Chapter 4-Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Introduction to Communication Systems (EEEg-3152)
Chapter Four
Angle Modulation and Demodulation
Angle Modulation and Demodulation
Outline:
 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation
 Types of Angle Modulation
 Modulation Index for Angle Modulation
 Single-tone Angle Modulation
 Narrowband and Wideband Angle Modulation
 Comparison of FM and AM
 Components of FM Receiver
Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 2

Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation
 Angle modulation can be defined as the process in which

the total phase angle of the carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating
or message signal while keeping the amplitude of the
carrier.

Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation……
 For angle modulation, the modulated signal is represented
by:
s (t )  Ac cos( c t   (t ))  Ac cos (t ) (i )
where
Ac : amplitude of the carrier
 c : frequency of the carrier
 (t ) : phase of the modulated signal
 (t ) : generalized angle

 The phase angle ϕ(t) is a function of the message signal

x(t).
 Let us rewrite equation (i) as:

s(t )  Ac cos (t ) where  (t )   c t   (t )
 The instantaneous angular frequency of s(t) is defined as:

d (t ) d (t )
i   c 
dt dt
i 1 d
 Similarly, instantaneous frequency
(t ) dis(tdefined
of 1s(t) ) as:
fi    fc 
2 2 dt 2 dt
Example:
Determine the instantaneous frequency in Hz of each of

the following signals.
 
a. s (t )  10 cos 200t  
 3
b. s (t )  10 cos(20t  t 2 )
c. s (t )  cos 200t cos(5 sin 2t )  sin 200t sin(5 sin 2t )

Solution:

a.  (t )  200t 
2
d (t )
i   200
dt
 i 200
 fi    100
2 2
 The instantane ous frequency is 100Hz which is constant.

b.  (t )  20t  t 2
d (t )
i   20  2t  2 (10  t )
dt
 i 2 (10  t )
 fi    10  t
2 2
 The instantane ous frequency of the signal is 10Hz at t  0
and increases linearly at a rate of 1Hz / s.

c. s (t )  cos 200t cos(5 sin 2t )  sin 200t sin(5 sin 2t )
 s (t )  cos(200t  5 sin 2t )   (t )  200t  5 sin 2t
d (t )
 i   200  10t  2 (100  5 cos 2t )
dt
 i 2 (10  5 cos 2t )
 fi    100  5 cos 2t
2 2
 The instantane ous frequency of the signal is 95Hz at t  0
and oscillatessinusoidally between 95 and 105Hz.

Types of Angle Modulation
 The two basic types of angle modulation are phase

modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM).
Angle Modulation
Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

(PM) (FM)
 Frequency modulation and phase modulation are closely

related.
Types of Angle Modulation……
 In PM, the instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier is

proportional to the message signal, i.e.,
 (t )  k p x(t )
where
x(t ) : is the message signal
k p : is the phase deviation constant (rad/volt)
 Thus, the phase-modulated signal is expressed as:
s PM (t )  Ac cos[c t  k p x(t )]

 In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation of the carrier

is proportional to the message signal, i.e.,
d (t ) t
dt
 k f x(t )   (t )  k f  
x( )d
where x(t ) : is the message signal

k f : is the frequency deviation constant(rad/v-s)
 Thus, the frequency-modulated (FM) signal is expressed as:
s FM (t )  Ac cosc t  k f 
t
  x ( ) d

 In PM the instantaneous angular frequency  i varies
linearly with the time derivative of the message signal x (t ) .
d (t ) dx(t )
i   c  k p
dt dt
 But in FM the instantaneous angular frequency  i varies
linearly with the modulating signal x (t ) ,
d (t )
i    c  k f x(t )
dt

Fig. Phase and frequency modulation are equivalent and interchangeable.

Fig. Comparing frequency modulation (FM) to phase modulation (PM)

Modulation Index for Angle Modulation
 Frequency deviation is the maximum deviation of the

instantaneous modulated carrier frequency relative to the
unmodulated carrier frequency.
 It is symbolically represented by either  or f .
k f x(t ) max
FM :   k f x(t ) max  f 
2
k p x' (t ) max
PM :   k p x' (t ) max  f 
2

Modulation Index for Angle Modulation……
 The ratio of the frequency deviation f to the maximum

frequency content of the message signal f m is called the
frequency deviation ratio or the modulation index.
 The modulation index, denoted by  , is given by:
 f
 
m fm
 The modulation index  is the maximum value of phase

deviation for both PM and FM and is dimensionless
(unitless).
Single-tone Angle Modulation
 Consider a single-tone modulating (message) signal x(t) to

given by:
x(t )  Am cos( m t )
 Then, the single-tone PM wave is give by:

s PM (t )  Ac cos  c t  k p x(t ) 

 s PM (t )  Ac cos  c t  k p Am cos( m t ) 
 s PM (t )  Ac cos c t   cos( m t ) , where   k p Am

Single-tone Angle Modulation……
 Similarly, the single-tone FM wave is expressed as:
s FM (t )  Ac cos c t  k f 
t
  x ( ) d

 k f Am 
 s FM (t )  Ac cos c t  sin( m t )
 m 
k f Am
 s FM (t )  Ac cos c t   sin( m t ) , where  
m

Narrowband and Wideband Angle Modulation
 The modulation index  is used to differentiate between
narrowband angle modulation and wideband angle
modulation.
 Narrowband angle modulation requires that:
f
f  f m    1 ( Typical value,   0.3)
fm
 Similarly, wideband angle modulation requires that:

f
f  f m     1 ( Typical value,   5)
fm

 Roughly, take the boundary to be:   2
Narrowband and Wideband Angle Modulation……
 Narrowband FM (NBFM) has about the same bandwidth as

that of AM.
 Commercial (broadcast) FM is wideband FM (required due

to its superior noise performance).
 Why we consider narrowband FM? Two reasons:
 NBFM is easier to generate that WBFM.
 It is used as in initial process step in generating WBFM.

Fig. WBFM (or WBPM) requires more bandwidth than AM

Fig. Single-tone FM spectra as function of modulation index

 Narrowband FM (NBFM) has about the same bandwidth as

that of AM.
 Commercial (broadcast) FM is wideband FM (required due

to its superior noise performance).
 Why we consider narrowband FM? Two reasons:
 NBFM is easier to generate that WBFM.
 It is used as in initial process step in generating WBFM.

Carson’s Rule:
 Carson’s rule is used to calculate the bandwidth of angle
modulated signals.
 The bandwidth of narrowband FM (NBFM) is given by:
BW  2 f m
 The bandwidth of wideband FM (WBFM) signal can be
calculated using Carison’s rule as:
BW  2(   1) f m
 The above formulas also work for NBPM & WBPM.
Average Power of a FM or PM Wave
 The amplitude Ac is constant in a phase modulated or a

frequency modulated signal.
 RF power does not depend upon the frequency or the

phase of the waveform.
 Thus, the average power of a FM or PM wave is always:

2
Ac
Pav 
2

Comparison of FM and AM

Examples On Angle Modulation
Example-1:
A single-tone FM signal is given by:

s FM (t )  10 cos 2 x 106 t  8 sin 2000t 
Determine
a. the carrier frequency, f c
b. the modulation index, 
c. the peak frequency deviation, f

Examples On Angle Modulation……
Solution:
Start with the basic single - tone FM equation :
s FM (t )  Ac cos2f c t   sin(2f m t )
Compare this with the given single - tone FM signal, i.e.,

s FM (t )  10 cos 2 x 106 t  8 sin(2000t ) 
a. f c  106 Hz  1 MHz and f m  103 Hz  1 kHz
b. The modulation index is   8
c. The peak frequency deviation Δf is :
f   * f m  8 * 1000  8000 Hz  8 kHz

Example-2:
What is the bandwidth required for an FM signal in which

the modulating frequency is 2kHz and the deviation is
10kHz?
Solution:
f 10kHz
   5
fm 2kHz
BW  2(   1) f m  2(5  1)2kHz
 BW  24kHz

Example-3:
Consider an angle modulated signal given by:


s(t )  6 cos 2 x 106 t  2 sin(8000t ) 
What is the average power of this signal?
Solution:
2
Ac 62
Pav    18, where Ac  6 V
2 2
 Pav  18 watts
Note that the result does not depend upon it being FM or PM.

Example-4:
In an FM system, when the audio frequency is 500Hz and

the audio voltage is 2.4V, the frequency deviation is 4.8kHz.
a. If the audio voltage is now increased to 7.2V, what is

the new frequency deviation?
b. If the audio voltage is increased to 10V while the audio

frequency is dropped to 200Hz, what is the new
frequency deviation?
c. Find the modulation index in each case.

Solution:
The frequency deviation constant is :
2f 2 * 4800
kf    12,566 rad/volt - sec
Am 2.4
a. The deviation at 7.2V is :
k f Am 12,566* 7.2
f    14,400
2 2
 f  14,400 Hz  14.4 kHz

b. The frequency deviation when the audio voltage is
increased to 10 V is :
k f Am 12,566* 10
f  
2 2
 20,000
 f  20,000 Hz  20 kHz

c. The modulation index for case (a ) is :
Δf 14.4 kHz
β   28.8
fm 500 Hz
   28.8
The modulation index for case (b) is :
Δf 20 kHz
β   100
f m 200 Hz
   100

Example-5:
An angle-modulated signal is described by the equation:
s(t )  5 cos(2 x 106 t  20 sin1000t  10 sin 2000t )
Determine:
a. the power of the angle-modulated signal
b. the frequency deviation, f
c. The phase deviation, 
d. The bandwidth of the angle-modulated signal using
Carson’s rule.
Solution:
a. The power of the angle - modulated signal is :
2
Ac 52
Pav    12.5 watts
2 2
b.  (t )   c t  20 sin1000t  10 sin 2000t
d (t )
 i 
dt
  c  20,000 cos1000t  20,000 cos 2000t

    i  40,000  f   20 kHz
max
2
c. The phase deviation is :
 (t )  20 sin1000t  10 sin 2000t
    (t ) max  20  10  30
d . For the modulating (message) signal, we have :

2000
fm   1000 Hz  1 kHz
2
The modulation index is :
f 20,000
   20 (wideband FM or AM)
fm 1000

d . Using Carson' s rule for wideband FM or PM, the
bandwidth is :
BW  2(f  f m )
 2(20,000  1000)  42,000
 BW  42,000 Hz  42 kHz

Commercial FM and AM Broadcasting
 FM radio has significantly larger bandwidth than commercial

AM radio.
 AM broadcast: 540 kHz to 1650 kHz (MW)
 FM broadcast: 88 kHz to 108 MHz (VHF)
 AM total bandwidth=1110kHz (10kHz/channel or station)
 FM total bandwidth=20MHz (180kHz/channel)
 FM modulation index=5 and maximum frequency=15kHz
 The combination keeps the number of available channels
the same.
Commercial FM and AM Broadcasting……
Fig. Commercial FM radio broadcast frequency assignment

Commercial FM and AM Broadcasting……
Fig. Measured spectrum of an FM radio signal

Components of FM Receiver
 FM receiver consists of several components as shown

below.
Antenna
RF
Amplifier
Mixer IF Limiter Discriminator De-emphasis
AF Power
LO
Amplifier

Components of FM Receiver……
RF Amplifier:
 AM may skip RF amplifier but FM requires it.
 FM receivers are called upon to work with weak signals

(~1V or less as compared to 30 V for AM)
 An RF section is needed to bring up the signal to at least

10 to 20 V before mixing

Limiter:
 A limiter is a circuit whose output is constant for all input

amplitudes above a threshold.
 Limiter’s function in an FM receiver is to remove unwanted

amplitude variations of the FM signal.
Limiter

Discriminator:
 The heart of FM is this relationship
f i (t )  f c  k f x(t )
 What we need is a device that linearly follows
instantaneous frequency.
output
-75 KHz
fcarrier f
+75 KHz
Deviation limits
Exercises
1. The maximum frequency deviation allowed in an FM

broadcast system is 75 kHz.
a. If the modulating signal is a single-tone sinusoidal

signal of frequency 8 kHz, determine the bandwidth of
the FM signal.
b. What will be the bandwidth when the modulating

signal amplitude is doubled?

Exercises……
2. Consider an FM signal is given by

s FM (t )  12 cos 6 x 106 t  5 sin(2500t ) 
Determine the
a. frequency of the carrier signal
b. frequency of the modulating signal
c. modulation index
d. frequency deviation
e. power dissipated in 10 Ω resistor.

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Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

Introduction to Communication Systems (EEEg-3152)

 Basic Concepts of Angle Modulation

 Types of Angle Modulation

 Modulation Index for Angle Modulation

 Single-tone Angle Modulation

 Narrowband and Wideband Angle Modulation

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 2

 Angle modulation can be defined as the process in which

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 3

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 4

 The phase angle ϕ(t) is a function of the message signal

 Let us rewrite equation (i) as:

 The instantaneous angular frequency of s(t) is defined as:

Determine the instantaneous frequency in Hz of each of

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 6

 The instantane ous frequency is 100Hz which is constant.

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 7

 The instantane ous frequency of the signal is 10Hz at t  0

and increases linearly at a rate of 1Hz / s.

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 8

 s (t )  cos(200t  5 sin 2t )   (t )  200t  5 sin 2t

and oscillatessinusoidally between 95 and 105Hz.

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 9

 The two basic types of angle modulation are phase

Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

 Frequency modulation and phase modulation are closely

 In PM, the instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier is

 Thus, the phase-modulated signal is expressed as:

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 11

 In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation of the carrier

where x(t ) : is the message signal

 Thus, the frequency-modulated (FM) signal is expressed as:

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 13

Fig. Phase and frequency modulation are equivalent and interchangeable.

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 14

Fig. Comparing frequency modulation (FM) to phase modulation (PM)

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 15

 Frequency deviation is the maximum deviation of the

 It is symbolically represented by either  or f .

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 16

 The ratio of the frequency deviation f to the maximum

 The modulation index, denoted by  , is given by:

 The modulation index  is the maximum value of phase

 Consider a single-tone modulating (message) signal x(t) to

 Then, the single-tone PM wave is give by:

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 18

 Similarly, the single-tone FM wave is expressed as:

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 19

 Similarly, wideband angle modulation requires that:

 Narrowband FM (NBFM) has about the same bandwidth as

 Commercial (broadcast) FM is wideband FM (required due

 Why we consider narrowband FM? Two reasons:

 NBFM is easier to generate that WBFM.

 It is used as in initial process step in generating WBFM.

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 21

Fig. WBFM (or WBPM) requires more bandwidth than AM

Prepared by: Welelaw Y. Chapter 3- Angle Modulation and Demodulation 22

Fig. Single-tone FM spectra as function of modulation index