AKASH GUPTA

2K17/EE/24

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM Determination of ABCD parameters of a 400 kV, 300 km transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED:

1. AC voltage source single phase-50 Hz, 326.60kV peak
2. Series RL element (R=1.85Ohms, L=0.049H)-6 Nos.
3. Capacitors (C=299.6nF)-12 Nos.
4. RMS block-3Nos.
5. Display block-3Nos.
6. Voltage and current measurement blocks
7. Powergui

Note: Line considered is a 400 kV, 300 km transmission line. Each pi section represents a length of 50
km. Six such pi sections are cascaded to represent a physical line length of 300 km.

THEORY:
ABCD parameters basically describe the relation between the sending end and receiving end voltage
and currents. Power grids deals in the transmission of electrical power from one particular place
(e.g., generating station) to another like substations or distribution units with maximum efficiency.
Thu, the entire transmission system can be simplified to a two-port network for the sake of easier
calculations.

As the name suggests, a 2 port network can be named with an input port
PQ and an output port RS. Each port has 2 terminals to connect itself to the external circuit. Thus, it is
essentially a 2 port or a 4 terminal circuit, as shown in fig
Now the ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link between the supply
and receiving end voltages and currents, considering the circuit elements to be linear in nature. Thus,
the relation between the sending and receiving end specifications are given using ABCD parameters
by the equations below:

Now in order to determine the ABCD parameters of transmission line let us impose the required
circuit conditions in different cases.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Open Circuited:

The receiving end is open circuited meaning receiving end current IR

= 0. Applying this condition to equation above we get,

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter A as
the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension wise A is a
ratio of voltage to voltage, A is a dimension less parameter.

Applying the same open circuit condition i.e., IR = 0 to equation (2)

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of transmission line, we
get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the open circuit receiving end voltage. Since
dimension wise C is a ratio of current tovoltage, its unit is mho. C is the open circuit conductance and
is given byC = IS ⁄ VR mho.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Short Circuited:

Receiving end is short circuited meaning receiving end voltage VR = 0. Applying this condition to
equation (1) we get,

Thus, it implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter B as
the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit receiving end current. Since dimension wise B is a
ratio of voltage to current, its unit is Ω. Thus, B is the short circuit resistance and is given by B = VS ⁄
IR Ω.

Applying the same short circuit condition i.e., VR = 0 to equation (2) we get

Thus, it implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get parameter D as
the ratio of sending end current to the short circuit receiving end current. Since dimension wise D is a
ratio of current to current, it is a dimensionless parameter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
Short Circuit
1. In Simulink, build the circuit as shown in Fig1. Make sure that in the
RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ, initial RMS value
is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the ‘powergui’
block.
2. Run the simulation and measure the sending end current and voltage, and
the receiving end voltage.
Open circuit:
1. In Simulink, build the circuit as shown in Fig1. Make sure that in the
RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ, initial RMS value
is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the ‘powergui’
block.
2. Run the simulation and measure the sending and receiving end
currents and the sending end current.
3. Repeat same by interchanging the secondary end & receiving end

OBSERVATION TABLE:

RESULT
The ABCD Parameters of the Transmission Line have been calculated
successfully
 EXPERMIMENT 2

AIM : To study and compare the performance of a ring and radial distribution systems.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED :

1. Single phase 325.27 V peak, 50 Hz AC power supply
2. RL element representing distribution lines (Z1=Z3=0.5+j0.26 Ohms,
Z2=0.25+j0.13 Ohms)
3. RL elements representing loads (R=36.13 Ohms, L=0.071 H)
4. Voltage and Current measurement blocks
5. RMS block
6. Display block
7. Powergui

THEORY

Electrical system between the substation and the consumer’ s meters is

calleddistribution system. It generally consists of feeders, distributors and
service mains.

1) Feeders –Conductor which connects the substation or localized generating

station to the area where power is to be distributed. No tappings are taken
from feeder so that current in it remains the
same throughout. Themain
consideration
in the design of a feeder is that current carrying capacity.

2) Distributors –Conductor from which tapping’ s are taken for supply to

theconsumers. The current through a distributor is not constant because
tappings aretaken at various places along its length. The main consideration in
the design ofdistributor is the voltage drop along its length. The statutory limit
of voltagevariation is ± 6% of rated value at consumers ’ terminals.
3) Service mains –Small cable connects the distributor of consumer ’ s terminals.

Connections of a distribution system are of two types- ring main

distributionsystem and radial distribution system
RADIAL SYSTEM
In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributions at one end only. The radial system is employed only when the
power is generated at low voltage and the substation is located at the centre of
the load.
Drawbacks:
a) The end of the distributor will be heavily loaded.
b) The consumers are dependent on a single feeder and single distributor.
Therefore, any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off supply to the
consumers who are on the side of the fault away from the substation.
c) The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be subjected to
serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor charges
Due to these limitations, this system is used for short distances only.

RING MAIN SYSTEM

This system employs a feeder which covers the whole area of supply finally
returning to the substation. The feeder is closed on itself. The arrangement is
similar to two feeders in parallel on different routes.
a) There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals.
b) The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via two feeders. In the
event of fault on any sections of the feeder, the continuity of supply is
maintained. The supply to all consumers can continue to be available by
isolating the faulty section.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Model of 500 m long feeder is divided into three sections of 200m, 100m,
and 200m.

Fig.1 Radial Distribution system

Fig. 2 Ring main distribution system

PROCEDURE:

Radial System

1. Build the SIMULINK model as shown in the figure 1.

2. Make sure that in the RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ,
initial RMS value is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the
‘powergui’ block.
3. Run the simulation model. Note down the readings of the ammeter (input
side) and the three voltages.

Ring Mains System

1. Build the SIMULINK model as shown in the figure 2.

2. Make sure that in the RMS block, the fundamental frequency is set to 50 HZ,
initial RMS value is set to 0, and sampling time is same as that used in the
‘powergui’ block.
3. Run the simulation model. Note down the readings of the ammeter and the
three voltages.
OBSERI'ATION TABLE :

RESULT:The Radial Distribution System and Ring main Distribution Systems are
Simulated and studied successfully.
 Experiment 3

AIM Determination of power angle characteristics of a transmission line.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. Series RL element (R=2.96 Ohms, L=77.88mH) representing a short

transmission line of 400 kV, 80 km-1No.
2. Controlled voltage sources -2Nos.
3. Sine Wave function (Set 50 Hz, single phase, 326.60 kV peak rating)-
2Nos.
4. Current and voltage measurement blocks
5. Power measurement blocks
6. Displays
7. RMS calculation block
8. Powergui

THEORY

A Short transmission line can be modelled as an inductance between two busses

as shown in fig. below.

In a loss less line, the power transmitted through transmission line is given by

The expression shows that the transfer of power between sending-end and
receiving end is directly proportional to the sine of the angle between the
voltages at the two points. Keeping the magnitude of the voltage constant, a
plot between the power and the power angle, known as the power angle
characteristics can be
drawn.

Description of Phase Shifting Transformer:

The Phase shifting transformer provides convenient means of adjusting the

power angle in ac circuits. It comprises a wound stator and rotor similar to an
induction motor. Below figure shows the terminal panels and the manner in
which the change from star to delta is made . For single phase output select any
one phase of output.

The phase shifting can be used to change the angle between sending the end
voltage & receiving end voltage as shown in Fig.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig: Circuit Diagram of Power Angle Characteristics

PROCEDURE:
1. Build the SIMULINK model according to the diagram.
2. Set the sending end (V s) and receiving end (V r) voltages at 326.60kilovolts
(constant) peak.
3. Now start varying the phase angle ( δ) of the sending end voltage (V s) (c han
ge in the sine wave function) in the steps of 100and note the readings of
power blocks and current measurement blocks after running the model.
4. Vary the phase angle of the sending end voltage (change in the sine wave f u
nction) once in leading direction from 0- 700, and then in lagging direction for
same range to see the change in direction of power flow from sending end to
receiving end and vice versa.
5. Tabulate the reading &draw the power angle characteristic (P Vs ).
 OBSER1'.ATION TABLE-

PRECAL TION—

The 1'o1tineter across the switch connecting the two systems should have double
the mnge of fi"s (or 1'r).

RESULT:

Plotted the curve between power and Power Angle.

 Experiment 4

AIM Improvement of voltage profile at a load bus using a shunt capacitor.

SIMULINK BLOCKS REQUIRED

1. AC voltage source, single phase, 50 Hz
2. Pi section transmission line (R=0.037 Ohms/km, L=0.973 mH/km,
C=11.984 nF/km, total length=300 km, 6 sections of 50 km each, rated
line to line voltage is 400 kV, per phase rating is 230.94 kV)
3. RL element representing a load (R=121.13 Ohms, L=0.24 H)-1 No.
4. C element for a shunt capacitor- 1No. (C=20.5 μF)
5. Single phase breaker-1No
6. Breaker control block-1No
7. Voltage and current measurement blocks
8. RMS calculation blocks
9. Display block
10.Powergui block

THEORY
Shunt capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the system. An inductive
load absorbs reactive power due to inductive component. This causes the
voltage at load to dip in addition to the resistive voltage drop static shunt
capacitors are installed near the load terminals, in factory substations in
receiving substation etc. to provide leading VAR & thus to reduce the line
current & total KVA loading of the substation. By using shunt capacitor line
drop is reduced & voltage regulation is improved.
It may be noted that reactive power flow only due to difference in voltage level.
If we make sending end voltage and receiving end voltage equal then there is
no reactive power absorbed by load and all the reactive power absorbed by
transmission line.
Shunt capacitor are switched in when KVA demand on the distribution
system rises& voltage of the bus drops.
Q generation < Q absorption
Q generation > Q absorption
Q generation = Q absorption
Advantages of a shunt capacitor : Low cost, flexibility of installation &
operation.
Disadvantage of a shunt capacitor: Reactive power is proportional to the
square of voltage. Therefore, the reactive power injected by a shunt capacitor is
reduced at a low voltage when it is needed the most.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. Circuit diagram
PROCEDURE
1. Build a SIMULINK model as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the value of the ac voltage source to 326.60 kV peak. The load resistance
is taken as 121.13Ω, and the load inductance as 0.24 H. Take the compensating
shunt capacitor value to be 20.50 μF. Set the duration of simulation to 8
seconds, and the breaker switching time as 2 seconds.
3. Run the simulation and note the input and output voltages prior to the
switching.
4. After2 seconds of the simulation run time, the breaker will close contacts
connecting the shunt capacitor.
5. Note down the change in the output voltage in the observation table.
6. Repeat the same process for other voltage values.
 7. Calculate the voltage regulation of the line with and without the capacitor.
8. Repeat the above simulation steps with the following changes:
a. A purely resistive load of 142.50 Ω and a shunt compensating
capacitor of 12.33 μF (Use a separate and similar observation table for
recording the readings)
b. A purely inductive load of 0.45 H and a shunt compensating capacitor
of 22.5 μF.(Use a separate and similar observation table for recording
the readings)
OBSERVATION TABLE
RESULT
Voltage profile of transmission line with and without shunt capacitor
has been plotted.

Note: In your report, comment and explain (with the help of mathematical
calculations) the choice of shunt compensating capacitor values for the three
load types.