Data Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract -- In the recent times, Wireless network of sensor wireless. Wireless Sensor
Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become Networks are said to be the major research topic
very popular. This is mainly due to their for the upcoming decade.
feasible applications like in military and
health sector. But there are certain issues The architecture of Wireless Sensor Network is
when it comes to its efficiency. Many quite easy to understand and isn’t complicated at
all. The network is divided in two parts. One
papers have been published to address
these issues and their solutions. Our side is the sea of thousands of sensor nodes.
paper aims to provide a unique solution These sensor nodes communicate with each
based on the solutions provided other via radio signals. The other side is the user
previously. The issue is of very limited side which collects and uses the data. These two
power resources that these sensor nodes sides are connected via sink. The sink is used to
possess. We discuss data aggregation, retrieve data from sensors and send it to the user.
data compression, signal processing and a The sink is connected to the internet on the user
hybrid model. These techniques help side. The figure below will make it quite easier
manage data efficiently, increasing to understand.
lifetime of networks. Main purpose of is
to send and receive data in such a way
that minimum power is used. Several
papers are referenced and their findings
are used to make this analysis more
accurate.

Introduction
The need for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
has arisen in the recent times. Sensors have been
These sensor nodes are battery operated. Once
around for many decades, but wireless networks
the battery drains out, the node needs to be
just recently became popular. This popularity
replaced. To increase the life span of the nodes,
was due to its feasibility when it comes to
it is quite essential to manage data efficiently so
monitoring and detecting physical conditions.
less battery is consumed.
During the earlier times, sensor nodes were
mainly used for military purpose. One of the There are multiple applications of WSNs in the
first sensor usages was for detecting enemy modern world, some of which are quite
submarines. Later on, research on networks of essential. Area monitoring is one of most
sensors started. Main purpose of these common. Sensors are spread out in an area.
researches was to develop a large sensor Conditions like pressure, temperature, etc. are
network, consisting of many sensor nodes. observed and data is sent to the base station.
Recently in the past decade, major Health sector is taking full advantage of these
breakthroughs were achieved in making this
sensor networks. Patient monitoring is very detailed overview of WSNs. Then analysis of
helpful. 24/7 condition can be monitored. different techniques is done and finally
conclusion.
This paper starts with a precise introduction,
followed by literature review and then a more
Literature Review

Many papers have been published on WSNs in What is a sensor network? It is a deployment of
the past decade. Initially, the focus was on its several devices equipped with sensors that
feasibility. But with time, the requirement for perform a collaborative measurement process.
efficiency arose. It was proposed that to achieve This way we can choose any kind of sensor to be
this requirement, data management is quite used for a specific purpose. For example, smart
essential. This is divided among two approaches: environment, industrial control, traffic
compression-oriented and networking-oriented. optimization, sewerage drainage system and
many more. The working process of a sensor
Compression-oriented refers to the data being consists of three parts, the first is that we can
handled efficiently [11]. Techniques discussed in send any kind of value measured from any kind
this paper are signal processing, information of sensor, in second place we can use any kind
theory and compressive sensing. of protocol to communicate this information and
Since these nodes communicate via radio finally we have the external system which is
signals, it is the primary source of power used in order to show the data on which
processing is done.
consumption. Networking-oriented approach is
focused on increasing life span of network by Wireless Sensor network introduces a new
using efficient networking protocols i.e. routing concept in our lives which is a smart city which
mechanisms [12]. will permit us to know several important values
like city pollution, noise pollution, smart line
The author in [11] focuses on how these
techniques can improve lifetime of the network management and many other applications. But to
and provides a few models as evidence. The make these applications able to work we need to
other authors in [12] emphasizes on how lifetime get into the elements of a sensor and it includes,
can be maximized by exploiting routing node, data gatherer and external systems. A node
is an autonomous sensor-equipped device. The
algorithms.
data gatherer captures the data detected via the
A few other papers have been published that sensors which is then connected with the
focus on signal processing and routing external systems in order to transmit the values
algorithms and how these preserve energy and detected through sensors. External systems
increase lifetime of networks but a hybrid includes data storage and management center.
system of these techniques is not mentioned. The The sensor nodes are usually scattered in a
main aim of this paper is to highlight and sensor field and each of these nodes have
propose hybrid technique. capabilities to collect data and route data back to
the sink and end users. Data is routed back to the
Wireless Sensor Networks end user by a multi-hop infrastructure-less
architecture through the sink. The sink may
communicate with the task manager node via The Wireless Sensor Networks are supposed to
internet or satellite. perform the basic 3 functionalities that is the
gathering of data from the area around,
Structure and Issues processing the data and then communicating
with the centers where the data gathered is
Sensor nodes communicate via radio signals. To processed. With such functionalities the wireless
make this interaction possible, different network sensor networks also require or we can say that
topologies are defined. They are Star Network, these networks need a huge amount of energy to
Mesh Network and Hybrid Start-Mesh Network. work efficiently. For the purpose of making
In Star Network, nodes must be within the these networks consume less energy and remain
communication range of base station as a single efficient there are many methods of data
base station is responsible for sending and management which include the data
receiving messages to and from multiple nodes. compression and aggregation. The sole purpose
These nodes do not communicate directly. of these methods is to reduce the energy
consumed due to the communication. We will
Mesh Network is famous due to its scalability. now look upon both of these techniques and
Nodes can communicate with each other and if a figure out that which one is better in terms of
node is not within the communication range, memory optimization, processing time, security
message can be forwarded through multiple hops and durability of the sensors.
via nodes. But the main disadvantage of this
network is that is consumes high power. Data aggregation
The combination of the above two networks is a It is the process in which data is collected and
hybrid solution. Nodes with low power are not aggregation is done on the useful data.
allowed to forward messages. This is done by According to research done by the department of
other nodes with multi-hope enabled. CSE/IT, ITM University, Gurgaon, India, Data
aggregation is one of the most fundamental
There are many issues that need to be dealt with. procedure for saving energy. The main purpose
Fault tolerance, scalability and power of using this technique is to collect and transmit
consumption are a few of them. Nodes are the useful data in the most energy friendly way
vulnerable. They can fail at any given point due such that it not only increases the lifetime of a
to number of reasons like environment, etc. The network but also uses the limited computational,
network should be designed by keeping in mind memory and battery power in efficient way.
this failure and how to deal with it. Routing
algorithm needs to cleverly use other nodes to In WSN due to high node density same data is
transmit messages. Networks usually require sensed by many nodes which results in data
many thousands nodes to be deployed. To redundancy. To reduce the data redundancy data
maintain this scalability, high performance is aggregation technique is used. There are
needed. As we have already discussed that these multiple structures for data aggregation which
nodes have very limited power resources, includes:
efficient usage is required. The only way to
achieve this is by building efficient data  Tree based structures
management protocols.  Cluster-based structure
 Backbone based structures
In tree based structures the data is collected by the external devices. It is to be noted that in this
the parent node and aggregation is applied to the technique the nodes which has low energy gets
collected data by the parent node which sent to expired.
the parent node of the parent node until it
reaches the destination node. It works in a form
of grid structure. During this phase which is
known as the collection phase the parent node
waits for its child nodes to send data to it and
then apply the aggregation on it. Not all nodes
are active during the whole time. Each node has
its own time slot assigned during which it is
active. As the time ends, the nodes go to sleep in
order to save energy as well as increase the
lifetime of the sensor. It has been studied and
some aggregation tree algorithms are proposed
which reduces the energy cost during the whole
process and also increases the lifetime of the
sensory nodes.

In backbone based structures, there are multiple

algorithms used which includes, Directed
Diffusion, Rail road, Dynamic Directed
Backbone, Data Quality Maximization etc. In
directed diffusion a message is broadcasted by
the node which wants to collect data from some
specific nodes. The broadcaster is commonly
known as the sink. The other nodes then create a
shortest path from node to the sink in order to
consume less energy and more speedup. Same is
the procedure in Railroad structure but in rail
road the main problem is the delay in large area
Another energy saving structure also known as networking.
cluster based structures is used in data
aggregation. This aggregation technique selects There are also some other aggregation
a node as a cluster head by taking into techniques but the best among all so far is the
consideration the density of nodes around it and hybrid of clustering and tree based aggregation
the type of data the surrounding nodes are techniques as in this mode, first the clusters are
gathering. The nodes gathering similar type of formed, and then the tree algorithm is applied on
data are added in same cluster. The selection it. With this algorithm the less energy is utilized
method is done by evaluating on which node has as the cluster based structure minimizes the
the most energy in one specific area. One cluster distance cost by making the node having more
head then transmits the data to the other cluster energy to be the parent node moreover the tree
head which performs data aggregation on it and algorithm only uses the required node and
this procedure continues until the data reaches
allows other nodes to go to sleep when not in use
which increases the network lifetime.

In this way the energy usage reduces at every

node during the communication as the data size
reduces at every hop.

Data Compression The data compression technique (by taking into

consideration that not all nodes have the same
The data compression technique works on the
energy level) causes optimization problem and
principle of reducing the packet size that is
for this purpose the packet compression limit is
transferred between the nodes till is reaches the
then defined for each node. Each node is given a
sink in order to make nodes transfer less amount
specific length of packet to compress depending
of data which in the end reduces the energy cost
on the energy level it has and the average energy
whereas, as we studied in data aggregation, the
that the successor nodes have. In this way the
data is not compressed but the nodes are
nodes do not die in between the data
efficiently used in order to keep the network
communication and hence it ensures the
energy efficient and prolong its lifetime. The
prolonged lifetime of the network.
compressing techniques used in the data
compression requires every node to compress The major advantage of data compression is the
data when it receives. For example, when node security. Due to multiple compressions the data
A sends receives data of size P, it compresses n gets secured at each hop. However in data
blocks of data and sends the data to node B. The compression the nodes are always in active
node B receives P-n data where P is the mode which in contrast to data aggregation
uncompressed data and n is the compressed data. technique consumes more energy.
The node B also compresses the data it receives
and the circle continues until it reaches the sink However in data aggregation, the security is at
where the data is then decompressed. In this risk but the energy consumption and network
whole procedure the packet size gets smaller and life is better.
smaller as it moves through the network.
Signal Processing Technique
We study the issue of information gathering in
wireless sensor networks and contrast a few
methodologies having a place with various
exploration fields; specifically, signal preparing
procedures are examined. Signal preparing For example, to an acoustician, it is a device to
centers around dissecting, changing, and transform estimated signals into valuable data.
orchestrating signs like sound, pictures, and To a sonar planner, it is one piece of a sonar
logical estimations. Signal preparing strategies framework. To an electrical specialist, it is
can be utilized to improve storage effectiveness, frequently confined to digitization, inspecting,
transmission and abstract quality and to likewise separating, and otherworldly assessment.
stress or recognize segments of interest in a
measured signal Often high relationships (spatial
or potentially transient) among sensor readings
exist. For this situation, it is wasteful to convey
the whole crude information to the objective and
signal handling, specifically Changes and
Encoding Pressure (Detective) procedures, can
be abused to lessen the measure of information
to send. On account of nearby Detective
methods (TEC), hub gathers estimations
following the Shannon-Nyquist testing
hypothesis; these estimations are changed and
appropriately encoded and the yield of such
change is put away in the payload of at least one
bundles and shipped off the sink. Specifically, Hybrid model
either lossy or lossless strategies can be utilized
relying upon the specific application situation. The use of energy as a result of non-required
Along with the use of lossy strategies, the first data transfers is a big issue in wireless sensor
information is compacted disposing of a portion networks. While countering this issue, lifetime
of the first data; this permits accomplishing of a network is increased.
higher pressure proportions however at the For the reduction of unnecessary data transfer, a
recipient side one can just remake the hybrid model is used. This model works on the
information with a specific exactness. In certain basis of decision tree (DT), autoregressive
sorts of checking, the precision of perceptions is integrated moving average (ARIMA) and
basic for understanding the fundamental actual Kalman Filtering (KF). These methods are used
cycles. In different cases, it is absurd to expect for the prediction of requirements of data
to have a deduced information about the size of sampling in sensor nodes to reduce the transfer
observational mistakes that are mediocre without of unrequired data. Filtering methods are used to
influencing a right information gathering. Also, help better correlation between sensory data to
some application spaces (e.g., body region reduce energy consumption. The energy
networks Boycotts in which sensor hubs forever utilization of nodes can be adjusted by adding
screen and log crucial signs) request sensors the new link that can improve information
with high exactness and can't endure estimations transmission with low rate of delay. This hybrid
debased by lossy pressure measures. Signal model uses a minimal set of sensor nodes for
processing techniques have applications in data collection based on intra-cluster prediction
different fields. and processing of data. In this model, decision
tree is used to filter data connected with each
node in order to derive a tree for collecting the
sensor data. Additionally, a self-tuning approach
based on Kalman Filtering is utilized to optimize
estimation while minimizing covariance errors.
The objective of DT is used to make a
preparation model that can be utilized to
anticipate the class or worth of the objective
variable by learning basic choice guidelines
surmised from earlier information. One example
of decision tree is given below:
The hybrid model works by using these three
models including DT, KF and ARIMA. DT as
mentioned earlier uses data to form a decision
tree for sensory nodes. After joining the choice
tree and Kalman channel, a high-exactness
expectation calculation dependent on ARIMA
helped model is proposed. Contrasted and other
AI techniques like the deep convolutional
network (DCN), the choice tree is instinctive and
quick and is computationally effective and
appropriate to be incorporated into a constant
This hybrid model is based mainly on DT to expectation framework. As clarified above, DT
select connected nodes and then KF to get best is a grouping calculation that utilizes data almost
of the estimation while reducing the error. every one of the nodes to infer a tree. The bunch
heads gather the data about the node, like ID,
leftover energy, what's more, position of all
nodes in the group. The group heads store this
data in a rundown structure. In the wake of
gathering this data from all nodes, the DT
calculation for nodes bunching is performed.

Conclusion
The aim of this paper was to provide a brief
ARIMA predicts the trends in near future. This overview on Wireless Sensor Networks and
model uses time series data for prediction. This highlight a main issue of high power
is a high precision prediction algorithm which is consumption. Techniques like data aggregation
applied after DT and KF are done with the data and data compression have been discussed.
collection. Another technique, signal processing,
emphasizes how data can be managed by to
reduce power consumption. Lastly a hybrid
model is proposed which uses data aggregation
and compression to solve this problem.
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