INTRODUCTION OF CRIMINOLOGY

(500 DEFINITION OF TERMS)

SUBMITTED BY: 1-BRAVO
SUBMITTED TO: SIR. JAKE LUPOS
1. ACCIDENTAL Those who commit criminal acts as a result of
CRIMINAL unanticipated circumstances.
2. ACQUISITIVE CRIME When the offender acquires something as a
consequence of his criminal acts.
3. ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE Those who commit crime in an impulsive manner
CRIMINAL usually due to the aggressive behavior of the offender.
4. ACTUS REUS Sometimes called the external element of a crime.
5. ATAVISTIC This criminals are those considered as born criminals.
6. ANTHROPOLOGICAL Focused on the studying the physical characteristics of
APPROACH offenders in the attempt to discover physical differences
between criminals and non- criminals.
7. AGE OF A social movement that arose during the 18 th century on
ENLIGHTENMENT that built upon ideas like empiricism, rationality, free will,
humanism and natural law.
8. ACUTE CRIMINAL Refers to a person who violates criminal law because of
the impulse of the moment, fit of passion or anger or
spell of extreme jealousy.
9. APPLIED The art of creating the typologies classifications,
CRIMINOLOGY predictions and specially profiles of criminal offenders,
there personalities and behavior patterns.
10. ABNORMAL Is something deviating from the normal or differing from
BEHAVIOR the typical, is a subjectively define behavioral
characteristic, assign to those with rare or dysfunctional
conditions.
11. ASTHENIC TYPE This person is skinny, with ribs easily counted and
slender body type. This type usually commits crime
known as petty theft and fraud.
12. ATHLETIC TYPE This person has broad shoulders, powerful legs and
muscular body type. This type usually commits violent
crimes.
13. ACTUARIAL This role involves usage of statistics in order to inform a
case
14. ADVISORY A psychologist may advise police about how to proceed
with the investigation.
15. ALI TEST Excuses a defendant who, because of a mental disease
or defect, lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the
criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct or to conform
his conduct to the requirements of law (Model Penal
Code Sec. 4.01).
16. AMNESTY Refers to an act of justice by which the supreme power
in a state restores those who may have been guilty of
any offense against it to the position of innocent
persons.
17. ANTHROPOLOGY Science devoted to the study of man-kind
18. AUTO-PHOBIA (Mono-phobia) A morbid fear of one’s or of being alone
19. BIOLOGICAL The evaluation of genetics in explaining criminal
APPROACH behavior, under this approach, heredity is the main
factor that pushes people to commit crimes. (Positivist
Theory)
20. BLUE COLLAR Any crime committed by an individual from lower social
CRIME class.
21. BEHAVIORAL This phase describes the victim’s adjustment to the
OUTCOME victimization experience.
22. BIOLOGICAL Some genetic theories believed that chromosome
CRIMINOLOGY aberrations may be the cause of crimes.
23. BRANDING The offender was scarred with a hot iron on the flesh
part of the hand or on the check.
24. BIOMETRY A measuring or calculating of probable duration of
human life.
25. BIO-SOCIAL A person’s biological heritage plus his environment and
BEHAVIOR social heritage influence his social activity.
26. BROKEN HOME The modification of home conditions by death, divorce
or desertion.
27. BEHAVIOR SYSTEM Progress in the explanation of disease is being made
IN CRIME personally by the studies of specific diseases.
28. BLUE COLLAR Those committed by ordinary professional to maintain
CRIMES their livelihood.
29. BANISHMENT This was imposed by God to evil rebels lead by lucifer
by throwing them out of the heaven. It is the first penalty
ever imposed.
30. BILIBID PRISON Served as national penitentiary up to November 1943,
when transferred to Muntinlupa to exchange of property
between the government of the city of manila and the
bureau of prison.
31. BAIL OIs the security required by the court and given by the
accused to ensure that the accused appears before the
proper court at the scheduled time and place to answer
the charges brought against him or her.
32. CHRONIC CRIMINAL Person who acted in consonance with deliberate
thinking.
33. CONCENTRIC ZONE Crime is a product of transitional neighborhood that
THEORY manifest social disorganization and value conflict.
34. CONTINUING CRIME Those committed in several places.
35. CORPORAL It was retained as a punishment for a lot longer that
PUNISHMENT either identified with a corporation or other business
entity.
36. COURTESY Refers to politeness of the words being used in
communication.
37. CRIME BY IMITATION Those committed the pattern of which is merely
duplication of what was done by others.
38. CRIME BY PASSION Those committed because of fit of passion, anger,
jealousy and hatred.
39. CRIME CONTROL Is the primary concern of the police, as the saying goes
control before the act escalates into a serious
proportion.
40. CRIME Is an act committed or omitted in violation of public law
forbidding or commanding it.
41. CRIME OF THE Those committed by members of the lower or under
UNDER WORLD privileged class of society.
42. CRIME OF THE Those committed by the member of upper strata of the
UPPER WORLD society.
43. CRIME PREVENTION It is the basic police function or technique of determining
the desire of the people to commit crime.
44.CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY Analysis of the causes of crime.
45. CRIMINAL JUSTICE Refers to the system used by the government to
maintain social control, prevents crime, enforce law, and
administer justice.
46. CRIMINAL LAW It is the branch or division of law which defines crime,
threats of their nature and provides for their punishment.
47. CRIMINALISTICS It is the study of the criminal things, or the sum total of
the application of all sciences in crime detection.
48. CRIMINALITY Caused by an organic pathological process.
49. CRIMINALOID It is categorized as “Habitual criminal”, who become so
by contact with other criminals, or other “distressing
circumstances”.
50. CRIMINOLOGIST Any person who is graduated with the degree of
criminology, who passed the examination for
criminologists and is registered as such by the board of
examiners of the professional regulation commission.
51. CRIMINOLOGY Is the study of criminal people and encompasses the
study of law making, law breaking and societal
reactions to law breaking.
52. CONFESSION Direct acknowledgement of guilt.
53. CRIMINAL JUSTICE It is the various agencies of justice especially the police,
SYSTEM courts, and correction.
54. CRIME VICTIM It is generally refers to any person, group, or entity who
has suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity.
55. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR It refers to a behavior which is criminal in nature; a
behavior which violates a law.
56. CONVENTIONAL This stage reach at the end of middle childhood.
LEVEL
57. CONFORMITY It involves the acceptance of the cultural goals and
means of attaining those goals.
58. CRIMINAL The study of the wills, thoughts, intentions and reactions
PSYCHOLOGY of criminals and all that partakes in the criminal
behavior.
59. CRIMINAL Also known as Forensic psychologist, is a mental health
PSYCHOLOGIST professional who works within the justice system.
60. CRIMINALISTICS Is the application of various sciences top answer
questions relating to examination and comparison of
biological evidence.
61. DELINQUENT A person who committed an act that is not I conformity
with the norms of society.
62. DETENTION Detention prisoner shall be locked up as many
necessary to secure his safety and prevent his escape.
63. DEVIANT BEHAVIOR Behavior that is recognized in violation of norms.
64. DISCRETION Simply refers to the wise use of one’s judgement,
personal experience and common sense to decide a
Particular situation.
65. DOCUMENTARY those consisting of writing or any material containing
EVIDENCE letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other
modes of written expression offered as proof of its
contents.
66. DISPUTABLE based on procedural rules and may be overcome by
PRESUMPTIONS evidence to the contrary.
67. DUEL it is a formal or regular combat previously concerted
between two parties in the presence of two or more
seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the
selection of arms and fix all the other conditions of the
fight.
68. DEFORMITY is meant physical ugliness, permanent and definite
abnormality. It must be conspicuous ad visible.
69. DIRECT EVIDENCE proves the fact in issue without aid of inference or
presumptions.

70. DEMEANOR the behavior of a witness on the witness stand during

EVIDENCE trial to be considered by the judge on the issue of
credibility.

71. DEMONSTRATIVE evidence that has tangible and exemplifying purpose.

EVIDENCE
72. DOCUMENTARY those consisting of writing or any material containing
EVIDENCE letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other
modes of written expression offered as proof of its
contents
73. DISPUTABLE based on procedural rules and may be overcome by
PRESUMPTIONS evidence to the contrary
74. DIRECT the examination in chief of a witness by the party
EXAMINATION presenting him on the facts relevant to the issue.
75. DYING The declaration of a dying person, made under the
DECLARATION consciousness of an impending death,
76. DEMARCATION Refers to policies and practices that aim to reduce the
numbers of offenders in prison by providing
alternative measures for dealing with them in the
community.
Theoretically, the debate about decarceration was at its
height in the 1960s and 1970s and included reduction in
the use of other institutions, most notably psychiatric
hospitals. With the dramatic increase in the prison
population in the 1990s, the term and the debate has
largely fallen into disuse
77. DEFENSE A key element of a fair trial is that of ‘equality of arms’—
REPRESENTATION that the prosecution and defence are allowed the same
facilities to put their case. An individual defendant will
never have the same resources as the State but the
State must provide for adequate representation of
offenders, whether in the police station or in court. The
criminal justice system also provides for defendants to
be assisted by lawyers, paid out of public funds.
78. DETERRENCE The idea that crime can be reduced if people fear the
punishment they may receive if they offend.
79. DISCIPLINE A term used by Michel Foucault to describe a method
by which some people can efficiently control others,
and which he claims is at the heart of modern public
institutions such as the prison, school and hospital.
Discipline is the analysis
80. DISCRIMINATION The unfavourable treatment based on a person’s colour,
age, sexuality, gender or ethnicity.
81. DIVERSION Describes efforts to minimize young offenders’
STRATEGY involvement with the formal youth justice system,
steering them away from the more punitive sentences
such as custody, and where possible keeping them out
of the system entirely.
82. EXPENSES The cost required for something; the money spent on
something.
83. ESSAY ON CRIMES Is a seminal treatise on legal reform and widely
AND PUNISHMENTS considered one of the founding texts of Classical
Criminology.
84. ENDOMORPHIC With a soft round body build and a high proportion of fat
tissue.
85. ECTOMORPH With a lean and delicate body build
86. EXPERIMENTAL Relating to scientific experiments.
87. EAR PRINT Is used as a means of Forensic identification intended
ANALYSIS as an identification tool similar to Fingerprinting.
88. ECONOMIC Relating to economics or the economy. Justified in
terms of profitability.
89. ETIOLOGY OF CRIME Refers to the division of Criminology which attempts to
provide scientific analysis on the causes of crimes.
90. ELECTRIC THEORY This approach views that criminal behavior is at one
APPROACH instant caused by in or more factor, while in other
instances, it is caused by another set of factor.
91. EQUITY Consistency to the Extreme and see it that all offender
who commit the same crime.
92. EXECUTIVE It is called clemency because only the president of the
CLEMENCY Philippines has power and authority to grant it.
93. ENGLISH RULE Such crimes are triable in that country, unless they
merely affect things within the vessel or they refer to the
internal management thereof.
94. ENTRAPMENT A person has planned or is about to commit crime and
ways and means are resorted to by a public officer to
trap and catch the criminal; not a defense.
95. ERROR IN Mistake in the identity of the victim.
PERSONAE
96. EXPULSION The penalty of prison correctional shall be imposed
upon any public officer or employee who, not being
thereunto authorized by law, shall expel any person
from the Philippine Islands or shall compel such person
to change his residence.
97. ENCUMBRANCE The term encumbrance includes every right or interest
in the land which exists in favor of third persons.
98. EXPERT EVIDENCE The testimony of one possessing knowledge not usually
acquired by other persons.
99. ESTOPPEL BY DEED A bar which precludes a party to a deed and his privies
from asserting as against the other and his privies any
right or title in derogation of the deed or denying the
truth of any material fact asserted in it.
100. ESTOPPEL IN PAIS Based upon express representation or statements or
upon positive acts or conduct.
101. ESTOPPEL The tenant is not permitted to deny the title of
AGAINST TENANT his landlord at the time of the commencement of
the relation of landlord and tenant between
them.
102. ESTOPPEL BY The preclusion to deny the truth of matters set forth in a
RECORD OR record, whether judicial or legislative, and also deny.
JUDGEMENT
103. EXPUNGED Deleted or destroyed
104. ERROR OF An error of judgement is one which the court may
JUDGEMENT commit in the exercise of its jurisdiction.
105. EXTRAJUDICIAL Not legally authorized.
106. EXTRAJUDICIAL Are those made out of the court or in judicial proceeding
ADMISSION other than the one under consideration.
107. EXTRAJUDICIAL Is the killing of a person by governmental authorities
KILLINGS without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal
process.
108. ETIOLOGY Refers to the causes, set of causes, or matter of
causation of a disease or condition.
109. ECLECTIC THEORY This approach views that criminal behavior is at one
APPROACH instance caused by one or more factors, while in other
instances, it is caused by another set of factors.
110. EXEMPTING Are those grounds for exemption from punishment
CIRCUMSTANCES because there is wanting in the agent of the crime any
of the conditions which make the act voluntary, or
negligent.
111. EXPERT EVIDENCE The testimony of one possessing knowledge not usually
acquired by other persons.
112. EVIDENCE Sanctioned by the rules, for ascertainment in a judicial
proceeding, the truth, respecting a matter of fact.
113. EDGEWORK The momentary integration of subcultural practices with
experiences of extreme risk and excitement.
114. ELDER The blanket label of the elderly can perpetuate a
stereotype that the elderly population constitutes a
homogenous group.
115. EMPATHY The ability to understand and share the feelings of
another.
116. EMPIRICAL Research based upon the analysis of data rather than
RESEARCH conceptual analysis.
117. ENVIRONMENTAL Is focused on the relationship of the environment and
RESEARCH organisms on it.
118. ENVIRONMENTAL A form of criminology that focuses on the complex
CRIMINOLOGY relationships that exist between crime, space and
environment.
119. ETHNICITY The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has
a common national or cultural tradition.
120. ETHNOGRAPHY The scientific description of the customs of individual
peoples and cultures.
121. EVALUATION The making of judgement about the amount, number, or
value of something; assessment.
122. EXPERIMENT A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery,
test a hypothesis or demonstrate a known fact.
123. ESPIONAGE Systematic use of spies to obtain secrets.
124. EX POST FACTO Affecting things Past
125. ELEMENTS Violent or severe weather
126. EXCUSE A defense of some offensive behavior.
127. ESTOPPEL A rule of evidence where by a person is barred from
dying the truth of a fact that has already been settled.
128. EGO A person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance.
129. EXTINCTIVE CRIME When the end result of a criminal act is destructive.
130. EPISODIC CRIME Those committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space
of time.
131. EXPENSIVE Costing a lot of money
132. EX-CONVICT In the Community
133. FORENSIC Comes from the Latin term forensic, meaning "of or
before the forum".
134. FORENSIC It is the study and interpretation of accounting evidence.
ACCOUNTING
135. FORENSIC AERIAL Is the study and interpretation of accounting evidence.
PHOTOGRAPHY
136. FORENSIC Is the application of physical anthropology in a legal
ANTHROPOLOGY setting, usually for the recovery and identification of
skeletonized human remains.
137. FORENSIC Is the application of combination of archaeological
ARCHAEOLOGY techniques and forensic science, typically in law
enforcement
138. FORENSIC Uses methods from astronomy to determine past
ASTRONOMY celestial constellation for forensic purposes
139. FORENSIC BOTANY Is the study of plant life in order to gain information
regarding possible crimes
140. FORENSIC Is the study of detection and identification of illicit drugs,
CHEMISTRY accelerants used in arson cases explosive and gunshot.
141. FORENSIC Is the study of finger prints.
DACTYLOSCOPY
142. FORENSIC Answers question about a disputed document using a
DOCUMENT variety of scientific processes and methods
EXAMINATION
143. FORENSIC DNA Takes advantage of the uniqueness of an individual's
ANALYSIS DNA to answer forensic question
144. FORENSIC Is the scientific examination and analysis structures and
ENGINEERING products relating to their failure or cause of damage
145. FORENSIC Deals with the examination of insects in, on and around
ENTOMOLOGY human remains to assist in determination of time or
location of death
146. FORENSIC Deals with trace evidence in the form of soils, minerals
GEOLOGY and petroleum
147. FORENSIC Is the study of the ground surface to look for potential
GEOMORPHOLOGY locations of burried objects
148. FORENSIC Is the application of geophysical techniques such as
GEOPHYSICS radar for detecting objects hidden underground or
underwater
149. FORENSIC Process starts with the collection of data and ends with
INTELLIGENCE the integration of results within into the analysis of
crimes under investigation
150. FORENSIC Are conducted using the science of professionally using
INTERVIEW expertise to conduct a variety of investigative interviews
151. FORENSIC Is the analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes
LIMNOLOGY in or around fresh-water sources
152. FORENSIC Deals with issues in the legal system that requires
LINGUISTICS linguistic expertise
153. FORENSIC Is a site-specific analysis of past weather conditions for
METEOROLOGY a point of loss
154. FORENSIC Is the study of the uniqueness of dentition better known
ODONTOLOGY as the study of teeth
155. FORENSIC Is the study of glasses and other eyewear relating to
OPTOMETRY crimes scenes and criminal investigations
156. FORENSIC Is a field in which the principles of medicine and
PATHOLOGY pathology are applied to determine the cause of death
157. FORENSIC Is an application of the study of feet, footprint or
PODIATRY footwear and their traces
158. FORENSIC Is a specialized branch of psychiatry as applied to and
PSYCHIATRY based on scientific criminology
159. FORENSIC Is the study of the mind of an individual, using forensic
PSYCHOLOGY methods
160. FORENSIC Is the study of techniques to distinguish the seismic
SEISMOLOGY signals
161. FORENSIC Is the study of body fluids
SEROLOGY
162. FORENSIC SOCIAL Is the specialist study of social work theories and their
WORK applications to a clinical, criminal justice or psychiatric
setting
163. FORENSIC Is the study of the effect of drugs and poisons on/in the
TOXICOLOGY human body.
164. FORENSIC VIDEO Is the scientific examination, comparison and evaluation
ANALYSIS of video in legal matters.
165. GENERAL a goal of criminal sentencing which seeks to prevent
DETERRENCE others from committing
crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender
is being sentenced.

166. GENERAL THEORY one which attempts to explain all (or at least most)
forms of criminal conduct
through a single, overarching approach.

167. HABITUAL laws intended to keep repeat criminal offenders behind

OFFENDER STATUTES bars. These laws
sometimes come under the rubric of "three strikes and
you're out."
168. HEDONISTIC the belief, first proposed by Jeremy Bentham, that
CALCULUS OR behavior holds value to
UTILITARIANISM any individual undertaking it according to the amount of
pleasure or pain that
it can be expected to produce for that person.

169. HEROIN a DEA program that identifies the geographic source

SIGNATURE PROGRAM area of a heroin sample
through the detection of specific chemical
characteristics in the sample
peculiar to the source area.

170. HYPOTHESIS 1. [a]n explanation that accounts for a set of facts and
that can be tested by
further investigation... , 2. [s]omething that is taken to be
true for the purpose
of argument or investigation.

171. ID the aspect of the personality from which drives, wishes,

urges, and desires
emanate. More formally, the division of the psyche
associated with instinctual
impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of
primitive needs.

172. subcultural pathways to success which are disapproved

ILLEGITIMATE of by the wider
OPPORTUNITY society.
STRUCTURES
173. the intentional enactment of practiced behaviour which
IMPRESSION is intended to convey
MANAGEMENT to others one's desirable personal characteristics and
social qualities.

174. INCAPACITATION the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the

likelihood that an
offender will be capable of committing future offenses.

175. INFRASTRUCTURE The basic facilities, services, and installations needed

for the functioning of a
community or society, such as transportation and
communications systems,
water and power lines, and public institutions including
schools, post offices,
and prisons.
176. specify how likely findings are to be true for other
INFERENTIAL populations, or in other locales.
STATISTICS
177. an ethical requirement of social scientific research
INFORMED which specifies that
CONSENT research subjects will be informed as to the nature of
the research about to
be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to
which the data they
provide will be put.

178. an explanatory perspective that merges (or attempts to

INTEGRATED merge) concepts
THEORY drawn from different sources.

179. INTERDICTION an international drug control policy which aims to stop

drugs from entering
the country illegally.

180. INTERNAL VALIDITY the certainty that experimental interventions did indeed
cause the changes
observed in the study group; also the control over
confounding factors which
tend to invalidate the results of an experiment.

181. a scientific principle which requires that independent

INTERSUBJECTIVITY observers see the same
thing under the same circumstances for observations to
be regarded as
valid.

182. JUST DESERTS the notion that criminal offenders deserve the
punishment they receive at the
hands of the law, and that punishments should be
appropriate to the type
and severity of crime committed.

183. KRIMINALPOLITIK the political handling of crime, or a criminology-based

social policy.

184. LABELING an interactionist perspective which sees continued

crime as a consequence
of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour which
follow from the
negative responses of society to those defined as
offenders.
185. LEARNING THEORY the general notion that crime is an acquired form of
behavior.

186. LEGALIZATION (of drugs) eliminates the laws and associated criminal
penalties that prohibit
the production, sale, distribution, and possession of a
controlled substance.

187. LIFE explanations for criminality that recognize that

COURSE criminogenic influences have
THEORIES their greatest impact during the early stages of life, and
which hold that experiences which children have shape
them for the rest of their lives.

188. MALA IN SE acts which are thought to be wrong in and of

themselves.

189. MALA PROHIBITA acts which are wrong only because society says they
are.

190. MARXIST See radical criminology.

CRIMINOLOG
Y
191. META-ANALYSIS a study of other studies about a particular topic of
interest.

192. MONEY the process of converting illegally earned assets,

LAUNDERING originating as cash, to one
or more alternative forms to conceal such incriminating
factors as illegal
origin and true ownership.

193. MORAL a term which encompasses all the efforts a particular

ENTERPRIS interest group makes to
E have its sense of propriety enacted into law.rigin and
true ownership.

194. NATURAL LAW the philosophical perspective that certain immutable

laws are fundamental to
human nature and can be readily ascertained through
reason. Man-made
laws, in contrast, are said to derive from human
experience and history–both
of which are subject to continual change.
195. NATURAL RIGHTS the rights which, according to natural law theorists,
individuals retain in the
face of government action and interests.

196. a contemporary version of Classical criminology which

NEOCLASSICAL emphasizes
CRIMINOLOGY deterrence and retribution with reduced emphasis on
rehabilitation.

197. NEUROSIS functional disorders of the mind or of the emotions

involving anxiety, phobia,
or other abnormal behaviour.

198. a crime control strategy which attempts "to forestall

NURTURING development of
STRATEGY criminality by improving early life experiences and
channeling child and
adolescent development" into desirable directions.

199. any act punishable by law which is committed through

OCCUPATIONAL opportunity created in
CRIME the course of an occupation that is legal.

200. OMERTA the informal, unwritten code of organized crime which

demands silence and
loyalty, among other things, of family members.

201. offense Is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws.

202. opportunity Consists of acts or omission which enables another
person or group of persons to operate the crime.
203.ordinary criminal The lowest form of criminal career, they engage only on
conventional crimes which require limited skill and they
lack organization to avoid arrest and convictions.
204.organization Refers to a group or association of people with common
objectives.
205. organized crime Are groups or operations run by criminals, most
commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary
profit.
206.organizing Is the process of grouping people, things, functions,
activities, process according to some logical or
systematic plan or procedure so that work is carried out
in the most effective and efficient manner.
207. overt acts It is some physical activity or deed, indicating the
intention to commit a particular crime.
208.overcriminalized Prohibited but shouldn’t be.
209. observation A research methods which involves watching and
sometimes participating in social activities.
210. offender A term increasingly used to described the process of
management working with offenders at different stages of the criminal
justice process.
211. organizational Organizations themselves tend to have their distinct
culture cultures “the way we do things around here” in terms of
culture.
212. organizational Refers to the lines of authority, decision making,
structure accountability, management systems and the
relationships between constituent parts of an
organization.
213. organized crime A generic description of any criminal activities carried
out by a group of two or more people.
214. passive inadequate Those who commit crimes because they are pushed to
criminal it by inducement, by reward or promise without
considering its consequences. They are called “ulukan”.
215. penologist A person who studies the science or art of punishment.
216. penology Deals with the control and prevention of crime and the
treatment of youthful offenders.
217. physical evidence Things used in the crime or that something left in the
crime scene which is the subjects of criminalistics.
218. physiological Focused on the study of the nature of human beings.
approach
219. police Is the agency of a community or government that is
responsible
220. political crime Is one involving overt act or omissions which prejudice
the interests of the state, its government or its political
system.
221. preventive Progressive and continuous patrolling.
enforcement
222. professional They are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable
criminal amount of money without being detected because of
organization and contract with other professional
criminals.
223. psychiatric Is a mental disease as diagnosed by a trained
approach authorized person.
224. psychoanalytical Explanation of crime is based on the Freudian Theory.
approach This states that criminal behavior is caused by
repression (suppression) of the basic drives.
225. psychological Explains that the development of criminal behavior is
approach caused by deprivation from psychological need of man.
226. public order crime Crimes which involves act that interfere with the
operations of society and the ability of people to function
efficiently.
227. positive evidence Evidence which affirms a fact in issue.
228. primary/best That which the law regards as affording the greatest
evidence certainty.
229. prima facie evidence Evidence which can stand alone to support a conviction
unless rebutted.
230. prospective In the penal law cannot make an act punishable in a
manner in which it was not punishable when committed.
231. proposal There is no proposal when the person who has decided
to commit a felony proposes its execution to some other
persons.
232. proof It refers to the accumulation of evidence sufficient to
persuade the trial court.
233. probative value It is the tendency of the evidence to establish the
proposition that it is offered to prove.
234. preliminary It is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there
investigation is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief
that a crime has been committed.
235. property bond Is an undertaking constituted as a lien on the real
property given as security for the amount of the bail.
236. part of the resgestae Statements made by a person while a starling
occurrence is taking place or immediately prior to or
subsequent.
237. prejudicial It a question, which arises in a case the resolution of
questions which is a logical antecedent of the issue.
238. penal code The legal code governing crimes and their punishment.
239. precedent An example that is used to justify similar occurrences.
240. property crimes Crimes where the goal was to take or damage property.
241. probable cause Is a reasonable belief that the facts known to the police
are sufficient to show that a person has committed a
crime.
242. presentence An investigation conducted by approbation agency, or
investigation other designated authority at the request of the court
into the past behavior, family, circumstances and
personality of an adult who has been convicted of a
crime.
243. probation A sentence in which the offender id retained in the
community under the supervision of a probation agency
rather than being incarcerated.
244. parole The condition release of prisoners before they have
served their full sentence.
245. presumption An inference as to the existence of a fact not actually
known, arising from its usual connection with another
which is known or a conjecture based on past
experience as to what course human affairs ordinarily
take.
246. Philippine highway It shall refer to any road, street, passage, highway and
bridges or other parts.
247. premises It signifies distinct and definite locality.
248. public building Is every building owned by the government or belonging
to a private person.
249. piracy It is robbery or forcible depredation on the high seas,
without lawful authority and done with animo furandi and
in the spirit and intention of universal hostility.
250. praetor intention The injurious result is greater than that intended.
251. penalty It is the suffering that is inflicted by the State for
transgression of a law.
252. plea The first pleading by criminal defendant, the defendant’s
declaration in open court that he or she is guilty or not
guilty.
253. plea A negotiations between defense and prosecution for a
bargain/negotiations fair disposition of the case and must be approved by the
court.
254. pre-trial intervention Supervise pre-trial interventions programs for persons
charge with a crime before or after any information has
been filled or an indictment has been returned in the
circuit court.
255. prison Prisons are operated by states government and the
Federal Bureau of Prisons and are designed to hold
individuals convicted of crimes.
256. probation An alternative to imprisonment allowing a person found
guilty of an offense to stay in the community.
257. prosecutor A trial lawyer representing the government in a criminal
case and the interests of the states in civil manners.
258. public defender A court appointed attorney for those defendants
declared indigent.
259. panopticon A prison design which is a circular building with cells
along the circumference, each clearly visible from
central location staffed by guards.
260. perfect proof It is a proof where there is no possibility of innocence.
261. positivism The application of scientific techniques to the study of
crime and criminals.
262. positive Can also be provided when a behavior yields an
reinforcement increase in status, money, awards, or pleasant feelings.
263. positive punishment Serves to increase the probability of a particular
behavior being repeated.
264. psychopathology It is the scientific study of mental, emotional, and
behavior disorders as well as abnormal or maladaptive
behavior.
265. physiognomy It is refer to a way to identify criminal by its facial figures,
physical appearance and crimes that has been
committed.
266. phrenology This theory claims to be able to determine character,
personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the
shape of the head.
267. positivist theory Atavism or born criminal.
268. psychoanalytic States that all humans have natural drives and urges
theory that are repressed in the unconscious.
269. pre conventional This stage is reached during middle childhood, moral
level reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding
punishment.
270. post conventional This stage is reached during early adulthood at which
level point individuals are able to go beyond social
conventions.
271. psychology It is about people and focuses on the study of the
human mind and behavior.
272. psychological It encompasses science of behavior and mental
criminology processes of a criminal.
273. psychiatric It is also called Forensic Psychiatry. It is the application
criminology of psychiatric knowledge to offender populations with
respect to the juxtaposition between mental disorder
and criminal behavior.
274. Philippine criminal Criminal law or Penal law is the branch of law which
law defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides
punishment.
275. Prospectively Concept of the criminal law provides that is cannot
make an act punishable in a manner in which it was not
punishable when committed.
276. Post Mortem After death.
277. Prima Facie On the face of it.
278. Penology Concerned with the control and prevention of crime and
the treatment of the youthful offenders.
279. Penologist Who studies the science or art of punishment.
280. Punishment Judgements about why people are punished generally.
281. Proportionality The notion of proportionality is the idea that we can rank
the order of the seriousness of the crime as well as a
standard progression in the penalties to administer.
282. Penalty Signifies pain
283. Prison Aa place in which individuals are physically confined or
interned and usually deprived of a range of personal
freedoms.
284. Prison Riot A collective attempt by inmates to seize control over
part or all of a prison as a form of protest and again try
to overpower their oppressors by forcing their ways
upon them.
285. Pardon The forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated
with it.
286. Parole Not an executive clemency
287. Probation Disposition of a case under which a defendant after
conviction and sentenced is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court and to the probation
officer.
288. Prosecution Function is lodged mainly with the National Prosecution
Service, under the Department of Justice.
289. pre-impact stage This describes the state of the victim prior to being
victimized.
290. post–impact stage This stage entails the degree and duration of the
personal and social disorganization following
victimization.
291. quantum of The totality of evidence presented for consideration.
evidence
292. quantum of proof Refers to the degree of proof required in order to arrive
at a conclusion.
293. quarles decision Warrantless search is justified only in emergencies.
294. Racist violence Any incident, including threats, harassment, emotional
and physical harm, which is perceived to be racist by
the victim, or any other person.
295. Race The terms race and ethnicity have been used
interchangeably but are not synonymous.
296. Racism Many authors define racism as a ‘doctrine, dogma,
ideology, or set of beliefs’
297. Rational Crime Those committed with intention and offender is in full
apprehension of his mental faculties.
298. Rational choice A classical model of human choice that assumes that
theory of crime offenders rationally calculate the costs and benefits of
committing a crime.
299. Rational economic An ideal type economists use to derive theories about
human behaviour.
300. Recession Defined formally by economists as occurring when the
amount of goods and services produced by a
country’s economy falls in two successive quarters.
301. Recreational drug Characteristically centred on the use of cannabis and
use ‘dance drugs’ (for example, ecstasy), recreational drug
use may be frequent but does not involve excessive
use, dependency or serious risks to health.
302. Retribution Many of the early professional specialist were experts at
execution, torture and mutilation.
303. Regulation Within criminology, this term implies the control of
business activity within the framework of a set of rules,
by an agency or by dedicated personnel assigned to
ensure compliance with those rules.
304. Rehabilitation The belief that it is possible to tackle the factors that
cause offenders to commit crimes and so reduce or
prevent re-offending. The focus is usually on individual
 factors such as employability, problem substance use,
and anger management.
305. Relativism The perspective that knowledge is relative and
contingent rather than absolute and determined.
306. Resettlement Refers to a long tradition of work which aims to
reintegrate imprisoned offenders back into the
community.
307. Restoration In the History of England the term ‘Restoration’ has a
specific meaning in as much as it is used to describe
the process whereby Charles II regained the English
throne after the Parliamentarian rule in the wake of the
English Civil War.
308. Restorative justice An approach to criminal justice which aims to restore
victims, offenders and the wider community as far as
possible to the position they were in before the offence
was committed, by involving them in the decision-
making process and attempting to reconcile their
conflicts through informal (but structured) discussion.
309. Revisionist history Historical revisionism is the re-examination and
reviewing of the stories told as history with an eye to
updating them with more recently discovered, more
unbiased or more accurate information.
310. Risk assessment The activity of collating information on an individual,
their immediate circumstances and social environment
with a view to assessing the likelihood of particular
behaviour patterns occurring in the future.
311. Risk factors Increasingly used to refer to individual or social factors
which increase the probability of involvement in crime.
312. Risk management The activity of using a risk assessment to manage the
future risk an individual may pose.
313. Rule of law The idea of the ‘rule of law’ is that individuals and the
State should regulate their conduct according to the law.
314. reciprocity There is reciprocity if we look at the punishment as a
natural part of appropriateness of the punishment.
315. rationality Human beings have free will, and the actions they
undertake are the result of choice.
316. Racial threat theory As the size of the black population increases, the
perceived threat to
the white population increases, resulting in a greater
amount of social control imposed against
blacks.
317. Rehabilitation Treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at
preventing future criminal
behavior.
318.Regionalism Crime rate not only vary from one religion to another but
also generally along several section of each nation
319.Religion It emphasize of morals and life’s highest spiritual value,
the work and dignity of an individual and respect for the
person and property of others generally a powerful force
320.Rural Criminality This kind of criminality explained by the person
identification with delinquent.
321.School It is the strategic position to prevent crimes and
delinquency
322.Segregation This may be observed in the interaction between
criminals and public thus a person with criminal record
maybe ostracize in one community but may become a
political leader in one community
323.Sixto De leon The fist chairman of the board of criminology
324.social institution of The general explanation of one topic in relation to
crime criminal behavior.
325.Social psychological Develop of criminal behavior is consider as involving the
same learning process.
326.Socialist School of Written by Max and Engels, that emphasize the
Criminology economic determinism
327.Sosiologiocal and It includes assessment of those force resulting from
cultural approach man’s collective survival efforts.
328.Sociological School Interpret crime as function of social environment
329.Sociology May means a study of human society, its origin, function
structure and direction.
330.Seasonal Crime Those that are committed only at a certain period of a
year
331.Sociology of law Is a division of criminology which attempts to offer
scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal
laws are developed as a process of formal social
control.

332. Sociological States that crime is a result of multiple factors which can
Criminology be divided into biological, psychological and social
factors

333. Social Darwinism Is a term first time utilized by Herbert Spencer

334. Social Learning The theory developed by Albert Bandura in 1973.
theory
335. Situational crime Those committed only when given the situation
conductive to its commission.

336. Situational Criminal Those who are actually not criminals but constantly in
trouble with legal authorities

337. Static crime Those committed in one place.

338. Service Crime Those Committed only when given the situation
conducive to its commision

339. Sin Is an act or omission against the spiritual or divine law.

340. Socialized Those who are normal in their behavior, but merely
Delinquent Criminals defective in their socialization processes.

341. Social Contract The enlightenment-era concept that human beings

abandon their natural state of individual freedom to join
together and form society.

342. Specific Deterrence A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a

particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality

343. Soft determinism The belief that human behavior is the result of choices
and decisions made within a context of situational
constraints and opportunities

344. Social Learning Is the view that people learn by observing others
Theory
345. Symbolic In which modeling occurs by means of the media
including movies, television, internet, literature and
radio.

346. Somatotype Theory Theory that was developed by William Sheldon who
associated body type (physique) to human
temperament.
347. Structural Strain This theory traces the origins of deviance to the tension
Theory that are caused by the gap between cultural goals and
the means people have available to achieve those
goals.

348. Social Control Is a type of functionalist theory that suggest that

Theory deviance occurs when a person's or group's attachment
to social bond is weakened.

349. State crime Is activity or failures to act that break the state's own
criminal law or public international law

350. Statutory laws Are enacted by legislatures and reflect current cultural
mores
351.Sociology of Law Division of criminology which attempt to offer scientific
analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal
laws developed as a process of formal social control.
352.Span of Control The ability of one person to supervised the affairs of
subordinates is limited by such factors.
353.State corporate Refers to the crimes that result fr4om the relationship
crime between the policies of the state and the policies and
practice of commercial corporation
354.State Crime Is activity or failures to act that break the states on
criminal law or public international Law
355.Statutory Laws Enacted by legislatures and reflects current cultural
mores.
356.Stigmata Refers to the physical marks and characteristics that
suggest an individual is abnormal
357.Strain Theory Views crime as a direct result of lower-class frustration
and anger
358. Territoriality (characteristic of law)
In that criminal law undertakes to punish crimes
committee within Philippine territory.

359. Tax Evasion Not paying taxes

360.Theroretical Is a subfield of general criminology most often found in

Criminology colleges and universities

361.Theory Construction An inform, creative endeavour which connects

something known with something unknown; usually in a
measurable way.

362.Theory Building Efforts to come up formal, systematic, logical, and

mathematical ways in which theories are constructed.

363.Theoretical Efforts to come up with grand, overarching theories

Integration which apply to all types of crime and deviance.

364.Theoretical Efforts to figure out the details of a theory, how the

Specification variables work together; usually associated with a belief
that many, competing theories are better than integrated
efforts.
365.Theoretical Efforts to figure out the implications of a theory, what
Elaboration other variables might be added to the theory; also
associated with the belief that theory competition is
better than theoretical integration.

366. Tertiary Crime Victims who experience the harm vicariously, such as
Victim through media accounts, the scared public or
community due to watching news regarding crime
incidents.

367.Three-strikes Criminal statues that mandate life imprisonment for

Legislation criminals convicted of three violent felonies or serious
drug offences.

368.Trace Evidence Analysis is the analysis and comparison of trace

evidence including glass, paint, fibres and hair.

369.Transportation The alternative form of capital punishment to the death

penalty.

370.The Stocks It was used for petty offenders (drunkards) who could
not pay their fines.

371.The Pillory Was much like the stocks but the public was able to
throw things at the person being held.

372.The law enforcement The law enforcers are at the forefront of the criminal
justice system of the country

373.The prosecution The prosecution function is lodged mainly with the

national prosecution service ,under the department of
justice
374.The judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of controversies, of
competing claims and interests, including the
determination of the guilt or innocence of a person
charge of the commission of a crime

375.The correctional The agencies involved in the punishment of convicts all

institutions fall under the executive department of the government

376.The community The member of the community plays a very important in

the criminal justice system

377.Utilitarianism Holds to any value to any individual undertaking it

according to the amount of pleasure or pain
378.Uhlenhuth test Test, or the antigen-antibody precipitin test for species
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