) both are variable
Q.27 Angular velocity of minute hand of a clock is -


(1) 30
rad/s
(2) 8 rad/s
2
(3) 1800 rad/s

(4) 1800 rad/s
Q.28 A car moving with speed 30 m/s on a circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the rate of
2m/s2. The acceleration of the car is-
(1) 9.8 m/s2 (2) 1.8 m/s2
(3) 2 m/s2 (4) 2.7 m/s2
77
Q.29 A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Minimum velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom to complete
the circle will be -
(1) 17.7 m/s (2)10.2 m/s
(3) 12.4 m/s (4) 16.0 m/s
Q.30 If a particle is rotating in a circle, what will happen ?

(1) no force is acting on particle
(2) velocity of particle is constant
(3) particle has no acceleration
(4) no work is done
Q.31 For a particle in a non-uniform accelerated circular motion -

(1) velocity is radial and acceleration is transverse only
(2) velocity is transverse and acceleration is radial only
(3) velocity is radial and acceleration has both radial and transverse components
(4) velocity is transverse and acceleration has both radial and transverse components
Q.32 A mass m is attached to the end of a rod of length . The mass goes around a vertical circular path with
the other end hinged at the centre. What should be the minimum velocity of mass at the bottom of the
circle so that the mass completes the circle ?
(1) 4g (2) 3g
(3) 5g (4) g
Q.33 A fighter plane is moving in a vertical circle of radius ‘r’. Its minimum velocity at the highest point of
the circle will be -
(1) 3gr (2) 2gr
gr
gr 2
(3) (4)
Q.34 When a ceiling fan is switched off its angular velocity reduced to 50% while it makes 36 rotations. How
many more rotation will it make before coming to rest (Assume uniform angular retardation)
(1) 18 (2) 12
(3) 36 (4) 48
Q.35 A particle is kept at rest at the top of a sphere of diameter 42 m. When disturbed slightly, it slides down.
At what height ‘h’ from the bottom, the particle will leave the sphere -
(1) 14 m (2) 28 m
(3) 35 m (4) 7m
78
These questions of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these
Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion & Reason are true & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation
of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(D) If both Assertion & Reason are false.
Q.1 Assertion : In a uniform circular motion, the linear speed and angular speed of the body are constant.
Reason : A body can move on a circular path without having acceleration.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.2 Assertion : The resultant acceleration of an object in circular motion is towards the centre if the speed is
constant.
Reason : A vector is necessarily changed if it is rotated through an angle.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.3 Assertion : Work done by the centripetal force in moving a body along a circle is always zero.
Reason : In circular motion the displacement of the body is along the force.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.4 Assertion : Centripetal and centrifugal forces cancel each other.

Reason : This is because they are always equal and opposite.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.5 Assertion : A cyclist bends inwards from his vertical position, while turning to secure the necessary
centripetal force.
Reason : Friction between the tyres and road provides him the necessary centripetal force.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.6 Assertion : Work done by centripetal force is zero.

Reason : Centripetal force acts perpendicular to the displacement.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.7 Assertion : When a particle moves in a circle with a uniform speed its acceleration is constant but the
velocity changes.
Reason : Angular displacement is not a axial vector.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.8 Assertion : The total displacement moved by a point located on the periphery of a wheel of radius R in
one revolution is 2R. Wheel is rolling.
Reason : In rolling motion of a wheel, every point on its periphery comes in contact with the surface
once in one revolution.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.9 Assertion : The tendency of skidding or overturning is quadrupled, when a cyclist doubles his speed of
turning.
Reason : Angle of bending measured from ground., decreases as velocity of vehicle increases.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.10 Assertion : A particle moves along circular path with constant speed then acceleration must be present.
Reason : A particle moves with variable velocity then acceleration must be present.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
79
Q.11 Assertion : In uniform circular motion speed of particle must be constant.

Reason : In uniform circular motion no force or acceleration is acting on particle acting parallel or in
anti parallel to the direction of velocity.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.12 Assertion : When the direction of motion of a particle moving in a circular path is reversed the direction
of radial acceleration still remains the same (at the given point).
Reason : Particle revolves on circular path in any direction such as clockwise or anticlockwise the
direction of radial acceleration is always towards the centre of the circular path.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.13 Assertion : For uniform circular motion it is necessary the speed of the particle is constant.
Reason : There is no tangential force or tangential acceleration acting on particle in uniform circular
motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.14 Assertion : A car moving on a horizontal road may be thrown out of the road in taking a turn due to
lack of proper centripetal force.
Reason : If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles in equal intervals of time. Then the
velocity vector changes its magnitude.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.15 Assertion : Acceleration of the particle in uniform circular motion remain constant.
Reason : Velocity of the particle doesn't change in circular motion.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.16 Assertion : A cyclist always bends inwards while negotiating a curve.

Reason : By bending, cyclist lowers his centre of gravity.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR IIT-JEE EXAM – 1 (ANSWERS)
80
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 4 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3
Ques. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 4 3 1 4 1 4 2
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ans. 2 3 2 1 3 1 3 3 4 2 1
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. 3 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 1 4 2 2 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 3 1 3 4 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 4 3 4 2 1 3
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. 4 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 1 4 4 3 3 2 3
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. 3 3 3 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 3
81

I. Static Friction Ii. Dynamic Friction Iii. Rolling Friction

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FRICTION-1 SUCCESS STUDY CIRCLE 9438224466, 9040224466

Generally 0 ≤static friction ≤ fl

is called the angle of friction

Resultant Force Exerted by Surface on Block

Hence the range of S can be given by, mg≤S≤mg √ μ2 +1

By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in figure)

For the condition of equilibrium W

By substituting these value in F=μR

By Resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction (as shown in the figure)

For the condition of equilibrium

By substituting these value in F=μR

For the condition of equilibrium W

R+P sin α=W cos λ

By substituting these values in F=μR and solving we get

For the condition of equilibrium

Let the force P be applied at an angle α with the horizontal.

For vertical equilibrium

(2) Acceleration of a block sliding down over a rough inclined plane

 ma=mg sin θ−μR

Retardation a=g [ sinθ+μ cosθ] mg sin + F

(i) Weight of the body.

Motion of Two Bodies one Resting on the Other

F−F k=m a A Free body diagram of

F k=M a B Free body diagram of

Note :  As both the bodies are moving in the same direction.

ma A =μ k mg Free body diagram of A

India’s first Colour STUDY MATERIALS for JEE, NEET

F−F k=Ma B Free body diagram of B

Let m = mass of the insect, r = radius of the bowl,  = coefficient of friction

Fig. 5.32 m2g

At limiting condition T =Fl

∴ m2=μm 1 this is the minimum value of m2 to start the motion.

m1g sin + F m1g cos m2g

 T =m1 g sin θ+μm 1 g cos θ …(ii)

this is the minimum value of m 2 to start the motion

Coefficient of Friction Between a Body and Wedge

Smooth wedge Rough wedge

Fig. 5.35 Fig. 5.36

Stopping of Block Due to Friction

[As momentum P = mu]

(ii) Time taken to come to rest

From equation v=u−a t  0=u−μ g t

Velocity at the Bottom of Rough Wedge

By the law of conservation of energy

Sticking of a Block With Accelerated Cart

While pedalling Pedalling is stoped

Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.7

(iii) Brake works on the basis of friction.

Position vector of particle, r = OQ + QP 

the centre of earth. Find its linear speed. ( = 10 )

T being the period i.e., time for one revolution. T cos

(iii) Banking of roads

8.6 NON UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

1. For the arrangement shown in figure. Find acceleration B

2. A body of mass M = 10 kg is found to be rest, when a F

force F = 100 3 N is applied on it (refer figure). What

3. For the arrangement shown in figure, find the tension

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TESTII