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NAME
Zingiswa Mndayi Anita

STUDENT NUMBER
47676787

ASSIGNMENT
Portfolio examination
Module Code: COM3702
Unique Number: 896747
Due Date: 10 October 2019
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I Zingiswa Mndayi Anita hereby declare that this is my own work, except where the work (s) or
the publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques.
I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation
requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism.

Signature: Z.Mndayi
Name: Zingiswa Mndayi Anita
Student Number: 47676787
Date: 10/10/2019
Witness Name: S Magilindane
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 MEDIA POLICY AND REGULATION 4

2.1 Internal and external media regulation 4

2.1.1 Difference between internal and external regulation 4

2.1.2 The Bill 4

2.1.3 Freedom of expression 5

3 MEDIA MANAGEMENT 5

3.1 Media and communication 5

4 REPRESANTATION 6

4.1 Representation defined 6

4.1.1 Theory of Barthes 6

4.1.2 Signs in the advertisement 7

4.1.3 Anchorage 7

4.2 Media and the construction identity 7

Essay on the South African context

4.3 Gender and the media 7

Essay on how media represent gender

4.4 Media and environment 10

4.4.1 Article on environment 10

4.4.2 Problems in representing nature 10

4.4.3 Problem represented in the story 10

4.5 Media and violence 12

SOURCES CONSULTED 14

CONCLUSION 13

ADDENDUMS 16

SELF-ASSESSMENT AND SELF-REFLECTION 18

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INTRODUCTION
This portfolio is dived into three sections the first section is Media policy, I will define and
differentiate between internal and external regulation in your own words. Give examples of
internal and external regulation from your favourite daily newspaper to demonstrate your
understanding of the concepts, give a brief overview of the Bill and discuss your understanding
of freedom of expression and its limitations.
On section two Media management I will write an essay in which you discuss five competitive
forces according to the Porter model with examples from South African media.
On Section three representation I will provide an explanation of the theory of Barthes provide
an example of signs the actual aspects present in my advertisement, provide a
definition/explanation of anchorage and also touch on Media and the construction of identity
where I will write an essay on the South African context. There is also an essay on the Gender
and media focusing on CASTER SEMENYA.
Lastly there will be an article on media and environment, discussing media and lastly discussing
media violence.
2.1 Internal and external media regulation (202 words)
2.1. 1 internal media regulation pursue to attain and conserve a high degree of professionalism,
it can be ethical conduct while external media regulation purpose is to properly assemble and
direct media ownership. Fourie (2010: 74) says when we refer to the internal regulation of the
media, we thus refer to the formulation of the media policy that takes place within the
structure and operation of the medium (broadcasting, print, film, the internet) itself. The star
internal regulation is its ethical conduct state accuracy, fairness and quality. This conclude that
external regulations and policy refers to the laws and regulations applied to the media and
communication sectors , while Internal regulation refers to those rules and code of conducts
formulated by the media organisation. The Africa National Congress (ANC) has been calling for
media regulation in South Africa, however Self-regulatory bodies like The Broadcasting
Complaints Commission of South Africa (BCCSA) , Press Ombudsman etc. A Media regulation
are rules enforced by the jurisdiction of law. The South African media policy aims to be
independent and self-regulatory. It also serves to strike a balance between the needs of the
market and the need to allow the media to perform its cultural function (Fourie, 2008).
2.1.2 My Overview of the Bill (188 words)
My overview of the bill especially reading through the offence of hate speech is that it appears
as protecting certain people. Section 4(1) of the offence of hate of speech says “Any person
who intentionally, by means of communication whatsoever, communicates to one person in a
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manner that (1) Advocates hatred. (PREVENTION AND COMBATING OF HATE CRIMES AND HATE
SPEECH BILL, n.d.)
My overview is that the bill seek to protect certain individuals who might want to exposing
fraud and Injustices. It looks like robust political engagements might be limited because
Journalist, politicians would be uneasy to engage in political debates. For example during 2014
National and Provincial government election we saw smear campaigns and allegations of some
party leaders who were accused of rape. That caused an outraged on social media with
Journalist and civic education voicing out their opinions with this bill now people will be limited
to figure of speech and public opinion. If it happens that you accuse of a prominent leader for
sexual harassment and you write that on social media you might be facing criminal charges.
2.1.3 Freedom of Expression and Its Limitation (253 words)
Freedom of expression is the basis of all theories explaining the functions of the media in
society. Freedom is seen as a condition, more than it being an evaluation of how the media is
performing. Different views have different meanings, and that is when people get freedom of
expression wrong. Freedom of expression needs to be approached with condition when
expressing oneself McQuail (2005:192-193).
Freedom of expression was a cornerstone to our democracy and it is guaranteed by the South
African Bill of rights, within the constitution. The bill state that everyone has the right to the
freedom of expression. My understanding of expression is that South Africans are free to
consume whatever media they want to want in terms of listening or reading. Publications and
media houses can publish whatever they want but it should fall within the framework of the
law. Limitation of the freedom expression Chapter 2 section 16(ii) of the constitution
guarantees that everyone has the right to freedom of expression. The freedom of expression in
S.A is not unlimited, the right to freedom of expression must be exercised responsibly without
infringing on other rights such as the right to dignity and equality.
Should we regulate social media that will limit the freedom of speech, however an article on
forbes magazine stated that hearings around Facebook and other social media platforms that
terrorist groups using social media as a recruiting platform and the emerging of information on
Russian troll farms have lawmakers considering imposing new regulation on social media.

3. MEDIA MANAGEMENT
3.1 Media and communication market
Porter model five competitive forces
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Porter five forces analysis is a framework that is seeking to investigate the level of competition
within an industry and business strategy development. His model is based on the insight that a
corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organisations external
environment. Especially, competitive strategy should based on an understanding of industry
structures and the way they change (Diginole.lib.fsu.edu, 2019).
Threat of new entrants
Profitable markets that yield high returns will attract new firms. This results in many new
entrants, which eventually will decrease profitability for all firms in the industry.
Negotiating power of buyer
The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs: the ability of
customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer’s sensitivity to price
changes.
Negotiating power of suppliers
The negotiating power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw
materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of
power over the firm when there are few substitutes.
Threat of substitute products or services
The existence of products outside of the realm of the common product boundaries increases
the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives.
Applying this model to the South African newspaper industry where there is always a possibility
of increased competition (Fourie 2010: 142).For example new media houses may enter and
distribute for free like The Midrand reporter in Midrand . If a lot of newspapers enter the
industry especially the free dis Diginole.lib.fsu.edu. (2019). [online] Available at:

4 REPRESANTATION
4.1 Representation defined
4.1.1 Theory of Barthes (129 words)
Fourie (2010: 216) the French philosopher and social critic Barthes (1915-1990) was the first to
apply theories of representation from a semiotic perspective in communication science and
thus in media studies. Barthes also recognised the theoretical possibilities which opened up
when people were able to analyse visual representations separately form the deeper meaning
of the text. For Barthes, the sign constituted a number of layers: the first layer consisted of the
signifier and the signified, similar to De Saussure’s model of the sign. But Barthes (1957:115)
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argued that there was another layer: the sign’s second, mythical level. For Barthes,
representation could be mythologised. Representations including all cultural produced objects,
could carry additional meanings separate from their donative meanings. Hence Barthes literally
opened up the sign (or representation) for analysis.
4.1.2 Signs as well as Mythical of signs for my advert (222 words)
Signs, according to Barthes, consisted of signifiers (sounds, pictures, words) and signified (the
concept meant by the signifier)
The beautiful picture of a female on this Elie Saab advertisement attached as addendum B is a
sign which attract young people especially females and it also represent beauty and also
success as you can see the dress and the shoes.The picture of this woman worked as a signifier.
The woman represents feminism.It can also represent healthy body as you can see the slimness
that is a sign of positive connotation.
The picture of this lady can also work as a signifier and by looking at the picture the viewer
would positively think she can dress like her which is just a myth.
Barthes argues that the success of the myth of Italianicity on the Panzani advertisement in
making the advertised products seem desirable to the reader.
On this Elie Saab advert the earthly colour used brings intimacy and tranquility as if when using
the perfume things will be like that. Text used: BE SEDUCED the myth of being seduced it
attract younger man to buy it for their girlfriends or wife’s because of the feeling of being
seduced. The signifier can also be the beauty of this woman and how society’s stock of positive
myths concerning the attributes of a sexually appealing females.

4.1.3 Anchorage definition (174 words)

According to Fourie (2010, 217) In ‘Rhetoric of the Image,’ Barthes introduces the notion of
anchorage. The communicative problematics of visual images (visual representation) include
their polysemic meanings. Polysemy means that a single word or image can mean many
different things. In order to effectively ensure that the intended meaning is decoded in the
same way by most readers, the possible meanings of the image are limited by us of anchorage.
Written text accompanies the visual image in order to ‘explain’ the image to the reader,
encourage the recipient to produce on specific type of reading rather than any other. The
meaning of image (or intended meaning) can also be changed or manipulated simply by altering
the written text while leaving the visual image unchanged. The advert uses Anchorage (When
an advert uses a caption to fix the meaning of an image). Her body posture tells us that she is
very confident, her back is facing towards the perfume. The word SEDUCE achieve a sexy look
and gives you anchorage to buy the perfume.
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4. 2 Media and the construction of Identity

4.2.1
South Africa has undergone a fundamental political shift in the last twenty years with the
change to a democratically elected government in 1994. I still remembered that day vividly 27
of 1994 the very first democratic election, I had just turned seven years. Born in the rural
Eastern Cape I didn’t exactly know what was happening when mother and grandmother woke
up in the early hours of the morning when I asked what was going the answer I got was that
“Siyovota , siyovotela uMandela”9( we going to vote, voting for Mandela). I knew Mandela the
fighter but I didn’t know deep what he was fighting for. It was only a decade after the very 1st
election where I completely understood the word Apartheid and democracy, because in the
rural areas there was nothing much, no political riots, no gunfights even if there was I never
experienced any and life under apartheid. I was never subjected to any forms of racism because
I went to a black school in rural areas, my identity and I was I identified as a black person who
knew back then that white people hate us and that is why Mandela fought. The little
experienced I had shaped and gave me passion for journalism to tell stories of injustices (213
words).

4.2 Media and Construction of Identity

4.2.1 Introduction (98 words)
The word apartheid is translated from the Afrikaans meaning 'apartness', It was the ideology
supported by the National Party (NP) government and was introduced in South Africa in 1948.
The South African context in the past favored or supported minority. Apartheid called for the
separate development of the different racial groups in South Africa. On paper it appeared to
call for equal development and freedom of cultural expression, but the way it was implemented
made this impossible.(SA History online,2019) . The black South Africans were restricted to
faraway homelands of poor-quality land. Education, medical care and other public services
were segregated.
4.2.2 Body (317 words)
The post-apartheid era of South Africa saw the birth of a new constitution the values of which
were founded on the humane principles of democracy and the respect for human rights and
fundamental freedom (Assembly 1996). South Africa is arguable considered to be a rainbow
nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups. Even though some might
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say 25 years into democracy we are still fighting for the injustices of the past , injustices of
economic emancipation, land reform and many other things but there is no doubt that the
country has developed .
The African identity that I recognise is the one that portray Africa as continent which rich in
mineral resources and pioneers of hope. Up to 54 countries in Africa, this is content that was
and still challenged with days of slavery as a question to our identity. South Arica is one of the
developing countries in Africa which seeks to position itself as a leader on the African, which
hopes to revive. Hence the slogan that was presented in parliament 2012, South Africa ‘Alive
with possibilities’ (bizzcomunity, 2012). Ubuntu (Humanity) plays an integral part of African
ethics that is steeped in issues of liberation, development, identity, etc. It has to do with a
person’s integrity and dignity.
The post-apartheid South Africa is struggling to rectify the injustices of the past, some say 25
years into democracy is a long time. To me arguable a lot has changed in different spheres of
society however it is reported that since 1994, far from narrowing differences, successive ANC
governments have presided over an ever-widening wealth gap to the point where South Africa
is now judged to be one of the most unequal societies of all, according to World Bank research
in 2018 ((AFP, 2019). It is said between 2011 and 2015, some three million South Africans fell
below the poverty line.
4.2.3 Conclusion (115 word)
I have mentioned that I didn’t experience apartheid considering where I grew up, however
some apartheid structures have continued as evident in the South Africa I live in. They have
shaped my Identity positively to be are aware of persistent inequalities in their lived
experiences and to appreciate the fruits of democracy. I have my frustration with pace of
government on many things especially ruling party’s continued being embroiled in corruption.
Lastly allow me to conclude with this quote , “If you are truly telling a South African story then
it will be political — because you are dealing with people who lead political lives in an
environment which is highly politically charged.” ― Zakes Mda

4.3 Gender and the media Caster Semenya (521 words)

Fox reporter Carley Shimkus incorrectly identifies Olympic athlete Caster Semenya as
transgender, whether that was intentionally or not she later apologised for the statement
leaving her viewers to share their opinions (Media Matters for America, 2019).
How media defines and represent gender in South Africa is slightly different from the
international media who portrayed through news and articles a throng of opinions but yet
there is no conclusion on how to treat Semenya’s case in regards to her competing as a woman
who is hyperandrogenic.
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Born in the rural Polokwane , South Africa 29 years ago Mokgadi Caster Semenya is a middle –
distance runner and 2012,2016 and 2018 Olympic gold medalist. Unfortunately with the fame
of winning so came the chaos of confusion.
In 2009 when she won her event at the Berlin World Championships, a remarkable victory
completing the race at 1:55.45 beating of all her opponents in her first major race since moving
up from junior competitions. However her extraordinary success was not celebrated for long.
Just 24 hours after winning the race Semenya was closely scrutinized.
The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the sport’s governing body, began
examining whether she might be intersex—an umbrella term for people with developmental
conditions affecting the genitalia and gonads. After test being done it was then leaked medical
report said the athlete has internal testes a condition called hyperandrogenism which naturally
increases levels of testosterone (Track Officials Called Caster Semenya ‘Biologically Male,’
Newly Released Documents Show, associated press June 18, 2019. Even though we only know
this because Semenya’s impersonated results were leaked to the media. After the results were
leaked the media then painted hyperandrogenism in female athletes as a negative and unfair
condition which suggested that it was indeed unfair for Semenya to compete at the Rio
Olympics (Associated Press,2010). This headline suggested that look who’s coming back but
then again it is vague then it leaves viewers to debate on whether it fair for her to come back or
not. On this statement Semenya said and I quote “I have been subjected to unwarranted and
invasive scrutiny of the most intimate and private details of my being. Some of the
occurrences…have infringed on not only my rights as an athlete but also my fundamental and
human rights including my rights to dignity and privacy’. To me if the above comeback headline
was genuine whoever wrote the headline could have took something from this quote.
An article written by Benedict Brook: South African athlete Caster Semenya reportedly under
armed guard at Rio Olympics following safety fears, he wrote an I quote “Rivals say they would
be labelled a drug cheat if they topped up their testosterone to the levels of Semenya and she
has an unfair advantage,’ who are these rivals why were they not interviewed.
Although the issue of how the media defines and represent gender is still vague, but what I
have noticed is that Journalist use rhetorical questions for their headlines intentionally allow
the readers to question their own viewpoints as well as the matter at hand that they are
reading “what Caster Semenya’s case means for women’s sport’ (The Economist, May 9 2019).

4.4 Media and the environment

4.4.1 Article about environment
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The selected story was published on Reuters written by Aimable Twahirwa titled “Cleanest city
in Africa? Kigali scrubs up”. The reason why I selected the article is Kigali is an epitome of one of
the cleanest countries in Africa. Although the article start with the contrast of what might
Rwanda looks like but going through the article you will find out how the country is pushing for
an environmental friendly climate space. Through the government initiatives on cleaning the
city/country like its initiatives on traffic to waste. In 2018 Earlier this year, at the World
Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, U.N. Environment Programme head Eric
Solheim referred to Kigali as the “cleanest city on the planet”, both in terms of lack of rubbish
on the streets and green initiatives (130 words).

4.4.2 Four problems in representing nature (238 words)

Human Behaviour
Contemporary environmental challenges permeate the very material and discursive fabric of
our lives, weaving through economics, politics, culture, and society. Through time, mass media
coverage has proven to be a key contributor among a number of factors that has stitched
spaces of environmental science, governance, and daily life together Boykoff, M.T. (2009). One
of the problems in representing nature is Human behavior .The representation of nature is
either sensationalized or depicted as pessimistic. The west is represented as detrimental to
nature and as having lost that intimate relationship with nature, whereas Africa is seen as close
to nature (Ngwenya, 2009, 268). For example from early on in South African writing, the san or
bushman were seen both victims but also possessors of an intimate relationship with the land
that others had lost (Fourie 2010:272).

Consuming Nature
This kind of problem is when journalist write public relation stories and call them nature
articles. It hightlight “sunshine journalism” in representation of nature. In this case people who
run tourist attractions and nature reserves invite journalists and pay them to give publicity for
the places they run. (Ngwenya, 2009-2010: 270). For example an article about the beauty of
Fish River Sun casino and resort and its surrounding mountain is a public relations article.
Game drives and ethics of sensationalism
Representation of nature in wildlife stories is a selective one, it doesn’t really shows the reality
of what is going on. At times it can be that producers might have a certain narrative to push. An
experience of a week or a year can be compressed into two hours (Ngewnya, 2009:270).

Environmental disaster journalism and economics of the media

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According to Fourie (2010:272) if you read most media texts on environmental journalism they
concentrate on the jeremiads, the grim warnings about what man is doing on the planet .The
western media has separated people from nature, people view activities as threats to nature .
Westerners view themselves as causing global warming whereas Africans view themselves as
being integral part of nature (Ngewnya, 2009:265).

4.4.3 Problem representing nature in my story (143 words)

The problem I see on the article is Human behaviour with a rhetorical headline as if the write is
arguing with the fact that Kigali is one of the cleanest cities in Africa. Even though it is stated on
the bottom of the article that it has been declared that In 2018 Earlier this year, at the World
Economic Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, U.N. Environment Programme head Eric
Solheim referred to Kigali as the “cleanest city on the planet”, both in terms of lack of rubbish
on the streets and green initiatives. The write said too little about green initiatives that the city
has been working, those initiatives that contributed to their environment and being declared as
a cleanest country in Africa .This is a human behaviour where journalist choose to focus on
other angles instead of the moral of the story
4.5 Media and violence
4.5.1 Television programme YIZO YIZO (131 words)
The most memorable and arguable the most TV program that showed traces of violence was
YIZO YIZO. The show which aired from 1999-2004 on SABC 1, achieved record-breaking ratings
and is still watched by many today. The show received extraordinary positive and negative
attention for its gritty depictions of township school life. Set in township community in
Daveyton Yizo Yizo brought together complex characters each exploring their individual and
collective identities, their sins, growth, and eventual redemption. The drama series showed
gory experiences of crime and assault, the scenes of a community coming together to rebuild
after ridding itself of gangsterism and violent disorder. Although the drama carried a PG
classification on its aim is to educate children in my opinion it portrayed a bad behaviour and
that encouraged mimicking from young people. For me the show wasn’t violence rather
aggressive in terms of telling the story.

4.5.2 Contradictory debates on violence (131 words)

When creating a piece of art whether is painting ,writing a book or even producing a show one
of the function is to evoke emotions and I must say Yizo Yizo provoked a lot of emotions on how
aggressively the scenes were. So when people talk about it they confused aggression with
violence. According to Fourie ( 2010:421) defining and measuring media violence is extremely
difficult because a general definition of violence does not exist nor does a clear distinction
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between violence and aggression; some researchers use aggression and violence almost
interchangeably, implying that the one inevitably leads to the other(Olson 2004:146). I fully
agree with the article written by Nicola Galombik (1999) that a child cannot be violent because
of a television series there has to be more than that.
4.5.3 Short term vs Long-term effects (162 words)
Short-term laboratory experiment have consistently shown that exposure to violence increases
respiration rate, heartbeat and a tendency to inflict pain to others. These forms of inquiry have
however been ciricised due to short-term exposure in the laboratory and the artificial nature of
viewing context (Fourie 2009:422).
Long term effects research such as that conducted by Eron (1982) and Huesmann(1988) found
that boys who watched violent television programmes when they were eight were more
inclined to get in trouble with the law as teenagers. Eron and Heusmann visited the same
subjects when they were 30 (fourie 2010:422).
Although Yizo Yizo might have provoked a lot of emotions, we cannot really conclude that 20
years later some of gangsters or thugs we see today are results of Yizo Yizo.
Yizo Yizo has succeeded in creating new knowledge, especially for adults, concerning the
conditions of the country’s school system, opening up sensitive issues such as sexual
harassment, gangsterism, and drug abuse to debate (Barnett, 2004).
4.5.4 Casual relationship between media and violence
According to Fourie (2010:421) no agreement exist over type of relationship the data supports.
Huesmann, for example, argues that exposure to media violence is the direct cause of
aggression. Other research evidence implies that the two are associated but that there is no
casual connection.
Martinez contents that even those researchers who agree that there is connection between
media violence and aggressive behaviour disagree about how strong the connection is and the
extent to which the one effect the other (fourie 2010:421).
CONCLUSION
On this portfolio I have demonstrated a theoretical understanding of the history of the South
African media and present developments in terms of the nature of media policy and media
regulation economy of the media and media management professionalism in the media
demonstrate an ability to formulate relevant research questions related to mass
communication and media issues.
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SOURCES CONSULTED

Pieter j Fourie( editor) 2010. Media Studies Policy, Management and media representation Cape Town:
Juta

University of South Africa, Department of Communication Science. Only study guide for COM3029,
2019.

Media Studies: Policy, management and media representation: Tutorial Letter 102/3/2019
forCOM3702.Pretoria.

University of South Africa. Department of Communication Science. 2019. Tutorial letter 301/4/2019
CMNALLE for (Communication Science). Pretoria: University of South Africa

The National Assembly. (n.d.). [online] Available at:

https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/EducationPubs/the-national-assembly.pdf
[Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].BizCommunity (2012). New slogan for South Africa. [online] Bizcommunity.com.
Available at: https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/82/72047.html [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

Brunsdon, A.R., 2017,‘#MisconstruedIdentitiesMustFall collective: Identityformation in the

currentSouth African context: Apractical theologicalperspective’, HTS TeologieseStudies/Theological
Studies73(2), a3822. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i2.3822

Ramathate DolamoDepartment of Philosophy, Practical and Systematic TheologyUniversity of South

Africa (accessed 10, october 2019)

file:///C:/Users/lenovo/Downloads/78-278-1-PB.pdf

Berit Lundgren & Eileen Scheckle (2019) Hope and future: youth identity shaping in post-apartheid
South Africa, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 24:1, 51-
61, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2018.1463853

AFP (2019). South Africa still waiting on post-apartheid promises. [online] Ewn.co.za. Available at:
https://ewn.co.za/2019/04/22/south-africa-still-waiting-on-post-apartheid-promises [Accessed 10 Oct.
2019].

Fabrice Tambe Endoh (2015) Democratic constitutionalism in post-apartheid South Africa: the interim
constitution revisited, Africa Review, 7:1, 67-79, DOI: 10.1080/09744053.2014.990769

Boykoff, M.T. (2009). We Speak for the Trees: Media Reporting on the Environment. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources, [online] 34(1), pp.431–457.
https://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-2788-2009.49.pdf [Accessed 10
Oct. 2019].
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Aimable Twahirwa (2018). Cleanest city in Africa? Kigali scrubs up. [online] U.S. Available at:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-green-pollution/cleanest-city-in-africa-kigali-scrubs-up-
idUSKBN1HR2F8.Barnett, C. (2004).

Yizo Yizo: Citizenship, Commodification and Popular Culture in South Africa. Media, Culture & Society,
[online] 26(2), pp.251–271. Available at:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ded0/14faad5462f6ed556021bd57e1950e5e02f6.pdf [Accessed 10
Oct. 2019].Viu (2019).

Iconic South African series Yizo Yizo now available on Viu SA - Screen Africa. [online] Screen Africa.
Available at: https://www.screenafrica.com/2019/05/13/tv-radio/business-tv-radio/iconic-south-
african-series-yizo-yizo-now-available-on-viu-sa/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

Mimifroufrou.com. (2012). Elie Saab Le Parfum in New EDT Concentration (2012) {New Perfume} - The
Scented Salamander: Perfume & Beauty Blog & Webzine. [online] Available at:
http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2012/05/elie_saab_le_parfum_in_a_new_e.html#A
z3lGOku9AFtOF3l.99 [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

The Economist. (2019). What Caster Semenya’s case means for women’s sport. [online] Available at:
https://www.economist.com/international/2019/05/09/what-caster-semenyas-case-means-for-
womens-sport [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].

Aimable Twahirwa (2018). Cleanest city in Africa? Kigali scrubs up.Available at:
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-green-pollution/cleanest-city-in-africa-kigali-scrubs-up-
idUSKBN1HR2F8.
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Addendum A
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SELF-ASSESSMENT AND SELF-REFLECTION

What have you learnt (what knowledge have you gained) by completing the portfolio task?

Demonstrate a theoretical understanding of the history of the South African media and present
developments in terms of the nature of media policy and media regulation economy of the media and
media management professionalism in the media

What skills, abilities and orientations (attitudes and values) have you acquired?

Media landscape

Which strengths could you apply in your future life and work environments?

Concepts and paradigms of media policy, regulation, economics and professionalism

To what extent have you achieved the learning outcomes formulated for each study unit? Specify the
learning outcomes you have achieved.

Distinguishing between Internal and External regulation (Media Regulation)