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    General Chemistry: Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory

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    Dimas Ari Prasetyo
    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. It discusses the early discoveries that led to the development of the atomic theory, including the work of Lavoisier, Proust, and Dalton. It then explains Dalton's atomic theory and the experimental evidence that emerged, such as the law of definite proportions and cathode ray experiments. Finally, it introduces the structure of the atom, including the discovery of the electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus.

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    General Chemistry: Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    Dimas Ari Prasetyo
    60 views24 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. It discusses the early discoveries that led to the development of the atomic theory, including the work of Lavoisier, Proust, and Dalton. It then explains Dalton's atomic theory and the experimental evidence that emerged, such as the law of definite proportions and cathode ray experiments. Finally, it introduces the structure of the atom, including the discovery of the electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus.

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    01- Ch02 Atoms and the Atomic Theory

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    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. It discusses the early discoveries that led to the development of the atomic theory, including the work of Lavoisier, Proust, and Dalton. It then explains Dalton's atomic theory and the experimental evidence that emerged, such as the law of definite proportions and cathode ray experiments. Finally, it introduces the structure of the atom, including the discovery of the electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views24 pages

    General Chemistry: Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory Chapter 2: Atoms and The Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    Dimas Ari Prasetyo
    This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. It discusses the early discoveries that led to the development of the atomic theory, including the work of Lavoisier, Proust, and Dalton. It then explains Dalton's atomic theory and the experimental evidence that emerged, such as the law of definite proportions and cathode ray experiments. Finally, it introduces the structure of the atom, including the discovery of the electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 24

    General Chemistry

    Principles and Modern Applications


    Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
    8th Edition

    Chapter 2: Atoms and the Atomic Theory

    Philip Dutton
    University of Windsor, Canada

    Prentice-Hall © 2002

    Slide 1 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Contents

    • Early chemical discoveries


    • Electrons and the Nuclear Atom
    • Chemical Elements
    • Atomic Masses
    • The Mole

    Slide 2 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Early Discoveries

    Lavoisier 1774 Law of conservation of mass

    Proust 1799 Law of constant composition

    Dalton 1803-1888 Atomic Theory

    Slide 3 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Dalton’s Atomic Theory

     Each element is composed of small particles called atoms.

     Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

     All atoms of a given element are identical

     Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element

    combine

    Slide 4 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Consequences of Dalton’s theory
     Law of Definite Proportions: combinations of elements are
    in ratios of small whole numbers.

     In forming carbon monoxide, 1.33 g


    of oxygen combines with 1.0 g of
    carbon.

     In the formation of carbon dioxide


    2.66 g of oxygen combines with 1.0 g
    of carbon.

    Slide 5 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Behavior of charges

    Slide 6 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Cathode ray tube

    Slide 7 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Properties of cathode rays

    Electron m/e = -5.6857 x 10-9 g coulomb-1

    Slide 8 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Charge on the electron

     From 1906-1914 Robert Millikan showed ionized oil drops


    can be balanced against the pull of gravity by an electric field.
    The charge is an integral multiple of the electronic charge, e.
    Slide 9 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
    Radioactivity

    Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation


    from a substance.

     X-rays and γ-rays are high-energy light.


     α-particles are a stream of helium nuclei, He2+.
     β-particles are a stream of high speed electrons
    that originate in the nucleus.

    Slide 10 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    The nuclear atom

    Geiger and Rutherford


    1909

    Slide 11 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    The α-particle experiment
     Most of the mass and all of the
    positive charge is concentrated in a
    small region called the nucleus .

     There are as many electrons outside


    the nucleus as there are units of
    positive charge on the nucleus
    Slide 12 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
    The nuclear atom
    Rutherford
    protons 1919

    James Chadwick
    neutrons 1932

    Slide 13 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Nuclear Structure

    Atomic Diameter 10-8 cm Nuclear diameter 10-13 cm


    1Å

    Particle Mass Charge


    kg amu Coulombs (e)
    Electron 9.109 x 10-31 0.000548 –1.602 x 10-19 –1
    Proton 1.673 x 10-27 1.00073 +1.602 x 10-19 +1
    Neutron 1.675 x 10-27 1.00087 0 0

    Slide 14 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Scale of Atoms
    The heaviest atom has a mass of only 4.8 x 10-22 g
    and a diameter of only 5 x 10-10 m.
    Useful units:

     1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10-24 kg


     1 pm (picometer) = 1 x 10-12 m
     1 Å (Angstrom) = 1 x 10-10 m = 100 pm = 1 x 10-8 cm

    Biggest atom is 240 amu and is 50 Å across.


    Typical C-C bond length 154 pm (1.54 Å)
    Molecular models are 1 Å /inch or about 0.4 Å /cm
    Slide 15 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
    Isotopes, atomic numbers and mass numbers

    To represent a particular atom we use the symbolism:

    A= mass number Z = atomic number

    Slide 16 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Measuring atomic masses

    Slide 17 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Alkali Metals The Periodic table Noble Gases

    Alkaline Earths Halogens Main Group

    Transition Metals

    Main Group Lanthanides and Actinides


    Slide 18 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002
    The Periodic Table

    • Read atomic masses.


    • Read the ions formed by main group elements.
    • Read the electron configuration.
    • Learn trends in physical and chemical properties.

    We will discuss these in detail in Chapter 10.

    Slide 19 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    The Mole

    • Physically counting atoms is impossible.


    • We must be able to relate measured mass to
    numbers of atoms.
    – buying nails by the pound.
    – using atoms by the gram

    Slide 20 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Avogadro’s number

    The mole is an amount of substance that


    contains the same number of elementary
    entities as there are carbon-12 atoms in
    exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

    NA = 6.02214199 x 1023 mol-1

    Slide 21 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Molar Mass

    • The molar mass, M, is the mass of one mole


    of a substance.

    M (g/mol 12C) = A (g/atom 12C) x NA (atoms 12C /mol 12C)

    Slide 22 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Example 2-9
    Combining Several Factors in a Calculation—Molar Mass, the
    Avogadro Constant, Percent Abundance.
    Potassium-40 is one of the few naturally occurring radioactive
    isotopes of elements of low atomic number. Its percent natural
    abundance among K isotopes is 0.012%. How many 40K
    atoms do you ingest by drinking one cup of whole milk
    containing 371 mg of K?

    Want atoms of 40K, need atoms of K,


    Want atoms of K, need moles of K,
    Want moles of K, need mass and M(K).

    Slide 23 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002


    Convert strategy to plan
    and plan into action
    Convert mass of K(mg K) into moles of K (mol K)
    mK(mg) x (1g/1000mg)  mK (g) x 1/MK (mol/g)  nK(mol)
    nK = (371 mg K) x (10-3 g/mg) x (1 mol K) / (39.10 g K)
    = 9.49 x 10-3 mol K
    Convert moles of K into atoms of 40K

    nK(mol) x NA  atoms K x 0.012%  atoms 40K


    atoms 40K = (9.49 x 10-3 mol K) x (6.022 x 1023 atoms K/mol K)
    x (1.2 x 10-4 40K/K)
    = 6.9 x 1017 40K atoms
    Slide 24 of 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 2 Prentice-Hall © 2002

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