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Bacterial structure
‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
Basics of Microbiology
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
Dr. Waleed Abu Al-Soud Clinical
Laboratory Science
‫ وﻟﻴﺪ أﺑﻮ اﻟﺴﻌﻮد‬. ‫د‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻻﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
Chapter
1
1

Why are bacteria so small?

2 Size affects ‘surface to volume’ ratio
Advantages of large S/V: diffusion rates metabolic
rates reproductive rates
‫ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺟﺪا؟‬
"‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ "اﻟﺴﻄﺢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
، ‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬، ‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬:‫ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬S / V ‫ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬

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Bacterial Structures ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬

Flagella ‫ﻓﻼﺟﻴﻼ‬
Pili ‫ﺑﻴﻠﻲ‬
Capsule ‫ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ‬
Plasma Membrane
‫ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬
Lipopolysaccharides ‫ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
Teichoic Acids ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪات اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﻳﺪ اﻟﺸﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬
Inclusions ‫أﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺘﻴﻜﻮﻳﻚ‬
Spores ‫اﻻدراج‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬
Chapter
4
3

Why study Bacterial Cell

4
Structure?
‫ﻟﻤﺎذا دراﺳﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ؟‬
• Mechanisms of virulence
• Drug development
• Identification

Some cell exterior structures

‫آﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻀﺮاوة‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ Bacteria

• cell membrane (lipid bilayer) (‫ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬

• cell wall (Gram-posvs Gram-neg) (Gram pos vs Gram-neg) ‫ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
• glycocalyx (capsulevs slime layer) (‫ )ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻞ‬x ‫ﺳﻜﺮ‬
• flagellum (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic) (‫اﻟﺴﻮط )ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
• pilus (adhesion vs sex) (‫ﺑﻴﻠﻮس )اﻟﺘﺼﺎق ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬

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Cell Membrane Structure

5
• Phospholipid bilayers

• Membrane proteins

• Membrane fluidity
• ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬

‫ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬

Membranes of
thermophilic archaebacteria
• Have tetra-ether lipid monolayer
‫أﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻚ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻷﺛﻴﺮ‬
5

Cell Wall

Peptido-glycan Polymer (amino acids + sugars)

Unique to bacteria
Sugars; NAG & NAM
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetymuramic acid
Amino acids cross link NAG & NAM
‫ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
(‫ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬+ ‫ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪو ﺟﻠﻴﻜﺎن ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ )أﺣﻤﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
NAG & NAM .‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬
N- ‫أﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮزاﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ أﺳﻴﺘﻴﻤﻮراﻣﻴﻚ‬-N ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬
NAG & NAM ‫ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬

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Chapter
4

Special components of Gram positive cell

wall
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺠﺮام‬

Teichoic acid
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺘﻴﻜﻮﻳﻚ‬
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Special components of Gram

negative cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺠﺮام‬

(‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﻳﺪ اﻟﺸﺤﻤﻲ )اﻟﺬﻳﻔﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

Functions of Cell Wall

Maintaining the cell's characteristic shape- the rigid wall compensates for the flexibility
of the phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape
Countering the effects of osmotic pressure
Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages
Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages- flagella, fimbriae and pili all emanate
from the wall and extend beyond it
Play an essential role in cell division

Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of the cell surface 。

Resistance of Antibiotics
‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻮض اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪ وﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﺷﻜﻞ‬- ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮوي‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ آﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﺳﻤﻮزي‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻮاط واﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪار وﺗﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ وراءه‬- ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎت اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
ً ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دو ًرا‬
‫ﻛﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدات اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

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Capsule

Glycocalyx - Polysaccharide on external surface

Functions:
Adhere bacteria to surface
S. mutans and enamel of teeth
Virulence
Prevents desiccation
Prevents Phagocytosis
Complement can’t penetrate sugars
‫ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬- x ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬
‫ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
S. ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻓﺮة وﻣﻴﻨﺎ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬
‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬

1
1

Motility
Almost all Spiral bacteria are motile

About 1/2 of Bacilli are motile

Almost all Cocci are non-motile

‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ًﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬1/2 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﻮﺗﺸﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ًﺒﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬

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Flagella ‫اﻷﺳﻮاط‬
Motility - movement
‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬- ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
Swarming occurs with some bacteria
‫اﻧﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺘﺮي‬
Spread across Petri Dish
‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ‬
Proteus species most evident ‫أﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
Arrangement basis for classification ‫ ﺳﻮط‬1 .‫ﻏﻨﻴﻤﺔ‬
Monotrichous; 1 flagella ‫ ﺧﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻮﻓﻮﺗﺮﻳﺘﺸﻮس‬
Lophotrichous; tuft at one end ‫واﺣﺪة‬
Amphitrichous; both ends ‫ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬
Peritrichous; all around bacteria ‫ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺜﺮاء‬
Observe Picture in Micro Lab.
.Micro Lab ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻲ‬

1
3

Chapter
4

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Axial Filament - found only in ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻴﺎت‬- ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﻳﺔ‬

spirochetes (flexible spirals) (‫)اﻟﻠﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬

Treponema pallidum
‫اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬

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5

16 Fimbriae and Pili ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﺎ وﺑﻴﻠﻲ‬

• adhesion to surfaces

• genetic recombination

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎق اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬

Bacteria

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Pili ‫ﺑﻴﻠﻲ‬
Short protein appendages ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻖ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة‬
smaller than flagella ‫أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮط‬
Adhere bacteria to surfaces
‫ﺗﻠﺼﻖ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬
E. coli has numerous types
K88, K99, F41, etc.
E. ‫اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬
Antibodies to will block adherance K88 ، K99 ، F41 ، ‫إﻟﺦ‬.
F-pilus; used in conjugation ‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم‬
Exchange of genetic information F- ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺮان‬.‫ﺑﻴﻠﻮس‬
Flotation
‫ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻢ‬

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F-Pilus for Conjugation

‫ ﺑﻴﻠﻮس ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺮان‬-‫و‬

Chapter 4

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Nucleus
‫ﻧﻮاة‬

Lacking nuclear ‫ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬

membrane, absence، ‫ وﻏﻴﺎب اﻟﻨﻮى‬، ‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬
of nucleoli, hence
known as nucleic ‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳُﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد‬
material or nucleoid,
one to several per ، ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻨﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻳﺪ‬
bacterium. .‫واﺣﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

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Plasmid

，
Plasmids are small circular/line ，
，
extrachromosomal double- stranded DNA
。
molecules They are capable of self-
replication and contain genes that confer
，
some properties such as antibiotic
， 。
resistance virulence factors Plasmids are
not essential for cellular survival.

‫ﺑﻼزﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺼﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬/ ‫اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻴﺪات ﺻﻐﻴﺮة داﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻄﺔ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬DNA
，
‫وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
。 ，
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﻴﺪات ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬

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lysozyme
Digestive enzyme that damages bacterial cell walls
found in tears, saliva & mucus
attacks the bond between NAM & NAG
Works best on Gram (+) bacteria

‫اﻟﻠﻴﺰوزﻳﻢ‬
‫إﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﻀﻤﻲ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺠﺪران اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫وﺟﺪت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﻮع واﻟﻠﻌﺎب واﻟﻤﺨﺎط‬
NAG ‫ و‬NAM ‫ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
(+) ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺮام‬
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1

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) (‫ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻏﺸﺎء ﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬

2 structural component ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺎن‬
double layer of phospholipids ‫ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮرﻳﺔ‬-
proteins ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬
Fluid Mosaic Model
‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬

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Functions of Cell Membrane ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ )ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬.1
1. Selective barrier (selectively permeable)
(‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮاق ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
2. Secretes exoenzymes
‫ ﻳﻔﺮز اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬.2
amylases
‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬
lipases
‫اﻷﻣﻴﻠﻴﺰ‬
peptidases
‫اﻟﻠﻴﺒﺎز‬
CAN NOT UNDERGO PHAGOCYTOSIS
‫اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪات‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬

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Functions of Cell Membrane

3. E.T.S. is located here
4. Enzymes for cell wall synthesis
5. If photosynthesis, enzymes are located on
membranous structures called thylakoids
6. Mesosomes - invagination of cell membrane
attached to DNA (Binary Fission)? ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻫﻨﺎ‬.‫ إي ﺗﻲ إس‬.3
‫ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.4
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬.5
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﺎﻳﻼﻛﻮﻳﺪات‬
‫ ﻏﺰو ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬- ‫ اﻟﻤﻴﺰوﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬.6
‫)اﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎر اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ(؟‬
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‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬- ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬

Ribosomes - protein synthesis

Prokaryotic Ribosome Eukaryotic Ribosomes

70 S 80 S
50 S 60 S
30 S 40 S

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Selective Toxicity

Some antibiotics are aimed at the 70 S ribosomes of

bacterial cells

Streptomycin, Neomycin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline

work by inhibiting protein synthesis by disrupting the 70 S
ribosome

‫اﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬70 ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ واﻟﻨﻴﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ واﻹرﻳﺜﺮوﻣﻴﺴﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﺘﺮاﺳﻴﻜﻠﻴﻦ‬

S 70 ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم‬
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Endospores - formed under periods of environmental

stress
Only found in Gram (+) Bacteria
Bacillus
Bacillus cereus ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬- ‫اﻹﻧﺪوﺳﺒﻮرات‬
Bacillus anthracis ‫( اﻟﺠﺮام‬+) ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
Clostridium ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺔ‬
Clostridium tetani ‫اﻟﻌﺼﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
Clostridium botulinum
‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﺮة اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺜﺔ‬
Clostridium perfringens
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮم‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮم اﻟﺘﻴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮم اﻟﺒﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮم‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮم ﺑﻴﺮﻓﺮﻳﻨﺠﻨﺰ‬

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Endospores

Extremely resistant to heat, cold, chemicals, lack of water, etc.

Most vegetative bacterial cells are killed at temps. above 70 C

(160 F)
Endospores can survive boiling water for several hours (some
for as long as 20 hours)

‫اﻹﻧﺪوﺳﺒﻮرات‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة واﻟﺒﺮودة واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬70 ‫ ﻓﻮق‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
(‫ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬160)
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺪوﺳﺒﻮرات اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺎت )ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺪة‬
(‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬20 ‫ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬

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Endospores

Spores can remain viable for weeks, months, years

Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
spores found in Minnesota were 7,500 years old
and still germinated ‫اﻹﻧﺪوﺳﺒﻮرات‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻈﻞ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ أو ﺷﻬﻮر أو‬

‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
‫ ﺳﻨﺔ وﻣﺎ‬7500 ‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ اﻷﺑﻮاغ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺴﻮﺗﺎ‬
‫زاﻟﺖ ﻧﺒﺘﺔ‬
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Endospores
(spores)  Identification‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
of Bacteria ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر‬
(‫اﻧﺪوﺳﺒﻮرات )ﺟﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬  Pathogenesis
‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬
 Resistance
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬

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Prokaryotic Cells
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
Size ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
Length
Diameter
2u to 8u
2u to .2u
‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬
Morphology ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬
cocci ‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
bacilli ‫ﻣﻜﻮرات‬
spiral ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ‬

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SIZE OF BACTERIA

Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer,μm:

1μm=10-3mm

Size:

Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment.

 Cocci: sphere, 1μm

 Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length
 Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
:‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬، ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮون أو ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬:‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ ﻣﻢ‬3 -10 = ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬1
:‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
ً ‫ وﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬، ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
.‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﺮﻫﺎ وﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬
Cocci: ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬1 ، ‫ﻛﺮة‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل‬3 - ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮض‬1 -0.5 ، ‫ ﻗﻀﺒﺎن‬:‫اﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎت‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮض‬0.6 -0.3 ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮل و‬3 ~ 1 :‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ‬

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Arrangement ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
Cocci ‫ﻣﻜﻮرات‬
diplococci ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت‬
streptococci ‫اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺎت‬
tetrads ‫رﺑﺎﻋﻴﺎت‬
sarcinae
‫ﺳﺎرﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬
staphylococci
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮرات اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮدﻳﺔ‬
bacilli
‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎت‬
diplobacilli
‫ﻋﺼﻴﺔ‬
streptobacilli
coccobacilli
‫اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ‬
spiral
‫اﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎت‬
vibrio ‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ‬
spirilla ‫اﻫﺘﺰاز‬
spirochete ‫ﺳﺒﻴﺮﻳﻼ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
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Monomorphic vs. pleomorphic

‫أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬

‫ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﺨﻨﺎق‬Corynebacterium
‫اﻟﻮﺗﺪﻳﺔ‬ diphtheriae

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