Analog Electronics I

Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT)
- AC Analysis
Subtopics
Introduction to BJT Small Signal Analysis
1 Amplification in the AC domain
2 BJT transistor modeling
3 The re Transistor Model

BJT Small Signal Analysis

1 Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration.
2 Voltage divider bias.
3 Common Emitter bias.
4 Emitter-follower configuration.
5 Common-base configuration.
6 Collector-feedback configuration.
Amplification in AC Domain

 For a system that has input power Pi and output power

P0, the power efficiency can be defined as η = P0 / Pi
and it is not greater than 1.
 However, if the factor of applied dc power to be
considered, the conversion efficiency can be greater
than one which is defined as η = P0(ac) / Pi(dc)
Amplification in AC Domain

 In this chapter, the amplification will be

expressed as voltage gain (Av) and current gain
(Ai)
Vo
Av 
Vi
Io
Ai 
Ii
AC & DC Supplies

DC supply

AC components
AC supplies
AC equivalent

 To do analysis in ac-domain, the circuit has to

transform into its ac equivalent circuit
 There are four steps have to be taken:
1. Set all DC source to zero (grounded)
2. Replace all capacitors with a short-circuit equivalent
3. Remove elements that will be bypass by the short-circuit
equivalent
4. Redraw the network for convenient look
AC equivalent

 Consider a voltage-divider bias configuration:

AC equivalent

 Step 1: Set all DC source to zero (grounded)

AC equivalent

 Step 2: Replace all capacitors with a short-circuit equivalent

AC equivalent

 Step 3: Remove elements that will be bypass by the short-

circuit equivalent
AC equivalent

 Step 4: Redraw the network for convenient look

BJT Transistor Modeling

 3 types of modeling:
– re model
– hybrid equivalent model
– hybrid π model
 re model will be focused throughout the class
 Before applying these models to a circuit, the
circuit itself must be converted into an ac
equivalent network (as for only ac response are
interested)
re Transistor Model

 In this approach, the important parameter of the

equivalent circuit was determined by the actual
operating conditions
 There will be 3 BJT configuration:
– common-base (CB)
– common-emitter (CE)
– common-collector (CC)
re Transistor Model

 Lets reflect the BJT equivalent circuit as in two-port network where

the current and impedance are assumed going into the network
regardless whether it’s an input or an output
CB Configuration

 Lets consider a pnp-BJT first:

CB Configuration

 By examining the input, the transistor’s arrow from terminal E to B means

that the current is supposed to be in that direction. As for that, a diode is
suitable for its equivalent representation.
 At the output, the collector current is related to emitter current by equation
Ic = αIe. A dependent source is very suitable for its equivalent
representation
CB Configuration

 For ac response, the diode can be replaced with an

equivalent ac resistance
 AC resistance of a diode are determined as rac =
26 mV / ID. As for the diode current in this case is
IE, the equivalent ac resistance can be expressed
as:
26 mV
re 
IE notice the capital letter
is for dc level
CB Configuration

 The re equivalent model:

At input:
Vi  Veb  I e re
Ii  Ie
Vi I e re
 Zi    re
Ii Ie
CB Configuration

 For output, I0 = -IC due to the two-port reverse current

 V0 will be determined later when load (RL) is inserted
 For Z0, it will be determined by the transistor’s output characteristic:
 Notice that the slope
remains the same for any
input current
 And the slope is very close
to a perfect horizontal
 This means the resistance
is infinity (Z0 ≈ ∞ Ω)
CB Configuration

 If a load (RL) is connected at output terminal,

voltage gain (Av) and current gain (Ai) can be
defined
– For Av − For Ai:
Vi  I i Z i  I e re Ii  Ie
V0   I 0 Z 0  ( I c )(RL )  I e RL I 0   I c  I e
V0 I e RL RL I 0  I e
 Av     Ai    
Vi I e re re Ii Ie
CB Configuration

 A load is connected at the output terminal:

CB Configuration

 For npn transistor, the only difference is the current flow

 For this case the current Ii and I0 are reversed resulting in
Ii = -Ie and I0 = IC = αIe
Problem 1

 Question:
– For the common-base configuration, an ac signal of
10 mV is applied, resulting in an emitter current of
0.5 mA. If α = 0.980, determine:
a. Zi
b. V0 if RL = 1.2 kΩ
c. Av
d. Z0
e. Ai
f. Ib
Problem 1

 Solution:
– Convert the CB – And then convert it into the
configuration into its re equivalent circuit:
equivalent circuit:
Problem 1

 Given:
– ac voltage, Vi = 10 mV
– Ie = 0.5 mA
– α = 0.980

Remember:
small letter subscript for ac
capital letter subscript for dc
Problem 1

a) As for Zi = re:
Vi Vi 10m
Z i  re     20 
I i I e 0.5m
b) Applying nodal analysis at V0:
V0
 I0 
RL
V0   I 0 RL  ( I c ) RL  I e RL
 (0.980)(0.5m)(1.2k )  0.588 V
Problem 1

c) For voltage gain, Av = V0 / Vi:

V0 0.588
Av    58.8
Vi 10m
d) For Z0, by removing the RL will result in high
impedance (open-circuit equivalent):
 Z0   
Problem 1

e) For current gain, Ai = Io / Ii:

I 0  I C  I e
Av       0.980
Ii Ie Ie
f) All BJT have the same current equation:
Ie  Ib  Ic
 I b  I e  I c  I e  I e  (1   ) I e
 (1  0.980)0.5m  10 A
CE Configuration

 Lets consider a CE configuration using an npn

transistor:
CE Configuration

 Transforming into its  Same with CB

equivalent ac model: configuration, at input
terminal the current must
flow from terminal B to E
(equivalent to a diode)
 At output terminal, the
collector current is
dependent to the base
current, Ic = βIb (equivalent
to a dependent source)
CE Configuration

 Transforming the ac equivalent model into re

equivalent model:
CE Configuration

 In order to convert the re model in Figure 1 to re model in Figure 2, the

current Ie need to independent by not depending on Ib and Ic. As for
that re need to be reconfigured

Figure 1 Figure 2
CE Configuration

 In dc, the emitter current IE = (β + 1)IB. The equation still remains the
same in ac condition:
I e  (   1) I b
 All the input parameters will be:
Vi  Vbe  I e re  (   1) I b re
Ii  Ib
Vi (   1) I b re
 Zi    (   1)re
Ii Ib
 However, in ac, β is usually sufficiently larger than 1, so the
Z i  re
approximation:
CE Configuration

 For output, I0 = IC and V0 will be determined when RL is inserted

 For Z0, it will be determined by the transistor’s output characteristic:
 Notice that the slope is different from various input current
 As for that, a resistance r0
connected from terminal C to E
is equivalent to this slope
(Z0 = r0 Ω)
CE Configuration

 The complete re model for CE configuration:

CE Configuration

 For a load situation:

ro
Problem 2

 Question:
– Using the model given, determine the following for a
common-emitter amplifier if β = 80, IE = 2 mA and r0 =
40 kΩ.
a) Zi
b) Ib
c) Ai if RL = 1.2 kΩ
d) Av if RL = 1.2 kΩ
Problem 2

 Solution:
a) From the re model given, Zi = βre:
26 mV 26m
re    13 
IE 2m
 Z i  re  80(13)  1.04 k
b) Ib can be obtained from IE:
I E  (   1) I B
IE 2m
 IB    24.69 A
  1 80  1
Even though IB is a dc current, Ib = IB due to the current can only
flow in one direction (diode equivalent):  I  24.69 A
b
Problem 2

c) For Ai, examine the Ii and I0 first:

For I0, r0 and RL is in parallel. In that case, Vec can be
obtained:
Vec Vec
I b  
r0 RL
I b r0 RL
(80)(24.69 )(40k )(1.2k )
Vec    2.301 V
r0  RL 40k  1.2k

From Ohm’s law:

Vec 2.301
I0  I L    1.918 mA
RL 1.2k
Problem 2

As Ii is equal to Ib, the current gain can be obtained now:

I 0 1.918m
Ai    77.68
d) For Av: I i 24.69

V0 Vce Vce  2.301

Av      89.61
Vi Vbe I b re (80)(24.69 )(13)
CC Configuration

 The re equivalent for CC configuration is the

same with CE configuration except for its current
flow’s direction
Things to Remember

 re model of CE configuration  re model of CB configuration

using npn transistor: using pnp transistor:

VBE  0.7 but Vbe  0.7

Small Signal Analysis (AC analysis)

 For better understanding, subtopic will be rearrange by referring to the

chart below:
Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

 Due to the absent of RE, fixed-bias configuration will be automatically

categorize under CE bypassed
 The configuration:
Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

 Transform the circuit into its ac equivalent:

Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

 Transform the npn transistor into re model:

 After this, the analysis can be done

Example 3

 For the network given:

a. Determine re
b. Find Zi (with ro = ∞ Ω)
c. Calculate Zo (with ro = ∞
Ω)
d. Determine Av (with ro =
∞ Ω)
e. Repeat part (c) and (d)
including ro = 50 kΩ in
all calculations and
compare results
Example 3

a. Determine re:
– As re is determine by IE, the DC biasing needs to be analyze first
VBE  VB  VE  0.7
VE  0
VB  0.7

12  0.7
IB   24.04 A
470k
 I E  (   1) I B  (101)(24.04 )  2.43 mA

26 mV 26m
re    10.71 
IE 2.43m
Example 3

b. Find Zi (with ro = ∞ Ω)
 Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

470 kΩ

Z i  RB re  470k (100)(10.71)  1.07 k

Example 3

c. Calculate Zo (with ro = ∞ Ω)
 As ro = ∞ Ω, ro is
equivalent to an open-
circuit
Z o  RC  3 k 3 kΩ

d. Determine Av (with ro = ∞ Ω)

Vo  I c Rc  I b Rc Rc 3k
Av       280.11
Vi I b re I b re re 10.71
Example 3

e. Repeat part (c) and (d)

including ro = 50 kΩ in all
calculations and compare
results
Z o  RC ro  3k 50k  2.83 k 3 kΩ
Vo V
I b   o
ro RC
I b ro RC
Vo  
ro  RC
Vo V I r R 1 ro RC (50k )(3k )
Av   o  b o C     264.26
Vi I b re ro  RC I b re re ro  RC  10.71(50k  3k )
Problem 4

 For the network given, determine Vcc for a voltage gain AV = -200
Problem 4

 Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Problem 4

 Examine Vo and Vi as Av is given: -200 (ro is set to open-circuit

equivalent due to ro = ∞ Ω). re can be obtained:
V  I b RC  RC
Av  o  
Vi I b  re re
 4.7 k
 200 
re
 re  23.5 
 From re, IE can be obtained (DC analysis): 26 mV
re 
IE
26m
23.5 
IE
 I E  1.11 mA
Problem 4

 IB can be obtained from IE:

I E  (   1) I B
1.11m  91I B
 I B  12.16 A

 VB = 0.7 V due to VE = 0 V
 From this, Vcc can be obtained:
V  VB
I B  cc
RB
Vcc  0.7
12.16 
1M
Vcc  12.86 V
Emitter-bias (CE: bypassed)
 Consider an emitter-bias  Its re model ac equivalent circuit:
configuration:

 By bypassing RE, the equivalent

circuit above is results in the same
equivalent circuit as in fixed-bias
configuration
 As for that, the analysis is the same
as fixed-bias configuration
Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: bypassed)

 The voltage-divider bias configuration would be:

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: bypassed)

 The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

 Notice the difference in input impedance but the output impedance

remains the same as fixed-bias configuration
Example 5

 For the network given,

determine:
a. re
b. Zi
c. Zo (ro = ∞ Ω)
d. Av (ro = ∞ Ω)
e. The parameters of parts
(b) through (d) if ro = 50
kΩ and compare results
Example 5

a. Determine re
– Use DC analysis
– Testing βRE ≥ 10R2: (90)(1.5k )  (10)(8.2k )
135k  82k (satisfied)
– The rest of the analysis: R2 8.2k
VB  VCC  (22)  2.81 V
R1  R2 56k  8.2k
VBE  VB  VE  0.7
VE  VB  VBE  2.81  0.7  2.11
VE  0 2.11
IE    1.41 mA
RE 1.5k
26 mV 26m
 re    18.44 
IE 1.41m
Example 5

b. Determine Zi
– Transform into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

– By looking from the input, R1, R2 and βre is connected in parallel

 Z i  R1 R2 re  56k 8.2k (90)(18.44)  1.35 k

Example 5

c. Determine Zo
– As ro = ∞ Ω, leaving only RC as the output impedance
Z o  RC  6.8 k
d. Determine Av

Vo  I c Rc  I b Rc Rc 6.8k
Av       368.76
Vi I b re I b re re 18.44
Example 5

e. Determine the parameters of parts (b) through (d) if ro = 50 kΩ and

compare results
– For Zi, it remains the same because nothing is changed at input
Z i  1.35 k
– For Zo, the additional ro results in ro and RC connected in parallel
Z o  ro RC  50k 6.8k  5.99 k
– For Av: Vo V
I b   o
ro RC
I b ro RC
Vo  
ro  RC
Vo I b ro RC 1 ro RC
Av      324.62
Vi ro  RC I b re re ro  RC 
Problem 6

 For the network

given:
a. Determine re
b. Calculate Zi and Zo
c. Find Av
d. Repeat parts (b) and
(c) with ro = 25 kΩ
Problem 6

a. Determine re
– Use DC analysis
– Testing βRE ≥ 10R2: (100)(1.2k )  (10)(4.7k )
120k  47k (satisfied)
– The rest of the analysis: R2 4.7k
VB  VCC  (16)  1.72 V
R1  R2 39k  4.7k
VBE  VB  VE  0.7
VE  VB  VBE  1.72  0.7  1.02
VE  0 1.02
IE    0.85 mA
RE 1.2k
26 mV 26m
 re    30.59 
IE 0.85m
Problem 6

b. Calculate Zi and Zo
– Transform into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Z i  R1 R2 re  39k 4.7k (100)(30.59)  1.769 k

Z o  ro Rc  50k 3.9k  3.62 k
Problem 6

c. Find Av

Vo V
I b   o
ro RC
I b ro RC
Vo  
ro  RC
Vo I r R 1 ro RC (50k )(3.9k )
Av   b o C     118.27
Vi ro  RC I b  re re ro  RC  30.59(50k  3.9k )
Problem 6

d. Repeat parts (b) and (c) with ro = 25 kΩ

Z i  1.769 k
Z o  ro Rc  25k 3.9k  3.37 k
Vo V
I b   o
ro RC
I b ro RC
Vo  
ro  RC
Vo I b ro RC 1 ro RC (25k )(3.9k )
Av       110.29
Vi ro  RC I b  re re ro  RC  30.59(25k  3.9k )
Problem 7

 For the network

given:
a. Determine re
b. Calculate VB and VC
c. Determine Zi and Av
= Vo / Vi
Problem 7

a. Determine re
– Use DC analysis
– Testing βRE ≥ 10R2: (180)(2.2k )  (10)(56k )
396k  560k (not satisfied)
– As βRE ≥ 10R2 is not satisfied, ETH and RTH needs to be
calculated (exact analysis)
R2 56k
ETH  VCC  (20)  4.06 V
R1  R2 220k  56k
RTH  R1 R2  220k 56k  44.64 k
Problem 7

 The rest of the analysis: b. Calculate VB and VC:

VBE  VB  VE  0.7 VB  4.06  44.64kI B
ETH  VB 4.06  VB  4.06  44.64k (7.59 )
IB  
RTH 44.64k  3.72 V
VB  4.06  44.64kI B
VE  0 VE I C  I E  1.37 mA
I E  (   1) I B  
RE 2.2k VCC  VC
VE  398.2kI B IC 
RC
4.06  44.64kI B  398.2kI B  0.7 20  VC
1.37m 
 I B  7.59 A 6.8k
VC  10.68 V
I E  (   1) I B  (181)(7.59 )  1.37 mA
26 mV 26m
 re    18.98 
IE 1.37m
Problem 7

c. Determine Zi and Av = Vo / Vi:

Z i  R1 R2 re  220k 56k (180)(18.98)  3.17 k

Vo V
I b   o
ro RC
I b ro RC
Vo  
ro  RC
Vo I b ro RC 1 ro RC (50k )(6.8k )
Av       315.38
Vi ro  RC I b re re ro  RC  18.98(50k  6.8k )
Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

 A collector dc feedback configuration:

Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

 Its re model ac equivalent circuit:

 Zi & Zo can be easily obtained as the input & output are isolated:

Z i  RF1 re Z o  ro RF2 RC

Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

 For Av, Vi and Vo need to be examined first

– Vi: Vi  I b  re
– Vo: Vo  Vo Vo 
I b     
ro  R R 
 2 F C 
 RC  RF2 
  Vo
 RF RC 
 2 
ro RF2 RC  I b
Vo  
RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2
Vo ro RF2 RC I b 1 ro RF2 RC
Av    
Vi RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2 I b re 
re RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2 
Example 8

 For the network given, determine:

a. re
b. Zi
c. Z0
d. Av
Example 8

a. For DC analysis, RF1 and RF2 can be added together as RF or RB:

RB  RF1  RF2  120k  68k  188 k

VBE  VB  VE  VB  0  0.7,VB  0.7

V  VB VC  0.7 VCC  VC 12  VC
IB  C  I C  I B  
RB 188k RC 3k
VC  0.7  188kI B VC  12  420kI B

0.7  188kI B  12  420kI B  I E  (   1) I B  (141)(18.59 )  2.62 mA

 I B  18.59 A  re 
26 mV

26m
 9.92 
IE 2.62m
Example 8

b. The re model ac equivalent circuit:

Zi  RF1 || re  120k || 1.39k  1.37 k

c. For Z0:
Zo  ro || RF2 || RC || 30k || 68k || 3k  2.62 k
Example 8

 For Av: Vo  Vo Vo 
I b     
ro  RF RC 
 2 
 RC  RF2 
Vi  I b re   Vo
 RF RC 
 2 
ro RF2 RC  I b
Vo  
RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2

Vo ro RF2 RC I b 1 ro RF2 RC
Av    
Vi RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2 I b re 
re RF2 RC  ro RC  ro RF2 
(30k )(68k )(3k )
  264.33
9.92(68k )(3k )  (30k )(3k )  (30k )(68k ) 
Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

 Emitter-bias configuration with RE unbypassed:

Notice there is no capacitor

to bypassed RE, so RE need
to be consider in the analysis
Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

 The re model ac analysis circuit would be:

 In all CE unbypassed configuration, ro will be ignored to keep the analysis

simple
Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

 To simplified the ac equivalent network

furthermore, it can be isolated from its input and
output terminal
 To do this Ie needs to become Ib and this can be
done by the equation Ie = (β+1)Ib ≈ βIb
 When Ie becomes Ib, the new RE would be:
Ve I b RE
new RE    RE
Ib Ib
Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

 The simplified re model ac analysis circuit would be:

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

 The common parameters required (Zi, Zo and Av) can be easily obtained
using the same method as discussed before:

Z i  RB ||  re  RE  Vi  I b  re  RE 
Z o  RC  Vo  I b RC
Vo   I b RC

Vo  I b RC RC
Av   
Vi I b  re  RE  re  RE
Example 9

 For the network given, determine:

a. re
b. Zi
c. Z0
d. Av
Example 9

a. For re, apply DC analysis:

VBE  VB  VE  0.7 V
VCC  VB 20  VB
I E    1I B 
VE V
IB    E  121I B
RB 470k RE 0.56k
VB  20  470kI B VE  67.76kI B
20  470kI B  67.76kI B  0.7
 I B  35.89 A
I E  (   1) I B  (121)(35.89 )  4.34 mA
26 mV 26m
 re    5.99 
IE 4.34m
Example 9

b. The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Example 9

 The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Z i  RB ||  re  RE   470k || 120(5.99  0.56k )  59.34 k

Example 9

c. For Zo: Z o  RC  2.2 k

d. For Av:
Vo  I b RC RC 2.2k
Av      3.89
Vi I b  re  RE  re  RE 5.99  0.56k
Problem 10

 For the network given:

a. Determine re
b. Find Zi and Av
Problem 10

 In this case, for DC analysis, the circuit will have two RE in series (RE =
RE1 + RE2 = 1.2k + 0.47k = 1.67 kΩ)
 For AC analysis, only one RE will be considered as for RE2 is bypassed by
capacitor CE (RE = RE1 = 0.47kΩ)
V  VB 22  VB
I E    1I B  E  E  81I B
V V
I B  CC 
RB 330k RE 1.67k
VB  22  330kI B VE  135.27kI B
VBE  VB  VB  0.7
22  330kI B  135.27kI B  0.7
 I B  45.78 A
I E  (   1) I B  (81)(45.78 )  3.71 mA
26 mV 26m
 re    7.01 
IE 3.71m
Problem 10

 The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Z i  RB ||  re  RE 
 330k || 80(7.01  1.2k )
 74.70 k

Vo  I b RC RC 5.6k
Av      4.64
Vi I b  re  RE  re  RE 7.01 1.2k
Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

 The circuit would be the same as any voltage-divider bias circuit except
for RE will not be bypassed by any capacitor
Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

 The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit will be same as in emitter-

bias circuit with an addition of R2 at input

R1 R2
Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

 By examining the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit, only the input

impedance is change while the output impedance and voltage gain remains
the same

Zi  R1 || R2 ||  re  RE 
Z o  RC

Vo  I b RC RC
Av   
Vi I b  re  RE  re  RE
Example 11

 For the network given, determine:

a. re
b. Zi
c. Z0
d. Av
Example 11

RE  10R2 Z i  R1 || R2 ||  re  RE 

(210)(0.68k )  (10)(10k )  90k || 10k || 210(19.64  0.68k )
142.8k  100k (satisfied)  8.48 k
R2 10k
VB  VCC  (16)  1.6 V
R1  R2 90k  10k Z o  RC  2.2 k
VBE  VB  VE  0.7
VE  VB  VBE  1.6  0.7  0.9
Vo  I b RC
VE  0 0.9 Av  
IE    1.32 mA Vi I b  re  RE 
RE 0.68k
RC 2.2k
 re 
26 mV 26m
  19.64   
IE 1.32m re  RE 19.64  0.68k
 3.14
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 Emitter-Follower circuit is very

different from the other CE
unbypassed circuit
 Notice that the absent of RC
while Vo and Io are taken at the
emitter leg
 Emitter-follower means that the
magnitude and value of Vo
“follows” the magnitude and
value of Vi
 As for that the voltage gain will
approximately have the value
of 1 (Av ≈ 1)
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 The re model ac equivalent would be:

Notice that input

and output are
not isolated.
And output is
taken within the
input elements.
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 For input:
– Apply the same simplified
re model ac equivalent
circuit as in other CE
unbypassed circuit
– Zi will be:

Z i  RB ||  re  RE 
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 For output:
– Consider again the re model ac equivalent circuit
– For the output purpose, Ie will be put into consideration rather than Ib
because IE is the output current
– The resistor βre needs to reconfigured due to the change of Ib to Ie
 Consider the voltage across βre namely Vβre:
I e re I e  re
Vre  I b  re    I e re
 1 
 As for that, the new βre will be:

Vre I e re
new re    re
Ie Ie
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 The simplified re model ac

equivalent circuit (for output):
 For Zo, set Vi = 0
 RB will be bypassed when Vi =
0 Ie

 By looking from Zo, the resistor

RE and re will be in parallel

Z o  RE || re
Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

 For Av, consider back the re

model ac equivalent
 By applying nodal analysis at
node Vo:
I e  I b  I b
Vo  0 Vi  Vo Vi  Vo
 
RE re re
reVo  REVi  REVo  REVi  REVo
re  RE   1Vo  RE   1Vi
Vo RE RE
 Av   
Vi  re  RE  re  RE
Example 12

 For the emitter follower network given, determine:

a. re
b. Zi
c. Z0
d. Av
Example 12

a. For re, apply DC analysis:

VBE  VB  VE  0.7 V
VCC  VB 12  VB
I E    1I B 
VE V
IB    E  101I B
RB 220k RE 3.3k
VB  12  220kI B VE  333.3kI B
12  220kI B  333.3kI B  0.7
 I B  20.42 A
I E  (   1) I B  (101)(20.42 )  2.06 mA
26 mV 26m
 re    12.60 
IE 2.06m
Example 12

 The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Example 12

b. For Zi, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for input):

Z i  RB ||  re  RE 
 220k || 10012.6  3.3k 
 132.20 k
Example 12

c. For Zo, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for output):

Ie

Z o  RE || re
 3.3k || 12.6
 12.55 
Example 12

d. For Av, apply the re model ac  Then, apply nodal analysis at

equivalent circuit: node V0:
I e  I b  I b
Vo  0 Vi  Vo Vi  Vo
 
RE re re
reVo  REVi  REVo  REVi  REVo
re  RE   1Vo  RE   1Vi
Vo RE RE
 Av   
Vi  re  RE  re  RE
3.3k
  0.996
12.6  3.3k
Problem 13

 For the network given:

a. Determine Zi and Z0
b. Find Av
c. Calculate V0 if Vi = 1 mV
Problem 13

 Start the analysis with DC analysis to find re:

VBE  VB  VE  0.7 V
0  VB  VB VE  (8) VE  8
IB   I E    1I B    121I B
RB 390k RE 5.6k
VB  390kI B VE  677.6kI B  8
 390kI B  677.6kI B  8  0.7
 I B  6.84 A
I E  (   1) I B  (121)(6.84 )  0.83 mA
26 mV 26m
 re    31.42 
IE 0.83m
Problem 13

 The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Problem 13

a. For Zi, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for input):

Z i  RB ||  re  RE 
 390k || 12031.42  5.6k 
 247.29 k
Problem 13

 For Zo, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for output):

Ie

Z o  RE || re
 5.6k || 31.42
 31.25 
Problem 13

b. For Av, apply the re model ac  Then, apply nodal analysis at

equivalent circuit: node V0:
I e  I b  I b
Vo  0 Vi  Vo Vi  Vo
 
RE re re
reVo  REVi  REVo  REVi  REVo
re  RE   1Vo  RE   1Vi
Vo RE RE
 Av   
Vi  re  RE  re  RE
5.6k
  0.994
31.42  5.6k
Problem 13

c. If Vi = 1 mV:
Vo
Av   0.994
Vi
Vo  0.994Vi  0.994(1m)  0.994 mV
Common-Base Configuration

 Usually, in a common-base configuration, a pnp transistor will be

used rather than npn
 Also, in a common-base configuration, α is given instead of β
Common-Base Configuration

 The same steps to transform the circuit into its ac equivalent circuit is
taken just like in all the CE bypassed and unbypassed configuration,
resulting in:
Common-Base Configuration

 By examining the input, RE and re are connected in parallel:

Z i  RE || re
 When examine the output, the only impedance appeared is RC:
Z o  RC
 And for its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC
Av   
Vi I e re re
Example 14

 For the network given, determine:

a. re
b. Zi
c. Z0
d. Av
Example 14

a. For determining re, DC analysis will be conduct

VEB  VE  VB  0.7
VB  0
VE  VEB  VB  0.7  0  0.7

(2)  VE 2  0.7
IE    1.3 mA
RE 1k

26 mV 26m
 re    20 
IE 1.3m
Example 14

b. Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Z i  RE || re  1k || 20  19.61 
c. For Zo: Z o  RC  5 k
Example 14

d. For its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC (0.98)(5k )
Av      245
Vi I e re re 20
Problem 15

 For the common-base configuration given:

a. Determine re
b. Find Zi and Z0
c. Calculate Av
Problem 15

a. For determining re, DC analysis will be conduct

VEB  VE  VB  0.7
VB  0
VE  VEB  VB  0.7  0  0.7

(6)  VE 6  0.7
IE    0.78 mA
RE 6.8k

26 mV 26m
 re    33.36 
IE 0.78m
Problem 15

b. Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Z i  RE || re  6.8k || 33.36  33.20 

Z o  RC  4.7 k
Problem 15

d. For its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC (0.998)(4.7k )
Av      140.61
Vi I e re re 33.36
AC Analysis Hints and Tips

 For CE configuration, usually npn transistor is used

(β is given) while in CB configuration, a pnp
transistor is usually used (α is given)
 Memorize the CE and CB device’s re model ac
equivalent circuit
 For CE unbypassed and CB circuit, assume that ro =
∞Ω