Group members: Elbert Zariel E.

Ayo
Edchel Sombilon
Divine Conzon
Mae Felannie Garciano
Mart Subere

Date Performed: 09/29/21

Year and Course: 2nd year Date Submitted: 09/30 /21
Subject title: PHBIO3L Code number: 3785
Name of Professor: Ms. Emelie Grace Cachero Score: ______________________

Exercise no. 10
URINALYSIS

I. INTRODUCTION

Urinalysis: A test that is done in order to analyze urine. Because toxins and
excess fluid are removed from the body in urine, analysis of urine can provide
important health clues. Urinalysis can be used to detect certain diseases, such
as diabetes, gout, and other metabolic disorders, as well as kidney disease. It can also
be used to uncover evidence of drug abuse. Accurate urinalysis may require a 'clean
catch' of urine. Before a person gives a urine sample, he or she should drink plenty of
fluids and wait until 1 or 2 seconds into the flow of urine before catching the urine in
the receptacle. For some tests it is important to get the first urine of the day, which
contains the highest concentration of toxins and other substances to be analyzed. For
other tests, a 24-hour collection of urine may be needed.

II. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the experiment, each student will be able to:

1. To analyze the different chemical tests involved in urinalysis.

2. To understand the importance of urinalysis in assessing health

disorders or in diagnostic tests.

III. MATERIALS
25 – test tubes, test tube rack, test tube brush, test tube holder, tripod, alcohol
lamp, wire gauze, 5-10ml graduated cylinder, 100ml graduated cylinder,
500ml beaker, 5-100ml beaker, 5-medicine dropper, blue and red litmus
paper, pH paper, pH meter, Hydrometer

5ml 5% acetic acid, 5ml Benedict’s solution, 5ml Fehling’s A and B, 5ml
Glacial acetic acid, 2ml ammonia, 2 ml conc. NaOH, 2ml conc. HCl, 5ml
bromine water, 5ml-10% NaOH, Sodium nitroprusside, distilled water
 IV. PROCEDURE

Physical Test
A. Test for specific Gravity
Place a 90 ml of urine sample in a 100 ml graduated cylinder. Immerse
hydrometer and determine the specific gravity of the urine sample.
B. Color
Note the color of the urine sample
Chemical Test
A. Reaction:
Test the reason of urine with blue and red litmus paper.
B. pH:
Test pH of the urines sample using pH paper and pH meter.
C. Detection of Albumin:
Fill the test tube almost the top with clear urine. Heat (direct heating) the upper
third to boiling point. The lower 2/3 point should not be hated. This portion will serve as
your constant. If a cloud forms, aadd-4 drops of acetic acid. Heat once more and place in
a rack. Observe after 5 minutes. Record your observation.
NOTE: When the cloudiness remains after the addition of acid, it is due to albumin or nucleoproteins, if it
disappears, it is due to phosphates.

DO NOT agitate, stir or shake the urine during the two heating process.

D. Detection of Glucose: Benedict’s test

D.1. Place 3 ml of Benedict’s reagent in a clean test tube, then add 5 ml of
urine. Mix thoroughly. Boil it in a water bath for 10-15 minutes. Allow the tube to cool
and if glucose is present, red or yellow precipitate will appear. Record your observation.
D.2. Mix equal amount of Fehling’s solution A and B in a test tube. Add
enough water in the proportion of 1 is to 5 (1 part Fehling’s to 5 parts distilled water). To
the solution, add 5 ml of urine sample. Bring to boil (in water bath), if glucose is present,
red or yellow precipitate is formed. Record your observation.
 E. Test for Acetone: (Determine the degree of acidosis in diabetes mellitus).

Lange’s test:
Take about 10 ml of urine in a test tube, and add 10 drop of glacial acetic acid and
2-4 drops of sodium nitroprusside reagent and run a little diluted ammonia upon
its surface. If acetone is present, a reddish-purple ring will form within a few
minutes at the junction of the two fluids. (DO NOT shake or stir or stir the
mixtures). Record your observation.

F. Detection of Urea:
In a test tube, place 5 ml of urine then add 2 ml of conc. Sodium hydroxide and a
few drops of bromine water. Note the production of nitrogen gas. Record your
observation.

G. Detection of Uric acid:

In a test tube, place 5ml of urine in a beaker. Add 1 ml of conc. HCI, stir well and
set side until the next laboratory period. Describe the crystal deposits on the side
of the beaker. Record your observation.

DATA
PHYSICAL TEST CHEMICAL TEST

NAME Vol.of sample Specific Color

Limus papaer

gravity
pH meter
pH paper

Uric acid
Albumin

Acetone
Glucose
BLUE
RED

Urea

Nilda
0.3-1.1
Sudayan 1.033 amber / / 4.5-6.0 Normal Positive Negative Negative Positive
L/day
De Asis
 John Light
Rufino 1-2L/day 1.035 yellow / / 4.5-6.5 Normal Positive Negative Negative Positive
Gomez amber
Ella 0.5-
1.032 amber / / 4.5-6.0 Normal Positive Positive Negative Positive
Tana 1L/day
Benedict Light
1-15L/day 1.015 / / 4.5-8.0 Normal Negative Positive Negative Negative
Mendio yellow
Angelo Light
1-15L/day 1.015 / / 4.5-8.0 Normal Negative Positive Negative Negative
Gmez yellow

IV. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION

1. What is the significance in getting the physical characteristics of urine?

Color, turbidity/transparency, smell/odor, and pH (acidity – alkalinity) are

physical characteristics that can be attributed to urine. Many of these
characteristics are noticeable and distinguishable with vision alone, but others
necessitate laboratory testing. Furthermore, obtaining the physical features of
urine is important since it is part of a standard medical assessment to test for early
signs of disease. Drinking more water frequently reduces the concentration of
urine, causing it to be lighter in color. Dehydration might be indicated by dark
urine. Red urine signifies the presence of red blood cells in the urine, which is an
indication of kidney damage and disease.

In contrast, smell can convey health information, such as urine from a diabetic,
which may have a sweet or fruity odor owing to the presence of ketones or
glucose. Fresh urine has a mild odor, however aged urine has a harsher odor
comparable to that of ammonia. Furthermore, the pH of normal urine ranges from
4.6 to 8, with a typical average of around 6.0. Diet is responsible for a huge
percentage of the difference. For example, high protein diets produce more acidic
urine, whereas vegetarian diets produce more alkaline urine, with both falling
within the normal range of 4.6 – 8.

Finally, the turbidity of the urine sample is subjectively assessed and described as
clear, slightly hazy, cloudy, opaque, or flocculent. Fresh urine is often clear or
slightly hazy. Excessive turbidity is produced by the presence of suspended
particles in the urine, which is normally identified through microscopic urine
sediment testing. Increased cells, urinary tract infections, or blockages are all
 common reasons of abnormal turbidity. Abnormalities in any of these physical
traits may therefore suggest sickness or metabolic imbalances. These
complications occur to be minor or unimportant on their own, but they could be
symptoms of more serious illnesses such as diabetes mellitus or a damaged
glomerulus.

2. What would the presence of albumin indicates?

Albumin is a protein present in blood. A healthy kidney prevents albumin from

passing from the blood into the urine. As a result of a damaged kidney, some
albumin enters the urine. Albumin levels should be between 3.4 and 5.4 g/dL.
When the albumin level is low, you may be malnourished. It could also indicate
that you have liver or inflammatory condition. Acute infections, burns, and stress
from surgery or a heart attack can all induce elevated albumin levels.

3. What would the presence of glucose indicates?

Glucose is generally not present in urine. If the findings show glucose, it could be
an indication of diabetes.

4. What would the presence of acetone indicates?

Acetones as well as other excess ketones in our body are detected in our urine. If
a person have poorly controlled diabetes, the doctor may test his/her urine for
ketones. A positive test for acetone in your urine could indicate that you need
more insulin to control your blood sugar. Ketonuria occurs when your urine
contains high quantities of ketone/acetone. This disorder is also known as
ketoaciduria and acetonuria.

5. What would the presence of urea indicates?

Urea is a waste substance that the kidneys release when you urinate. The urine
urea nitrogen test measures the amount of urea in the urine to detect the degree of
protein breakdown. The test can assist establish how well your kidneys are
working and whether your protein consumption is too high or too low.

6. Why must a 24-hr period sample of urine be used for examination if a

detailed composition is to be determined?
A 24-hour urine collection aids in the diagnosis of renal issues. It is
frequently performed to determine how much Creatinine is cleared by the
kidneys. It is also used to determine the levels of protein, hormones,
minerals, and other chemical substances. Finally, a 24-hour urine
 specimen is a critical diagnostic test because it exposes how the kidney
reacts to changing physiologic needs over time.

For a simple routine qualitative analysis, why is an early sample of

urine is used for the test, and not a sample collected after meal?
A doctor, for example, may request very first morning urine sample since
the urine seems to be more concentrated and hence more likely to reveal
any abnormalities. Alternatively, if the doctor is looking for glucose in the
urine, he or she may ask the patient to obtain a sample after eating. The
patient will then most likely be requested to provide a "mid-stream"
sample.

7. What is meant by glycosuria?

Glycosuria occurs when blood sugar or glucose is excreted in the urine. Normally,
our kidneys collect blood sugar from any liquid that passes through them and
return it to your blood vessels. Our kidneys may not remove enough blood sugar
from our urine before it exits our bodies if we have glycosuria. This frequently
occurs when a patient has an abnormally high quantity of glucose in his or her
blood, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Even if a patient's blood sugar levels
are normal or low, glycosuria might develop. Renal glycosuria is the medical term
for this condition.
Albuminuria?
Albumin is a protein present in the blood. Protein is required by your body. It is
an essential nutrient that aids in muscle growth, tissue healing, and infection
resistance. However, it should be in your blood rather than your urine.
Albuminuria or proteinuria is the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine.
Diabetes-related kidney impairment is the most common cause of albuminuria.
However, many other illnesses can cause renal injury. These include
hypertension, heart failure, cirrhosis, and lupus. Larger levels of albumin may
seep into the urine if early kidney injury is not treated.
8. What volume of urine does an adult excrete daily?

A normal 24-hour urine volume range is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day, with a
regular fluid intake of approximately 2 liters per day. More than 2.5 liters of urine
per day is considered excessive urination in adults. However, this can vary based
on how much water you consume and the total amount of water in your body.
This issue is distinct from the need to urinate frequently.
 9. What is the pH range of urine?
The pH of normal urine is slightly acidic, with typical readings ranging from 6.0
to 7.5, but the normal range is 4.5 to 8.0. Normal value ranges may differ slightly
between laboratories. Some labs employ various metrics or test various samples

10. What are the normal constituents of urine (male and female)?
Urine is a liquid byproduct of the body that is secreted by the kidneys and
expelled through the urethra. Urine's usual chemical makeup consists primarily of
water, but it also contains nitrogenous molecules like as urea, as well as creatinine
and other metabolic waste components. Other compounds may be expelled in
urine as a result of injury or infection of the glomeruli of the kidneys, which can
impair the nephron's capacity to reabsorb or filter the various components of
blood plasma.
What are the abnormal constituents of urine?
Sugar, proteins, blood, bile salts, bile pigments, and ketone are all abnormal urine
contents. It is seen in Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Addison's illness,
Chronic Progressive Renal Failure, excessive water intake, diuretics such as
caffeine and alcohol, and so on.
V. CONCLUSION

Therefore, I conclude that getting to know the physical characteristics of our

individual urine is a must because it helps us to be aware if we’re having a disease
or a medical condition with regards with the important organs in our body such as
the liver, spleen, kidney and of course our blood. In addition to that,
Abnormalities in any of these physical traits may therefore suggest sickness or
metabolic imbalances. These complications occur to be minor or unimportant on
their own, but they could be symptoms of more serious illnesses such as diabetes
mellitus or a damaged glomerulus. Moreover, having to know the chemical tests
in urinalysis by heart will also not just assess us, individual to feel if something
wrong with other body but also it’ll make respective doctors to diagnose a right
diagnostic of our health status. Lastly, through this activity, we are able to identify
different complications if there is an abnormal constituents present in urine.