LESSON 4

An artist creates something

whose only value is aesthetic.
An artisan creates something
that is functional -- bread,
furniture, etc. -- but attempts
to imbue some element of
artistry or aesthetics in his craft.
 An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to
creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an
art.
 The common usage in both everyday speech and
academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual
arts only. The term is often used in the entertainment
business, especially in a business context, for
musicians and other performers (less often for actors).
 "Artiste" (the French for artist) is a variant used in
English only in this context. Use of the term to
describe writers, for example, is valid, but less
common, and mostly restricted to contexts like
criticism.
 An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artig
iano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or
creates things by hand that may
be functional or strictly decorative, for
example furniture, decorative
arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food
items, household items and tools or even
mechanisms such as the handmade
clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
 Artisans practice a craft and may through
experience and aptitude reach the expressive
levels of an artist.
 The adjective "artisanship" is sometimes used in
describing hand-processing in what is usually
viewed as an industrial process. Thus,
"artisanship" is sometimes used
in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to
describe or imply some relation with the crafting
of handmade food products, such
as bread, beverages or cheese.
Many of these have traditionally been
handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are also
now commonly made on a larger scale with
automated mechanization in factories and other
industrial areas.
1. The Idea - whatever is before
the mind when one thinks; ideas are
construed as representational images; i.e.
images of some object. In other contexts,
ideas are taken to be concepts,
although abstract concepts do not
necessarily appear as images.
2. The Material and Process – refer to the
material which the artist uses to give form
to his idea
3. Organization and Form – the act whereby
the artist organize his idea and give it form
in the selected material.
 Medium refers to the material which
is used by the artist
I t i s t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h h e
communicates ideas
 Architect uses wood, bamboo, bricks,
and stone
 Sculptor uses wood and metals
 Painter uses pigments on wood or
canvas
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 Painting is the art of creating meaningful
effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments
 Different mediums are used in painting
 Each medium exerts a pronounced effect
on the finished product, is capable of
varied treatment, and determines its
own stroke
T h e m a t e r i a l s o f t h e p a i n t e r a r e
pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas,
wood, or paper
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1. Oil. In oil painting, the • Pigments come
pigments are mixed in from minerals,
oil. vegetable matter,
 The surface used is coal tar, and
usually canvas, but may other chemical
also use wood, paper, combinations
and metal.
 The surface to be
suitable must receive oil
paint freely and yet not
absorb it, can withstand
temperature changes,
and not crack the
pigment on it.
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 Two Methods of Painting in
Oil:
1. Direct method.
The paints are
opaque and are
applied to the
surface just as
they are to look in
the finished
product.
2. Indirect method.
The paint is
applied in many
thin layers of Mona Lisa. Oil on Poplar

transparent color.
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 1.It dries very slowly.
2.It has a tendency
to rise to the
surface and form a
film over the
picture, making it
appear dull
3.It has a tendency
to become yellow
and crack
A Typical Filipina Woman

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2. Tempera – this is a mixture of ground
pigments and an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum, or
glue.
 Characteristics:
a. Is a watery, milk-like mixture of oily
and watery consistency
b. Dries easily with the evaporation of
water
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Itis usually done on Three Principal
a wooden panel Dimensions of
that has been made
Tempera:
smooth with a
coating or plaster
a. Unvarnished
tempera
The colors are
mixed with yolk b.Varnished
tempera
c. Tempera
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3. Watercolor. In watercolor, pigments are
mixed with water and applied to white
paper.
 The colors are applied in very thin layers
 Other materials like parchment, ivory, silk
and cambric are also used as ground.
 Opaque watercolor called gouache is made
by grinding opaque colors with water and
mixing the product with a preparation of gum
and adding Chinese white to transparent
watercolors.

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 4. Pastel  is an art
medium in the form
of a stick, consisting
of pure
powdered pigment
and a binder.
 The pigments used in
pastels are the same as
those used to produce
all colored art media,
including oil paints
 The binder is of a
neutral hue and low
saturation.
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5. Fresco – is the most popular type of
painting.
• The colors are mixed with water
and applied to fresh plaster which
absorbs the color.
• Since the pigment is incorporated
with the plaster, the painting lasts
until the wall is destroyed.
• It comes from the Italian word
which means fresh

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6. Acrylics are
extremely versatile,
fast-drying paints,
and can be used
straight from the
tube like oils or
thinned with water
or a medium and
used
like watercolors.
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Sculpture is three- Two Major Sculptural
Process:
dimensional art- a. S u b t r a c t i v e
work created by Carving – a process
shaping or in which the
unwanted material
combining hard is cut away
materials -
typically stone such
as marble - or
metal, glass, or
wood.
Carved Lion

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Construction of a
figure – done by
putting together bits of
clay, or by welding
together parts of metal

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 Relief sculpture – refers
to figures attached to a
ground
 Free-standing – sculpture
Mt. Rushmore
that is surrounded on all
sides, except the base, by
space. It is also known as
sculpture "in the round",
and is meant to be viewed
from any angle.
UP Oblation

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1. Stone. The most commonly
used for sculpture.
Ø Stone is durable,
resistant to the
elements, fire, and other
hazards. However, it is
heavy and breaks easily.
Ø Marble is the most
beautiful of stones. It
has a high gloss when
polished.
David by Michelangelo

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2. Bronze – the most traditionally
used metal.
Ø It may be solid in small
statues.
Ø Large ones are heavy and
very expensive.
Ø There is a tendency to crack
when cooled.
Ø Its rich color and smooth
texture make it one of the
most beautiful media for Ninoy Aquino Monument
sculpture.
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3. Wood – is the cheapest,
readily available and easy
to cut medium in
sculpture.
Ø It polishes well and has
a smooth shiny color
Ø It is relatively light and
can be made easily
into a variety of shapes
Wooden Sculptures

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4. Ivory carving is the
carving of ivory, that is to
say animal tooth or tusk,
by using sharp cutting
tools, either mechanically
or manually.
Ø Its survival is due to its
intrinsic value
Ø It lacks the vigor of Ivory Carving
wooden statues
Ø Ivory cracks easily
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5. Terra Cotta.
Ø (Italian: “baked earth,”
from the Latin terra
cocta) is a clay-
based
unglazed ceramic,
although the term
can also be applied
to glazed ceramics
where the fired body
is porous and red in
color.
Terra Cotta Sculpture

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Architecture is the art of
designing and constructing a
building.
The materials used are:
Stone and wood
Brick
Concrete
Glass and plastic
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Post and lintel.
The earliest type of
construction
It consists of two
vertical posts for
support (post) and a
horizontal one
(lintel).
The best example of
this type is the
Parthenon in Athens.
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The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

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A rch. It is the
dominant type of
construction in
Roman architecture.
 It is an architectural
form built from
pieces of wood called
voussoirs with joints
between them and
are arranged in a
semi-circle. The Coliseum in Rome

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 A Masonry Arch
1. Keystone

2. Voussoir
3. Extrados
4. Impost
5. Intrados
6. Rise
7. Clear span
8. Abutment
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 A keystone is the wedge-shaped stone piece at
the apex of a masonry vault or arch, which is the
final piece placed during construction and locks all
the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear
weight.
 Voussoir  is a wedge-shaped element, typically a
stone used in building an arch or vault.
 Extrados is the upper and outer surface of the arch.
 Intrados is the under or lower surface of the arch.
 Rise is the height from the springing line to under
side of the arch at the keystone.
 Abutment is the outer wall that supports the arch,
and which connects it to the adjacent banks.

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 Cantilever is any structural
part projecting horizontally
and anchored at one end
only.
 It needs a beam with great
tensile strength that can be
securely fastened at the
supported end.
 It is utilized largely in
buildings with steel as a
medium.
 It is used in the construction
of skyscrapers.

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Concrete is a building material made
of sand and gravel mixed with cement.
S t e e l i s a t o u g h a l l o y o f i r o n i n
variable amounts. It is malleable
under proper conditions and greatly
hardened by sudden cooling.
Wood is the most common building
material
Stone is the material used in most of
the great architecture of the world.
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A curator (from Latin: cura, meaning
"to take care“)  is a manager or
overseer.
Traditionally, a curator or keeper of
a cultural heritage institution
( e . g . ,   g a l l e r y,   m u s e u m ,   l i b r a r y,
or archive) is a content specialist
c h a r g e d w i t h a n
institution's collections and involved
with the interpretation of heritage
material.
 In contemporary art, the title "curator" identifies
a person who selects and often interprets works
of art.
 In addition to selecting works, the curator is
often responsible for writing labels, catalog
essays, and other content supporting exhibitions.
 Such curators may be permanent staff members,
"guest curators" from an affiliated organization or
university, or "freelance curators" working on a
consultancy basis.
 The late-20th century saw an explosion of artists
organizing exhibitions.
 They are a diverse group united by a word:
curator. You probably have never met any of them
unless you have attended a gallery talk in
conjunction with an exhibition. Yet curators,
more than any other arts professionals who work
at museums, are responsible for what you see and
how you see it.
 Curators interpret a museum's mission and
collection for the viewing public. They organize
temporary exhibitions and arrange for travelling
shows that enhance or extend the primary
mission. They decide how the art will be shown in
the galleries. They are active in developing
educational and entertainment programming
related to the art.
 They develop relationships with collectors
and other institutions for sharing art. They
guide the process of acquiring art based on
a museum's needs and resources. They, of
course, collaborate with other staff
members to make these things happen,
from the director, the most important
community conduit and the one who guides
the overall direction, to the professionals
who hammer the nails into walls, frame
paintings, inventory the art ... and more,
myriad vital tasks within the museum.
 Curators generally coordinate all the
moving parts of exhibitions.