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COURT OF GHANA 2010

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF GHANA

ACCRA-GHANA

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE

SUPREME COURT OF GHANA

ACCRA

_______________________________

CORAM: WOOD (MRS), CJ (PRESIDING)

DATE-BAH (DR), JSC

OWUSU (MS), JSC

DOTSE, JSC

ANIN YEBOAH, JSC

IN THE MATTER OF CONSOLIDATED SUITS:

WRIT NO. JI/4/2008

AHUMAH OCANSEY …. PLAINTIFF

VRS

THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION …. DEFENDANT

AND

WRIT NO. JI/5/2008

CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS &

CIVIL LIBERTIES (CHURCIL) …. PLAINTIFF

VRS

1. THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL

2. THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION …. DEFENDANTS

23RD MARCH, 2010

JUDGMENT

WOOD (MRS), CJ:

These two consolidated cases raise important constitutional questions pertaining to the right of prisoners to
vote in public elections and referenda, pursuant to article 42 of the 1992 Constitution, as do other citizens of
the Republic, save those below the age of eighteen years, and persons of unsound mind.

SUIT NUMBERED J/1 5/ 2008-(THE CHURCIL CASE)

In the suit numbered J1/5/2008, instituted by The Centre for Human Rights and Civil Liberties (CHURCIL),
pursuant to article 2 (1) of the Constitution, this court is being invited to determine the question in relation
to persons being held in prisons and who are usually referred to as remand prisoners. These are persons
who have been arraigned before court on criminal charges, are awaiting trial, but are being kept in prison
custody, i. e. legal custody, on court orders. Incidentally, not all remand prisoners are detained in prisons
Contrary to the law; some spend their period of detention in police cells.

CHURCIL is an advocacy- based organisation, dedicated to the promotion of human rights and the
protection of civil liberties through a number of activities including public interest litigation. CHURCIL’s action
was triggered by the decision of the Electoral Commission (E C), to preclude remand prisoners from
exercising their electoral franchise in the then upcoming December 2008 elections, in full recognition of their
voting rights under article 42 of the Constitution, unless otherwise ordered by a court of competent
jurisdiction to allow them to do so. The Commission had persistently refused to heed to the calls of human
rights activists and organisations to respect the voting rights of remand prisoners on the basis that the
electoral laws of Ghana, particularly s. 7 (5) of The Representation of The People Law, 1992, P. N. D. C.
L.284 (PNDCL 284), disqualify prisons as places of residence for purposes of voter registration, a pre-
requisite to voting, thus effectively disenfranchising remand prisoners.

By this court’s decision in NPP v A-G (CIBA case) [1996-97] SCGLR 729, the word “person” appearing in
article 2 (1) of Constitution, encapsulates natural and artificial or corporate persons. CHURCIL declares its
corporate status as a not- for- profit civil society organisation and as plaintiff prays for the following reliefs:

1. “A declaration that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) is
inconsistent with, and in contravention of Article 42 of the 1992 Constitution, and that consequently, to
the extent of such inconsistency the said PNDCL 284 is void;
2. A declaration that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law (PNDCL 284) is null and/or
void because the enactment was made in excess of the powers conferred on Parliament by section
93(2) of the 1992 Constitution, or any other head of legislative power;
3. A declaration that section 7(5) when read together with section 8 of PNDCL 284 is inconsistent with
and in contravention of article 17(1) and 17(2) of the 1992 Constitution and that consequently, to the
extent of such inconsistency the said PNDCL 284 is void.
4. Consequential orders in exercise of the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction under article 2(2) of the 1992
Constitution compelling /ordering the Electoral Commission to exercise its constitutional powers under
the electoral laws and where necessary under article 45 of the Constitution to facilitate and ensure the
registration for effective voting of all remand prisoners entitled to vote by reason of article 42 of the
Constitution.”

SUIT NUMBERED J/1/4/2008

The second action, numbered J1 / 4/ 2008, is at the instance of Ahuma-Ocansey, a private legal practitioner.
He instituted the action, in his capacity as a citizen of Ghana, and an advocate of prisoners’ rights. The
reliefs he sought, though substantially the same as CHURCIL’s, is broader in scope; to the extent that his
action covers all categories of prisoners, that is, both remand and convicted prisoners. It is also not
restricted to the 2008 elections, but all future public elections, including all bye elections and referenda. He
sought the following declaratory reliefs:

i) Declaration that non-registration of prisoners for voting by the Electoral Commission contravenes
Arts 42, 45(a) of the Constitution, and s.1 (a-e) of the Public Elections (Registration of voters)
Regulations, 1995 CI 12 and Art 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations)

ii) Declaration that refusal or failure of the EC to register prisoners for voting is a violation of their
rights as citizens of Ghana, and amounts to derogation of their integrity as human beings. This
conduct of the EC contravenes Art 15 (1) of the Constitution and Principle 3 of Body of Principles
for the protection of all persons under any form of detention or Imprisonment (United Nations

iii) Declaration that the conduct of the EC is defeatist of the Civic responsibility of Ghanaians as
citizens of this country, to uphold the sanctity of the freedoms and rights of Ghanaians, as
enshrined in Arts 35(4) and 41(b) (d) of the Constitution.”
The CHURCIL case provokes an important preliminary question, which in my opinion, must be addressed.
CHURCIL instituted its action on the 7th of July, 2008, as already noted to enable remand prisoners to vote
in the December 2008 presidential and parliamentary elections, whilst the plaintiff in J1/ 4/2008, instituted
his action on 20th June, 2008, on account of all prisoners, without targeting any specific national elections or
referenda. That it has taken over a year to dispose of these two cases is indeed regrettable. Constitutional
disputes, especially those touching on fundamental rights and freedoms deserve to be determined
expeditiously. That is not, to say however that, the disposal of these two cases before the 4th December
2008, and in the favour of all categories of prisoners, would have enabled them exercise their franchise in
the presidential and parliamentary elections of 2008. However, given the legal calendar and the statutory
time frames for filing statements, the chances that these cases could have been disposed of before the
election date were indeed very limited. But, there is an even more fundamental reason why prisoners’
participation in the 2008 elections, was not feasible. It appears doubtful, indeed very doubtful to me, that
the 2nd defendant, the EC would have had the space to meet all the legal and logistical requirements that
would have made the prisoners participation in the December 2008 elections possible.

These challenges do not, however, provide valid justification for the delay. It is hoped that in future, parties
and their counsel will assist our courts to carry out their judicial functions in a manner that would promote
the timely disposal of constitutional cases, particularly, those related to human rights.

The failure to hear and dispose of the CHURCIL action before the December elections raises the question of
whether the action is consequently moot. The scope of the doctrine of mootness has been decisively settled
by this court. J.H. Mensah v Attorney-General [1996-97] SCGLR 320, at page359, sets out the parameters
as follows:

“The principle guiding the court in refusing to decide the moot questions is quite settled. If the question,
though moot, is certainly not likely to re-occur, the courts will not waste their time to determine questions
and issues which are dead and buried forever. But where it is not so established, the courts would go into
the questions to forestall a multiplicity of suits. Thus for a court to decline deciding a moot question, it must
be established or shown that:

‘Subsequent events made it absolutely clear that the allegedly wrong behaviour could not reasonably be
expected to recur’.”

Firstly, public elections, bye elections included, and referenda are key elements of constitutional democracy.
The sovereign will of the people of Ghana, as expressed through article 35 (1) of the Constitution, is that
Ghana “shall be a democratic state dedicated to the realisation of freedom and justice”. Consequently, public
elections will remain a permanent feature of democratic governance in Ghana and will continue to play a
central role in our political affairs until the end of time.

Secondly, the detention of persons awaiting trial in prison custody, in the absence of clear legislation to the
contrary, will continue to be an essential feature of our criminal jurisprudence. Ordinarily, persons charged
with criminal offences are, by virtue of the rule that presumes them innocent, until they are proven guilty,
are entitled to be admitted to bail. But bail is not automatic, it is sometimes withheld; with the order that
the accused person be detained in legal, i. e. prison custody. Also, under our criminal laws, there are a
number of offences on our statute books, in respect of which courts are constitutionally or statutorily
mandated to refuse bail, and order the detention of accused persons in legal, i.e. prison custody. The
overriding consideration for curtailing accused persons right to liberty in such matters is that they are not
likely to appear to stand trial if granted bail, having regard to the nature of the offences and the “severity of
the punishment which conviction entails.”

Gorman & ors v The Republic [2003-4] SCGLR 784, identifies one other circumstance under which the
liberty of persons awaiting trial could be curtailed. The court made this observation:

“…we must always guard against a sweeping invocation of fundamental human rights as a catch-all defence
of the rights of defendants. People tend to overlook the fact that the Constitution adopts the view of the
human rights that seek to balance the rights of the individual as against the legitimate interests of the
community. While the balance is decidedly tilted in favour of the individual, the public interest and the
protection of the general public are very much part of the discourse on human rights in our Constitution.
Thus article 14(1) (d) makes it clear that the liberty of certain individuals, including drug addicts may be
curtailed not only for the purpose of their own care and treatment, but also “for the protection of the
community.” Article 14(1) (g) sanctions the deprivation of an individual’s liberty upon

reasonable suspicion of the commission of an offence under the laws of Ghana, ostensibly for the protection
of the community and the body politic.”

The 2nd defendant’s past conduct, the continuing existence of section 7(5) of the PNDCL 284 on our statute
books, clearly points to the future direction in which matters are likely to go. Who will challenge the fact
that some more persons have been admitted into legal custody since CHURCIL filed its writ? The 2nd
defendants will continue to deny prisoners the right to vote, unless otherwise directed by this court. We are
thus faced with an active controversy over which, this court should adjudicate, in the exercise of its
legislative review jurisdiction.

CHURCIL contends that the entrenched provisions of article 42 of the Constitution, confers a constitutional
right to vote on all Ghanaian citizens without a single exception, save those below the age of eighteen years
and persons of unsound mind. This fundamental right, the argument went, has however been
unconstitutionally curtailed by s. 7 (5) of the PNDCL 284 and s. 1 (d) of the Public Elections (Registration of
Voters) Regulations, 1995 [CI 12].

The relevant portions of the detailed argument setting forth the manner in which PNDCL 284 effectively
trammels on the right to vote of remand prisoners is reproduced for its full impact and effect.

“(19). Section 7 of PNDC 284 sets out a legislative criteria (sic) on who qualifies to be registered as a voter.
Section 7(1) provides that a person qualifies to be registered as a voter if he is:

(a) a citizen of eighteen years of age or above, and

(b) of sound mind, and

 (c) resident in a polling division, or hails from the constituency and

(d) not otherwise disqualified to be registered as a voter by law.”

(20). In the same vein, it prohibits a person’s name from being included in the register of more than one
constituency or in more than one divisional register in a constituency. Section 7(3) creates a conclusive
presumption of residence by providing that a person is resident in a polling division on a qualifying date if
that person has a place of abode in the division on that date. In addition, section 7(4) establishes a
conclusive presumption of loss of residence in a polling division if a person has been “absent from that
person’s place of abode for a continuous period of six months ending on the qualifying date.”

(21). “More importantly, section 7(5) provides that:

A person who is a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the reception and treatment
of persons suffering from mental illness or mental defectiveness or who is detained in legal custody in a
place shall not be treated as resident there for purposes of this section…

(24). If prisons do not qualify as places of residence then legally such places of legal custody and detention
cannot be classified as falling within any polling division per se to offer any opportunities for voter
registration for the thousands of remand prisoners held in our prisons. The legal and practical result is that
when a remand prisoner has been in custody for more than six months ending on a qualifying date the
remand prisoner, by reason of the impugned section, automatically loses whatever previous residency status
he had in any polling division, for voter registration purposes, because of the remand prisoner’s absence
from his or her place of abode for a continuous period of six months ending on a qualifying date.

(25). The conclusive presumption of the loss of residency set forth by section 7(5) of PNDC 284 means that
all remand prisoners in custody for six months or more ending on a qualifying date are disqualified from
registering as voters and therefore denied the right to exercise their constitutional right to vote simply
because the impugned section denies legal recognition to prisons as places of residence. Consequently,
remand prisoners are unable to meet the “resident in the polling division” voter qualification
requirement of section 7(1) (c) of PNDC 284.

(26). In the same vein, all remand prisoners are disqualified from having their names included in any
register of voters by reason of section 1(d) of the Public Elections (Registration of Voters) Regulation, 1995
[C.I. 12], because the impugned section disqualifies them from being “resident or ordinarily resident in
an electoral area”, a key pre-condition for the inclusion of a person’s name in a voters register. C.I. 12
therefore reinforces the disqualification of remand prisoners from voting.”

CHURCIL presses the invalidity charge by the further argument that no “legitimate or constitutionally
permissible state or governmental interest is served by the non recognition of prisons as places of residence
for voter qualification and registration purposes.” They urge that since the challenged legislation fails to
meet the proportionality test, the same ought to be struck down on the grounds that it is clearly violative of
articles 42 and 93 (2) of the Constitution.
In the same vein, he submits that, s.1 of CI 12, made pursuant to article 51 of the Constitution, is
unconstitutional, and deserves to be nullified.

Since Ahuma Ocansey’s arguments are not fundamentally different from CHURCIL’s, I will refer to only those
fresh matters that he introduced into the debate. He submitted that having regard to articles 35, 41 & 42 of
the Constitution and the body of principles of the United Nations, to which Ghana is a signatory, the E C’s
refusal to allow all categories of prisoners to enjoy their fundamental right to vote is not only plainly
unconstitutional, but robs prisoners of their Ghanaian citizenship, given that in our democratic regime, the
right to vote is constitutive of citizenship, and the two, namely, voting and citizenship are inextricably linked

In respect of convicted prisoners in particular, he argues that … “the lawful punishment of persons is not
tantamount to psychological annihilation, nor political depersonisation; that denying prisoners the right to
vote deprives the nation of a vital plank in its democratic machinery and compromises the integrity of our
democracy.”

Prisoners, he further submitted, must have a say in matters affecting their welfare as prisoners, namely,
how the political governance and judicial and penal administrative systems are working and as these are
matters of political decisions and political ideology, they must exercise their right to vote the government
into being that best addresses their concerns.”

In response, the 1st defendant argued in favour of validity and the retention of the impugned legislation on
the main ground that s.7 (5) of PNDCL 284, is reasonably necessary to meet the constitutional duty imposed
on the E C by article 47 of the Constitution, which requires that the country be divided into as many
constituencies for the purpose of election of Members of Parliament; and with PNDCL 248, deriving its
authority from article 47 of the Constitution. To be eligible to register in a polling division or in a
constituency, s.7 (5) of PNDCL 284, the argument proceeded, meets an essential electoral requirement that,

“…a person must have his place of residence in that polling division or constituency on the date of
registration for a continuous period of six months.”

Counsel contends that having regard to the dictionary and consequently ordinary meaning of the word
“resident” as appears in the challenged legislation, as well as s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 284, prisoners do not qualify
to register for the purposes of voting in public elections and referenda.

Additionally, counsel justified prisoners’ disenfranchisement in terms of article 295 (1) of the Constitution,
namely that, it is critical, in the interest of public safety and security, that prisoners, who have deliberately
violated the laws of the land and the rights of other citizens, be punished and kept away “under lock and
key”, as he put it.

The 2nd defendant, the E C, the major player around whom this controversy revolves, set down for our
determination, the one broad issue which lies at the heart of this matter. It reads:
“Whether the Electoral Commission has, in this matter, committed any act or made any omission in
contravention of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.”

In the unreported case titled no. J1/8/2009 Daasebre Nana Baah III & 4 Ors v The Attorney- General &
Electoral Commission, dated 18th February 2010. I discussed two important principles of constitutional law,
applicable in cases relating to judicial review of legislative action. They are the presumptive principle of
constitutional validity and the principle of severability of impugned legislation. I explained that the universal
principle of validity is so entrenched, “to doubt the constitutional validity of a law, is to resolve it in favour
of its validity. In other words, doubts are resolved in favour of constitutionality and not the person
challenging or attacking it.”

The local case of the Republic v Tommy Thompson Books Ltd. Quarcoo & Coomson [1996-97] SCGLR 804 at
851, and two foreign decisions, Commonwealth v Tasmania (The Tasmanian Dam Case) 158 CLR 1, F
Hoffman –La Roche & Co v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry 1974 2 All E R 1128 (HL) are clear
authorities on the point. As per Lord Diplock in the Hoffman case,

“Unless there is such challenge and, if there is, until it has been upheld by a judgment of the court, the
validity of the statutory instrument and the legality of the acts done pursuant to the law declared by it, are
presumed.”

The rule is said to be the result of the respect which one organ of state, the judiciary owes to the other, the
elected representatives. Additionally, I think the juridical basis for this principle is the omnia prasemuntur
rite et solemniter esse acta rule, meaning all acts are presumed to have been done rightly and regularly. In
discussing the rationale for the rule in the Tasmanian Dam Case, reference was made to a text by Hogg
writing “In the Constitutional Law of Canada (1977) Hogg.

“There should be, in other words, a presumption of constitutionality. In this way a proper respect is paid to
the legislators, and the danger of covert (albeit unconscious) imposition of judicial policy preferences is
minimised.”

Another cardinal principle of constitutional law is that in actions challenging the infringement of a
fundamental right, the onus is on those alleged to have restricted the right to justify the restriction.

Braithwaite JA of the Trinidad and Tobago Court of Appeal, discussed the principle in the case of Attorney
General v Morgan [1985] LRC (Const) 770. He addressed the issue (page 797) in the following terms:

“Where an act is passed into Law …and that Act is one that restricts the rights and freedoms of an
individual, in order to impugn such an Act all that is required to do is to show that one more of his rights
has been restricted. Having done so, because of the expressed Constitutional Policy, the burden is then
shifted to the proponents of the Act to show that the provisions of the Act restricting such rights and
freedoms are reasonable ‘restrictions’. If the proponents of the Act fail to discharge this burden, then a court
of competent jurisdiction may pronounce against the validity of the impugned Act.”

The principle is of universal application. Dickson C. J. similarly observed in R v Oakes [1986] 26 DLR (4th)
200 at 225-226, in relation to the Canadian Charter on human rights that:

“The onus praying that a limit on a right or freedom guaranteed by the Charter is reasonable and
demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society rests upon the party seeking to uphold the limitation.
It is clear from the text of section 1 that limits on the rights and freedoms enumerated in the Charter are
exceptions to their general guarantee. The presumption is that the rights and freedoms are guaranteed
unless the party invoking section 1 can bring itself within the exceptional criteria which justify their being
limited.”

Admittedly, s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 284, the impugned legislation, is not a direct right creating or right
extinguishing provision. The section 7 (5) merely defines what constitutes residence for purposes of voter
registration. But in doing so, prisoners find themselves in positions where they cannot meet the “resident in
the polling division” voter qualification requirement, of s.7 (1) (c) of PNDCL 248. The impugned legislation
thus effectively takes away prisoners’ right to register or vote, in that it refused to recognise prisons as
residence within the meaning of that specific law, leading to the following far reaching negative
consequences, as contended by CHURCIL.

‘By virtue of s. 7 (1) (c), a conclusive presumption of loss of residence in a polling division, is thereby
established in those instances where the prisoner has been absent from his or her place of residence for a
continuous period of six months ending on the qualifying date.”

Similarly, all prisoners find themselves unable to meet the residency requirement under s. 1 (d) of the Public
Elections (Registration of Voters Regulations, 1995 [C1 12]. Since the offending legislation disqualifies them
from being “resident or ordinarily resident in an electoral area”, they are unable to have their names
included in a voters’ register.

PNDCL 284 was enacted principally for the purposes of concretising the representation of the people of
Ghana. The crucial question for our consideration is not whether Parliament has power to enact PNDCL 284
to regulate the division of Ghana into constituencies for the purpose of giving effect to the right to vote as
provided under article 42 of the Constitution. The general residency requirement is also not the matter in
contention. The central question in these two cases is whether ss 7 (5) & 8 of PNDCL 284, are inconsistent
with article 42 of the Constitution, leading to the violation of prisoners voting rights as guaranteed by the
express provisions of the said Constitutional provision. Consequently, it is the validity of the express
stipulation under s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 284, that prisons shall not qualify as places of residence and the legal
consequence or effect of the non –recognition of prisons as places of residence that is under challenge.

The answers to this and other ancillary issues which may emerge, lie largely in the interpretation which we
ascribe to article 42 of the Constitution.
The PNDCL 284 predates articles 42 and 47 of the Constitution, the basic law which empowers the Electoral
Commission, inter alia to divide Ghana into as many constituencies as may be prescribed. The main
purpose, according to its preamble is to:

“provide for the division of the Republic into constituencies for the purposes of the election of members of
Parliament and to provide for related matters.”

It is trite learning that PNDCL 284, which was made on July 24, 1992 and gazetted on 7th August, 1992, is
clearly subordinate to articles 42 and 47 of the Constitution. The fundamental rule is that the Constitution is
the supreme law of the land and, in the absence of express constitutional provisions, any other law, whether
it pre dates or post dates constitution, which is found to be inconsistent with any of its provisions, shall, to
the extent of the inconsistency be void., is further reinforced by the internal provisions of the PNDCL 284.

PNDCL 284, is, within the category of existing laws as contemplated by article 11(4) of the Constitution and
must necessarily be construed by the court in terms of article 11 (6) “with any modifications, adaptations,
qualifications and exceptions necessary to bring it into conformity with the provisions of the constitution, or
otherwise to give effect to, or enable effect to be given to, any changes effected by this Constitution.”

Article 42 of the Constitution provides:

“Every citizen of Ghana of eighteen years of age or above and of sound mind has the right to vote and is
entitled to be registered as a voter for the purposes of public elections and referenda.”

Admittedly, article 42 does not fall under either Chapter Five or Six of the Constitution, which deals with
Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms and The Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively. It falls
under Chapter 6. But there is no doubt, that voting rights constitute a fundamental right of such significance
or importance it does qualify as a fundamental human right. My stated position is in the light of article 33
(5) of the Constitution, which provides:

“The rights, duties, declarations and guarantees relating to the fundamental human rights and freedoms
specifically mentioned in this Chapter shall not be regarded as excluding others not specifically mentioned
which are considered to be inherent in a democracy and intended to secure the freedom and dignity of
man.”

Section 7 (1) of PNDCL 284 in setting out who qualifies to be registered as a voter stipulates:

(a) a citizen of eighteen years of age or above, and

(b) of sound mind , and

(c) resident in a polling division or hails from the constituency and

 (d) not otherwise disqualified to be registered as a voter

However, s.7 (5) of PNDCL 248 in spelling out the voting criteria provides:

“A person who is a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the reception and treatment
of persons suffering from mental illness or mental defectiveness or who is detained in legal custody in a
place shall not be treated as resident there for purposes of this section.”

The legal impact and consequence of the non recognition of prisons as places of residence implies that
prisons cannot also be classified as falling within a polling division for the purposes of voting.

To determine the broader question of whether or not the s7 (5) of PNDCL 284 is inconsistent with article 42
of the Constitution, we must first throw the search light on article 42 of the Constitution, with a view to
discovering who qualifies to vote in terms of its provisions. For the sake of clarity I reproduce it:

“Every citizen of eighteen years of age or above and of sound mind has the right to vote and is entitled to
be registered as a voter for the purposes of public elections and referenda”.

How do we construe this important constitutional provision? The correct approach to interpreting
Constitutions generally and fundamental human rights provisions in particular, is clearly so well settled, it
does not admit of any controversy. The jurisprudence of this court does show that these must be broadly,
liberally, generously or expansively construed, in line with the spirit of the constitution, history, our
aspirations, core values, principles, and with a view to promoting and enhancing human rights rather than
derogating from it. This court has clearly moved away from the doctrinaire approach adopted years ago in
the case of In re Akoto [1961] 2 GLR 523.

The famed words of Sowah JSC as he then was in the celebrated case of Tuffuor v Attorney General [1980]
GLR 637 at 647-648, is very much still relevant for our purposes, not to mention the tall list of case law that
was cited in one of the most recent decisions of this court namely, the unreported suit numbered J1/1/2009
of William Brown v Attorney –General dated 3rd February 2010. Two of the older decisions of this court are
Mensima v Attorney- General [1996-7] SCGLR 676 at p. 714, and New Patriotic Party v Inspector –General
of Police [1993-94] 459 at 482. In the latter case, Bamford –Addo JSC as she then was observed that:

“…fundamental human rights are inalienable and can neither be derogated from or taken away by anyone or
authority whatsoever. …This court is therefore not permitted to give an interpretation which seeks to tamper
in any way with the fundamental human rights but rather to see that they are respected and enforced.”

In Minister of Home Affairs & Anor V Fisher [1980] A C 319, Lord Wilberforce in delivering the judgment of
the Privy Council stated at page 329:
“A constitution is a legal instrument giving rise, amongst other things, to individual rights capable of
enforcement in a court of law. Respect must be paid to the language which has been used and to the
traditions and usages which have given meaning to that language…and to be guided by the principle of
giving full effect to those fundamental rights and freedoms with a statement of which the Constitution
commences.”

Judged along these universal basic principles of constitutional interpretation, I can only but conclude that
the express provisions of article 42 of the Constitution confers the right to vote on all Ghanaians, save those
below eighteen years and persons of unsound mind. I adopted the purposive –literalist interpretive
approach to arrive at this conclusion. In so doing, I ascribed to the words in article 42 of the Constitution,
their plain and ordinary meaning, being fully satisfied that such an approach leads to no ambiguity,
obscurity, incongruity, confusion or the like. I was also guided in my thinking by other interpretive values
and other constitutional principles of universal application, some of which I have already referred to.

It bears emphasis that the Constitution did not set down the residency criteria; it (the residency criteria) is
the product of the subordinate PNDCL 284. But the people of Ghana adopted and enacted for themselves a
democratic regime of constitutionally guaranteed adult suffrage for all Ghanaians, save only persons under
eighteen years of age and persons of unsound mind. We crafted for ourselves a Constitution that set out its
own limitations on the right to vote and perhaps having regard to the value it places on the right in
question, never ceded any of its authority to either the E C or some other authority to add further to the list
of who shall not have the right to vote.

On the crucial issue of who qualifies to vote, there is a vast difference between Ghana’s constitutional
arrangement and that of other countries, including Australia, as is clearly borne out from Roach v Electoral
Commissioner [2007] HCA 43 (26 September 2007). In such countries, the disenfranchisement of some
category of serious criminal offenders is a, deliberate constitutional choice. These offenders are, by express
constitutional provisions, forbidden from participating in public elections, in order, as was explained in the
Roach case, to “deliver a message to both the community and offenders themselves that serious criminal
activity will not be tolerated by the community.” Such disenfranchisement is therefore a product of the
Supreme Law, not a subordinate law in contravention of the Superior Law. Gleeson CJ points out the
underlying philosophy in the Roach case. The learned Chief Justice explained that:

“It is consistent with our constitutional concept of choice by the people for Parliament to treat those who
have been imprisoned for serious criminal offences as having suffered a temporary suspension of their
connection with the community, reflected at the physical level in incarceration, and reflected also in the
temporary deprivation of the right to participate by voting in the political life of the community.”

In my opinion, other internal constitutional provisions, point unequivocally to the path Ghana chartered for
herself, namely, adult suffrage for all citizens, save the mentally challenged and those under eighteen years
could only be described as a deliberate choice.

The general rule that constitutional provisions must be liberally, generously, benevolently or purposively
construed, admits of an exception, an exception which in my view, is intended to give full meaning and
effect to general rights, so as not to render them nugatory. The exception to the general rule is that,
qualifications, restrictions or limitations on fundamental rights must be strictly or narrowly construed.
Indeed, as observed by Heath J in the Ciskei Supreme Court case of ANC (Border Branch) Anor. v Chairman,
Council of State, Ciskei & Anor. 1995 (4) BCLR 401 (SA) at 411:

“A restriction in relation to a fundamental right that it qualifies, is to be seen as an exception to a general

rule, and therefore to be narrowly construed.”

It is to be seen that the narrow and restrictive approach is intended to avoid a negation of the general right.
Thus, the Tanzanian Court of Appeal in the case of Pumbun v Attorney –General [1993] 2 LRC 313 at 317,
cautioned that if the strictly narrow interpretative approach were not adopted, it would lead to a situation
where:

“the guaranteed rights under the constitution may easily be rendered meaningless by the use of derogative
or claw back clauses of that very same constitution.”

Thus the legal position is that the restrictions or limitations within article 42 of the Constitution, while being
given their plain meaning, must, at the same time, be strictly and narrowly construed.

It must be noted that in these matters, there is hardly any room for implicit or implied restrictions. Where
the Constitution intends to impose any limitations or restrictions on fundamental rights and freedoms, these
must expressly be stated, unless of course implicit restrictions can without any doubt be read from the
requisite laws. It is on account of these basic principles, that I have not the slightest doubt that had the
framers of the Constitution intended to include persons in legal custody, particularly, convicted persons from
those debarred from exercising the franchise, they would have said so in explicit terms.

Articles 62 and 94 of the 1992 Constitution, reinforces the conclusion I have reached that the restrictions
under article 42 of the Constitution are only those clearly intended to apply. Articles 62 and 94 of the
Constitution comprehensively set down who qualifies or is eligible to stand as a President and a Member of
Parliament respectively. Article 94 (2), which equally applies to a person seeking election to the high office
of President, stipulates inter alia that:

“A persons shall not be qualified to be a member of parliament if he-

(a)…

(b) has been adjudged or otherwise declared –

(i)…

(ii) to be of unsound mind or detained as a criminal lunatic under any law in force in Ghana; or

(c) has been convicted-

(i) for high crime under this constitution or high treason or treason or for an offence involving the security of
the State , fraud, dishonesty, or moral turpitude; or
(ii) for any other offence punishable by death or by a sentence of not less than ten years; or

(iii) for an offence relating to or connected with election under a law in force in Ghana at anytime; or

(d)…;or

(e) is under sentence of death or other sentence of imprisonment imposed on him by any court…”

This is a classic case in which it can be argued that similarly elaborate restrictions would have been provided
under article 42 of the Constitution, if the clear intention of the framers were that convicted prisoners were
to be excluded or barred from enjoying the constitutional right to vote.

It is to be emphasised that apart from the restrictions expressly imposed by article 42 of the Constitution,
no other constitutional provisions sets out any further limitations on who qualifies to vote. Article 42, unlike
other sister rights conferring constitutional provisions, does not vest power in either the E. C or any other
authority to pass legislation for the purposes of further restrictions. As I understand it, the E. C.’s function,
as per article 47 of the Constitution, was limited to the division of Ghana into constituencies and polling
stations, in a manner such as would not derogate from, but rather effectuate the right to vote as enshrined
under article 42. On the other hand, article 21 (1) (d) of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to
freedom of assembly, reserves power in the appropriate authority, to pass laws curtailing the right
conferred, within the stipulated limits. It states:

“21 (4) Nothing in, or done under the authority of, a law shall be held to be inconsistent with, or in
contravention of, this article to the extent that the law in question makes provision-

(a)…

(b)…

(c) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interest of defence, public safety,
public health or the running of essential services, on the movement or residence within Ghana of any person
or persons generally, or any class of persons; or

(d) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of entry into Ghana, or of movement in Ghana, of a
person who is not a citizen of Ghana; or

(e) that is reasonably required for the purpose of safeguarding the people of Ghana against the teaching or
propagation of a doctrine which exhibits or encourages disrespect for the nationhood of Ghana, the national
symbols and emblems, or incites hatred against other members of the community; except so far as the
provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority of that law shown not to be reasonably
justifiable in terms of the spirit of this Constitution.

In interpreting article 42, further light is shed by other relevant human rights provisions, given the
elementary rule that a constitution must be construed as a whole, from preamble to post amble. In this
regard, it is to be noted firstly, that sovereignty rests with the people and further that the entrenched article
42, the right to vote, provides the basic constitutional democratic framework for securing the exercise of the
will of the People of Ghana.

We read from the preamble:

“We the people of Ghana,

In exercise of our natural and inalienable right to establish a framework of government which shall secure
for ourselves and posterity the blessings of liberty, equality of opportunity and prosperity;…

The principle that all powers of government spring from the Sovereign will of the people;

The principle of Universal Adult Suffrage…”

Also, under the directive principles of state policy which this court has held constitute clearly enforceable
rights, it is provided under article 35 as an essential part of our political objectives that:

“(1)Ghana shall be a democratic state dedicated to the realisation of freedom and justice; and accordingly,
sovereignty resides in the people of Ghana from whom the government derives all its powers and authority
through the Constitution.

...

...

...

(6) (d) make democracy a reality by decentralizing the administrative and financial machinery of
government to the regions and districts and by affording all possible opportunities to the people to
participate in decision-making at every level in national life and in government.” [Emphasis
supplied]

Significantly, the only means of giving effect to the exercise of the sovereign will is through adult suffrage.
When this court had opportunity to examine the nexus between the sovereign will of the people and the
right to vote it unanimously declared in Tehn-Addy v Electoral Commission [1997-8]1 GLR at p. 595:
“...in order to give meaning and content to the exercise of this sovereign power by the people of Ghana,
article 42 guarantees the right to vote every sane citizen of eighteen years and above. The exercise of
this right of voting, is therefore indispensable in the enhancement of the democratic process,
and cannot be denied in the absence of a constitutional provision to that effect.”(emphasis
supplied.)”

True democracy, with its hall mark of all inclusiveness, recognises certain key fundamental values and
principles. Without these there can be no functional democracy. A core value of any democratic system is
the concept of sovereignty of the people, and as expressed through the right to choose representatives,
through whom the sovereign will of the people, shall be exercised. This choice can only be achieved through
the popular participation in public elections. Other foundational values which lie at the heart of democracy
include rule of law, judicial independence, with human rights being of paramount importance. As the
learned Judge and author Aharon Barak explains:

“Democracy is not just about legislative supremacy- it requires actualizing the values and principles at its
core. There can be no true democracy without protecting human rights, rule of law, and the independence
of the judiciary. Democracy is not just rule by the majority. It is also rule by fundamental values, in general,
and human rights, in particular. Democracy is not just formal democracy (concerned with the electoral
process governed by the majority and expressed in legislative supremacy). Democracy is also substantive
democracy (concerned with fundamental values and human rights).”

(“Purposive Interpretation in law, page 239”)

That s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 248, has no redeeming features, in that it totally flies in the face of all the
fundamental democratic core values and principles which lie at the heart of multi -party democracy, the
system of governance to which Ghanaians have bound themselves, is evident from a number of entrenched
human rights provisions; as for example,

“RESPECT FOR HUMANITY

Article 15

(1)...

(3)A person who has not been convicted of a criminal offence shall not be treated as a
convicted person and shall be kept separately from convicted persons”.(emphasis supplied)

“EQUALITY AND FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION

Article 17
(1)All persons shall be equal before the law.

(2)A person shall not be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic origin, religion,
creed or social or economic status.

(3)For the purpose of this article, “discriminate” means to give different treatment to different persons
attributable only or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour,
gender, occupation, religion or creed, whereby persons of one description are subjected to disabilities or
restrictions to which persons of another description are not made subject or are granted privileges or
advantages which are not granted to persons of another description.”

“FAIR TRIAL

Article 19

(2)A person charged with a criminal offence shall-

(a)...;

(b)...;

(c) be presumed to be innocent until he is proved or has pleaded guilty;”

“GENERAL FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS

Article 21

(1)All persons shall have the right to-

(a)...

(b) freedom of thought, conscience and belief, which shall include academic freedom.

The right conferred under article 21 (b) finds expression inter alia through universal franchise.

Anchored to the fundamental right to vote, is the right to be registered, the key precondition for actualising
the right to vote. The right to be registered as a voter is thus not a privilege but a right, and the E C has a
constitutional obligation to register all persons who are qualified in terms of the express provisions of article
42 and desirous of exercising their franchise.
The proper test for determining an infringement to a fundamental right is to examine its effect and not
merely its object. This is the clearly discernible principle from the case of In Bennet Coleman and Co. Ltd. &
Ors. v Union of India & Ors. AIR 1973 SC 106 at 118. The Indian Supreme Court per Ray J explained the
principle in relation to the right to free expression thus:

“The true test is whether the effect of the impugned action is to take away or abridge fundamental rights. If
it be assumed that the direct object of the law or action has to be direct abridgment of the right of free
speech by the impugned law or action it is to be, related to the directness of effect and not to the directness
of the subject matter of the impeached law or action. The action may have a direct effect on a fundamental,
right although its direct subject matter may be different.”

The effect of s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 248 is the non recognition of prisons as residences, thus barring prisoners
from being registered for the purposes of exercising their fundamental right to vote. Crucially, s. 7 (5) of
PNDCL 248 clearly violates a fair number of prisoners’ basic rights- right to humanity or dignity, right to
equality, and non- discrimination and most importantly, the right to vote.

International treaties provide a legitimate guide to constitutional interpretation. Indeed, this court
proceeded to use the African Charter to influence its decision in the case of the New Patriotic party v
Inspector –General of Police [1993-94] 2GLR 459, at a time when it had not even been domesticated.
Archer C. J. speaking on behalf of the court justified the court’s stand in these terms:

“I do not think that the fact that Ghana has not passed specific legislation to give effect to the African
Charter, the Charter cannot be relied upon.”

Interestingly, the court concluded in that case, that not only was the impugned legislation violative of the
article 21 (1) of the Constitution, but actually in contravention of Article 11 of the African Charter on Human
and People’s Rights adopted by the Assembly of the African heads of State and Government in June 1981 in
Nairobi, Kenya.”

Ghana ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) on the 7th of September
2000. Article 25 (2) of the said covenant provides as follows:

“Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2
and without unreasonable restrictions… To vote…at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal
adult and equal suffrage and shall be by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the
electors.”

The Supreme Court of Canada in Richard Suave v Attorney- General of Canada & Ors. 2002 SCC 68 or
[2002] 3 SCR 519, held in its ruling of 31st October, 2002, that to ban prisoners serving over two years from
voting was too broad. The Court in throwing light on the effect of disenfranchisement observed that:
“denial of the right to vote…undermines the legitimacy of government, the effectiveness of government, and
the rule of law…It countermands the message that everyone is equally worthy and is entitled to respect
under law.”

Of persuasive worth also is the decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, which empowered all
prisoners to vote through its decision in August and another v Electoral Commission and Others, CCT 8/9
ON 4th April, 1999. The court outlined the importance of adult franchise in these terms:

“the universality of the franchise is important not only for nationhood and democracy. The vote of each and
every citizen is a badge of dignity and person hood. Quite literally, it says that every body counts.”

In the case of William Brown vrs. Attorney General suit No. CM J1/1/2009 dated 3rd February, 2010, my
respected brother Dotse JSC, cautioned courts against the slavish application of foreign judicial
pronouncements, given that their value systems, history and other circumstances may differ from ours. I
agree in principle with this caution, but I must point out that we are here dealing with basic universal adult
suffrage, a right common to humanity. Constitutional principles of universal application and decisions from
other true democracies on the right to vote, a right which has been described as the “indispensable
foundation of a democratic system” serves as useful guides in fashioning our constitutional jurisprudence.

In our jurisprudence, remand prisoners, no matter the heinousness of the crimes they are charged with, are
presumed innocent, until their guilt is established in accordance with due process. They do not lose their
citizenship as Ghanaians. Prisons form part of Ghana’s territory. If a national census were to be ordered,
prisoners would be counted, not discounted. More over prisoners do not lose other fundamental
constitutional rights by virtue of their status or deprivation of their liberty, whether temporary or permanent.
To the contrary, they are entitled to a full enjoyment of these rights and liberties enshrined under the
Constitution accorded to other citizens not similarly circumstanced, and the judiciary’s duty, as guardians of
the constitution, is to unremittingly protect these rights.

Principle 3 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under any Form of Detention or
Imprisonment (United Nations), is another set of international instruments which expressly state that
persons under detention or imprisonment must not be denied their rights. It reads:

“There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the human rights of persons under any form
of detention or imprisonment recognised or existing in any State pursuant to law, conventions, regulations
or custom on the pretext that this body of Principles does not recognise such rights or that it recognises
them to a lesser extent.”

As emphasised by this court in Republic v Court of Appeal; Ex parte Attorney –General (Frank Benneh
Case)[1998-99] SCGLR 559, at 568:
“It is the right of every person in Ghana to enjoy his liberty, freedom of movement, etc, as enshrined in the
1992 constitution. It is also the duty of the courts to protect, defend and enforce these rights whenever
they are being suppressed or stifled by any authority or person in authority. Respect for human rights is an
attribute or an element of good governance, and all efforts must be made to ensure its observance.”

I have considered the 1st defendant’s counter arguments that the impugned legislation is reasonably
required in the public interest, in that access to prisons must be restricted, and further that violators of the
law must be punished, kept away from the public, under lock and key, disenfranchised and not allowed to
have any say in who governs them. These, counsel contend, do serve as their just deserts for causing pain
and suffering to others. In short Counsel contends that the legislation meets the proportionality test. These
arguments, examined in the best of lights, I am afraid, would have no place in participatory democracy, with
the guaranteed rights that are enshrined in the Constitution.

Admittedly, the rights are paired up with corresponding obligations and duties, arising under the directive
principles of state policy, under and by virtue of article 41 of the 1992 Constitution. These reciprocal duties
and obligations, owed to the State, other citizens and indeed the international community include the
following:

“41…the duty of every citizen-

(a)…

(b) to uphold and defend this Constitution and the law;

(d) to respect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of others, and generally to refrain from doing
acts detrimental to the welfare of other persons;

(g) to contribute to the well-being of the community where that citizen lives;…

(i) to co-operate with lawful agencies in the maintenance of law and order.”

But to meet the proportionality test, the following must be established. First that the infringement of the
right achieves a constitutionally valid purpose and that the chosen means are reasonably and demonstrably
justified. This calls for identifying particular problems that require the denial of the right, and the
impairment is directed at a pressing and substantial purpose. (see Suave v Canada(Chief Electoral Officer)
[2002] 3 SCR 519; 2002scc 68.

The Ghanaian decisional law on the proportionality test, known also as the Oakes test, with its two tier
approach, was formulated by Acquah JSC, as he then was in Republic v Tommy Thompson Books Ltd. (No2)
[1996-97] SCGLR 484 at 500-501 as follows:

“Now from the language of article 164 and similar provisions like 21 (4) c, the law in question must be
‘reasonably necessary or required’ in the public interest, national security etc. This really implies that, for
any law to qualify as being reasonably necessary or required the objective of that law must be of such
sufficient importance as to override a constitutionally protected right or freedom. In other words, the
objective of that law must not be trivial or frivolous, otherwise that law will not be reasonably necessary or
required. The objective must be sufficiently important in the sense that it must relate to concerns which are
pressing and substantial.

After this, it must further be shown that, the law itself is a fairly proper means of achieving this important
objective. This will involve an examination of the provisions of the law to determine inter alia, whether the
provisions infringe any fundamental principle of law like natural justice, and whether they unduly impair the
constitutional right. The nature of the examination in the second stage will depend on the nature of the law
and issues at stake”.
The 1st defendant failed to demonstrate that the s. 7 (5) of PNDCL 284, is in any way justified. Counsel
failed to identify any substantial or pressing matters of such importance that justifies the infringement of
prisoners’ rights. Not surprisingly, he was unable also to demonstrate any clear benefits arising from the
impairment. I find no rational connection between the impugned legislation as it stands in achieving the
objectives or purpose of PNDCL 284, namely that the denial of prisoners’ right to vote is reasonably required
in the public interest for the purposes of facilitating or achieving the objectives of dividing the country into
constituencies for the election of members of Parliament. I find it extremely difficult to understand what
constitutionally legitimate interest is served by the non recognition of prisons as places of residence for the
purposes of voter registration; even for those who have been convicted of high crime against the State,
such as subversion or high treason. Even for those who attempt to derail the democratic process, voting
remains an important means of teaching them democratic values.

The s. 7 of PNDCL 284 is inconsistent with article 42 of the 1992 Constitution. I would grant the core reliefs
prayed.

I have based the call on Ghana to join the league of nations who place a high premium on prisoners’
fundamental right to vote, not on sentimentality or some other non legal reasoning, but on the just
requirements of the Constitution, the Supreme Law of the land we voluntarily enacted for ourselves.

Finally, I commend legal counsel on both sides of this legal divide, but more especially Messieurs Kojo
Graham and Ahuma Ocansey for taking up this important constitutional case on behalf of prisoners and for
the industry they put into this work, which was done pro bono. In a legal regime where legal aid or pro
bono service is virtually non –existent, we cannot overlook the crucial role played by these two gentlemen in
advancing the frontiers of human rights law in our jurisdiction.

G. T. WOOD (MRS)
CHIEF JUSTICE

DR. DATE-BAH JSC:

The two consolidated cases before this Court demand of this Court an interpretation of an aspect of the
extent of the Ghanaian citizen’s right to vote. They are thus of constitutional importance and have civil
liberties repercussions. By an order dated the 12th day of November 2009, the two suits were consolidated
for determination by this Court. What they have in common is the issue of whether prisoners have the right
to vote.

The first suit to be filed was Ahumah Ocansey v The Electoral Commission (Suit No. Writ J1/4/2008). This
writ was filed on 20th June 2008. The reliefs endorsed on the writ are as follows:
 i. “Declaration that non-registration of Prisoners for voting by the Electoral Commission
contravenes Arts 42, 45(a) of the Constitution, and s.1 (a-e) of the Public Elections
(Registration of Voters) Regulations, 1995 CI 12 and Art. 21 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (United Nations).

ii. Declaration that refusal or failure of the E.C. to register prisoners for voting is a violation of
their rights as citizens of Ghana, and amounts to derogation of their integrity as human
beings. This conduct of the EC contravenes Art. 15(1) of the Constitution, and Principle 3 of
Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons under any Form of Detention or
Imprisonment (United Nations).

iii. Declaration that the conduct of the E.C. is defeatist of the Civic responsibility of Ghanaians,
as citizens of this country, to uphold the sanctity of the freedoms and rights of Ghanaians, as
enshrined in Arts. 35(4) and 41(b)(d) of the Constitution.”

The plaintiff indicates that the capacity in which he is bringing the action is as a citizen of Ghana, a legal
practitioner, a committed writer on national issues, an advocate of the rights of prisoners, and actuated by
Article 2(1) of the Constitution.

The plaintiff filed the following issues for determination in its Memorandum of Issues:

1. “Whether or not the matter is a constitutional one for determination by the Supreme Court.

2. Whether or not prisoners are citizens of Ghana.

3. Whether the Constitution of Ghana allows or disallows prisoners to vote.

4. Whether or not the electoral laws of Ghana bar prisoners from voting.

5. Whether or not Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2006 (Act 669) is in
consonance with the provisions of the 1992 Constitution.”

The second suit is Centre for Human Rights & Civil Liberties (CHURCIL) v The Attorney-General and Electoral
Commission. This action was filed on 7th July 2008 and its suit No. is J1/5/2008. The reliefs which it seeks
are:

1. “A declaration that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL
284) is inconsistent with, and in contravention of article 42 of the 1992 Constitution, and
that consequently, to the extent of such inconsistency the said PNDCL 285 (sic) is void.

2. A declaration that section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law (PNDCD Law 284)
 is null and /or void because the enactment was made in excess of the powers conferred on
Parliament by section 93(2) of the 1992 Constitution, or any other head of legislative
power.

3. A declaration that section 7 (5) when read together with section 8 of PNDC 284 is
inconsistent, with, and in contravention of article 17 (1) and 17 (2) of the 1992
Constitution, and that consequently, to the extent of such inconsistency the said PNDC 285
(sic) is void.

4. Consequential orders in exercise of the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction under article 2(2) of
the 1992 Constitution compelling/ordering the Electoral Commission to exercise its
constitutional powers under the electoral laws and where necessary under article 45 of the
Constitution to facilitate and ensure the registration for effective voting of all remand
prisoners entitled to vote by reason of article 42 of the Constitution.”

The capacity in which the plaintiff claims to be suing is as a non-profit civil society organisation committed
to upholding, inter alia, the fundamental human and constitutional rights of remand prisoners under the
1992 Constitution and as protector and defender of the 1992 Constitution, pursuant to article 2(1) of the
Constitution.

The arguments proferred by each of the plaintiffs in support of their case in these consolidated suits share a
common foundation rock, namely, article 42. In the Statement of Case presented by CHURCIL, the
argument is put as follows:

“8. Article 42 of the Constitution confers a constitutional right to vote on all Ghanaian
citizens of eighteen years and above. The article states:

“Every citizen of Ghana of eighteen years of age or above and of sound

mind has the right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for
the purposes of public elections and referenda.”

9. The constitutional sanctity of the right to vote was authoritatively asserted in the
Supreme Court case of Tehn-Addy v Electoral Commission where Acquah JSC (as
he then was) in delivering the judgment of the Court declared that,

“As a constitutional right therefore, no qualified citizen can be denied

of it, since the Constitution is the Supreme law of the land.”
However, before examining the legal argument constructed on the basis of article 42 of the Constitution, it
seems to me necessary to establish whether the plaintiffs have adduced any evidence to back their
allegation of breach by the defendants in this case of their obligation in relation to article 42. The Electoral
Commission sought to highlight this issue by filing only one issue in its Memorandum of Issues relating to
both the Ahumah Ocansey and CHURCIL cases. This one issue was: “Whether the Electoral Commission
has, in this matter, committed any act or made any omission in contravention of the Constitution of the
Republic of Ghana.”

The evidence in support of the plaintiffs’ allegation of breach of article 42 is by no means clear. The
evidence relied on is the bare affirmations of the plaintiffs in their Statements of Case, as verified by their
accompanying affidavit.

Clearly the Electoral Commission takes issue with the plaintiffs on the factual basis of their claim. Apart
from the bare affirmations of fact made by the plaintiffs in their Statements of Case, they offer no further
proof of the facts alleged in them. In the Ahumah Ocansey case, for instance, the only evidence that the
plaintiff relies on is the affidavit of Mr. Ahumah Ocansey of the Ghana Penal and Justice System Observatory,
dated the 12th April 2007, who swears that the facts and particulars set out in the Plaintiff’s Statement of
Case “are true and accurate to the best of my knowledge.” I have always considered this form of cryptic
evidence unsatisfactory and self-serving.

The burden is on the plaintiffs to prove that the Electoral Commission has not registered Ghanaian prisoners
for voting. Section 14 of the Evidence Decree, 1975 (NRCD 323) provides as follows:

“Except as otherwise provided by law, unless and until it is shifted a party has the burden of
persuasion as to each fact the existence or non-existence of which is essential to the claim or defence
he is asserting.”

In my view, the plaintiffs have not discharged their burden of proof that the Electoral Commission has not
registered prisoners to vote. Accordingly, this court should rather concentrate on the issues of law which
arise in these two consolidated cases. Notwithstanding the plaintiff’s failure to establish by evidence that
the Electoral Commission had breached its constitutional obligations, it is still legitimate for this Court to
interpret the relevant constitutional provision in order to determine whether, as a matter of law, prisoners
are entitled to register to vote and to vote.

Of course, citizens of Ghana remain citizens, even after their incarceration. Whether or not such
incarcerated citizens may vote is, of course, a constitutional question in this jurisdiction because of the
provisions of article 42 of the Constitution.
The general principle governing elections in Ghana is that they are held on the basis of universal adult
suffrage. This principle is embodied in article 42, an entrenched provision, of the 1992 Constitution, which
has already been set out supra.

Article 42, although it is not contained in Chapter 5 of the Constitution, which is on “Fundamental Human
Rights and Freedoms”, is for me the first of the fundamental human rights of our Constitution. For without
the general right to vote, the system of representative democratic government set out in the Constitution
would fall away and be emptied of content. Without a democratic representative system of government,
constructed on the bedrock of universal adult suffrage, the likelihood would be that the rights enshrined in
Chapter 5 would be ineffective. It was thus very wise that the framers of our Constitution deemed it
appropriate to embody the principle of universal adult suffrage as a specific entrenched provision in our
Constitution. The constitutional importance of the principle of universal adult suffrage is further buttressed
by the fact it is one of the few principles selected by the framers of our Constitution for highlighting in the
Preamble to the Constitution and to which the People of Ghana solemnly declare and affirm their
commitment. This constitutional significance of the right to vote is in contrast to the position, for instance,
in India where the Supreme Court has held in Jyoti Basu v Debi Ghosal AIR 1982 SC 983 at 986 that:

“A right to elect, fundamental though it is to democracy, is, anomalously enough, neither a

Fundamental right nor a common law right. It is pure and simple, a statutory right. So is the right to
be elected. So is the right to dispute an election. Outside of a statute, there is no right to elect,
creations they are, and therefore, subject to statutory limitation.”

This position, as it were, brings into sharp relief, the different approach adopted by the law in Ghana where,
as already indicated above, there is a constitutionally protected fundamental right to vote. Any statutory
derogation from this fundamental constitutional right must therefore fall away. To summarise, in Ghana, the
right to vote is a creature of the Constitution and not of statute. The Supreme Court so held in Tehn-Addy v
Electoral Commission [1996-97] SCGLR 589, where Acquah JSC, as he then, was delivering the unanimous
judgment of the court, said (at p. 594):

“Whatever be the philosophical thought on the right to vote, article 42 of the 1992 Constitution of
Ghana makes the right to vote a constitutional right conferred on every sane Ghanaian citizen of
eighteen years and above. ...As a constitutional right therefore, no qualified citizen can be denied of
it, since the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.”

This is a very significant characteristic of our electoral regime. It is a characteristic which, to my mind, this
Court should guard jealously. This generous and expansive constitutional protection of the right to vote in
Ghana may be contrasted with the position also in the United States of America which has no equivalent
comprehensive grant of universal adult suffrage in its Federal Constitution. The United States Constitution
has extended piecemeal protection to particular groups of citizens whose voting rights have needed
buttressing. Thus, the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870 to prevent voting rights being abridged on
the grounds of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” and the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified
in 1920 to prevent the abridgment of voting rights “on account of sex.” The United States Constitution does
not thus contain a general provision on the right to vote; the right to vote expressed in it relates only to
particular groups whose franchise cannot be denied or abridged on the basis of certain specified attributes,
such as those I have cited above. (Another illustration of these specified attributes is: “by reason of failure
to pay any poll tax or other tax” introduced by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment in 1964.)

What needs to be spelt out, on the facts of these consolidated cases, therefore, is the implication for
prisoners of this generous and liberal feature of our electoral regime. The most prominent implication is
that article 1(2) of the 1992 Constitution renders void any statutory provisions inconsistent with the
unqualified right to vote conferred by article 42 on all sane adult Ghanaians.

A second issue raised by the reliefs sought in the Ahumah Ocansey case (although it is not listed in the
memoranda of issues) is whether a refusal or neglect to register prisoners for voting by the Electoral
Commission amounts to a breach of article 15(1) of the Constitution, which reads as follows: “The dignity
of all persons shall be inviolable.”

This is an issue of law which has to be determined before this Court can decide whether or not to grant the
“Declaration that refusal or failure of the E.C. to register prisoners for voting is a violation of their rights as
citizens of Ghana, and amounts to derogation of their integrity as human beings”, which is sought by the
plaintiff.

What is the interest that article 15(1) is intended to protect and is a denial to prisoners of a right to vote
incompatible with that interest? The notion of the protection of the dignity of all persons is one that the
Ghana Constitution has adopted from the international human rights movement. In the international
context, it has had a certain connotation of grave violation of the core essential rights of human beings.
The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which Ghana has ratified, deals with the matter in its
Article 5 as follows:

“Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to
the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man, particularly
slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be
prohibited.”

The African Charter’s illustrative, but non-exhaustive, list of exploitative practices that infringe the right to
dignity provides guidance on what this court might consider to be an infringement of the right in the
Ghanaian context. Its examples are all at the severe end of the continuum of degrading treatment. The
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights has often based its findings of breach of Article 5 on
torture and cruel practices relating to imprisonment. The question is whether denial of a right to prisoners
to vote should be put in the same category as such dire examples of degrading treatment. Or should the
Ghanaian courts adopt a broad view of the scope of the right to dignity? The decisions of the African
Commission are, of course, not binding on this court and we are at liberty to adopt a much more expansive
view of what conduct can be brought within the ambit of a breach of the right to dignity.
In my view, however, it is unnecessary to determine, on the facts and pleadings in this case, the scope of
the right to dignity under the 1992 Constitution. Since article 42 is determinative of the entitlement of
prisoners to register to vote and to vote, there is no further need to determine whether a denial of their
right to vote would be an infringement of the inviolability of their dignity under article 15(1) of the
Constitution. The legal consequences of adopting a broad view of the scope of the notion of the inviolability
of dignity beyond the physical and psychological integrity of individuals will have to be thought through
carefully in order to determine whether such an approach is necessary or desirable in policy terms. An
expansive understanding of the concept of the inviolability of dignity would involve ensuring that people are
treated relatively equally and that no person is treated as less than human or inferior to other people. This
is best done in the context of a case whose facts require a determination of this issue. Certainly, in the case
before us, I do not think the issue has been sufficiently argued by counsel for it to be prudent for this court
to make an authoritative determination of it.

Finally, in relation to the Ahumah Ocansey case, I am reluctant to grant the third declaration sought, since
its meaning is not clear to me. The suit is brought against the Electoral Commission, which is an institution
of State. However, the third declaration directs its attention at some obligations of Ghanaian citizens under
the Constitution and wants this Court to declare that the conduct of the Electoral Commission is defeatist of
the civic responsibility of Ghanaians, as set out in the provisions of the Constitution referred to in the
declaration. These provisions are Article 35(4) to the following effect: “The State shall cultivate among all
Ghanaians respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms and the dignity of the human person”; and
article 41(d), which provides that: “The exercise and enjoyment of rights and freedoms is inseparable from
the performance of duties and obligations, and accordingly, it shall be the duty of every citizen –

(d) to respect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of others, and
generally to refrain from doing acts detrimental to the welfare of other persons”.

I do not understand what the legal consequence of such a declaration would be and therefore I am unable
to grant it.

In its Statement of Case filed in the Ahumah Ocansey case, the Office of the Attorney-General joins issue
with the Plaintiff on the extent of the rights of prisoners to vote. The Plaintiff in that case raises for
determination the issue of: “whether the Constitution of Ghana allows or disallows prisoners to vote.” In
other words, though the plaintiff may not have established his entitlement to those declarations sought by
him which require factual proof, there are those declarations which call for a legal interpretation of the
Constitution and the determination of the validity of statutory provisions which are inconsistent with the
Constitution. The Ahumah Ocansey case therefore calls for a legal discussion of the rights of prisoners to
vote in Ghana.

The Attorney-General’s argument in the Ahumah Ocansey case in favour of restricting the rights of prisoners
to vote is as follows. The provisions of article 42 require that the following conditions are met before a
person can vote:
 i) The person must be a citizen of Ghana;

ii) The person must be eighteen years of age or above;

iii) The person must be of sound mind; and

iv) The person must be registered as a voter.

It is in relation to the last condition that the Attorney-General identifies problems for prisoners. The
Attorney-General points out that, under section 7(4) the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL
284), to be eligible to vote in a constituency, a person must have his or her residence in that constituency
on the date of registration for a continuous period of six months. To be registered, a citizen must present
himself or herself at a polling division or constituency for registration by electoral officials. The Attorney-
General further argues that a person who is in custody in an establishment maintained for the purposes of
the reception and punishment of offenders cannot be said to be “in residence” in that establishment. The
Attorney-General concludes as follows:

“The Plaintiff is seeking for a declaration, among others, that the “refusal or failure of the Electoral
Commission to register prisoners for voting is a violation of their rights as citizens of Ghana and
amounts to derogation of their integrity as human beings.” We must be mindful that such reliefs do
not open a pandora’s box for all kinds of suits to be instituted. It will not be long before another
Plaintiff comes along with an action to allow prisoners to have conjugal visitations because “their
integrity as human beings” is being violated.

It is submitted accordingly, that prisoners are not resident in their places of incarceration, that they
do not qualify in terms of the statute to vote; that the Plaintiff should not be entitled to the reliefs he
is seeking and therefore his action should be dismissed.”

This argument flies in the face of article 42 which, as we have already seen, gives all Ghanaians, except
those below eighteen years of age and those of unsound mind, the right to be registered to vote and to
vote. To my mind, therefore, any statute which impedes this constitutional right is void to the extent of its
inconsistency with article 42. There is thus an obligation on the Electoral Commission to promulgate an
appropriate constitutional instrument enabling the registration of prisoners, notwithstanding any enactment
to the contrary, since such contrary provision would be null and void as being inconsistent with article 42.
Such constitutional instrument would need to address the challenges that prisoners face in relation to
exercising their constitutional right to be registered to vote and ultimately their right to vote.

In the second of the consolidated cases, the CHURCIL case, the declarations sought by the Plaintiff focus on
section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284). That section is impugned as
being inconsistent with article 42 of the Constitution. The Plaintiff’s case, as set out in its Statement of Case,
is as follows:

“21. More importantly, section 7(5) provides that:

 “A person who is a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly
for the reception and treatment of persons suffering from mental illness or
mental defectiveness or who is detained in legal custody in a place shall not
be treated as resident there for purposes of this section.” (The emphasis is
ours)

The legal impact and consequence of section 7(5) on the individual right to vote of remand
prisoners forms the premise for the present Application for a declaratory relief to the effect
that the said section is in contravention of article 42 of the Constitution and therefore null and
void.

VI. LEGAL ARGUMENTS

22. The impugned section 7(5) negatively impacts the registration and voting rights of all remand
prisoners “detained in legal custody” because a prison according to the impugned section does
not qualify as a place of residence for purposes of meeting the voter qualification requirement
of section 7(c) (sic) which requires residency in a polling division to qualify for registration as a
voter.

23. This Application raises no constitutional or legal objections per se to the residency requirement
of paragraph (c) of section 7(1) of PNDCL 284. It is the legal consequence of the non-
recognition of prisons as places of residence on the right to vote of remand prisoners which is
in issue and not the constitutionality or otherwise of the requirement of residency in a polling
division for purposes of registration and voting.

24. If prisons do not qualify as places of residence then legally such places of legal custody and
detention cannot be classified as falling within any polling division per se to offer any
opportunities for voter registration for the thousands of remand prisoners held in our prisons.
The legal and practical result is that when a remand prisoner has been in custody for more
than six months ending on a qualifying date the remand prisoner, by reason of the impugned
section, automatically loses whatever previous residency status he had in any polling division,
for voter registration purposes, because of the remand prisoner’s absence from his or her
place of abode for a continuous period of six months ending on the qualifying date.

25. The conclusive presumption of loss of residency set forth by section 7(5) of PNDCL 284 means
that all remand prisoners in custody for 6 months or more ending on a qualifying date are
disqualified from registering as voters and therefore denied the right to exercise their
constitutional right to vote simply because the impugned section denies legal recognition to
prisons as places of residence. Consequently, remand prisoners are unable to meet the
“resident in the polling division” voter qualification requirement of section 7(1)(c) of
PNDCL 284.
 26. In the same vein, all remand prisoners are disqualified from having their names included in
any register of voters by reason of section 1(d) of the Public Elections (Registration of Voters)
Regulations, 1995 [CI 12], because the impugned section disqualifies them from being
“resident or ordinarily resident in an electoral area”, a key pre-condition for the
inclusion of a person’s name in a voters register. C.I. 12 therefore reinforces the
disqualification of remand prisoners from voting.

27. It is our submission that the legislative constraints and shackles on the registration and voting
rights of remand prisoners brought into being by the impugned section effectively succeeded
in taking away the registration entitlements and voting rights of thousands of eligible voters
who were remand prisoners during the 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004 elections. The Electoral
Commission concedes its legal impotence and lack of power and authority to register remand
prisoners as voters because of the impugned section.”

In response to these arguments by the Plaintiff, the Attorney-General makes the counter-argument that it is
in the public interest that electoral officers are not exposed to prisoners and that prisoners be punished by
being deprived of the right to vote. The argument is stated in the following terms:

“The question for us to answer is whether it is in the public interest that electoral officers should be
exposed to such persons; whether it is in the public interest that such persons should be allowed to
vote; that such persons should have a role in the election of the President of this country and
Members of Parliament.

Article 295(1) of the Constitution defines “public interest” to include “any right or advantage which
enures or is intended to enure to the benefit generally of the whole of the people of Ghana.”

The public interest is paramount. It is in the interest of the public that offenders are punished and
that they are kept under lock and key. It is in the interest of the public that access to the prisons
should be restricted and that adequate security measures are put in place to secure the prisons
before electoral officers are exposed to prisoners, either for the purpose of registration or voting.

The fact that in some jurisdictions, prisoners have the right to vote should not, ipso facto, give
prisoners the right to vote in Ghana. The absence of the right to vote by prisoners is not a
curtailment of their rights under the Constitution, but that in the attempt to get them to exercise the
franchise, we do not forget the pain, the mental agony, despair and experiences of a vast majority of
Ghanaians, who have at one time or the other been victims of criminals and their hope, desire and
expectation that criminals pay for their crimes.”

I do not find this public interest argument persuasive and I do not consider that it furnishes any justification
for denying prisoners the unqualified right to vote which is conferred on them by article 42. The cumulative
effect of the provisions in Chapters 5 and 6 of the 1992 Constitution is to infuse that Constitution with a
libertarian spirit. Nothing in the core values and spirit of the 1992 Constitution justifies the restriction on
prisoners’ right to vote that is advocated by the learned Attorney-General. There is thus no basis for
implying the restriction argued for by the Attorney-General to qualify the clear and unambiguous language
of article 42.

Conferring a right on prisoners to vote would not be unprecedented in the Commonwealth. Both Canada
and the Republic of South Africa, for example, permit voting by prisoners. In the Canadian case of Sauve v
The Attorney-General of Canada, the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada and the Solicitor-General of Canada
[2002] S.C.R. 519, 2002 SCC 68, cited by the plaintiff in the Ahumah Ocansey case, the Supreme Court of
Canada held, in a 5 to 4 decision that a section in the Canada Elections Act that prohibited voting by
inmates serving a sentence of two years or more was unconstitutional and void. The Attorney-General,
while admitting that the section infringed the right of prisoners to vote, nevertheless argued that denying
them the right was justifiable under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since it served several
purposes best determined by Parliament. This argument was roundly rejected by the majority. Chief Justice
McLachlin, delivering the judgment of the majority, declared that (para. 1) :

“The right of every citizen to vote, guaranteed by s. 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms, lies at the heart of Canadian democracy. The law at stake in this appeal denies the right
to vote to a certain class of people – those serving sentences of two years or more in a correctional
institution. The question is whether the government has established that this denial of the right to
vote is allowed under s. 1 of the Charter as a “reasonable limit...demonstrably justified in a free and
democratic society.” I conclude that it is not. The right to vote, which lies at the heart of Canadian
democracy, can only be trammelled for good reason. Here, the reasons offered do not suffice.”

She goes on later to conclude as follows (paras. 41-43):

“I conclude that denying penitentiary inmates the right to vote is more likely to send messages that
undermine respect for the law and democracy than messages that enhance those values. The
government’s novel political theory that would permit elected representatives to disenfranchise a
segment of the population finds no place in a democracy built upon principles of inclusiveness,
equality, and citizen participation. That not all self-proclaimed democracies adhere to this conclusion
says little about what the Canadian vision of democracy embodied in the Charter permits. Punitive
disenfranchisement of inmates does not send the “educative message” that the government claims;
to the contrary, it undermines this message and is incompatible with the basic tenets of participatory
democracy contained in and guaranteed by the Charter.

The government also argues that denying penitentiary inmates the vote will enhance respect for law
because allowing people who flaunt the law to vote demeans the political system. The same
untenable premises we have been discussing resurface here – that voting is a privilege the
government can suspend and that the commission of a serious crime signals that the offender has
chosen to “opt out” of community membership. But beyond this, the argument that only those who
respect the law should participate in the political process is a variant on the age-old unworthiness
 rationale for denying the vote.

The idea that certain classes of people are not morally fit or morally worthy to vote and to participate
in the law-making process is ancient and obsolete. Edward III pronounced that citizens who
committed serious crimes suffered “civil death”, by which a convicted felon was deemed to forfeit all
civil rights. Until recently, large classes of people, prisoners among them, were excluded from the
franchise. The assumption that they were not fit or “worthy” of voting – whether by reason of class,
race, gender or conduct – played a large role in this exclusion. We should reject the retrograde
notion that “worthiness” qualifications for voters may be logically viewed as enhancing the political
process and respect for the rule of law.”

I wholeheartedly endorse and adopt these percipient observations and analysis of the Canadian Supreme
Court. In the Ghanaian context also, the right to vote of all adults of sound mind is not a privilege which
the government can withdraw or suspend in the public interest, as perceived by it. Whilst I do not rule out
absolutely the possibility of implying a term from the Constitution, read as a whole, to qualify the absolute
terms of article 42, the liberal spirit of the 1992 Constitution precludes any such implication to take away the
right of prisoners to vote.

The plaintiff in the CHURCIL case, in addition to its arguments earlier set out above, also deploys an
equality contention to support the right of prisoners to vote. The argument is that Article 17 of the 1992
Constitution provides a constitutional guarantee of equality before the law and freedom from discrimination
for all Ghanaian citizens. It puts forward the case that the impugned section of PNDCL 284 discriminates
against prisoners in breach of this article 17. It urges a broad and liberal interpretation of article 17 so as to
find the impugned section discriminatory on the grounds of the social status of prisoners. It submits that
the jurisprudence of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution provides persuasive guidance and authority for this Court to make a determination on whether
the impugned section is unconstitutionally discriminatory and inconsistent with article 17. While this is an
interesting and ingenious argument, I do not consider it necessary to make a determination on this issue in
the context of this case. Article 42 provides a sufficient foundation for giving the plaintiff the core remedy it
seeks. Relying on article 17 tautologously to deliver a declaration similar in result to that based on article 42
is to my mind imprudent, particularly as the equality argument has much wider constitutional implications
and has to be carefully calibrated in order for it not to have unintended and undesirable public policy
consequences. I believe that it would be best to leave the interpretation of article 17 to a case whose facts
necessarily require a reliance on that article for the determination of the dispute in that case.

In the light of the foregoing discussion, the declarations that I am willing to give in the two consolidated
cases are as follows:

In Ahumah Ocansey v The Electoral Commission, I would grant the following declarations:

1. Declaration that non-registration of prisoners for voting by the Electoral Commission, if

established, would contravene articles 42 and 45(a) of the Constitution.
 2. Declaration that refusal or failure of the Electoral Commission to register prisoners for voting
would be a violation of their rights as citizens of Ghana, if the only basis of their exclusion
from the electoral process is the fact of their being prisoners.

These declarations are the result of Ghanaian law and I find it unnecessary to refer to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights or any other instrument of public international law.

In the Centre for Human Rights & Civil Liberties (CHURCIL) v Attorney-General and the Electoral
Commission case, I would grant the following declarations:

1. A declaration that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) is
inconsistent with, and in contravention of article 42 of the 1992 Constitution, and that
consequently, to the extent of such inconsistency the said provision of PNDCL 284 is void.

2. A declaration that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law (PNDCL 284) to the
extent that it restricts the right of prisoners to vote is null and void, pursuant to article 1(2) of
the 1992 Constitution, because the enactment, by virtue of article 11(6) of the Constitution,
although existing law, on the coming into effect of the Constitution, is in excess of the powers
conferred on Parliament by article 93(2) of the Constitution.

3. A declaration that section 1(d) of the Public Elections (Registration of Voters) Regulation 1995
(C.I. 12) to the extent that it restricts the right of prisoners to vote is null and void, pursuant
to article 1(2) of the Constitution.

As a consequence of these declarations, this court orders the Electoral Commission to exercise its power to
make regulations under article 51 of the Constitution to make an appropriate constitutional instrument
enabling prisoners to exercise their right to vote. This order is to be carried out as soon as practicable and,
in any case, within no more than twelve months from today. Any statutory provision which impedes the
exercise by the Electoral Commission of its power referred to above is void to the extent of any
inconsistency with the enabling of prisoners to vote.

In reaching this result, this Court has heeded the wise counsel of her Ladyship Bamford-Addo JSC, who said
in Apaloo v Electoral Commission [2001-2002] SCGLR 1, at p.19:

“Ghana has adopted democracy and those principles are eloquently given force in the Preamble to
and article 1 of the 1992 Constitution. In the contemporary world, any limitation on suffrage is
rejected. It is universally accepted that there is no reason at all for exclusion of the right to vote or
any limitation to it, considering that all men are created equal and have one vote each. For this
reason, it is incumbent on the Electoral Commission to provide by all legitimate means for the free
and unlimited exercise of the citizens’ franchise in conformity with both the letter and spirit of the
Constitution. This is the manner in which electoral laws ought to be interpreted.”
 DR. S. K. DATE-BAH

JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT

OWUSU (MS), JSC:

By an order of the court granted on 12-11-09, writs Nos. J1/4/08 titled AHUMAH OCANSEY VRS THE
ELECTORAL COMMISSION and J1/5/08 CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS and CIVIL LIBERTIES (CHURCHIL)
VRS THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL and THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION were consolidated.

By both writs, the plaintiffs are invoking the exclusive original Jurisdiction of the court under Article 2 of the
1992 constitution relating to the enforcement of specific provisions of the constitution.

By his writ, the plaintiff a citizen of Ghana, a Legal Practitioner and a committed writer on national issues
rights, an advocate of the rights of prisoners, and actuated by Art. 2 (1) of the constitution in suit No.
J1/4/08 claims the following declarations:

“(i) Declaration that non-registration of prisoners for voting by the electoral commission contravenes
Arts. 42, 45 (a) of the constitution and s. 1 (a – e) of the Public Elections (Regulation of Voters)
Regulations, 1995 C.I. 12 and Art. 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (united
Nations)

(ii) Declaration that refusal or failure of the E. C. to register prisoners for voting is a violation of their
rights as citizens of Ghana and amounts to derogation of their integrity as human beings. This
conduct of the E. C. contravenes Art 15 (1) of the constitution and principle 3 of body of principles
for the protection of all persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (United Nations)

(iii) Declaration that the conduct of the E. C. is defeatist of the civic responsibility of Ghanaians as citizens
of this country, to uphold the sanctity as enshrined in Arts 35 94) and 41 (b) (d) of the
constitution.”

By his writ, the plaintiff in suit No. J1/5/08, a non-profit civil society organization committed to upholding,
inter alia, the fundamental human and constitutional rights of remand prisoners and as a protector and
defender of the 1992 constitution, also seeks under Article 2 (1) of the constitution the following reliefs:

“(i) A declaration that section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL
284) is inconsistent with and in contravention of article 42 of the 1992 constitution, and
that consequently, to the extent of such inconsistency, the said PNDCL 284 is void.
 (ii) A declaration that section 7 95) of the Representation of the People Law (P. N. D. C. Law 284)
is null and /or void because the enactment was made in excess of the powers conferred on
parliament by article 93(2) of the 1992 constitution, or any other head of legislative power;

(iii) A declaration that section 7 (5) when read together with section 8 of PNDCL 284 is
inconsistent with, and in contravention of article 17(1) and 17 (2) of the 1992 constitution,
and that consequently, to the extent of such inconsistency, the said PNDCL 284 is void;

(iv) Consequential orders in exercise of the supreme court’s Jurisdiction under article 2 (2) of
the 1992 constitution compelling/ordering, the Electoral Commission to exercise its
constitutional powers under the electoral laws and where necessary under article 45 of the
constitution to facilitate and ensure the registration for effective voting of all remand
prisoners entitled to vote by reason of article 42 of the constitution.”

In both suits, the issues for determination are as follows:

1. “Whether or not the matter is a constitutional one for determination by the Supreme Court.

2. Whether or not prisoners are citizens of Ghana.

3. Whether the Constitution of Ghana allows or disallows prisoners to vote.

4. Whether or not the electoral laws of Ghana bar prisoners from voting.

5. Whether or not Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2006 (Act 669) is in consonance with the
provisions of the 1992 Constitution.”

One additional issue was filed by the Defendant in suit No. J1/4/08 and 2nd Defendant in suit No. J1/5/08 as
follow:

1. Whether the Electoral Commission has, in this matter, committed any act or made any omission in
contravention of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.

The plaintiffs in both suits base their cases on Article 42 of the constitution which states that:

“Every citizen of Ghana of eighteen years of age or above and of a sound mind has the
right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for the purpose of public elections
and referenda.” (Emphasis supplied)
 Under Article 45 (a) of the constitution, the Electoral Commission is mandated to compile the register of
voters and revise it at such periods as may be determined by law, among other functions. Section 2 (a) of
the Electoral Commission Act, 1993 (Act 451) also states that:

“The functions of the Electoral commissioner are to compile the register of voters and
revise it at such periods as may be determined by law.”

By a constitutional Instrument C. I. 12 – Public Election (Regulation of Voters) Regulation of 1995

qualification for registration is set out as follows:

A person who

(a) is a citizen of Ghana

(b) has attained the age of eighteen years;

(c) is of a sound mind;

(d) is resident or ordinarily resident in an electoral area; and

(e) is not prohibited by law from registering as a voter;

is entitled to have that person’s name included in a register of voters for the electoral area during a period
set aside for the registration of voters.

The first plaintiff submits that in pursuit of its functions, the Electoral Commission has registered and
continues to register eligible Ghanaians for the exercise of their political and civic rights to vote during
elections. He contends that the word “Every” in Art. 42 is inclusive of “All Ghanaians in Ghana except those
who are not of a sound mind.”

By implication, the plaintiff contends that prisoners under Art. 42 and C. I. 12, do qualify to be registered as
voters. However, prisoners were excluded from exercising their franchise in the 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 and
indeed they were so excluded in the 2008 elections, plaintiff argues further that there is no law which
expressly takes away a prisoner’s right to vote, that right having been guaranteed by the constitution.

It is his case that under Art. 15 (1) of the constitution, “the dignity of all persons shall be inviolable.”

In this wise, he referred to “Body of principles for the Protection of All persons under Any form of Detention
or Imprisonment (United Nations) principle 3 which states that –
“There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the human rights of
persons under any form of detention or imprisonment recognised or existing in any State
pursuant to law conventions, regulations or custom on the pretext that this Body of
Principles does not recognise such rights or that it recognises them to a lesser extent.

Plaintiff mentioned countries like Armenia, Bulgaria, Hungary etc. where prisoners have been expressly
denied the right to vote and submits in this country there is no such express prohibition.

Where as the plaintiff in suit No J1/4/08 speaks for all prisoners whether convicted or on remand, plaintiff in
suit No. J1/5/08 restricted himself to remand prisoners.

Personally, I do not think that the distinction should have been made to start with as both convicted and
remand prisoners are covered under section 7(5) of the Representation of the people Law, 1992 (P. N. D. C.
L. 284) which states that:

“A person who is a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the

reception and treatment of persons suffering from mental illness or mental defectiveness
or who is detained in legal custody in a place shall not be treated as resident there for
purposed for this section.”

The plaintiff’s case is that section 7(5) of P. N. D. C. Law 284 negatively impacts on the registration of all
remand prisoners “detained in legal custody” because a prison according to the impugned section does
not qualify as a place of residence for purposes of meeting the voter qualification of section 7 (1) (c) which
requires that to qualify as a voter, a person must be “resident in a polling division, or hails from the
constituency. According to him, it is not the constitutionality of this requirement which is being questioned
but the legal consequence of the non-recognition of prisons as places of residence on the right to vote of
remand prisoners which is in issue.

Counsel for the plaintiff argues that if prisons are not places of residence for purposes of registration, then
they cannot fall within any polling division to offer remand prisoners opportunity to register and vote while
on remand.

These prisoners when they have been on remand for more than six months, loose their residential status in
any polling division for being absent from their places of abode for a continuous period of six months ending
on the qualifying date.

These prisoners are also disqualified from having their names included in any register of voters to meet the
requirement under section 1 (d) of the public elections (Registration of voters) Regulations of 1995 (C. I.
12) that they should be “resident or ordinarily resident in an electoral area.”

The result being that, counsel submitted, these constraints and shackles on the registration of remand
prisoners take away the registration entitlements and in effect the voting rights of these prisoners. This,
counsel contended is a “a backdoor amendment” of article 42 which is an entrenched provision of the
constitution and can only be amended by a referendum. He submits that the impugned section is
inconsistent with article 42 and to the extent of the inconsistency, null and void. He is therefore calling
upon the court under article 130 of the constitution to declare that it was made in excess of the powers
vested in parliament and therefore unconstitutional.

Under article 93(2) of the constitution the legislative power of Ghana shall be vested in parliament and shall
be exercised in accordance with this constitution.

Counsel, by the writ, is seeking an enforcement of the constitutional rights of all remand prisoners to vote.

He recognises the presumed validity of the impugned legislation as it is until the proponent of invalidly or
assailant of the law shows otherwise. He referred to the F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE & CO AG. VRS
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR TRADE and INDUSTRY [1974] 2AER 1128 (HL) in which Lord Diplock explained
the position as follows:

“Unless there is such challenge and if there is, until it has been upheld by Judgment of the
court the validity of the statutory instrument and the legality of acts done pursuant to the
law declared by it, are presumed.”

Turning to Article 17 of the constitution, it is the plaintiff’s case that the said Article guarantees equality
before the law and freedom from discrimination for all Ghanaians.

Article 17(1) guarantees equality of all persons before the law.

17 (2) states further that “A person shall not be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race, colour,
ethnic origin, religion, creed or social or economic status.”

He contends that the impugned section of P. N. D. C. Law 284 discriminates against remand prisoners in
breach of Article 17. By the impugned sections, remand prisoners are disqualified from registering as voters
and denied residential status for purposes of registering and thus denied their rights of voting.

On the contrary, by the Representation of the people (Amendment) Act of 2006, Act 699, exemption from
the residency requirement of the same law has been granted Ghanaians resident abroad to enable them
register to vote in public elections and referenda. He, as a result submits, that the impugned legislation viv-
a-vis remand prisoners is discriminatory and therefore in violation of Article 17.

The 1st Defendant does not see eye to eye with the plaintiffs on their submissions of the illegality of the
impugned sections of P. N. D. C. 284 which limit prisoners’ right to vote in contravention of Article 42 of the
constitution.

In the performance of his functions, article 47 requires that the country is divided into constituencies for the
purpose of election of members of parliament. To be eligible to register in polling division or in a
constituency, a person must have his place of residence in that polling division or constituency on the date
of registration for a continuous period of six months. Every citizen has to go through the process of
registration before he exercises his right to vote.

Relying on “the Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary of current English (5th Edition) by A. S. Hornsby, in
which a resident is defined to mean “a person who lives or has a home in a place not a visitor,” he
submits that to reside is to have one’s home in a certain place.”

He argues that a person in custody in an establishment maintained for the purposes of reception and
punishment of offenders cannot be said to be “in residence in that establishment or the constituency.
Remand prisoners and for that matter convicted prisoners as well cannot present themselves for registration
and therefore the non-registration of a citizen who has not presented himself for registration and for that
reason cannot vote does not constitute violation of his right to vote.

He submits that prisoners are not resident in their places of incarceration and do not qualify in terms of the
law to vote.

He is therefore urging upon the court that the plaintiff is not entitled to the reliefs he is seeking and same
must be dismissed.

Counsel refers to the case of MARBURY VRS. MADISON [1803] 1 Cranch 137 quoting Marshall C. J. that:

We must never forget that it is a constitution we are expounding - - - intended to endure

for ages to come, and consequently, to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs.”

He also relies on our local cases of TUFFUOR VRS ATTORNEY-GENERAL [1980] GLR 637 and NEW
PATRIOTIC PARTY VRS ATTORNEY-GENERAL (the 31st December case [1993-94] GLR 35.

Counsel then deals with the issue of “public interest” as defined under Article 295(1) of the constitution to
“include any right or advantage which enures or is intended to enure to the benefit generally of
the whole of the people of Ghana.”

He argues that these prisoners are perpetrators of crime such as murder, manslaughter, robbery and drug
related as well as sexual offences. Thus having violated the rights of others, whether it is in the public
interest that they be allowed to take part in the election of the president and members of Parliament of the
country.

That public interest is paramount and for that reason it is in the interest of the public that these prisoners
are punished and that they are kept away from society as a whole and counting the dangers involved in
exposing them to electoral officers.

After these arguments however, he referred to the law amending P. N. D. C. L. 284 in 2006, (Act 699) which
exempts Ghanaians living abroad from the residency requirement of the law and submits that whatever
rights citizens have under article 42 of the constitution can only be exercised when the necessary
procedures have been put in place by the Electoral Commission.

Finally he submitted that section 7 (5) of Law 284 as law, existed before the coming into force of the
constitution. As such, it can be applied with such modification, adaptation, qualifications, and exceptions
necessary to bring it into conformity with the provisions of the constitution.

The 2nd Defendant, the Electoral Commission does not appear to have any answer to the plaintiff’s claims.
He does not even appreciate why he was sued and therefore prays for an order of the court to strike the
commission out as a Defendant.

Article 42 of the constitution confers a constitutional right to vote on all Ghanaian citizens of eighteen
years and above and of sound mind.

The only limitation on this right is unsoundness of mind.

In the case of TEHN-ADDY VRS. ELECTORAL COMMISSION [1996-97] SCGLR the Supreme Court per
Acquah JSC (as he then was) had this to say:

“As a constitutional right therefore, no qualified citizen can be denied of it, since the
constitution is the supreme law of the land.”

In Article 1 (2) of the constitution it is stated that:

“This constitution shall be the supreme law of Ghana and any other law found to be
inconsistent with any provision of this constitution shall, to the extent of the
inconsistency, be void.”

It is for this reason that counsel for plaintiff in suit No. J1/5/08 submits that any law or Act of parliament
which dilutes or whittles away the citizen’s right to vote is null and void.

In the preamble to the constitution, the people of Ghana “IN THE NAME OF THE ALMIGHTY GOD,” solemnly
declared and affirmed our commitment to:

“The principle that all powers of Government spring from the sovereign WILL of the
people;” and

“The principle of Universal Adult suffrage” among others.

Under Article 1 (1) of the constitution,

“The sovereignty of Ghana resides in the people of Ghana in whose name and for whose
welfare the powers of government are to be exercised in the manner and within the
limits laid down in this constitution.”

In the case of TEHN-ADDY VRS ELECTORAL COMMISSION already referred to, the court held that:

“(1) every sane Ghanaian citizen of eighteen years and above, had the right under article
42 of the constitution to be registered as a voter, the exercise of that constitutional right
was indispensable in the enhancement of the democratic process and it could not be
denied in the absence of a constitutional provision to that effect.”

“Per curiam (1) A heavy responsibility is entrusted to the Electoral Commission under
article 45 of the constitution in ensuring the exercise of the constitutional right to vote.
For in the exercise of this right, the citizen is able not only to influence the outcome of
the elections and therefore the choice of a government but also he is in a position to help
influence the course of social, economic and political affairs thereafter. He indeed
becomes involved in the decision-making process at all levels of governance.”

In a recent Canadian case of SAUVÉ VRS ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF CANADA, THE CHIEF ELECTORAL
OFFICER OF CANADA & THE SOLICITOR-GENERAL OF CANADA [2002] 3 SCR 519, Richard Suavé, an ex-
inmate, challenged the section of the Canada Elections Act that prohibited voting by inmates serving a
sentence of two years or more.

Even though the Attorney-General of Canada did not dispute that the law infringed upon the right of
inmates to vote, the government sought to justify it as it served several purposes best determined by
parliament.

In dismissing the arguments put forward by the Government, the court found that as voting was a
fundamental right in a democracy, any attempt made to restrict that right had to be made on the basis of
a compelling reason that met specific legal tests.

Admittedly, there is no law which expressly takes away the prisoner’s right to vote in this country. The
argument by the plaintiffs is that by the impugned provisions of P. N. D. C. Law 284, prisoners are denied
the opportunity to register and can therefore not exercise their constitutional right under article 42 of the
constitution.

P. N. D. C. L. 284 was made on July 24 1992 and therefore predates the constitution. It falls within the
category of “existing laws” under Article 11(1) (d) of the constitution.

I agree with counsel for plaintiff that it must be construed with any modifications, adaptations, qualifications
and exceptions necessary to bring it into conformity with the provisions of the constitution as a whole and
Article 42 in particular to give effect to the prisoner’s right to vote.

Section 7(5) with regard to persons in legal custody places a limitation on their residential status for
purposes of registration and therefore inconsistent with Article 42 of the constitution and to the extent of
the inconsistency null and void.

I would however not say that the law was passed in excess of powers conferred on parliament under Article
93(2) since same was in existence before the constitution came into force. Indeed the law was not an Act
of parliament. The ruling council arrogated to itself the functions of the legislature at the time.

The preamble of the constitution (paragraph 4) provides that one of the values on which the sovereign and
democratic state of the Republic of Ghana is founded, is the universal adult suffrage. In this case, the issue
is whether prisoners’ constitutional right to vote is not being infringed upon if no appropriate arrangements
are made to enable them to register and vote.

In a South African constitutional case of AUGUST and Another VRS ELECTORAL COMMISSION and others
[1999] 3 SALR 1 where the court was faced with a similar issue, the court pointed out that the right to vote
by its very nature imposed positive obligations upon the legislature and the executive. This is the reason
why the constitution provides for the establishment of an independent Electoral Commission as an impartial
body to manage the elections and ensure that they are free and fair.

August case involved the voting rights of awaiting trial i.e. remand and sentenced prisoners. The
constitutional court upheld the appeal against a decision of the Transvaal High Court which held that the
independent Electoral Commission had no obligation to facilitate the registration and voting of the said
prisoners.

It is also the case of the plaintiffs that denying prisoners the right to vote, is a violation of their fundamental
human right of respect for their dignity under Article 15(1) which guarantees respect for human dignity.

Under 2 (b) they as prisoners shall not be subjected to “any other condition that detracts or is likely
to detract from their dignity and worth as a human being”.

This right is reinforced under Article 35(4) of the constitution which places an obligation on the state to
cultivate among ALL Ghanaians respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms and the dignity of the
human person.

Plaintiff submits that the fact that a person has fallen foul of the law, is no reason why the very basic rights
which define him as a citizen and political being should be taken away from him.

In August case already referred to, the court said that the universality of the franchise is important not only
for nationhood and democracy, but that the vote of each and every citizen is a badge of dignity and
personhood.”

The impugned section of P. N. D. C. Law 284 which indirectly denies prisoners their right to vote infringes
upon this in contravention of Art. 42.

The court held that the right to vote must be interpreted to enfranchise rather than disenfranchise eligible
voters. Eligible voters of course include eligible prisoners.

Finally, the plaintiffs’ contend that section 7(5) of the law unduly discriminates against prisoners in breach of
Article 17. They argue that the law denies prisoners residential status for which they cannot be registered
and for that matter cannot exercise their franchise.

The law was amended to make it possible for Ghanaians resident abroad to register to vote in public
elections.
The Representation of the people Law, 1992 as amended was further amended as follows:

“(b) by the substitution for section 8 of the following:

“Registration of Ghanaian citizens abroad

8. (1) A person who is a citizen of Ghana resident outside the Republic is entitled to be
registered as a voter if the person satisfies the requirements for registration prescribed by law
other than those relating to residence in a polling division.”

The commission is empowered to make Regulations to prescribe the modalities for the implementation of
the Act by Constitutional Instrument. Why therefore can the commission not take steps to have the Law
amended further to enable prisoners to vote in conformity with Article 42 just as it was done in the case of
Ghanaians resident abroad?

What is good for the goose is equally good for the gander.

The Law as it is now vis-à-vis the Representation of the people (Amendment) Act of 2006 (Act 699) is
indeed discriminatory and must be frowned upon.

There are a variety of ways in which enfranchisement of prisoners could be achieved in practice. Polling
stations could be set up in prisons or special votes could be provided to prisoners. Just as registration can
be transferred, so can their votes be transferred to their constituencies where they might have registered.
If there is the WILL, a way will necessarily be found.

Now turning to the 1st Defendant’s case he at the end of the initial resistance to the plaintiffs’ case, that
non-registration of a citizen who has not presented himself for registration does not and should not
constitute a violation of the right to vote, he conceded that the right to vote can only be exercised when the
necessary procedures have been put in place by the Electoral Commission. This is exactly what the plaintiffs
are asking for. That the law as it stands now, puts a fetter on the exercise of this right and the court must
so declare.

Counsel however in another breath, sought to justify the denial of this right by contending that these
prisoners are known to have violated the rights of others through commission of crime often times violent
and fatal ones. He posed a question whether it is in the public interest that such persons should be allowed
to vote in the election of the president and Member of Parliament of the country. With due deference to
counsel, that is not the issue here. The issue is not whether prisoners must be given the right to vote but
rather what the position of the law is under the constitution.
It is therefore not a case of they being architects of their own misfortune.

I also do not buy counsel’s argument that it is not in the public interest for electoral officers to be exposed
to prisoners. What about their exposure to prison officers?

The 1st Defendant’s answer does not defeat the plaintiffs’ case. On the whole, the plaintiffs have succeeded
in making out their claims as the law now stands and they are therefore entitled to the reliefs sought in Writ
No. J1/4/08 and in the case of Writ No. J1/508 reliefs (1), (3) and (4). Relief (2) is allowed not as sought
for but as varied since the impugned section is inconsistent with Article 42 and to the extent of the
inconsistency, void.

I find the Electoral Commission a necessary Defendant as the pivot around whom the whole challenge
revolves and thus turn down the call to strike him out as such.

R. C. OWUSU (MS)

JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT

DOTSE, JSC:

On the 12th day of November, 2009, this court granted an application for consolidation and accordingly suit
No. Writ J1/4/2008 intituled Ahumah Ocansey vrs The Electoral Commission was consolidated with
suit No. Writ JI/5/2008 intituled Centre For Human Rights and Civil Liberties (CHURCIL) vrs 1. The
Attorney –General and 2. The Electoral Commission.

RELIEFS

SUIT JI/4/2008

The plaintiff in the above suit has invoked the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court pursuant to articles
2 (1) (b) 42, 45 (a) 35 (1) and (4) 41 (d), 15 (1) of the Constitution 1992 and rule 45 (1) of the Supreme
Court Rules 1996, C. I. 16 and claims the following reliefs:

i. Declaration that non-registration of prisoners for voting by the Electoral Commission contravenes
articles 42, 45 (a) of the Constitution and section 1 (a-e) of the Public Elections (Registration of
voters) Regulations, 1995 C. I. 12, and article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(United Nations).

ii. Declaration that refusal or failure of the Electoral Commission to register prisoners for voting is a
violation of their rights as citizens of Ghana, and amounts to derogation of their integrity as human
beings. This conduct of the Electoral Commission contravenes article 15 (1) of the Constitution, and
 Principle 3 of Body of Principles for the Protection of all persons under any form of detention or
imprisonment (United Nations).

iii. Declaration that the conduct of the Electoral Commission is defeatist of the civic responsibility of
Ghanaians, as citizens of this country, to uphold the sanctity of the freedoms and rights of Ghanaians,
as enshrined in articles 35 (4) and 41 (a) (d) of the Constitution.

In view of the reliance on some constitutional and statutory provisions, I deem it expedient to quote in
extenso the following constitutional provisions for ease of reference.

RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Articles 2 (1) (a) and (b) and (2)

A person who alleges that-

(a) an enactment or anything contained in or done under the authority of that or any other
enactment; or

(b) any act or omission of any person is inconsistent with, or is in contravention of a provision
of this Constitution, may bring an action in the Supreme Court for a declaration to that effect.

(2) The Supreme Court shall, for the purposes of a declaration under clause (1) of this article,
make such orders and give such directions as it may consider appropriate for giving effect, or
enabling effect to be given, to the declaration so made.

Articles 11 (1) (a-e) and (2) and (4)

The laws of Ghana shall comprise-

(a) this Constitution;

(b) enactments made by or under the authority of the Parliament established by this
Constitution;

(c) any Orders, Rules and Regulations made by any person or authority under a power
conferred by this Constitution;

(d) the existing law; and

(e) the common law;

(2) The common law of Ghana shall comprise the rules of law generally known as the common
law, the rules generally known as the doctrines of equity and the rules of customary law
including those determined by the Superior Court of judicature.

(4) The existing law shall, except as otherwise provided in clause (1) of this article, comprise
the written and unwritten laws of Ghana as they existed immediately before the coming into
force of this Constitution, and any Act, Decree, Law or statutory instrument issued or made
before that date, which is to come into force on or after that date.

Article 15 (1)

The dignity of all persons shall be inviolable.

Article 17 (1) and (2)

(1) All persons shall be equal before the law.

 (2) A person shall not be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race, colour, ethnic
origin, religion, creed or social or economic status.

Article 35 (4)

(4) The State shall cultivate among all Ghanaians respect for fundamental human rights and
freedoms and the dignity of the human person.

Article 41 (b) and (d)

The exercise and enjoyment of rights and freedoms is inseparable from the performance of
duties and obligations, and accordingly, it shall be the duty of every citizen-

(b) to uphold and defend this Constitution and the law;

(d) to respect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of others, and generally to refrain
from doing acts detrimental to the welfare of other persons;

Article 42

Every citizen of Ghana of eighteen years of age or above and of sound mind has the
right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for the purposes of public
elections and referenda.

Article 45 (b) (c) (d) (e) and (f)

The Electoral Commission shall have the following functions-

(a) to compile the register of voters and revise it at such periods as may be
determined by law;

(b) to demarcate the electoral boundaries for both national and local government
elections;

(c) to conduct and supervise all public elections and referenda;

(d) to educate the people on the electoral process and its purpose;

(e)to undertake programmes for the expansion of the registration of voters; and

(f) to perform such other functions as may be prescribed by law.

Article 47 (1) and (5)

(1) Ghana shall be divided into as many constituencies for the purpose of election of members
of Parliament as the Electoral Commission may prescribe, and each constituency shall be
represented by one member of Parliament.

(5) The Electoral Commission shall review the division of Ghana into constituencies at intervals
of not less than seven years, or within twelve months after the publication of the enumeration
figures after the holding of a census of the population of Ghana, whichever is earlier, and may,
as a result, alter the constituencies.

Article 46
 Except as provided in this Constitution or in any other law not inconsistent with
this commission, in the performance of its functions, the Electoral Commission,
shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority.

Article 51

The Electoral Commission shall, by constitutional instrument, make regulations for

the effective performance of its functions under this Constitution or any other law,
and in particular, for the registration of voters, the conduct of public elections and
referenda, including provisions for voting by proxy.

Article 93

(1) There shall be a Parliament of Ghana which shall consist of not less than one hundred and
forty elected members.

(“There were two hundred elected members of Parliament by virtue of the

Representation of the People (Parliamentary Constituencies) Instrument, 1992 (L. I.
1538) made pursuant to powers conferred by the Representation of the People Law,
1992 (PNDCL 284) which in this respect is not inconsistent with article 47 of the
Constitution. The number is now two hundred and thirty members of Parliament by
virtue of the Representation of the People (Parliamentary Constituencies) Instrument,
2004 (L. I. 46)”)

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the legislative power of Ghana shall be
vested in Parliament and shall be exercised in accordance with this Constitution.

Article 94

(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, a person shall not be qualified to be a member of
Parliament unless-

(a) he is a citizen of Ghana, has attained the age of twenty-one years and is a registered
voter;

(b) he is resident in the constituency for which he stands as a candidate for

election to parliament or has resided there for a total period of not less than five
years out of the ten years immediately preceding the election for which he stands,
or he hails from that constituency; and

(c) he has paid all his taxes or made arrangements satisfactory to the appropriate authority for
the payment of his taxes.

Article 130 (1)

Subject to the jurisdiction of the High Court in the enforcement of the Fundamental Human
Rights and Freedoms as provided in article 33 of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall
have exclusive original jurisdiction in-

(a) all matters relating to the enforcement or interpretation of this Constitution; and

(b) all matters arising as to whether an enactment was made in excess of the powers
 conferred on Parliament or any other authority or person by law or under this Constitution.

Article 290 (1) (e)

This article applies to the amendment of the following provisions of this Constitution, which
are, in this Constitution referred to as “entrenched provisions”-

(e) Representation of the People: articles 42, 43, 46, 49, 55 and 56;”

RELEVANT STATUTORY PROVISIONS

Having referred to the applicable constitutional provisions above, it is also pertinent to refer to in extenso
the relevant and applicable sections of the following statutes and constitutional instruments:

1. Representation of the People Law, 1992 PNDCL 284 sections 7 (1) (a)- (d) and 7 (2) (3) (4)
(5) and (6) and section 8 (1) and (2).

PNDCL 284 Section 7

Qualification of Voters

7. (1) A person qualifies to be registered as a voter if he is

(a) a citizen of eighteen years of age or above, and

(b) of sound mind, and

(c) resident in the polling division, and

(d) not otherwise disqualified to be registered as a voter by law.

(2) A person is not entitled to have that person’s name included at any one time in the register of
more than one constituency or in more than one divisional register in a constituency.

(3) Subject to subsection (2) a person is, for the purpose of this section, resident in a polling
division on the qualifying date if that person has a place of abode in the division on that date.

(4) A person is not resident in a polling division if that person has been absent from that person’s
place of abode for a continuous period of six months ending on the qualifying date.

(5) A person who is a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the
reception and treatment of persons suffering from mental illness or mental
defectiveness or who is detained in legal custody in a place shall not be treated as
resident there for the purposes of this section.

(6) A person who is resident in more than one place and who would, but for subsection (2) be
entitled to have that person’s name included in the register of more than one constituency or
in more than one divisional register in a constituency shall select one constituency and one
polling division for the purpose of registration and voting.

(8) Registration of officials abroad

1. A person who is a citizen employed in a post outside Ghana

(a) in the service of the Republic, or

(b) in the service of the United Nations or of any other international

organisation is entitled to be registered as a voter if that person satisfies
 the requirements for registration prescribed under this Act other than
those relating to residence in a polling division.

(2) Subsection (1) applies to the spouse of a person to whom subsection (1) applies
where the spouse is resident outside Ghana with the employed spouse.

2. Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2006, Act 699 sections 1 (a) and (b) and 2

1. The Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) as amended is further amended
as follows:

(a) in paragraph (c) of section 7 (1) by the addition of the words “or hails from the
constituency” after “division”.

(b) by the substitution for section 8 of the following:

“Registration of Ghanaian citizens abroad”

(2) The Commission may appoint the Head of a Ghana Mission or Embassy abroad or
any other person or institution designated in writing by the Commission as a
registration officer to register a person to be a voter (or in an election)

3. Public Elections, (Registration of Voters) Regulations 1995, C. I. 12 sections 1, (a-e) and 2 (1)
(2) (3) and (4) thereof

1. Qualification for registration

“A person who

(a) is a citizen of Ghana;

(b) has attained the age of eighteen years;

(c) is of sound mind;

(d) is resident or ordinarily resident in an electoral area; and

(e) is not prohibited by law from registering as a voter,

is entitled to have that persons name included in a register of voters for the electoral area
during a period set aside for the registration of voters.”

2. Registration Centres

(1) “The Commission shall designate a place it considers appropriate as a registration

centre for the registration of voters.

(2) In designating a place as a registration centre, the Commission shall take into account

(a) the suitability of the place for use as a polling station on election day;
and

(b) the convenience of prospective applicants for registration.

(3) The Commission shall, at least seven days before the first day of the period set aside for
the registration of voters, inform political parties and the general public by publication in
 the Gazette, the radio, television or of any other medium of mass communication, of a
place designated as a registration centre.

(4) Unless the Commission otherwise directs, the polling divisions or stations in existence
immediately before the coming into force of these Regulations shall constitute
registration centres for the registration of voters.”

It must be noted that C.I.12 has been enacted pursuant to article 51 of the Constitution 1992, already
referred to supra.

FACTS AND PLAINTIFFS STATEMENTS OF CASE

The plaintiff who is a Legal Practitioner, initiated the action in his capacity as a citizen of Ghana and a
committed writer on national issues and advocate of the rights of prisoners and claims to have been
actuated by article 2 (1) of the Constitution, 1992.

It is the contention of the Plaintiff that under article 42 of the Constitution 1992, every Ghanaian citizen of
18 years and above and of sound mind has the right to vote and is entitled to be registered as a voter for
the purposes of public elections and referenda.

The Plaintiff, after referring to the various articles of the Constitution 1992, already referred to supra, (but
which will be dealt with in detail later) and by making references to the United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, submitted that it is unconstitutional and illegal to exclude prisoners from the class of those
qualified to vote. Based on the above arguments, the plaintiff made the following submissions:

1. That the word “every” in article 42 of the Constitution 1992 is inclusive of all Ghanaians including
prisoners provided they are qualified to vote and have not been certified as persons of unsound
mind. The Plaintiff submitted rather forcefully that the exclusion of prisoners from the electoral
process since 1992 to date is unconstitutional and requests from this Court to reverse the situation.

2. The Plaintiff’s second submission is that, article 15 (1) of the Constitution 1992 and principle 3 of the
United Nations Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons under any form of Detention or
imprisonment upholds the intrinsic dignity of and respect for the freedoms and human rights of
Ghanaians. Therefore, prisoners have no mental impairment to deprive them of the dignity to
exercise their political and human rights referred to supra.

3. Thirdly, the plaintiff referred to articles 35 (4) (b) and 41 (d) of the Constitution 1992 and submitted
that the fact that a person has fallen foul of the law is no reason why the very basic rights which
define him as a citizen and political being should be taken away by the defendant by refusing
prisoners to exercise their franchise guaranteed them under the Constitution.

The Plaintiff concludes this submission by stating that, in the democratic dispensation in Ghana,
citizenship and voting are inextricably linked, that is to say that the right to vote is constitutive of
citizenship. In support of his case, the plaintiff referred to a number of Ghanaian and foreign decided
cases as well as newspaper publications of articles written by him.

DEFENDANTS RESPONSE

The brief response of the defendant to the plaintiff’s case is summarised as follows:

1. That the allegations and submissions of the Plaintiff that prisoners are denied registration and voting
rights is presumptuous and not based on any concrete and tangible instance. On the contrary, the
defendants submitted that since prisoners are the class of persons whose liberties have been
curtailed by law, and are subject to control and regulation of the prison authorities, the defendant’s
have no control over the prison authorities in the discharge of their duties. In this context therefore,
 the defendants argued that the reference by plaintiff’s to the case of Tehn-Addy vrs Attorney-
General and Electoral Commission [1997-98]1 GLR 47 and [1996-97] SCGLR 589 is
inapplicable and irrelevant.

2. That by virtue of the provisions of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) as
amended by the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2006 (Act 669) especially sections 7
and 8 thereof, persons detained under law shall not be taken as being resident in the locality of the
area where they are detained to satisfy the requirement of residence in a polling division as is
provided for in the law. The defendants argue that since Law 284 is a valid law in operation in Ghana,
they have to comply with it, and as such it is irrational to accuse them of denying prisoners the right
to vote.

3. Finally, the defendant’s submitted that the newspaper articles published by the plaintiff, annexed to
the instant suit are not only irrelevant but also an affront to this Court.

For my part, I am of the considered view that apart from the fact that the articles denote the plaintiff as
someone who is an ardent crusader for the rights of prisoners to be granted them to exercise their
franchise, there is nothing of substance in the said articles.

In reality, the articles portray the defendant as showing gross insensitivity and misunderstanding of the
workings of the courts under the criminal justice system.

RESPONSE OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL

The Attorney-General referred to the relevant constitutional and statutory provisions governing the conduct
of public elections to wit, articles 42, 45 and 47 of the Constitution 1992 and sections 7 (1) (2) (3) and (4)
of the Representation of the People Law 1992 (PNDCL 284) and Public Elections (Registration of Voters)
Regulations 1995 (C. I. 12) already referred to supra.

The crux of the Attorney-General’s arguments can be subsumed under the following broad headings:-

1. That since the eligibility to register as a voter is premised under the relevant statutory laws on the
fact of the voter having a place of residence in that polling station, division or constituency, for a
continuous period of six months, it follows that the voter must present himself for registration at a
polling station, division or constituency for registration to enable him qualify to vote in an election.

Referring to the definition of a resident in the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary which defines resident
to mean

“a person who lives or has a home in a place, not a visitor”

the Attorney-General concluded that a person who is in custody in an establishment maintained for the
purposes of reception and punishment of offenders cannot be said to be “in residence” in that
establishment, since such a place is not their home as is stated in section 7 (5) of PNDCL 284 already
referred to supra.

The Attorney-General therefore submitted that the non-registration of persons who are in confinement in a
prison and who have not presented themselves for registration by the Electoral Commission does not and
should not constitute a violation of the right of that citizen to vote. The Attorney-General therefore forcefully
submitted that since registration of persons who qualify to vote is regulated by statute, and a prison is not a
residence for the purposes of the statute, persons who have been incarcerated do not meet the requirement
of residence in an electoral area.

2. STATUTORY DUTY OF THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION

Having admitted the constitutional and statutory duty of the Electoral Commission to register eligible
Ghanaians for the exercise of their political and civic rights to vote in elections, the Attorney General
submitted that those rights granted can only be exercised when the necessary procedures have been put in
place by the Electoral Commission. For example, even though the right to register and vote is available to all
eligible Ghanaians in the Diaspora, it was only after the amendment of Act 284 by the Representation of the
People (Amendment) Act, 2006, 2006 (Act 699) that their right to vote can be exercised.

Even then, it must be noted that the said right can only be exercised when the Electoral Commission has
put the necessary logistical arrangements in place.

3. PUBLIC INTEREST

The Attorney-General submitted that despite the guarantee of equality of rights to all persons in Ghana
without any form of discrimination as enshrined in article 12 (2) of the Constitution 1992, the said rights are
subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest.

The Attorney-General therefore submitted that it is in the interest of the public that offenders are punished
and that they are kept under lock and key. It continued that access to the prisons should be restricted and
that adequate security measures are put in place to secure the prisons before electoral officers are exposed
to prisoners, either for the purposes of registration or voting.

Comparing prison hostage situations which have happened in other countries sometimes with disastrous
consequences, and prison breakouts in Ghana, the Attorney General concluded that it is unsafe to expose
electoral staff to the dangers of prisons.

Further comparing the qualifications of a member of Parliament as is contained in article 94 (2) (c) of the
Constitution 1992 which debars persons convicted of violent crimes, offences of dishonesty and of election
related for periods of up to 10 years, the Attorney General concluded that a person convicted and serving a
prison sentence should not be given the right to vote.

The Attorney-General however made a concession that assuming that prisoners have the right
to vote, then the legislative regime had to be changed as was made in Act 699 to enable
prisoners have the right to vote.

Thus, the Attorney-General’s position can be stated that the Electoral commission can extend
the right to prisoners to vote provided the necessary legislative amendment is made to the
Representation of the People Act, (PNDCL 284) which will in turn allow the Electoral
Commission to put the necessary modalities in place.

RELIEFS IN WIRT J1/5/2008

The Plaintiff’s in this suit are a non-profit civil society organization committed to upholding, inter alia, the
fundamental human and constitutional rights of remand prisoners under the Constitution 1992 and
as a Protector and defender of the Constitution pursuant to article 2 (1) of the Constitution and claimed the
following reliefs:-

1. A declaration that section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) is
inconsistent with, and in contravention of article 42 of the 1992 Constitution, and that consequently,
to the extent of such inconsistency the said PNDCL 284 is void.

2. A declaration that section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law (PNDC Law 284) is null and
or void because the enactment was made in excess of the powers conferred on Parliament by section
93 (2) of the 1992 Constitution, or any other head of legislative power.

3. A declaration that section 7 (5) when read together with section 8 of PNDCL 284 is inconsistent with,
 and in contravention of article 17 (1) and 17 (2) of the 1992 Constitution, and that consequently, to
the extent of such inconsistency the said PNDCL 284 is void.

4. Consequential orders in exercise of the Supreme court’s jurisdiction under article 2 (2) of the 1992
Constitution compelling/ordering the Electoral Commission to exercise its constitutional powers under
the electoral laws and where necessary under article 45 of the Constitution to facilitate and ensure
the registration for effective voting of all remand prisoners entitled to vote by reason of article 42 of
the Constitution.

FACTS AND PLAINTIFF’S STATEMENT OF CASE

In a thoroughly and well submitted statement of case, the plaintiff’s herein argued their case using the
same legal arguments as was used by the plaintiff in suit No J1/4/2008. The only exception is that, in the
instant suit, instead of referring to prisoners in general, the plaintiff’s herein confine their submissions in
respect of remand prisoners only.

It must be noted that the plaintiff’s relied on and referred to the same constitutional and statutory
provisions that have been referred to supra. In order not to be repetitive in this judgment, I will summarise
the plaintiff’s statement of case as is captured in their paragraphs 29, 31 and 40.

29. The plaintiff’s submits that the impugned section 7 (5) of PNDCL 284 is unconstitutional, enacted in
violation of article 42 of the Constitution and also in excess of the legislative powers conferred on
parliament by article 93 (2) of the Constitution to the extent that it denies remand prisoners their
constitutional right to vote. Further, considering the Electoral Commission’s own admission of lack of
authority and power to register remand prisoners as voters, it is humbly submitted that it is only a
declaration by this court regarding the unconstitutionality of the impugned section that will rightfully
and expeditiously restore the constitutional franchise to thousands of remand prisoners.

31. The plaintiff’s seeks an enforcement of the constitutional right of all remand prisoners to vote by way
of a judicial declaration that the impugned section 7 (5) of PNDCL 284 was made in excess of the
powers given to Parliament by the Constitution and therefore null and void. The plaintiff avers that
the impugned section 7 (5) is inconsistent with article 42 of the Constitution and therefore void to the
extent that it denies remand prisoners the right to vote.

40. The plaintiff’s submitted that PNDCL 284 and the impugned section 7 (5) unduly discriminates against
remand prisoners in breach of article 17 of the Constitution. The law through the impugned section 7
(5) disqualifies remand prisoners from registering and voting by denying them residency in a polling
division. Whilst on the contrary granting exemption from the residency requirement of the same
electoral laws via section 8 of PNDCL 284 as amended by Representation of the People (Amendment)
Act, 2006, Act 699 which now enables Ghanaians resident abroad to register and vote in public
elections and referenda whilst still denying remand prisoners in Ghana the right to register and vote
in elections.

Based on the above submissions the plaintiff’s requested from this court an interpretation of the Constitution
with the relevant constitutional provisions referred to, especially article 17 in a broad and liberal manner, so
as to find the impugned section discriminatory on grounds of the social status of prisoners.

RESPONSE OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL

The response of the Hon. Attorney-General is not different from the response given by her in suit No.
J1/4/2008. In brief, the submissions of the Attorney-General can be stated as follows:-

1. Relying on section 7 (4) of Law 284, which requires a continuous period of six months residence to
qualify as citizen of Ghana to entitle a person to register to enable him vote in an election, the
 Attorney-General contended as follows:-

a. A person living in an establishment maintained for the purposes of the reception and
treatment of persons suffering from mental illness cannot be said to be “in residence” in the
establishment or constituency where the reception centre is situated.

b. A person who is also in custody in an establishment maintained for the reception and
punishment of offenders cannot be said to be “in residence” in that establishment or the
constituency where the custodial centre is situated. The Attorney-General contended that since
such persons are compelled by law to be in those places at the particular periods of time, they
cannot be deemed to be in “residence” because it is not their home. By relying further on
section 7 (1) of Law 284 already referred to supra, the Attorney-General argued that, remand
prisoners by virtue of the above laws cannot present themselves at any polling station for
registration. The non-registration of remand prisoners by the Electoral Commission for
purposes of exercising their rights to vote therefore does not constitute violation of the right of
the remand prisoners as citizens to vote.

2. The Attorney-General also requested for an interpretation of the Constitution that will meet the needs
of society and relied on celebrated cases such as the following to strengthen her arguments that a
constitution as a living document intended to endure for ages and capable of being adapted to the
various crises of human affairs needed to be interpreted in such a manner as will give meaning to
those aspirations. The cases are:

i. Marbury vrs Madison 5 U.S (1 Cranch) 137, 2L. Ed. 60 (1803)

ii. Tuffour vrs Attorney-General [1980] GLR 637

iii. NPP vrs Attorney –General (31st December case) [1993 -94] GLR 35

3. The learned Attorney-General also relied on public interest considerations and article 295 (1) of the
Constitution and argued that it is in the public interest that persons who commit criminal offences
and are restricted in correctional centres such as prisons are kept under lock and key. She argued
further that it is in the public interest not to expose electoral officers to the risk posed by prisoners
for the purpose of conducting registration to enable them to vote or take part in general elections.

The Attorney-General therefore concluded that the practice in other jurisdictions where prisoners are
given the right to vote should not be extended to Ghana. This is because, the Legislative regime in
Ghana under Law 284 does not allow the exercise of the franchise by those confined under the
provisions of the law. According to the learned Attorney-General, Law 284 as a law which existed
before the promulgation of the Constitution 1992 is nonetheless valid and should be applied with
such modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions necessary to bring it into conformity
with the provisions of the Constitution 1992.

RESPONSE OF THE 2ND DEFENDANTS, ELECTORAL COMMISSION

The crux of the 2nd defendants submissions in their statement of case is as follows:

1. That the reliefs claimed by the plaintiffs are not properly directed at the 2nd Defendants and
accordingly prays the court that their name be struck out as parties.

2. That the provisions contained in section 7(5) of Law 284 is a common provision found in
electoral laws designed to protect the sanctity of the electoral process by ensuring that the
statistics of voters in constituencies where prisons are located is not inflated by reason of the
location of the prisons in those districts, or constituencies.
MEMORANDUM OF ISSUES

At the close of pleadings, the following memorandum of issues were filed by plaintiff’s and the 2nd
Defendant’s.

BY THE PLAINTIFF’S

1. Whether or not the matter is a constitutional one for determination by the Supreme Court.

2. Whether or not prisoners are citizens of Ghana.

3. Whether the Constitution of Ghana allows or disallows prisoners to vote.

4. Whether or not the electoral laws of Ghana bar prisoners from voting.

5. Whether or not Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 2006, Act 699 is in consonance
with the provisions of the 1992 Constitution.

FILED BY THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION

Whether the Electoral Commission has, in this matter, committed any act or made any omission in
contravention of the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.

PRELIMINARY AND GENERAL COMMENTS

What should be noted is that, the Constitution 1992 does not provide any absolute freedom to individuals
and citizens of the country. It should therefore be noted that there are no absolute freedoms guaranteed
anywhere such that the beneficiary of the freedom has a field day in the enjoyment of such freedoms.

For example, articles 12 (2) and 14(1) of the Constitution 1992, whilst propounding the protection of
personal liberties, also recognises the limitation of the very personal liberties in the following words:-

12 (2) “ Every person in Ghana, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinion, colour, religion,
creed or gender shall be entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual
contained in this Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and
for the public interest.

14 (1) “Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of his
personal liberty except in the following cases and in accordance with procedure permitted
by law”.

What this means therefore is that, the personal freedoms and liberties of the citizens of Ghana are inviolable
and guaranteed subject to the several exceptions stated in articles 12(2) and 14 (1), sub-clause 1 (a) – (g)
of the Constitution, 1992.

The position can therefore be stated that, even though personal liberties and freedoms are protected and
granted to all citizens of Ghana, they are subject to for instance,

a. Rights and freedoms of others and in the public interest

b. Execution of a sentence or order of a Court in respect of criminal offence of which the person has
been convicted, e.g. convicted prisoner serving his or her sentence.

c. Public safety, public order, public health, in the interest of defence, in the interest of running of
essential services etc.

d. For the imposition of restrictions by order of a court that are required in the interest of defence,
 public safety, or public order etc.

The point I wish to make is that, the Constitution 1992 even though has very progressive and strong
provisions which guarantee and protect the fundamental human rights, liberties and other freedoms
enjoyable by citizens of Ghana, has provisions which also regulate and control the enjoyment of those
rights, freedoms and liberties by operation of articles 12 (2) 14 (1) (a) – (g), 21 (2), (4) (a) (b) (c) and (d)
and 24, (4) just to mention a few.

It will therefore mean that the Constitution gives and protects the rights by the right hand, and takes away
some of those rights in the interest of protecting certain public interest issues of property, morality, safety,
security etc by the left hand.

Similar sentiments were expressed by the Supreme Court, speaking with one voice through Prof. Modibo
Ocran JSC of blessed memory in the case of Gorman and Others vrs The Republic [2003 – 2004]
SCGLR 784, at 806 as follows:-

“However, we must always guard against a sweeping invocation of fundamental human rights as a
catch-all defence of the rights of defendants. People tend to overlook the fact that the Constitution
adopts the view of human rights that seek to balance the rights of the individual as against the
legitimate interests of the community. While the balance is decidedly tilted in favour of the
individual, the public interest and the protection of the general public are very much part
of the discourse on human rights in our Constitution. Thus, article 14 (1) (d) makes it clear
that the liberty of certain individuals, including drug addicts, may be curtailed not only for the
purpose of their own care and treatment, but also ‘for the protection of the community. Article 14 (1)
(g) sanctions the deprivation of an individual’s liberty upon reasonable suspicion of the commission of
an offence under the law of Ghana, ostensibly for the protection of the Community and the body
politic. Article 21 (4) (c) further authorises the imposition of restrictions on the interest of public
safety, and public health among other concerns”.

The above quotation amply demonstrates the fact that there are no absolute freedoms or liberties without
some form of limitation. The Constitution and statute law therefore has provided several mechanisms to
ensure protection of law abiding citizens from those who would want to breach the law and bring discomfort
to others.

Articles 35 (4) and 41 (b) and (d) referred to supra, give adequate illustration of the above.

There are therefore constitutional and statutory provisions which allows or permits the confinement of the
following class of persons whenever they fall foul of the law and are dealt with by appropriate legal
institutions of state, mandated and clothed with authority to do so.

1. Juveniles - Under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2003 Act 653

2. Remand Prisoners - Under the criminal and other offences (Procedure) Act, 1960, Act 30

3. Convicted Prisoners - Under the criminal and other offences Act, 1960 Act 29 and Criminal and
other offences (Procedure) Act, 1960 Act 30

The crux of the main issue for determination in this case is the interpretation of article 42 of the Constitution
1992. This is so because, a literal and natural meaning of article 42 would give the impression that the
Electoral Commission has no discretion whatsoever but to register all citizens of Ghana who are of sound
mind and above 18 years of age. Taking the total effect of all the constitutional provisions on the conduct of
elections into consideration especially article 51 and the laws and regulations passed thereunder is it certain
that the Constitution intended to give such sweeping and wide interpretation to the words in article 42 of
the Constitution 1992?
With the above as general comments let me proceed to deal first with the principle of judicial review and
then conclude the main issues for determination in this case.

THE PRINCIPLE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

The origins of the principle of Judicial review which has found expression in articles 2(1) (a) and (b) and (2)
as well as 130 (1) (a) and (b) of the Constitution 1992, already referred to supra commenced from the
celebrated U.S. Supreme Court case of Marbury vrs Madison 5 U.S (1 Cranch) 137, 2L. Ed.60 (1803)

What are the facts of the above case? In 1800, the Jeffersonians took control of the executive and
legislative branches of the government of the U.S.A from President Adams’ Federalist Party. Adams who
remained President of the U.S.A, until March 4, 1801, responded to his defeat by seeking to make new
appointments with a view to taking control of the Judiciary through the appointments. On January 20, 1801,
he proposed his Secretary of State, John Marshall, as the new Chief Justice.

Marshall took his judicial office in February, 1801 while continuing his position as Secretary of State until the
end of President Adam’s term.

William Marbury was one of those Judges who were appointed late by President Adams and Senate
completed the confirmation process of the new appointees by March 3rd 1801.

Although the commission of William Marbury as a Justice of the peace in the District of Columbia had been
signed and sealed, the Secretary of State had not delivered it by the time that Jefferson took office as
President of the United States of America.

Jefferson had no desire to correct this error, so Marbury asked the Supreme Court for a writ to compel
Jefferson’s Secretary of State, Madison to hand over the Commission.

In his opinion for the Court, Marshall held that Marbury was entitled to his commission and
that Madison had withheld it from him wrongfully.

Mandamus, was the appropriate remedy at common law, but the question presented was
whether it was available under article 111’s grant of original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court.
In order to decide that question, Marshall was required to compare the text of Article III with
section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, by which congress authorised the mandamus writ.

Finding that the statute conflicted with the federal constitution, Marshall considered it, “the essence of
judicial duty” to follow the constitution. He concluded that “the particular phraseology of the
Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be
essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void, and that
Courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument”. This decision provided the
judiciary with a potent weapon for protecting individual rights against the actions of legislative majorities. At
the time this opinion was delivered, it was attacked all over the U.S.A and criticized.

But Marshall laid a formidable foundation in the principle of Judicial review and stressed the duty of judges
to apply the law to cases before them. Carried to its logical conclusion, it meant that, the life, liberty and
property of citizens depended upon the exercise of judicial review as a constitutional check on legislative
discretion.

The decision in Marbury vrs Madison had been followed in a long line of cases, which led to the expanded
principle in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Cooper vrs Aaron 358 U.S. 1 78 SCT. 1401 3L Ed. 2d 5
(1958) where the Supreme Court, citing the decision in Marbury unanimously declared that

“the federal judiciary is supreme in the exposition of the law of the Constitution, and that principle
has since Marbury been a permanent and indispensable feature of our constitutional system” per
 Chief Justice Warren.

Back home in Ghana, there are clear constitutional provisions which empower the Supreme Court to strike
down legislation that is inconsistent with the constitution and declare it as null and void. See articles 2 (1)
(a) and (b) and 2 as well as 130 (1) (a) and (b).

The solid foundation for this was laid in the case of Tuffour vrs Attorney-General [1980] GLR 637
where the Court of Appeal, sitting as the Supreme Court on provisions in the Constitution 1979 which are
similar to the provisions in the instant Constitution 1992 and already referred to supra expressed similar
sentiments.

The Tuffour case was an action where the Court of Appeal, sitting as the Supreme Court under section 3 of
the first schedule of the Constitution, 1979 was requested for an interpretation of the status of the holder of
the office of Chief Justice, in the person of Justice Fred Kwasi Apaloo as Chief Justice on the coming into
force of the constitution, 1979.

The Supreme Court held that, in interpreting the provisions of article 127 (8) and (9) of that Constitution,
the duty of the Court was to take the words as they stood and to give them their true construction having
regard to the language of the provisions of the constitution, always preferring the natural meaning of the
words involved, but nonetheless giving the words their appropriate construction according to the
context.

The Supreme Court in the unreported case of William Brown vrs Attorney-General and Others suit No. CM
JI/1/2009 dated 3rd February, 2010 coram, Wood CJ presiding, Date-Bah, Owusu (Ms), Dotse and Anin-
Yeboah JJSC held as follows:

Per Wood C.J

“This court has over the years so adeptly dealt with the vexed question of the proper approach to
construing national constitutions that, the legal principles governing this area of the law cannot be
said to be uncertain. We have drawn from the rich storehouse of both domestic and foreign decisions
to fashion out the general principles that serve as interpretive guides to constitutional interpretation.
As I observed in the case of Republic vrs High Court, (Fast Track Division) Accra, Ex-parte
Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (Richard Anane – Interested
Party) 2007 – 2008 SCGLR 213 at 247 the literalist or strict approach, that is a
mechanical approach that does not look to the purpose of the contested provisions as a
legitimate part of the exercise, is clearly deprecated. It appears to me that generally, in
constitutional interpretation, when we speak of the purposive approach we are referring to what is
known as the purposive-strained or objective purpose approach. The purposive and literal approach is
in proper context commendable, it is a purely mechanical or literal approach that has no place in this
area of the law. On this important legal point, I will make reference to the observations of Professor
Ocran JSC in Omaboe III vrs Attorney-General and Land Commission [2005-2006] SCGLR
579 Dr. Date-Bah JSC in Danso Acheampong vrs Attorney-General SCGLR [2009] 353.
Professor Ocran JSC expressed himself thus:

“We hereby recognize as we did in the Asare case, the utility of the purposive approach to the
interpretation of the Constitution, but with the clear understanding that it does not rule out the
legitimacy of other techniques of interpretation in appropriate circumstances.”

Whilst Dr. Date-Bah JSC observed:

“These days, a literal approach to statutory and constitutional interpretation is not

recommended whilst a literal interpretation of a particular provision may, in its
context, be the right one, a literal approach is always a flawed one since even
 common sense suggests that a plain meaning interpretation of an enactment needs
to be checked against the purpose the enactment, if such can be ascertained. A literal
approach is one that ignores the purpose of the provision and relies exclusively on the alleged
plain meaning of the enactment in question”.

Wood CJ in the William Brown vrs Attorney-General case referred to the observations of Acquah JSC
as he then was in the case of National Media Commission vrs Attorney-General 2000 SCGLR
when he stated as follows:

“Accordingly, in interpreting the Constitution, care must be taken to ensure that all the
provisions work together as parts of a functioning whole. The parts must fit together
logically to form rational, internally consistent frame work. And because the frame work has a
purpose, the parts are also to work dynamically, each workings accomplishing the intended
goal.”

In his opinion in respect of the William Brown vrs Attorney-General and others case, already referred
to supra, Dotse JSC observed as follows:-

“It is therefore my firm conviction and belief that a court like this Supreme Court
must in interpreting constitutional provisions read and construe together all
related provisions of the Constitution with a view to discovering the real, simple
and ordinary meaning of the provisions. This Court should not interpret related provisions
of a Constitution or statute in isolation and in the process destroy the true intended meaning
and effect of the particular provisions ascribed to them”.

In the instant suit, the words in article 42 which are germane to the entire suit have to be read together
with the relevant and consistent provisions of the Constitution as a whole and in particular articles 45 and
51 of the Constitution 1992 which mandate the Electoral Commission to register citizens for purposes of
voting and also mandates the 2nd defendants herein to make regulations for the effective performance of its
functions under the Constitution or any other law. It is important to note that, article 51 specifically
mentions functions like the registration of voters, conduct of public elections etc.

ARTICLE 42

There is no doubt whatsoever in my mind that the words in article 42 of the Constitution 1992 actually
confers in somehow absolute terms the grant of registration and voting rights to all citizens of Ghana
subject to their being eighteen years of age and above and of sound mind.

Thus, whenever a citizen of Ghana is eighteen years and above and is of sound mind, then he or she has
the right to be registered to enable him or her exercise the right to vote in all public elections and referenda.

The words in article 42 of the Constitution are so clear that they appear not to admit of any controversy
whatsoever.

However, taking other relevant and consistent provisions of the Constitution 1992 into consideration, the
issue that arises is whether there can be any restriction whatsoever on the exercise of these rights. What
comes immediately to my mind is the purpose and use of the right to register and vote in public elections
and referenda that has been granted eligible citizens of Ghana as is stated in article 42 of the Constitution?

The purpose of such rights is to elect members of Parliament and also elect a President for the country,
Ghana,

Article 94 of the Constitution 1992 deals generally with the qualifications of a member of Parliament. These
are elaborate and detailed provisions which are very extensive and in particular prohibit persons who have
been convicted of certain criminal offences, reference article 94 (2) (c) (i) (ii) (iii) (d) (e) of the Constitution.
Of particular significance to me are the provisions of article 94 (2) (f) of the Constitution 1992 which
stipulates as follows:-

“A person shall not be qualified to be a member of Parliament if he is not qualified to be

registered as a voter under any law relating to public elections”.

The above article is premised on the basis that the Constitution 1992 recognised the existence of laws or
law that regulates the right of registration of voters to enable them take part in public elections.

Secondly, the qualifications for the election of a President provided for in article 62 and 63 (1) and (2) of the
Constitution 1992 are more stringent than those provided for in article 94 referred to supra.

The point I wish to make here is that, in construing the true intendment of article 42 of the Constitution
1992, reference must be made to the relevant and consistent provisions of the Constitution which I have
referred to. In the pursuit of that exercise, certain legitimate issues and questions come to my mind. These
are:

1. Can a person who has been convicted of the offence of high treason as defined in article 3(3)
(a) and (b) of the Constitution 1992 and confined to prison be eligible to present himself for
registration for purposes of taking part in elections for the same constitutional order that he
sought to overthrow?

2. Can a person convicted of a first and second degree felony and facing a sentence of death
awaiting execution or is under a sentence of life imprisonment be eligible to present himself to
be registered for purposes of taking part in an election?

3. Can a person who has been convicted of other crimes and also of committing an election
related offence under C.I.12 and is in confinement in a prison be eligible for registration to
enable him take part in general elections?

These and many more questions are those that agitate my mind in the determining of this case and indeed
should agitate the mind of every critical observer.

In this regard, I should not be mistaken to be advocating a regime whenever persons convicted of crimes
mentioned supra and confined to prisons will be denied of their rights to register and vote. The crux of the
matter is that, the provisions in a written Constitution such as ours in Ghana should be construed as a
holistic document and whenever applicable, all relevant and consistent provisions of the Constitution should
be adequately considered to prevent an incongruous and absurd situation being created.

REMAND PRISONERS

The Philosophical under pinnings of the Constitution 1992 guarantees the rights of all persons to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty.

This therefore connotes the principle that remand prisoners whose quilt has not yet been established and
proven before a court of competent jurisdiction should not suffer any disability that convicted prisoners by
reason of their conviction suffer.

However, in view of my decision that convicted prisoners in principle should not suffer any disability so far as
registration and voting rights are concerned, it follows that there should be no distinction between remand
and convicted prisoners.

DETERMINATION OF ISSUES
With the above background, it is clear that the issues raised in the consolidated suit are of a constitutional
nature and are definitely cognisable for determination by the Supreme Court. Issue one is thus resolved.

ISSUE TWO

Since the fact of being confined to a prison under a sentence of remand by a court of competent jurisdiction
or under conviction for an offence that is known under the laws of Ghana and also under a sentence by a
Court of competent jurisdiction, does not make the person i.e. the prisoner any less a citizen of the Republic
of Ghana as defined under articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Constitution of Ghana, 1992, the rights of all citizens
including prisoners is protected.

In that respect therefore, any citizen of Ghana, who before his conviction or remand is a citizen of Ghana
continues with the right of citizenship irrespective of his change of status. This therefore means that the
Constitution and laws of Ghana, do not change the rights of citizenship of Ghanaians acquired before their
incarceration, conviction, sentence and remand.

ISSUES 3 AND 4 TAKEN TOGETHER

In view of the similarities between issues 3 and 4, they will be treated and dealt with together.

In ordinary terms, it can be said that whilst the Constitution 1992 allows prisoners to vote, the electoral laws
of Ghana bar prisoners from voting. However, a critical analysis of the Constitution 1992 gives the
impression that it recognises the electoral laws and regulations made pursuant to article 51 of the
Constitution. Before the promulgation of the Constitution 1992 which came into force on 7th January, 1993,
the Representation of the People Law, 1992, PNDCL 284 was enacted by the PNDC. The date of gazette
notification of this law is 7th August, 1992, whilst the date the law was made is 24th July, 1992.

It is the section 7 (5) of Law 284 which is generally regarded as the impugned law in view of the fact that it
has declared persons detained in legal custody such as prisons as not qualified in terms of the residency
requirement to enable them to be registered as a voter resident in a polling division pursuant to section 7
(1) (c) of Law 284.

Article 11 (1) of the Constitution 1992 mentions “the existing law” as constituting one of the sources of the
laws of Ghana. Since law 284 received gazette notification on 7th August, 1992 long before the Constitution
1992, which is the basic source of law of Ghana (reference article 11 (1) (a)) and which came into force on
7th January, 1993 it follows that, Law 284 is one of the sources of law in Ghana but subservient and lower in
status to the Constitution. By virtue of the provisions of article 1 (2) of the Constitution 1992, the
Constitution is the Supreme law of Ghana, and any other law found to be inconsistent with any provision of
the Constitution shall to the extent of the inconsistency be declared void.

Under the circumstances of this case, are the provisions of section 7 (5) of law 284 and the regulations
made in C. I. 12, pursuant to article 51 inconsistent with article 42 of the Constitution and therefore void?

In principle the unequivocal answer ought to be yes, that there is such an inconsistency and to the extent of
the inconsistency law 284 which was made at a time Ghana did not have a Parliament, but had both
Executive and Legislative powers vested in the PNDC would be declared as being null and void pursuant to
article 1 (2) of the Constitution already referred to.

But will such an interpretation be in tandem with other provisions of the Constitution relevant and consistent
to article 42 of the Constitution 1992?

In this context, it is useful to consider what electoral laws are referred to in article 94 (2) (f) of the
Constitution 1992 already referred to supra. There is no doubt in my mind that the reference is to Law 284
which was in existence before the Constitution 1992 was promulgated.

It should be further noted that, there are several instances where the polling divisions or electoral
boundaries in the country have been stated to be constituencies (reference articles 45 (b), 47 as a whole,
94 (1) (b) which stipulates residency qualification for a member of Parliament and others). This in my view
connotes the fact that the Constitution itself recognises creation of constituencies and the issue of residency
as a factor to be considered in relation to where a person should register and or vote and has been
interpreted to include prisoners in legal detention. Care must be taken to ensure that the Electoral
Commission is not stampeded by this plaintiff into setting deadlines for the performance of this right. This is
because, it is clear from the foregoing analysis that, irrespective of the wide and sweeping nature of the
rights conferred on all citizens in article 42 entitling them to be registered to enable them vote in general
elections subject to their being of eighteen years and above and of sound mind, there is still the need for
the passage of constitutional instruments to control, manage, and regulate the effective performance of the
functions of the Electoral Commission. This is with particular reference to the registration of voters to enable
them take part in pubic elections and referenda.

I will therefore be comfortable with a declaration like this:

Whilst the Constitution 1992 per article 42 allows all citizens of Ghana of eighteen years and
above and of sound mind including prisoners both remand and convicted the right to be
registered to enable them vote in public elections and referenda, there is still the need for a
legislative framework within the confines of the constitution (ref. article 51) to regulate,
control, manage and arrange the effective exercise of that function to ensure that the Electoral
Commission is not stampeded into taking hasty decision which will result into chaos and
confusion.

Reliefs 3 and 4 are thus granted.

Even though I have granted reliefs 3 and 4, let me deal briefly with the scope of the principle stated in the
case of Tehn-Addy vrs Attorney-General and Another [1996-97] SCGLR 589.

The issue in the above case was that, the plaintiff who was unavoidably absent from the country when the
Electoral Commission opened the voters register in 1995, applied and presented himself for registration to
enable him vote in the Presidential and Parliamentary Elections of 1996. Unfortunately, the Commission was
unable to register him because according to them, just as they were ready to carry out the supplementary
registration, they were served with a writ in the High Court which as it were challenged their preparations to
compile the supplementary voters register. The plaintiff therefore instituted the action in the Supreme Court
invoking its original jurisdiction praying inter alia for a declaration that the conduct of the Commission in
failing or refusing to register him as a voter was inconsistent with and in contravention of articles 42, 45,
and 46 of the Constitution 1992.

The Supreme Court, Coram: Abban C.J, Bamford-Addo, Charles Hayfron-Benjamin, Kpegah and Acquah JJSC
speaking with one voice through Acquah JSC (as he then was) stated and held as follows:-

“every sane Ghanaian citizen of eighteen years and above has the right under article 42
of the 1992 Constitution to be registered as a voter. The exercise of that constitutional
right of voting was indispensable in the enhancement of the democratic process and it
could not be denied in the absence of a constitutional provision to that effect”.

The court explaining their decision further expoused the onerous nature of the responsibility cast on the
Electoral Commission in the following terms:-

“A heavy responsibility is … entrusted to the Electoral Commission under article 45 of the

Constitution, in ensuring the exercise of the constitutional right to vote. For in the exercise of
 this right, the citizen is able not only to influence the outcome of the elections and therefore the
choice of a government but also he is in a position to help influence the course of social, economic
and political affairs thereafter. He indeed becomes involved in the decision-making process at all
levels of governance”.

The facts and the decision in the Tehn-Addy case are somehow different from the instant case save for the
fact that both call for the interpretation of article 42 of the Constitution. Whilst the former case is about a
specific individual, above 18 years who had duly presented himself for registration and was refused by the
Electoral Commission, the latter or instant is about the denial of the right to register remand and convicted
prisoners on the basis that they do not satisfy the residency requirement.

In essence, even though the right to register and vote in public elections is deemed to be available to all
citizens of Ghana of sound mind and of 18 years and above, pursuant to laws and regulations made
thereunder, prisoners because of their confinement seem to lack the qualification of residence imposed in
section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law 1992, PNDCL 284. The instant action apart from
seeking interpretation of article 42 of the Constitution, also seeks the courts intervention that section 7 (5)
of Law 284 is inconsistent with article 42 of the Constitution, and by virtue of article 1 (2) of the Constitution
ought to be declared void.

It must therefore be noted that, whilst the Tehn-Addy case is authority for the proposition that
every sane Ghanaian citizen of eighteen years and above had the automatic right under article
42 of the Constitution 1992 to be registered as a voter, the instant case is authority that
irrespective of the provisions of section 7 (5) of Law 284 remand and convicted prisoners
confined in a legal detention centre have the right to be registered as voters for the conduct of
public elections in Ghana subject to the Electoral Commission making the necessary legislative
arrangements to take care of the control, management and regulatory regime of such an
exercise.

This in brief is the scope to which Tehn-Addy’s case is applicable to the instant case.

RELIEF FIVE

In view of the analysis that has been made in relation to the wide nature of article 42 of the Constitution
1992, there is no doubt in my mind that every sane citizen of Ghana wherever located or settled, who is
eighteen years and above is entitled to be registered for the purposes of voting in public elections and
referenda in Ghana, in my mind therefore, there was really no need for the passage of the Representation
of the People (Amendment) Act 2006, Act 699 since the right that had been given to Ghanaians in the
Diaspora in Act 699 had been in existence since 7th January 1992 when article 42 came into existence.

My decision therefore is that, Act 699 is a surplusage since without it, Ghanaians in the diaspora already had
the right to be registered.

The only difference is that, like I said, in the case of the prisoners, the Electoral Commission must put the
necessary legislative regime in place pursuant to article 51 of the Constitution to ensure a harmonious,
equitable, efficient and effective exercise of the right to register Ghanaians in the diaspora to enable them
exercise their franchise.

Save for the above clarification, relief 5 is declared to be in consonance with the provisions of the
Constitution 1992.

RELIEF FILED BY THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION

In my opinion, the only omission or contravention of the Constitution if I may call it as such by the Electoral
Commission in this matter is their reliance on Law 284 and C.I. 12 already referred to supra to deny the
right to prisoners to register and vote in public elections.

This is because, in the conduct of their business, the Electoral Commission is completely independent in that
regard and is not subject to the control, direction, management, manipulation and or interference from
anybody or institution whatever. (see article 46 of the Constitution 1992)

However, in my humble opinion, the Electoral Commission cannot be faulted. This is because, under the
Prison Service Act, 1972 NRCD 46, custody of prisoners is in the hands of the Director-General of the
Prisons Service as well as officers in charge of the prisons. It is the Minister of Interior who by Executive
Instrument declares a place as a prison, section 3 (1) 31 and 32 (1) of the Prison Service Act, NRCD 46
provides as follows:

Section 3 (1) The Director –General is the head of the Service and is responsible subject to the
Constitution for the operational control and administration of the Service

31.” A prisoner is in the legal custody of the officer in charge of the prison while confined in, or is
being taken to or from, that prison, and while working or for any other reason outside the prison is
in the legal custody of a prisons officer.

32(1) “A person who is committed to prison in accordance with law may, subject to section 30 (2) be
lawfully confined in a prison and shall be committed to a prison as directed by the Minster”.

The combined effect of the above sections is that, a prison is not a place that is opened to everybody for
the Electoral Commission to go as and when convenient to them to carry out their operations. There are
rules and regulations which restrict movement of persons in and out of prisons, which a court like this
Supreme Court should not gloss over. The practical realities of the decision which has been reached in the
instant case, to wit the grant of registration and voting rights to prisoners is overwhelming. For example,
access to political parties and their agents to monitor and observe the registration and conduct of voting
including election monitors will have to be provided for. This is because, it is one thing declaring that both
remand and convicted prisoners have the right to be registered to enable them exercise their franchise to
vote and another thing ensuring that in the implementation of that right, chaos, anarchy and confusion does
not prevail. The hallmark of any good electoral system is its transparency. Modalities to ensure that the
registration of prisoners is transparent with all the stakeholders in agreement is desirable and this will
ensure the sanctity of the electoral process.

Having considered the entirety of the suits as a whole I am of the view that the Electoral Commission even
though has contravened the Constitution by refusing to register prisoners to vote such a contravention can
be corrected by the Electoral Commission when legislative framework is put into operation after the
necessary consultations with all key stakeholders are held. There is no need to stampede them into any
hasty decision.

I have in essence dealt with the declaration sought by the plaintiffs in writ no J1/5/2008 before this court.

That is to say that, Plaintiffs are entitled to the following reliefs:

1. A declaration that section 7 (5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) is
inconsistent with, and in contravention of article 42 of the Constitution, 1992 and Law 284 is to the
extent of the inconsistency declared null and void.

2. A further declaration that section 7 (5) of Law 284 being an existing Law under article 11 (1) (d) of
the Constitution is by virtue of article 1 (2) of the Constitution declared void and of no effect.

3. In the exercise of the Supreme Courts jurisdiction pursuant to article 2 (2) of the Constitution the
Electoral Commission is hereby directed to take steps to put the necessary legislative regime in place
such as would entitle them to efficiently and effectively manage, control, direct and operationalise the
 registration of remand prisoners to enable them vote such as would ensure harmony with the Prisons
Service Act, 1972 NRCD 46 and other stakeholders.

CONCLUSION

In the premises, there will be judgment for the plaintiff’s in suit No J1/4/2008 as follows:

1. The Constitution 1992 per article 42 grants all citizens of Ghana who are eighteen years and
above and are of sound mind the right to be registered to enable them vote in public elections
and referenda. This right extends or includes all convicted prisoners irrespective of the
provisions of section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992, (PNDCL 284) which
imposes a residency requirement or qualification under which convicted prisoners were
deemed unqualified.

This section 7 (5) of Law 284 to the extent that it is inconsistent with article 42 of the
constitution 1992 is declared void.

2. However, there is still the need to have a regulatory framework within the confines of the
Constitution (ref. article 51) to regulate, control, manage and arrange the effective exercise of
that function to ensure that the Electoral Commission does not take hasty decisions that will
result into chaos and confusion. This will also ensure a harmonious interface with the Prisons
Service Act, NRCD 46 already referred to.

3. In this respect therefore, the passage of the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act
2006, Act 699 is indeed a surplusage, as without it, Ghanaians in the Diaspora who are
deemed to include “all citizens” as stipulated in article 42 of the Constitution already had the
right to be registered to vote.

The only thing left was for the Electoral Commission to come out with rules and regulations
pursuant to article 51 to regulate such an exercise.

In respect of writ J1/5/2008, I will conclude as follows:

4. Having declared section 7 (5) of Law 284 to be inconsistent with article 42 of the Constitution
1992 in respect of the provisions of the residency qualification that has been used to deny the
remand prisoners the right to be registered to enable them vote as citizens of Ghana, the
Electoral Commission is hereby directed to put the necessary regulatory framework in place
pursuant to article 51 of the Constitution.

This is to ensure that such an exercise is efficiently and effectively managed, controlled, and
directed to operationalise the registration of remand prisoners to enable them vote in future
elections and referenda such as will ensure harmonious interface with the Prisons Service Act
1972 NRCD 46 and all the other relevant stakeholders.

J. V. M. DOTSE

JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT

ANIN YEBOAH, JSC:

The issues raised in these consolidated cases appear simple but have far-ranging consequences. The
plaintiffs in these two cases have by separate writs invoked the original jurisdiction of this court for the
reliefs which have been referred to in the judgment of Her Ladyship the Chief Justice. I need not therefore
repeat same.

In suit № JI/4/2008, the plaintiff who is a citizen of the Republic of Ghana, a legal practitioner and claims to
be a committed writer on national affairs has invoked the original jurisdiction of this court claiming that non-
registration of prisoners contravenes Articles 42 and 45(a) of the 1992 Constitution. The sole defendant in
this case is the Electoral Commission which is empowered under Article 45 to perform several functions
including compilation of register of voters and the conduct and supervision of all public elections and
referenda.

In suit № JI/5/2008, the plaintiff has described itself as a non-profit civil society orgainisation which has
committed itself to upholding the fundamental human and constitutional rights of remand prisoners in
Ghana and defender of the 1992 Constitution. The plaintiff in this suit also contends that under the 1992
Constitution remand prisoners are entitled to be registered and vote in elections. Therefore the several
electoral legislations referred to in the writ denying the right of remand prisoners to be registered and vote
offend against the constitution of 1992, specifically Article 42.

The Plaintiff in suit № JI/4/2008 set down five issues in the determination. For sake of clarity, I set out the
issues as follows:

1. Whether or not the matter is a constitutional one for determination by the Supreme Court.

2. Whether or not prisoners are citizens of Ghana.

3. Whether the constitution of Ghana allows or disallows prisoners to vote.

4. Whether or not the electoral laws of Ghana ban prisoners from voting.

5. Whether or not Representation of the People (Amendment Act 2006 (Act 669) is in consonance with
the provisions of the 1992 Constitution.

In my respectful opinion, this issue is a constitutional one in the sense that a class of people, the number of
which may vary on regular basis have through the Plaintiff by this writ complained that under Article 42 of
our Constitution of 1992 as prisoners have every right as citizens of this country to be registered to vote but
the Electoral Commission has denied them their right under the very constitution which gives them the
opportunity to vote. Indeed, the Electoral Commission and the Attorney-General do not dispute that this
matter is a constitutional one. On the second issue, the provisions of Article 42 itself have clearly stated that
the first qualification is that the person must be a citizen of Ghana.
It therefore follows without interpretation that only citizens of Ghana can come under Article 42 to exercise
that constitutional right. A prisoner who is not a Ghanaian is therefore prohibited under Article 42 to
exercise any rights to vote.

The third, fourth and fifth issues would be jointly addressed as they all come under Article 42 of the 1992
Constitution.

Given the fact that there was only one constitutional provision on which the Plaintiffs in both suits sought
our interpretation, the two suits were thus consolidated by this court. It is therefore imperative that Article
42 of the 1992 Constitution must be examined in detail. The said article 42 states as follows:

”Every citizen of Ghana of eighteen years of age or above and of sound mind has the right to vote
and is entitled to be registered as a voter for the purposes of public elections and referenda”.

To the Plaintiffs in these two suits, the provisions of Article 42 of the 1992 Constitution is clear and does not
in any way empower the Electoral Commission to deny prisoners their constitutional rights to be registered
to enable them exercise their rights to vote. As pointed

out earlier, the Plaintiffs in both cases complain that in the exercise of its functions under the prevailing
statutes specifically, Public Election (Registration of voters) Regulations, 1995 CI 12, The Electoral
commission Act 1993 (Act 451), Representation of the People Law, 1992 (PNDCL 284) the prisoners were
denied their constitutional right to be registered and for that matter exercise their franchise.

In my opinion, Article 42 of the 1992 Constitution appears to be very clear and unambiguous. The time-
honoured principle which the courts have kept faith with is that, where the provisions of a constitution are
clear and unambiguous, it does not call for any interpretation. This is so on the authority of AWOONOR –
WILLIAMS V GBEDEMAH

[1970] CC 18 SC.

Nowhere in Article 42 has the framers of the constitution mentioned remand prisoners or prisoner in general
as a class of people who are not qualified to be registered to vote. The provisions of Article 42, however,
place limitation on citizenship, age and soundness of mind. Like other articles under Chapter 5 of the
Constitution which deals with fundamental Human Rights, limitations were placed on such rights by the
framers of the constitution, obviously for a purpose. If the framers of the Constitution had wanted to place
further limitations on the rights of the citizenry to be registered to vote, nothing would have prevented them
from doing so.

As it has been pointed out, almost all rights under the Constitution are limited. The limitations placed on the
rights of Ghanaians in Article 42 to me may be enough for framers of our constitution. To expand the
limitations on the provisions of Article 42 would amount to importing into the constitution something which
the framers had no intension.
I think the memorandum of issues set out in writ № JI/4/2008 though several, only three were worthy of
serious attention in this opinion.

In both suits the Attorney – General has advanced a simple argument basing the submission on section 7(1)
of PNDCL 284 which deals with qualification of a person to be a voter. The statement of case filed by the
Attorney – General touching on section 7(1) of PNDCL 284 is simply that, since prisoners are not resident in
the polling division, they cannot under the law offer themselves to be registered at a polling division or at a
constituency. The argument further runs as follows: “A prison is not a residence for the purpose of the
statute and therefore persons who have been incarcerated do not meet the requirements of residence in an
electoral area”.

In interpreting Article 42, which obviously is an important provision in our constitution, we must be careful
not to blur its image. It is a constitution founded on democratic principles to protect our aspirations as a
country. In this regard, I can do no better that to refer to the case of KUENYEHIA & ORS V ARCHER &
ORS [1993-94] 2GLR 525 at page 562 where Francois JSC said as follows:

“It appears that the overwhelming imperatives are the spirit and objectives of the constitution itself,
keeping an eye always on the aspirations of the future and not over look the receding footsteps of
the past”

It allows for a liberal and generous interpretation rather than a narrow legislative one. It gives room
for a broader attempt to achieve enlighten objective and tears apart the shifting straight jacket of
legalistic constraints that grammar, punctuation and the like may impose”.

It was our quest to be governed by the constitution ensuring that out rights, liabilities and freedoms are
regulated in a very predictable manner. It is for that reason that the court should not import words that
may blur the meanings of a provision of the constitution.

In the same KUENYEHIA & ORS V ARCHER & ORS [supra] Francois JSC at the same page 562 said as
follows:

“In interpreting the relevant provisions of the constitution, 1992 we must be very careful to avoid
importing into the written document what does not appear therein. For there could be no difficulty if
an extension was intended as a desired result for it to be explicitly expressed in precise terms. Rules
of construction do not permit a passage which has a clear meaning to be complicated or obfuscated
by any interpretation, however well intentioned”

In my respectful opinion, this argument which has ignored Article 42of the 1992 Constitution is based on
simple logic arising out of section 7(1) of PNDCL 284 and not on the interpretation of Article 42. The
Attorney – General and Electoral Commission’s interpretation of Article 42 is with respect misplaced. It
amounts to an importation of words from section 7(1) of PNDCL 284 into a constitutional provision, which is
obviously wrong.
Article 42, as said earlier is plain and unambiguous. It has limited the citizens of Ghana who should be
qualified to vote. It has no clauses and stands on its own. Admittedly, Parliament in the exercise of its
power can make laws under Article 93 (2) of the constitution including, of course, laws governing elections
but such laws should never limit clear constitutional provisions. It is a fact of history that it was in the
exercise of such power that the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2006 (Act 699) known
popularly as ROPA

was passed by the Parliament of Ghana. It extended the qualification of voters and never limited it to run
counter to clear constitutional provisions in Article 42.

Further, the Electoral Commission in the exercise of its functions under Article 45 of the 1992 Constitution
may proceed to come out with constitutional instruments to enable it to carry out its constitutional
mandate. Indeed it was in the exercise of such power under Article 51 of the 1992 Constitution that the
Public Elections (Registration of Voters) Regulations, 1995 [CI 12] was passed.

However, Article 42 which is under interpretation is a constitutional provision and indeed an entrenched one
which stands on its own. Under Article 42 of the Constitution, it is a constitutional right which the framers
of out constitution have entrenched in the constitution to be enjoyed as a basic tenet to every democracy in
electing our leaders. No wonder the preamble of our constitution talks of the Principle of Universal Adult
Suffrage. If in the exercise of the powers of parliament as the ultimate law making body under the
Constitution, the laws made or the existing laws already in force before 1992 run counter to any of the
existing provisions of the constitution, Article 1 (2) of the Constitution calls for it to be declared void.
Equally so, if the Electoral Commission in the exercise of its powers referred to above comes out with any
constitutional instrument which by law runs counter to any provisions of our constitution then under Article
1(2) of the constitution, such law or existing law prior to the coming into force of the constitution if found to
be unconstitutional ought to be so declared.

In my respectful opinion, the provisions of PNDCL 284 restricting the registration of people to vote by
insisting on the residence of the voter and thereby applying it to deny convicted and remand prisoners to
register and vote on the simple grounds that prison is not a place of residence runs counter to Article 42 of
the 1992 Constitution. Parliament and the Electoral Commission cannot limit the constitutional rights
conferred under Article 42 of the Constitution. They can rather expand the rights as was done in Act 699 of
2006.

In coming to this conclusion, I am not unmindful of the fact that some prisoners in utter disregard of the
rights of fellow citizens committed serious felonies which culminated in their incarceration at the various
prisons dotted across the country. The Attorney – General has referred us to Article 12(2) of our
constitution to be read in conjunction with Article 295(1) of the same constitution. Article 12(2) is not under
interpretation in this case. The courts must also respect the rights of persons who are in custody. That
explains why due process of the law including proper trials involving appeals are not denied remand and
convicted prisoners.
As it was pointed out, this argument in the statement of case does not to me answer the submissions of
both plaintiffs in these two cases which have been consolidated. Public interest may be paramount but in
this case, we are confronted with interpretation of a very clear and unambiguous provision of our
constitution which we as citizens gave life to it through a referendum. Care must be taken not to deny the
citizens of Ghana certain rights unless there are clear provisions in the constitution to the contrary.

In coming to this conclusion, I am not unmindful of the fact that there may be problems in the conduction
of the Parliamentary elections at our various prisons. This to me could be worked out by the Electoral
Commission as part of its official duties as the sole body responsible for conducting such elections. This
opinion of mine may be seen as given freedom to vote to some people who have breached the laws of
Ghana and are in prison custody. I have taken this course by considering the fact that I owe it as a
constitutional duty to dispense justice to all manner of persons. Justice Sutherland in the case of

HOME BUILDING & LOAN ASSOCIAATION V. BLAISDELL, 290 US 398,483 said as follows when
confronted with the effect of a review of legislation:

“I quite agree with the opinion of the court that whether the legislation under review is wise or
unwise is a matter with which we have nothing to do. Whether it is likely to work well or work ill
presents a question entirely irrelevant to the issue. The only legitimate inquiry we can make is
whether it is constitutional. If it is not, its virtues, if it have any, cannot save it; if it is, its faults
cannot be invoked to accomplish its destruction. If the provisions of the constitution be not upheld
when they pinch as well as when they comfort, they may as well be abandoned”. [Emphasis Mine].

In my opinion, the plaintiff in suit No. JI/4/2008 has made a clear case out of Article 42 of the 1992
Constitution. In examining the reliefs sought I am not prepared, however to go the whole hog with counsel
on his argument on Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [United Nations]. To me, this is
a clear constitutional matter in which our jurisdiction has been invoked to declare an existing statute as
contrary to the constitution of Ghana, and no more. A constitution of a sovereign state like Ghana in such
matters takes precedence over any other law. On relief (II), I will limit myself and declare that the refusal
or failure of the Electoral Commission to register prisoners for voting is a violation of their rights as citizens
of Ghana. In my opinion relief III ought to be refused as irrelevant to the issues raised and discussed in this
opinion.

In writ № JI/5/2008, I have already held that section 7(5) of the Representation of the People Law, 1992
(PNDC 284) is clearly inconsistent with Article 42 of the 1992 constitution to that extent same is void as it
seeks to deny both remand and convicted prisoners their constitutionally conferred rights. Relief one is
therefore granted. On relief 2, it does appear that the Representation of the People Law (PNDCL 284)
section 7(5) was not made under the

powers conferred on Parliament. At the time the law was enacted there was in fact no parliament in Ghana
properly so - called. This is a fact of history. The law as said earlier in discussing relief one appears to be
inconsistent with Article 42 of the 1992 Constitution and under Article 1 (2) of the 1992Constitution should
be void.
On relief 3 I am unable to grant the declaration sought on the grounds that relief one which I have granted
above takes care of relief 3. Secondly, it must be pointed out that all the rights conferred under Chapter 5
of the Constitution are not rights without limits.

Article 42 it self has limited the age to vote and has further made soundness of mind as a condition for the
exercise of such right even though it is a constitutionally conferred right. It must be pointed out that not all
prisoners are qualified to vote in that those who are over eighteen years and above but have no sound
minds are disqualified by the article 42 itself. I do not think that there could be equality under the
constitution in all matters. I however grant the consequential order sought as the plaintiff in this case has
made a clear case on the merits.

ANIN YEBOAH

JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT

COUNSEL:

AHUMAH OCANSEY, PLAINTIFF IN PERSON IN THE 1ST SUIT.

KOJO GRAHAM FOR THE PLAINTIFF IN THE 2ND SUIT.

SAMUEL N. TETTEH, CHIEF STATE ATTORNEY FOR THE 1ST DEFENDANT IN THE 2ND SUIT.

JAMES QUARSHIE-IDUN FOR THE DEFENDANT IN THE 1ST SUIT AND 2ND DEFENDANT IN THE 2ND SUIT.