Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 23:

Perpetuation of Life

CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23

Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 23: Perpetuation of Life
First Edition, 2020

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 23:
Perpetuation of Life
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear

learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – Perpetuation of Life

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the type of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals;
2. describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce
3. realize the importance of reproduction to maintain the continuity of life

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. A term used to describe morphologically and genetically similar individuals.
A. clone
B. identical
C. similar
D. vegetative
2. This refers to a type of asexual reproduction where the organism divides into
two, leaving one piece headless and the other tailless, and each piece grows
the missing body parts.
A. binary fission
B. binary fusion
C. transverse fission
D. transverse fusion
3. This refers to reproduction in animals that involves production of new living
organism through combining two gametes from different organism, one male
producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female
organism.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 A. asexual
B. sexual
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
4. Refers to largest cell in the female body waiting for a motile gamete to be fused
with.
A. egg
B. morula
C. sperm
D. zygote
5. Live bearing are animals which give birth to live offspring.
A. oviparous
B. viviparous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
6. In sexual reproduction, what are the gametes involved?
A. egg cell
B. sperm cell
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
7. It is characterized as having two reproductive system in one organism.
A. hermaphroditism
B. sequential hermaphroditism
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
8. Choose the statement that is TRUE about sexual reproduction:
A. Gametes has diploid cells.
B. Occur with only one parent involve.
C. Produce genetically different offspring as compared to parents.
D. Involves less time as compared to asexual preproduction process.
9. It is the term called for organism that shifts from male to female like clown
fish.
A. protandrous
B. protogynous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
10. Monkeys and other four-legged animals are classified as:
A. oviparous
B. viviparous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
11. The Philippine eagle is an example of
A. oviparous
B. viviparous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 12. A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at
one particular site is called
A. budding
B. fragmentation
C. transverse fission
D. parthenogenesis
13. Process in which an organism divides into two and grow into a new
organism
A. binary fission
B. budding
C. transverse fission
D. parthenogenesis
For numbers 14-15, refer to the following choices below.

A. Statement I is correct
B. Statement II is correct.
C. Statement I and II are both correct.
D. Statement I and II are both incorrect.
_________14.
I. Aphids can reproduce sexually when conditions are stable and
favorable during springs
II. Aphids can reproduce asexually when conditions are stable
and favorable during springs
_________15. I. Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does
not change the number of chromosomes present.
II. Asexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does
not change the number of chromosomes present.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 Lesson

1 Perpetuation of Life

There are varieties of organism in animal kingdom that means they possess
different modes of reproduction depending on the complexity of their morphology and
physiology. Simple organisms reproduce through asexual reproduction – offspring
come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence referred as
“clone”. Sexual reproduction in animals is the production of new living organism by
combining two gametes from different organism, one male producing motile gamete
that must fused with the egg cell from female organism. Through this process
similarity is preserve with respect to the transfer of genes from the parts to offspring
and individuality that explains the individual characteristics possessed by an
organism different from their parents nor siblings.

What’s In

Activity 1: It’s a Review!

Directions. Write TRUE on the space provided if the statement supports the unifying
themes in the study of life and FALSE if it doesn’t.
_______________ 1. Biological system can be applied to all levels of life starting to the
molecules of our cells all the way up to the whole biosphere.
_______________ 2. All organisms are made up of similar and one kind of cell.
_______________ 3. The coordination of the form and function of parts (form-fit-
function theme) strengthens the structure of life.
_______________ 4. An organism can be completely isolated from its surrounding.
_______________ 5. Energy can be obtained in chemical form in all the food we are
taking in the body.
_______________ 6. The flower is a plant’s reproductive organ.
_______________ 7. The mature ovule of the flower is called fruit.
_______________ 8. The seed is the matured ovary of the flower after fertilization.
_______________ 9. Seeds pf plants can be dispersed through water, wind and
animals.
_______________ 10. The brightly-coloured part of the flower that attract pollinators
are the petals.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 What’s New

Activity 2: Spot the difference

Directions. Observe the two pictures below and answer the following question
carefully.

Guide questions.

1. Do you see any similarities and differences in the pictures?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. If yes, can you describe how the first picture is similar to the other image?
_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. If no, can you describe how the first picture is different to their image?
_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 What is It

Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is defined as the formation of new individuals from the
cells of a single parent. This is very common in plants and is less common in animals.
Animals. Asexual reproduction does not involve the union of gametes (sperm cell and
egg cell) and it does not change the number of chromosomes present. The resulting
offspring is similar or identical to the parent and without the need for a mate, they
are able to reproduce. There are different types of asexual reproduction in animals.

Activity 3: Reveal me!

Directions. Reveal the terms in grid by replacing the number with the vowels.
A(1) E(2) I(3) O(4) U(5)

1. 1 S 2 X 5 1 L

• Single individual produces offspring

2. F R 1 G M 2 N T 1 T 3 4 N

• Pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new animal

B 3 N 1 R Y
3.
• Process in which an organism divides into two and grow into a
new organism

4. B 5 D D 3 N G

• Process outgrowth or callus projecting from the parent and

eventually buds off

P 1 R T H 2 N 4 G 2 N 2 S 3 S
5.
• Mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female offspring
develops from unfertilized eggs

6. T R 1 N S V 3 R S 3

• Fission that involves direct reproduction in which each portion

regenerates missing parts to become a complete new animal
depending on the axis of separation

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the perpetuation of a new organism from two
organisms with the use of gametes. In this process, male gametes which is the sperm
cell fuses with a female gamete known as the egg cell to form a diploid cell called
zygote containing two sets of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, the genetic
material contained in their chromosomes combine to produce genetically diverse
offspring that are different from both parents. Most mammals and amphibians
reproduce through the method of sexual reproduction.
Activity 4: Fill In
Directions. Complete the description of the illustration in the left column by
choosing the terms in the grid. Write your answer in the spaces.

INSIDE EGG PARENT YOUNG

OVIPAROUS ANIMALS that lay

their ______, with little or no other
embryonic development within the
_________.

VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS bringing

forth live _______ that have
developed _______ the body of the
parent.

What’s More

Types and Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Activity 5: Asexual Reproduction in Animals
Directions. Match animals to the type of asexual reproduction and their
descriptions. Write the type of asexual reproduction and the letter of the description
in each column.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
Type of asexual reproduction:

PARTHENOGENESIS BINARY FISSION FRAGMENTATION

TRANSVERSE FISSION BUDDING

Descriptions:

A. The organism split into two separate organisms.

B. A new individual grows on the body of its parent.
C. Multiple pieces of the parent break off and develop into a new organism.
D. The organism divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the other
tailless each piece grows the missing body parts.
E. Female eggs develop into a new organism without being fertilized by a
sperm cell.

ANIMALS DESCRIPTION TYPES

1. honey bee (Apis mellifera)
2. hydra (Hydra oligactis)
3. amoeba (Amoeba proteus)
4. star fish (Asteroidea)
5. flat worms ((plathelminthes)

6. aphids (Myzus persicae)

7. bluegreen algae (cyanobacterium)

8. blackworm (Lumbriculus variegatus)

9. yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

10. paramecium (Pamecium caudatum)

Activity 6: Fit me
Directions. Complete each statement by choosing the terms in the grid below.
Write your answers in the box.

PARTHENOGENESIS BUDDING CLONE

FRAGMENTATION TRANSVERSE FISSION BINARY FISSION

1. is a term used to described morphologically and genetically similar

individuals through asexual reproduction.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
2. An asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or
bud due to cell division at one particular site is called

3. In multicellular organisms it is a form of asexual reproduction in which an

organism is split into fragments where each of these fragments develop into matured,
fully grown individuals that are identical to their parents

4. Fission that involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates

missing parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation.

5. a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely

a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization.

Activity 7: Aphids Reproduction

Directions. Using the diagram, complete the statement below by choosing from the
choices. Write your answer in the blank.

Condition A

Aphids can reproduce asexually when

condition are stable and favorable
during early springs, they can produce
clones through ________________.

(parthenogenesis; budding)
With source of food
Condition B

In autumn, plants prepare for

dormancy, food becomes scarce then
aphids switch to reproductive modes to
produce by _______________ means.
Scarcity of food (sexual, asexual)

Examples of Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Activity 8: Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Directions. Classify the following animals as viviparous or oviparous. Write on the
space given.

ANIMALS CLASSIFICATION
1. turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate)
2. eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)

3. giraffe (Giraffa camelopardis)

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 4. salmon (Salmo salar)

5. monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

6. human (Homo sapiens)

7. frogs (Ran pipens)

8. banobo (Pan paniscus)

9. clownfish (Amphiprion ephippium)

10. cattle (Bos taurus)

Activity 9: Guess Me!

Directions. Complete the statements below by naming the figure/drawing given.
Write your answer on each blank opposite the number.

During sexual reproduction, a haploid 1. unites with a haploid

2. cell to form a diploid. In human the chromosomes of the sperm cell

have n=23 and the egg cell n= 23. After fertilization the combine egg cell and sperm

cell known as 3. contain two set of chromosomes 2n=46. It later grows

and develops to be 4.

1. _________________ 2. ____________________
3. _________________ 4. ____________________

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
Activity 10: Sexual Reproduction
Directions. Using the diagram below classify if the statement is correct or not as
related to the descriptions of sexual reproduction in animals. Write True if it is
correct and False if incorrect on the space given.

__________1. Offspring are different from the parent organism.

__________2. This process creates a variety of genetic make-up which is the
driving force behind evolution.
__________3. Sexual reproduction requires three parents.
__________4. Asexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation
within a species than sexual reproduction would.
__________5. This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to
his environment and survive.
__________6. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg cell.
__________7. Egg cell in human has 46 chromosomes.
__________8. Sperm cell in human has 23 chromosomes.
__________9. In sexual reproduction, not only do you need two gametes for
fertilization, one has to be male, the other female.
__________10. Genetic “errors” happen more frequently because meiosis is more
complex than mitosis and diploid organisms have more
chromosomes to double.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
Activity 11
Directions. Arrange the jumbled words and complete the description in the next
column. Use the words in the box.

HERMAPHRODITISM TWO; MONOECIOUS

SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM FEMALE; MALE

1) ____________ are
A. individuals that possess
M S I T I D O R H P A M R E H 2) ____________
reproductive systems and
referred to as 3)
____________.
May self-fertilize or may
mate with another specie
fertilizing each other to
produce offspring.
(earthworms, slugs,
tapeworms and snails)

B. 4) ____________ occurs
S Q E L I A T N U E when an organism
changes its sex.
The types are:
M S I T I D O R H P A M R E H Protogynous
5) ____________ converting
to male) (Wrasse or reef
fish)
and Protandrous
6) ____________converting
to female) (Clown fish)

What I Have Learned

1. Animals can reproduce through asexual and sexual means.

2. Asexual reproduction in animals have different types such as : Binary fission
where organism split into two separate organism; Budding is when new
individual grows on the body of its parent; Fragmentation happens when
multiple pieces of the parent breaks off and develops into a new organism;
Transverse fission occur when an organism divides into two, leaving one piece
headless and the other tailless each piece grows the missing body parts and
parthenogenesis when females egg develop into a new organism without being
fertilized by a sperm cell.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 3. Sexual reproduction in animals/ organism is when two organism reproduce
using their gametes the sperm and egg cell both have a haploid number of
chromosomes.
4. Oviparous animals that lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic
development within the parent.
5. Viviparous animals bringing forth live young that have developed inside the
body of the parent.
6. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent while sexual reproduction
requires two parents.

Activity 12
Directions. Fill up the conceptual diagram about animal reproduction.

ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 What I Can Do

Activity 13: The life cycle of a clown fish

Directions. Using the diagram arrange the events occurring in the life of a clown
fish. Write your answer on the space before the number. (Use letter a-g)

________1. Adult clown fish either remains male or become female.

________2. Fertilized eggs are laid on a piece of coral near the anemone where
they live.
________3. Mating dance occur where clown fish chase each other to where the
eggs will be laid and repeat the process.
________4. The newly hatched clown fish started its life as male and is called
fry.
________5. The biggest clownfish will always become female.
________6. The fry catches their own food and become darker in shade as they
age.
________7. The male clown fish attracts the female clown fish through courting
that involves pulling and biting of fins.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The asexual reproduction where the organism splits into two separate
organisms like in bacteria.
A. binary fission
B. budding
C. fragmentation
D. parthenogenesis
2. Flat worms (planarians) divides into two, leaving one piece headless and the
other tailless each piece grows the missing body parts.
A. binary fission
B. budding
C. fragmentation
D. parthenogenesis
3. A new individual grows on the body of its parent like hydra and yeast.
A. binary fission
B. budding
C. fragmentation
D. parthenogenesis
4. Reproduction in animals that involves production of new living organism by
combining two gametes from different organisms, one male producing motile
gamete that must fuse with the egg cell from female organism.
A. asexual
B. sexual
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
5. This is when an organism possesses two reproductive systems and are
referred to as monoecoius.
A. budding
B. hermaphroditism
C. transverse fusion
D. transverse fission
6. Sperm cell and egg cell are used in sexual reproduction among animals. This
refers to the collective term for sperm and egg cells.
A. body cells
B. gametes
C. both and b
D. none of a and b

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
7. Hermaphroditism is also termed as _____________.
A. dioecious
B. monoecious
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
8. Choose the statement that is TRUE about asexual reproduction in animals.
A. Utilize gametes of the body.
B. Variety of genetic make-up is produced.
C. Involves more amount of time in the process.
D. Produce offspring which are identical with the parents.
9. It is the term called for an organism that shifts from female to male like reel
fish.
A. protandrous
B. protogynous
C. both a and b
D. none of a and b
10. Giraffe and lion are examples of
A. oviparous
B. viviparous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
11. Salmon and other bony fish are examples of
A. oviparous
B. viviparous
C. both and b
D. none of a and b
12. This refers to the mechanism of asexual reproduction in which female
offspring develops from unfertilized eggs
A. budding
B. fragmentation
C. transverse fission
D. parthenogenesis
13. It involves direct reproduction in which each portion regenerates missing
parts to become a complete new animal depending on the axis of separation
A. budding
B. fragmentation
C. transverse fission
D. parthenogenesis

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
 For numbers 14-15, refer to the following choices below.

A. Statement I is correct
B. Statement II is correct.
C. Statement I and II are both correct.
D. Statement I and II are both incorrect.
_________14. I. The male clown fish attracts the female clown fish through courting
such as pulling and biting of fins.
II. The biggest clownfish will always become female.

_________15. I. Sexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does

not change the number of chromosomes present.
II. Asexual reproduction involves the union of gametes and it does
not change the number of chromosomes present.

Additional Activities

Make a 300 word essay answering one of the question below. Upload the essay
using your name as saved file in the class shared drive. Accomplished using legal
size paper, single spaces, normal margin and Century Gothic 11.

1. How will the offspring be affected if one of the gametes or one of the parent
carry an impaired number of haploid chromosomes? Cite an example to justify
your answer. Answer in 10 maximum sentences only.

2. How would you explain the relationship of life perpetuation to the evolution of
life?

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
18
What's More What's More What I Know
Activity 10 Activity 5 1.A
1. true 1. E, Parthenogenesis 2.C
2. true 2. B, Budding 3.B
3. A, Binary Fission
3. false 4.A
4. C, Fragmentation
4. false 5. D. Fragmentation 5.B
5. true 6. E. Parthenogenesis 6.C
6. true 7. A. Binary Fission 7.A
7. true 8. C. Fragmentation 8.C
8. true 9. B. Budding 9.A
9. true 10. A. Binary Fission 10.B
10. true 11.A
Activity 6
Activity 11 1. clone 12.A
1. hermaphroditism 2. budding 13.A
2. sperm cell 3. fragmentation 14.B
3. fertilization 4. transverse fission 15.A
4. sequential 5. parthenogenesis What's in
hermaphroditism Activity 1
5. oviparous Activity 7
1. TRUE
1. parthenogenesis
What I Can Do 2. FALSE
2. sexual
Activity 13 3. TRUE
1. d What's More 4. FALSE
2. a Activity 8 5. TRUE
3. g 1. oviparous 6. TRUE
4. b 2. oviparous 7. FALSE
3. viviparous
5. e 8. FALSE
4. oviparous
6. c 5. viviparous 9. TRUE
7. f 6. viviparous 10. TRUE
Assessment 7. oviparous What's New
1.A 8. viviparous Activity 2
2.A 9. viviparous Answer may vary among
3.B 10. viviparous students’ perceptions.
4.B What's It
Activity 9
5.B 1. sperm Activity 3
6.B 2. egg 1. asexual
7.B 3. zygote 2. fragmentation
8.D 4. offspring/child 3. binary fission
9.B 4. budding
10.B 5. parthenogenesis
11.A 6. transverse
12.D Activity 4
13.C 1. egg; parent
14.C 2. young, inside
15.B
Answer Key
References

Basco-Tiamzon, M.E. Z, Avissar, Y.,Choi J.,Desaix, J., Jurukovski V., Wise, R., Rye,
C. “General Biology 2 Senior High School Textbook” Published 2016 Vibal
Group, Inc.

Bayo-ang, R.B., Coronacion, M.L.G., Jorda, A.T., Restubog, A.J. “Earth and Life
Science for Senior High School” Published 2016 Educational Resources
Corporation

Commission on Higher Educvation. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School.
C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Philippines. Commission on Higher
Education, 2016

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]