186 CHAPTER 6.

Additional Topics in Integration

Chapter 6

Additional Topics in Integration

6.1 Integration by Parts; Integral
Tables
I= ∫ xe u = w and dv = e 0.1w dw .
x 2
2. dx

u=x dv = e x 2 dx
du = dx v = 2e x 2
10. ∫x 1− xdx

2x 2
=−
3
(1− x )3 2 +
3 ∫
(1− x )3 2 dx

I = 2 xe x 2
−2 ∫e x 2
dx 2x 4
= − (1− x )3 2 − (1− x )5 2 + C
3 15
= 2 xe x 2 − 4e x 2 + C
Integration by parts was used with
= 2e x 2 ( x − 2) + C
u = x, dv = 1− x dx, and
2
∫ (3 − 2 x)e v= ∫ (1− x) dx =− (1− x )3 2 .
−x 12
4. I= dx 3

u = 3− 2x dv = e− x dx
I= ∫ ( x +1)( x + 2) dx
6
12.
du = −2 dx v = −e− x
u = x + 1 dv = ( x + 2)6 dx
I = −(3 − 2 x )e− x − 2 ∫e −x
dx du = dx
1
v = ( x + 2)7
7
= (2 x − 3)e− x + 2e− x + C
= (2 x −1)e− x + C
I = ( x + 1)( x + 2)7 − ⌠ ( x + 2)7 dx
1 1
7 ⌡ 7
I= ∫ t ln t dt 1 1
2
6. = ( x + 1)( x + 2)7 − ( x + 2)8 + C
7 56
u = ln t 2 dv = t dt
I =⌠
x
2 t2 14. dx
du = dt v = ⌡ 2 x +1
t 2
u=x dv = (2 x + 1)−1 2 dx
 t2 t  1 (2 x + 1)1 2
I = 2  ln t − ⌠ dt  du = dx v =
⌡2 
 2  2 12
2
t
= t 2 ln t − + C
2 I = x (2 x + 1)1 2 − ∫ (2 x +1) 12
dx

(2 x + 1)3 2
∫ we
0.1w
8. dw = x (2 x + 1)1 2 − +C
3
= 10 we 0.1w −10 ∫e
0.1w
dw
I =⌠
x
16. dx
= 10 we 0.1w −100e0.1w + C ⌡ 4x +1
Integration by parts was used with
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 187

1
u=x dv = (4 x + 1)−1 2 dx
∫ x (e
0
−2 x
)
+ e− x dx
1 (4 x + 1) 12
du = dx v =  x 1 
1
4 12 = − e−2 x − e−2 x − xe− x − e− x 
 2 4  0
3 5
x 1 = − e−2 − 2e−1 +
I=
2
(4 x + 1)1 2 −
2 ∫
(4 x + 1)1 2 dx 4 4
x (4 x + 1)3 2
= (4 x + 1)1 2 − +C
2 12
∫ (t −1)e
1−t
2 2 22. I= dt
⌠ x x (4 x + 1)3 2 
 dx =  (4 x + 1)1 2 − 
⌡0 4 x +1  2 12  0 u = t −1 dv = e1−t dt
3  1 5 du = dt v = −e1−t
= − −  =
4  12  6
I = −(t −1)e1−t − ∫ (−e 1−t
) dt

= −te1−t + C
I =⌠
ln x
18. dx
⌡ x2 2 2
∫ (t −1)e1−t dt = −te1−t  = 1− 2e−1
1 1  1
u = ln x dv =
dx
x2
1 1 I= ∫ x(ln x) dx
2
du = dx v = − 24.
x x
u = (ln x )2 dv = x dx
ln x  1 
I =−
x
− ∫ −  dx
 x 2  du =
2 ln x
x
dx v =
x2
2
ln x 1
=− − +C x2
e
x x I=
2
(ln x )2 − ∫ x ln x dx
e
⌠ ln x dx = − ln x − 1  Applying integration by parts to the second
 x2  x x  1 term with u = ln x and dv = x dx leads to
⌡1
2 2 x2 x2 x2
= − − (−1) = 1− I= (ln x )2 − ln x + + C
e e 2 2 4

⌠ x 3 dx
∫ x (e )
−2 x
20. I= + e− x dx 26. I =
⌡ x 2 +1
u=x (
dv = e−2 x + e− x dx ) x
u = x2 dv = dx
1
du = dx v = − e−2 x − e−x x2 +1
2
du = 2 x dx v = x 2 + 1

 1 
I = x − e−2 x − e− x −
 2 
 1
∫ − 2 e
−2 x 
− e− x  dx

I = x 2 x 2 +1 − ∫ 2x x 2 + 1 dx

2
x 1 = x 2 x 2 + 1 − ( x 2 + 1)3 / 2 + C
= − e−2 x − e−2 x − xe− x − e−x + C 3
2 4

28. ∫ x 2 − 9 dx
188 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

Use formula 18 in the table of integrals with

u = x and a = 3 . Use reduction formula 28 in the table of
integrals with u = x , n = 2 , a = 2 and b = 5 .

∫ x 2 − 9 dx

x 9
= x 2 − 9 − ln x + x 2 − 9 + C
2 2
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2

⌠ 2  2 
∫x
dx =  x (2 + 5 x ) − (2)(2) 2 + 5 x dx  + C1
3/ 2
30.
⌡ (9 + 2 x 2 )3 / 2 5(7)  
Use formula 12 in the table of integrals with For the integral on the right apply the
u2 = 2 x 2 and a2 = 9 so u = 2 x , reduction formula again with n = 1 to find
du = 2 dx and a = 3 .
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
⌠ dx
=
1 ⌠ du 2  
⌡ (9 + 2 x 2 )3 / 2 2 ⌡ (9 + u2 )3 / 2 =  x (2 x + 5) − (1)(2)
5(5) 
3/ 2
∫2 + 5 x dx 

1  u 
 + C 2 8
=  = x (2 x + 5)3 / 2 − (2 x + 5)3 / 2 + C2

2  9 9 + u 2  25 375
Substituting this expression into the formula
x
= +C for the original integral gives, after much
9 9 + 2x2 algebraic simplification,

⌠ t dt
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2
32.
⌡ 4 − 5t
2  8 32 
= (2 + 5 x )3 / 2  x 2 − x + + C .
Use formula 4 in the table of integrals with 35 
 25 375 
u = t , a = 4 and b = −5 .

⌠ 9 − x dx
2

⌠ t dt 2 38.
= (−5t − 2(4)) 4 − 5t + C ⌡ x
⌡ 4 − 5t 3(−5)2
Use formula 17 in the table of integrals with
2 u = x and a = 3 .
= − (5t + 8) 4 − 5t + C
75

⌠ 9 − x dx = 9 − x 2 − 3 ln 3 + 9 − x + C
2 2

⌡ x x
∫ we
−3 w
34. dw

40. Let f ( x ) be the function whose tangent has

Use formula 22 in the table of integrals with
u = w and a = −3 .
slope x ln x .
Then f ′( x ) = x ln x for x > 0 and
1
∫ x ln ∫ x ln xdx
1
∫ we
−3 w
dw = (−3w −1)e−3w + C f ( x) = xdx =
(−3)2 2
1 To integrate by parts,
= − (3w + 1)e−3w + C
9 u = ln x dv = x dx
1 x2
du = dx v =
x 2
∫x 2 + 5 x dx
2
36.
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 189

1
f ( x) =
2 ∫ x ln xdx u = 0.1q + 1 dv = e0.03q dq
1 0.03q
du = 0.1 dq v=
1  x 2  ⌠  x 2  1   e
=   ln x −     dx  0.03
2  2 
 ⌡  2  x  
Thus
1  x 2 ln x 1 
1  
= 
2  2
−
2 ∫
xdx 

C ( q) = (0.01q + 1)e 0.03q −
0.03  3
10
∫e
0.03 q
dq 

x 2 ln x x 2 =
1
(0.01q + 1)e
0.03 q
−
10 0.03 q
+ C1
= − +C e
4 8 0.03 0.09

Since (2, f (2)) = (2, −3), that is, when When q = 10 , C = 200 and
x = 2 , f (2) = −3, 1 10 0.3
200 = (2)e 0.3 − e + C1
2 2 ln 2 2 2 0.03 0.09
−3 = − +C or C1 = 260. Thus,
4 8
1 5 1 10 0.03q
−3 = ln 2 − + C , or C = − − ln 2. Thus C ( q) = (0.1q + 1)e0.03q − e + 260
2 2 0.03 0.09
x 2 ln x x 2 5 and
f ( x) = − − − ln 2 1 10 0.6
4 8 2 C (20) = (3)e 0.6 − e + 260
0.03 0.09
42. Let t denote time and Q(t ) the number of = 239.75
units produced. Then, 46. The population change during the fourth
dQ hour is given by
= 100te−0.5t and
dt
4 4
Q(t ) = 100 ∫ te
−0.5t
dt ∫ 3
P '(t ) dt = ∫ 3
(1− 0.5t )e 0.5t dt

u=t dv = e−0.5t dt u = 1− 0.5t dv = e0.5t dt

e−0.5t e 0.5t
du = dt v = − = −2e−0.5t du = −0.5 dt v = = 2e 0.5t
0.5 0.5

Thus,

∫ (1− 0.5t )e dt = 2(1− 0.5t )e 0.5t − (−0.5) ∫ 2e

0.5t 0.5t
  dt
Q(t ) = 100 −2te−0.5t −
 ∫ (−2)e−0.5t dt 

= 2(1− 0.5t )e0.5t + 2e 0.5t
= −200te−0.5t − 400e−0.5t + C
= (4 − t )e 0.5t + C
= −200(t + 2)e−0.5t + C
We may take C = 0 to compute
Since no units are produced when t = 0 , 4 4

Q(0) = 0 = −200(2) + C or C = 400 ∫ 3

P '(t ) dt = (4 − t )e 0.5t = −e1.5 ≈ −4.482.
3

and the number of units produced during the

first three hours is Q(3) = 176.87. The population decreases by about 4,482
bacteria.
44. Let q denote the number of units produced
and C (q) the cost of producing the first q 48. The average profit is given by
dC
units. Then, = (0.1q + 1)e0.03q and 10
1 ⌠ 500 ln( x + 1) ln( x + 1)
10
dq dx = 50 ⌠ dx .
10 ⌡ 0 ( x + 1)2 ⌡ 0 ( x + 1)2
C ( q) = ∫ (0.1q +1)e
0.03 q
dq .
190 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

u = ln( x + 1)
1
dv =
dx u = 300 + 5t dv = e−0.06t dt
( x + 1)2 −1 −0.06 t
du = 5 dt v= e
1 −1 0.06
du = dx v =
x +1 x +1

⌠ ln( x + 1) dx = − ln( x + 1) − ⌠ −1 dx 1
(300 + 5t )e−0.06t + ⌠
5 −0.06
∫ (300 + 5t )e
−0.06 t
dt = −
⌡ ( x + 1)2 x +1 ⌡ ( x + 1)2 0.06 ⌡ 0.06 e
− ln( x + 1) 1 =−
1
(300 + 5t )e−0.06t −
5
e−0.06 t + C
= − +C
x +1 x +1 0.06 0.062
Taking C = 0
10
 − ln( x + 1)
10 Take C = 0 and compute
ln( x + 1) 1 
50 ⌠ dx = 50  − 
⌡ 0 ( x + 1)2  x + 1 x + 1  0 6

=
50
(10 − ln11) ≈ 34.555 ∫ 0
(300 + 5t )e−0.06t dt
11 6
 1 5 −0.06 t 
= − (300 + 5t )e−0.06 t − e 
The average profit over the given  0.06 0.062  0
production range is roughly $34,555. = 1582.6742
thousand dollars or the worth of the
50. The amount in the account after 5 years is franchise is approximately $1,582,674.
given by the future value formula
54. The number of cases in T days is given by
5
the survival/renewal formula
∫
0.04(5) −0.3t −0.04 t
e (1000te )e dt
0
5 T
= 1000e 0.2 ∫ 0
te−0.34 t dt 10, 000e−0.015T + ∫ 0
10te−0.1t (e−0.015(T −t ) ) dt
T
dv = e−0.34t dt
u=t
−1 −0.34t
= 10, 000e−0.015T + 10e−0.015T ∫ 0
te−0.085t dt
du = dt v= e
0.34 u=t dv = e−0.085t dt
−t −0.34t ⌠ 1 −0.34 t −1 −0.085t
∫ te du = dt v=
−0.34 t
dt = e + e
0.34 ⌡ 0.34 e dt
0.085
−t −0.34t 1
= e − e−0.34t + C
0.342
∫ te
0.34 −0.085t
dt

Take C = 0 since any antiderivative may =−

1
te−0.085t + ⌠
1
e−0.085t dt
be used 0.085 ⌡ 0.085
5 1 1
te−0.085t − e−0.085t + C
1000e 0.2 ∫ 0
te−0.34t dt =−
0.085 0.0852
5
 −t −0.34t 1 −0.34 t 
= 1000e 0.2  e − e  Take C = 0 since any antiderivative may be
 0.34 0.342  0 used. Thus the number of cases after T days
= 5354.25 dollars. is

52. The fair asking price is given by the present 10, 000e−0.015T
value formula T
 1 1 
+ 10e−0.015T − te−0.085t − e−0.085t 
6

∫
−0.06 t
(300 + 5t )e dt
 0.085  0
2
0
0.085
 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 191

When T = 90 this formula predicts

approximately 2,950 cases while when For engineers, the Gini index is
T = 365 , there will be roughly 48 cases.
1

 52 
2 ∫ ( x − L2 ( x )) dx
D(q) = ln 
0
56. 
 q + 1  1
=2 ∫ 0
( x − x 2 e x−1 ) dx

(a) The price at which 12,000 units are 1 1

demanded is D(12) = ln(52 /13) = ln(4) =2 ∫ 0

x dx − 2 ∫ 0
x 2 e x−1 dx
or roughly $1.39. 1
2 1
= 1− 2 ∫ 0
x 2 e x−1 dx = 1−
e ∫ 0
x 2 e x dx
(b) The formula for consumer’s surplus
requires computing the integral
⌠ ln  52  dq . Using repeated integration by parts or
⌡  q + 1  integration formula 26 in the short table,
 52  gives
u = ln   = ln(52) − ln(q + 1) dv = dq
 q + 1 
1 1
2 2
1− ∫ x 2 e x dx = 1− ( x 2 − 2 x + 2)e x 
e 0 e   0
1
du = − dq v=q = 0.47152
q +1
Lawyers show a more equitable distribution
of income.

⌠ ln  52  dq = q ln  52 − ⌠ −q dq

∫ (ln u)
n
60. I= du
⌡  q + 1   q + 1  ⌡ q + 1
 52  ⌠  1  U = ( ln u)
n
dV = dx
= q ln   + 1−  dq
 q + 1 ⌡  q + 1 
 n−1
n ( ln u)
 52  dU = du V = x
= q ln   + q − ln(q + 1) u
 q + 1

∫ (ln x )
n−1
I = x ( ln x ) − n
n
dx
The consumer’s surplus when q0 = 12 is then
q0

∫ 0
D(q) dq − p0 q0
62. ∫ u (ln u)
n m
du
12
  52  
= q ln   + q − ln(q + 1) −12 ln 4
  q + 1   Since the integrand involves the variable u,
 0
= 9.435. we will use U and V in the integration by
parts formula.
58. For lawyers, the Gini index is

1
∫ U dV = UV − ∫ V dU
2 ∫ 0
( x − L1 ( x )) dx U = (ln u)m dV = u n du
1 m(ln u)m−1 u n+1
=2 ∫ ( x − (0.6 x + 0.4 x )) dx dU = du V =
2
0 u n +1
1  1 1
= 2(0.6) ∫ 0
( x − x 2 ) dx = 1.2  − 

 2 3
= 0.2
192 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

u n+1 u n+1 m(ln u)m−1

∫ u (ln u)
n m
du = (ln u)m − ⌠ du
n +1 ⌡ n +1 u
u n+1 m
∫ u (ln u)
m−1
= (ln u)m − n
du
n +1 n +1
In the integral on the right hand side, the
power of u is the same as in the original integral
while the power of ln u has been reduced
giving a reduction formula.

64. y = ln x
e2
A= ∫ 1
ln xdx

e2
= ( x ln x − x ) = e2 + 1 Using calculator features, the points of
1
intersection are found to occur at
For the numerator of x approximately x = 1.857 and x = 4.536 .
e2
I1 = ∫ 1
x ln xdx The area between the curves is given by
4.536
⌠  2 −x 1 
u = ln x dv = x dx  x e −  dx .
⌡1.857  x 
dx x2
du = v= Applying integration by parts twice or
x 2 integral formula 26 from the table gives

4.536
⌠  2 − x 1 
 x e −  dx
I1 = x ln x 1 − ⌠
1 2 e x
dx
2 e2
⌡1.857  x 
2 ⌡1 2 4.536
= −( x 2 + 2 x + 2)e− x − ln x 
2 e
2
  1.857
x 3e 4 + 1
= e4 − = = 0.1984
4 1
4

3e 4 + 1 68. Using a calculator

Thus x = ≈ 4.911
4(e2 + 1) 2

∫ 1
x 2 ln x dx ≈ 0.53530735
For the numerator of y
e2 To compute the integral exactly, first use the
∫ (ln x ) dx
2
I2 =
1 laws of logarithms to rewrite ln x , then
2e
2 e2 apply formula 25 in the table of integrals
= x ( ln x )
1
−2 ∫ 1
ln xdx with u = x and m = 2 to get

= 4e 2 − 2 ( x ln x − x )
1
e2
(
= 2 e 2 −1 )

Thus y =
( ) ≈ 0.762
2 e 2 −1
2 ( e2 + 1)

66.
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 193

∫ x 2 ln x dx 1
1
2
1 2 ∫ 0
x 3 4 + 5 x dx
= ∫ 1
x 2 ln x1/ 2 dx =
2 ∫ 1
x 2 ln x dx
 2 16 2 256 2048 
1
= (4 + 5 x )3 / 2  x 3 − x + x− 
  45 196875  0
2
1  x3  1  4 7 525 13125
=   ln x −  = ln 2 −
2  3 
 
3  3 18 139018
1 =
≈ 0.53530735 196875
≈ 0.70612317
70. Using a calculator

∫ 0
x 3 4 + 5 x dx ≈ 0.70612317

To compute the integral exactly, apply

formula 28 in the table of integrals three
times with u = x , a = 4 , b = 5 and n = 3
(then n = 2 and n = 1 ) to get

6.2 Introduction to Differential

Equations
dP dy
2. = t + e−t = t1 2 + e−t 6. = e x+ y = e x e y
dt dx
2t 3 / 2 dy
= e x dx
P (t ) = − e−t + C y
3 e

∫e ∫ e dx
−y
dy = x

dy dy
4. = y 2 or 2 = dx
dx y −e− y = e x + C

∫y
−2
dy = ∫ dx (
y = − ln −e x − C )
y−1 (It is implied that C < −e x , otherwise the
= x +C
−1 argument of the natural logarithm would not
It is imperative that the constant of be positive.)
integration be introduced immediately after
the last integration. dy y
8. =
dx x
1
y =− ⌠ dy ⌠ dx
=
x +C ⌡ y ⌡ x
ln y = ln x + C1
y
ln y − ln x = ln = C1
x
y = eC1 x = Cx
194 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

Note: The constant of integration can be dy te y

written in any convenient form. 16. =
dt 2t −1
Thus integrating
dy = ⌠
t
∫e
−y
⌠ dy = ⌠ dx ⌡ 2t −1 dt
⌡ y ⌡ x 1 1/ 2 
leads to ln y = ln x + ln C = ⌠  +  dt
⌡  2 2t −1 
y 1 1
ln y − ln C = ln = ln x −e− y = t + ln 2t −1 + C
C 2 4
y = Cx

dw se 2 w
dy y + 4 2 18. =
10. = ds w
dx xy
⌠ y dy = ⌠ 1 dx ∫ we
−2 w
dw = ∫ s ds
⌡ y2 + 4 ⌡x
1 1 s2
1
( )
ln y 2 + 4 = ln x + C1 − we−2 w − e−2 w = + C
2 2 4 2
2
+2 c1
y 2 + 4 = e ln x = Cx 2 dx ln t
20. =
y = ± Cx − 4 2
dt ln x

12.
dy
dx
= e y x +1 ∫ ln t dt = ∫ ln x dx
t ln t − t = x ln x − x + C
∫ e− y dy = ∫ ( x + 1)1 2 dx

2 dy
−e− y = ( x + 1)3 2 + C 22. = 5x 4 − 3x 2 − 2
3 dx
y = x5 − x3 − 2 x + C
14.
dy
dx
(
= e y + 1 ( x − 2)
9
) Since y = 4 when x = 1, C = 6 and
y = x 5 − x 3 − 2 x + 6.
( x − 2) dx = ⌠
dy
∫
9
⌡ ey +1
24. Separate the variables of
To compute ⌠ y
dy
⌡ e +1 dy
= 4 x3 y2
dx dx
let y = ln x , dy = . Then we have and integrate to get
x
 1 ⌠ 1 dy = 4 x 3 dx
dx 1
∫ x( x + 1) = ∫ − x +1 + x  dx ⌡ y2 ∫
== ln x + 1 + ln x + C 1
− = x 4 + C or y = − 4
1
y x +C
(
= y − ln e y + 1 + C )
1
Therefore the solution to the original Since y = 2 when x = 1, 2 = − , or
equation is 1+ C
3
C = − . Hence,
( x − 2)10
10
(
= y − ln e y + 1 + C ) 2
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 195

1 2 dQ(t )
y =− = = −kQ(t ).
x − (3 2) 3 − 2 x 4
4
dt

dy 2
26. = xe y−x and y = 0 when x = 1 34. Let C(x) represent the cost of producing x
dx
units. Then

∫e −y
∫ xe dx
dy = −x2
dC ( x )
= 60.
= − ∫ e d (−x )
−y 1 −x2 dx
−e 2
2
1 −x2 36. Let Q(t ) be the amount of undissolved sugar
e− y = e +C
2 remaining at time t and k a positive
1  proportionality constant. Then
y = − ln  e− x + C 
2

 2 
dQ(t )
= −kQ(t ).
1  1 dt
0 = − ln  e−1 + C  leads to C = 1− and
 2  2e
38. Let D(t ) be the number of people in the
1 1
y = − ln  e− x + 1−  community who have caught the disease by
2

 2 2e  time t. Let P be the (constant) population of

the community and let k be a positive
dx proportionality constant. Then
28. = xt t + 1 , x = 1 when t = 0
dt dD(t )
= kD(t )( P − D(t )) .
dt
⌠ dx = t t + 1 dt
⌡ x ∫
Let u = t + 1, t = u −1, du = dt . Then 40. Let H (t ) be the number of people in the
community who have heard the rumor by
ln x = ∫ (u −1)u time t. Let P be the (constant) population of
12
du
the community and let k be a positive
2 52 2 32 proportionality constant. Then
= u − u +C
5 3
dH (t )
2 2 = kH (t )( P − H (t )) .
= (t + 1)5 2 − (t + 1)3 2 + C dt
5 3
2 2 4
0 = ln1 = − + C or C = .
5 3 15 42. Q = B − Ce−kt
2 2 4 dQ
ln x = (t + 1)5 2 − (t + 1)3 2 + = −C (−k )e−kt = Cke−kt
5 3 15 dt
k ( B − Q) = k  B − ( B − Ce−kt )
30. Let Q(t ) be the amount of radium present at  
time t and k a positive proportionality  −kt 
= k Ce  = Cke −kt
 
constant. Then
dQ(t )
= −kQ(t ).
dt 1 4 C1
44. y= x − + C2
20 x
32. Let Q(t ) be the concentration of the drug at
time t and k a positive proportionality
constant. Then
196 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

dy 1 3 C1 48. Let T (t ) be the temperature of the object at

= x + 2
dx 5 x time t. Let M be the temperature of the
d 2 y 3 2 2C1 surrounding medium and let k be a
= x − 3 proportionality constant. Then
dx 2 5 x
dT
2
d y dy 3 2C  1 C  = k(M − T ) .
x 2 +2 = x  x 2 − 31  + 2  x 3 + 21  dt
dx dx 
 5 x   5 x 
Here M = 80 so
3 2 2C 2C
= x 3 + x 3 − 21 + 21 = x 3
5 5 x x dT
= k dt
80 − T
46. Let F denote the number of relevant facts in
⌠ dT = k dt
a subject’s memory. Let R(t) denote the ⌡ 80 − T ∫
number of facts that have been recalled by
− ln 80 − T = kt + C
time t and let k be a positive proportionality
constant. Then − ln(80 − T ) = kt + C (since T ≤ 80)
−C −kt −kt
80 − T = e e = Ae
dR −kt
= k ( F − R) T = 80 − Ae
dt
⌠ dR = k dt
⌡ F−R ∫ When t = 0 , T = 40 which gives A = 40 so
T = 80 − 40e−kt . Further T = 50 when
− ln F − R = kt + C
t = 20 so 50 = 80 − 40e−20 k . Solving for k
The absolute value signs around F − R may gives
be dropped since F − R is not negative (the 1 3
number of facts recalled cannot exceed the k =− ln ≈ 0.01438
20 4
total number of facts.)
ln( F − R) = −kt − C
and so
−C −kt T = 80 − 40e−0.01438t .
F−R = e e
−C −kt
R = F −e e = F − Ae−kt dQ
50. (a) = k ( B − Q)
where A is a constant. At time 0 we have dt
R(0) = F − A = 0 since no facts are recalled dQ
= k dt
at the start. Thus A = F and B −Q
R(t ) = F (1− e−kt ) .
⌠ dQ = k dt
⌡ B −Q ∫
− ln B − Q = kt + C
Q(t ) = B − Ae−kt
At time t = 0 , Q(0) = B − A = Q0 so
A = B − Q0 and
Q(t ) = B − ( B − Q0 )e−kt .

(b) Here B = 200 and Q0 = 50 and so

Q(t ) = 200 −150e−kt . Further
Q(1) = 200 −150e−k = 60 implying
15
k = ln ≈ 0.069 . After 3 months
14
the crop size will be
Q(3) = 200 −150e−0.069(3) ≈ 78
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 197

bushels.
1 1  1 1 
=  + 
(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary. D(2, 000 − D) 2, 000  D 2, 000 − D 

dV we have
52. (a) = rV + D
dt 1
dV (ln D − ln(2, 000 − D)) = kt + C1 .
= dt 2, 000
rV + D
After a fair amount of algebra
⌠ dV = dt
⌡ rV + D ∫ 2, 000
D=
1
ln(rV + D) = t + C 1 + Ce− At
r
where A and C are constants.
rV + D = erC ert
erC rt D 2, 000
V= e − = Kert −
D D(0) = = 500 ⇒ C = 3
r r r 1+ C

erC 2, 000
where K = is a constant. The account D(1) = = 855
r 1 + 3e− A
is initiated with the first deposit so 513
 1 ⇒ A = ln ≈ 0.8066
D
V (0) = K − = D giving K = D 1 +  and 229
r  r  2, 000
D(t ) =
 1 D 1 + 3e−0.8066 t
V (t ) = D 1 +  ert − .
 r  r
(b) Here D = 8, 000 and r = 0.04 . At time
t = 20 56. Let P be the number of people involved and
 1  0.04(20) 8, 000 Q the number of people implicated.
V (20) = 8, 000 1 + e −
 0.04  0.04 dQ
= kQ( P − Q)
= $262,912.51 dt
dQ
= k dt
(c) Here V (30) = 800, 000 and r = 0.05 . Q( P − Q )
Solving Before proceeding, let’s break up the
 1  0.05(30) D
800, 000 = D 1 +  e − fraction (by the method of partial fractions).
 0.05  0.05
for D says Ray should deposit 1 A B
= +
D = $10, 793.97 per year. Q( P − Q ) Q P − Q

Now multiply by the least common

54. Let D(t ) be the number of people in the denominator. 1 = A( P − Q) + BQ which must
community who have caught the disease by be an identity (i.e., true for all values), so
time t. Then 1
when Q = 0 , A = and when Q = P ,
dD P
= kD(2, 000 − D) . 1
dt B= .
P
Separating variables
⌠ dQ = 1 ⌠  dQ + dQ 
⌠ dD
⌡ D(2, 000 − D) ∫ ⌡ Q( P − Q) P ⌡  Q P − Q 
= k dt

Using the partial fraction decomposition

=k ∫ dt
198 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

1 ⌠ dp
⌡ ( a − r ) − ( b + s) p ∫
ln Q − ln P − Q  = kt + C1 = k dt
P
Q −1
ln = kPt + C2 ln [(a − r ) − (b + s) p ] = kt + C1
P −Q b+s
Q ln [(a − r ) − (b + s) p ] = −(b + s)kt + C2
= Ce kPt
P −Q
(a − r ) − (b − s) p = C3e−( b+s ) kt
7 a −r
Since Q = 7 when t = 0 , C = . p= − Ce−( s+b ) kt
P−7 b+s
When t = 3, Q = 16 so As t grows larger the price approaches a
a−r
16 7 3 Pk limiting value of .
= e b−s
P −16 P − 7
When t = 6, Q = 28. Also substituting
16( P − 7)
e3 Pk = gives
7( P −16)

28 7 6 Pk
= e
P − 28 P − 7
2
7  16( P − 7) 
=  
P − 7  7( P −16) 

(28)(7)( P 2 − 32 P + 256)
= 256 ( P − 28)( P − 7)

(
= 256 P 2 − 35P + 196 )
196 P 2 − 6, 272 P + 50,176 60. Rewrite the law of allometry as
= 256 P − 8,960 P + 50,176
2 y '(t )
=k
y (t ) y
=k .
x '(t ) x (t ) x
(256 −196)P + (6, 272 − 8,960) P = 0
2

The solution P = 0 is to be rejected in the From the chain rule

context of the problem, so dy dy dx dy
y '(t ) = = = x '(t )
2,688 672 dt dx dt dx
P= = = 44.8 ≈ 45 people. so
60 15
y '(t ) dy y
= =k .
x '(t ) dx x
dp Separating variables
58. = k(D − S )
dt dy dx
=k
= k [(a − bp) − (r + sp) ] y x
= k [( a − r ) − ( b + s) p ] and integrating both sides gives
ln y = k ln x + C

Separating variables or y = Ax k for some constant A.

62. Let F =
dQ
dt
(
= kQ ( B − Q) = k QB − Q 2 .)
This function has a critical point at
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 199

dF B R = k ln S − k ln S0
= k ( B − 2Q ) = 0 or Q = .
dQ 2 S
= k (ln S − ln S0 ) = k ln .
The rate of increase of the dependent S0
variable grows till half way toward the (b)
asymptote.
d 2F
Note that < 0. The rate of increase is
dQ 2
B
greatest at Q = .
2

dR k
64. (a) =
dS S
dS
dR = k
S

∫ dR = ⌠⌡ k
dS
S
R = k ln S + C
When S = S0 , R = 0 so C = −k ln S0 . Thus

6.3 Improper Integrals; Continuous

Probability
∞ ∞
⌠
∫
1
2. I = x−3 2 dx 6. I = dx
1 ⌡3 3
2 x −1
N

∫
N
x−3 2 dx
= lim
N →∞ 1
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 3
(2 x −1)−1 3 dx
N
x−1 2
N
1
= lim
N →∞ −1 2
= 2 = lim
2 N →∞ ∫ 3
(2 x −1)−1 3 d (2 x −1)
1
N
1 (2 x −1)2 3
= lim = ∞
2 N →∞ 23 3
∞
4. I = ∫ 1
x−2 3 dx
∞
N 8. I = ∫ e− x dx
∫
−2 3
= lim x dx 0
N →∞ 1 N

= 3 lim 3
x
N
= ∞
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
e− x dx
N →∞ 1
N
= − lim e− x =1
N →∞ o

∞
10. I = ∫ 1
e1−x dx
N
= − lim
N →∞ ∫ 1
e1−x (−dx )
N
= − lim e1−x =1
N →∞ 1
200 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

∞ 2
⌠ x 1
12. I = dx u = ln x dx dv =
⌡1 x + 2
3 x2
1 1
N
du = dx v = −
lim ⌠
1 1
= (3 x 2 )dx x x
3 N →∞ ⌡1 x + 2
3
N N
ln x 1
I = − lim + lim ∫
1 N
= lim ln x 3 + 2 = ∞ dx
3 N →∞ 1
N →∞ x 1 N →∞ 1 x2
N N
ln x 1
∞ = − lim − lim
∫
2 N →∞ x 1 N →∞ x 1
14. I = xe− x dx
0 ln N  1 
= − lim − lim −1 = 0 − 0 + 1 = 1
1 N

 N →∞ N 
∫
2
= − lim e− x (−2 x ) dx N →∞ N
2 N →∞ 0 ∞
2 N 22. I = ⌠ 1
dx
= −
1
lim e− x =
1 ⌡ 2 x ln x
2 N →∞ 0 2
−1 2  dx 
N

∞
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 2
(ln x ) 
 
 x 
16. I = ∫ 0
xe− x dx
= 2 lim ln x
N
= ∞
N N →∞ 2
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
xe− x dx
∞ 1/ x
24. I = ⌠ e dx
u=x dv = e− x dx ⌡1 x 2
du = dx v = −e− x N  −1 
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 1
(−e1/ x )  2  dx
 x 
 N N 
I = lim −x e− x + ∫ −x
e dx 
N
N →∞   = lim (−e1/ x )
 0 0  N →∞ 1

 x
= lim − x − x 
1
N
= lim −e
N →∞
( 1/ N
) + e = −1 + e
N →∞  e e  0
 1  
 1 −2 x
= lim − N  + 1 = 1 
 e for x ≥ 0

N →∞  e  26. f ( x) =  2



 0 for x < 0
Note the use of l’Hôpital’s rule in the
evaluation of the indeterminate form.
f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all x since f(x) is either 0 or a
∞ N positive number times e to a power.
18. I = ∫ 0
xe1−x dx = lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
xe1−x dx However
∞ ∞
f ( x ) dx = ⌠
1
∫
−2 x
u=x dv = e 1−x
dx −∞ ⌡0 2 e dx

du = dx v = −e1−x  1 N


= lim − e−2 x 
N →∞  4 
N
 0 
N
I = − lim x e1−x
N →∞ 0
− lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
e1−x d (1− x )  1  1 1
= lim − e−2 N  + = ≠ 1
N N →∞ 
 4  4 4
1−x N 1
= − lim x e − lim = e so f(x) is not a probability density function.
N →∞ 0 N →∞ e x−1 0


1 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 9
∞
ln x N
ln x 28. f ( x) = 
9
20. I = ∫ 1 x2
dx = lim
N →∞ ∫ 1 x2
dx 


 0 otherwise
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 201

∫ (4 x − x ) dx
3
(c) I = 2
1 32
Since x ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 9 and f(x) is 0 0
9 1
elsewhere, f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all x. However 3  2 x 3  5
= 2 x −  =
∞ 9 32  3  32
f ( x ) dx = ⌠
1 0
∫ −∞ ⌡ 0 9 x dx
∞
1
∫
e−x 10 dx
9
2 36. (a) I =
= x3 / 2 = 2 ≠ 1 10 0
27 0 N
1
so f(x) is not a probability density function. = lim
10 N →∞ 0
e−x 10 dx∫
N
= − lim e−x 10 =1
N →∞ 0


 1 x 2 + 5 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
30. f ( x) = 
2 3

 1 2

 0 otherwise (b) I =
10 ∫ 0
e−x 10 dx
1 5
Since x 2 + x ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and f(x) is = − e−x 10
2
= 0.1813
2 3 0
0 elsewhere, f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all x. Further
1
∞ 1 5  ∞
f ( x ) dx = ⌠  x 2 + x  dx
1
∫ −∞ ⌡ 

0 2 3 
(c) I =
10 5 ∫
e−x 10 dx
N
1 1
1
 6
5 
6 0 6 6
1 5
=  x 3 + x 2  = + = 1
= lim
10 N →∞ 5
e−x 10 dx∫
N
so f(x) is a probability density function. = − lim e−x 10 = 0.6065
N →∞ 5
2 2 2
32. (a) I = ⌠ x dx = x =1
⌡0 2 4 1 ∞ −x 2
0 38. (a) I =
4 0 ∫xe dx
N
1
∫
2
2
x2 = lim xe−x 2 dx
I = ⌠
x 3
(b) dx = = 4 N →∞ 0
⌡1 2 4 4
dv = e−x 2 dx
1
u=x
1 du = dx v = −2e−x 2

⌠
1
x x2 1
(c) I = dx = =  2x N 
⌡0 N
lim − x 2 + 2 e−x 2 dx 
2 4 4 1
0 I =
4 N →∞  e
 0 0 
∫
4  N
∫ (4 x − x ) dx
3
34. (a) I = 2
=
1
lim −
2
− 4e −x 2 
32 0 4 N →∞  (1 2) e N 2
4 
0

3  2 x 3  1
= 2 x −  =1 = (4 + 4) = 2
32  3  4
0

4
1
∫ xe−x 2 dx
2

∫1 (4 x − x ) dx (b) I =
3
(b) I = 2
4 2
32
4
2
1⌠  2x 4 
3  2 x 3   4
= 2 x − 
32  3 
=
11 =
4
⌡
− x 2 + 2 ∫ e−x 2 dx 

2
32 e 2 2
1
1   4 2  4
= −2  −  − 4e −x 2  = 0.3298

4  e 2 e 2

202 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

1 ∞ ∫ (10, 000 + 500t )e−0.05t dt .

(c) I =
4 6 ∫
xe−x 2 dx 0

u = 10, 000 + 500t dv = e−0.05t dt

N
1
= lim
4 N →∞ 6 ∫
xe−x 2 dx du = 500 dt v = −20e−0.05t
 2x N  ∞

∫ (10, 000 + 500t )e−0.05t dt

N
lim − x 2 + 2 e−x 2 dx 
1
=
4 N →∞  e
 6
∫ 6

0
 N
 − 20(10, 000 + 500t )e−0.05t 
1 4 12 2 N  0 
= lim − + − 4 e −x  = lim  
4 N →∞  e N 2 e3 6  N →∞  N

∫
−0.05t
 + 10, 000 e dt 
= 0.1991  0 
 −200, 000 −10, 000 N 
= lim  + 200, 000 
∞ 2
x2  0.05 N 
xf ( x ) dx = ⌠
N →∞ 
∫
e
40. E( X ) = dx
−∞ ⌡0 2  −200, 000 
+ lim  0.05 N + 200, 000 
2 N →∞  e 
x3 4
= = = 400, 000.
6 0
3

The present value is $400,000.

∞ 4
42. E ( X ) = ∫ xf ( x ) dx = ⌠
3
(4 x 2 − x 3 ) dx
−∞ ⌡ 0 32 ∞

3 4 x4 
4 48. Q = ∫ (600)e−0.02( N −t ) dt
=  x 3 −  = 2
0

4 
N
32  3
0 = 600 lim e−0.02 N
N →∞ ∫ 0
e 0.02 t dt

∞ e 0.02 N −1
∞ = 30, 000 lim
xf ( x ) dx = ⌠
x − x /10
44. E( X ) = ∫ −∞ ⌡0 10
e dx N →∞ e 0.02 N

= 30, 000 lbs of waste

N
1
= lim
N →∞ 10 ∫ 0
xe−x 10 dx
50. Of the original 200,000 people,
u=x dv = e−x 10 dx lim 200, 000e−N 20
=0
N →∞
−x 10
du = dx v = −10e will remain in the long run (after N years).
Of the 100 people moving to the city in the
t th year,
1  N N  e−( N −t ) 20
E( X ) = lim −10 xe− x 10
10 N →∞  0
+ 10 ∫ 0
e− x /10 dx 

 will still be left in N years. Thus
∞
 N
∫
1
= lim −100e − x /10  P = 100e−( N −t ) 20
dt
10 N →∞  0  0
∞

∫
1
= (100) = 10 = 100 lim e−( N −t ) 20 dt
10 N →∞ 0
 ∞ 
46. To find the present value of an apartment = 100 lim e−N 20
∫ et 20 dt 
N →∞  0 
complex generating
 20 N 
f (t ) = 10, 000 + 500t = 100 lim  e−N 20
(20) et 
N →∞  0 
dollars per year, use the present value = 2, 000 lim 1− e−N
N →∞
( 20
) = 2, 000
formula
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 203

7
3 3
60
52. (a) P( X ≥ 4) = ⌠  + 2  dx P(50 ≤ X ≤ 60) = ∫ 0.01e−0.01x dx
⌡ 4  28 x  50
60
3 3 9
7
= − e−0.01x = 0.0577.
=  x −  = = 0.643 50
 28 x  4 14
60

3 3
5
(b) P(0 ≤ X ≤ 60) = ∫ 0.01e−0.01x dx
(b) P( X ≤ 5) = ⌠  + 2  dx
0

⌡3  28 x  = − e−0.01x
60
= 0.4512.
0
5
3 3 43
=  x −  = = 0.614
 28 x  3 70 ∞
(c) P( X ≥ 60) = ∫ 60
0.01e−0.01x dx
6
3 3
( ) 60
N
(c) P(4 ≤ X ≤ 6) = ⌠  + 2  dx = lim −e−0.01x
⌡ 4  28 x  N →∞

6 = e−0.6 = 0.5488.
3 3 13
=  x −  = = 0.464
 28 x  4 28 ∞
(d) E ( X ) = ∫ 0
0.01xe−0.01x dx
7
3 3
(d) E ( X ) = ⌠ x  + 2  dx u = 0.01x dv = e−0.01x dx
⌡3  28 x 
7
du = 0.01 dx v = −100e−0.01x
3 3
= ⌠  x +  dx  N 
⌡ 3  28 N
x
7
E ( X ) = lim −xe−0.01x +
N →∞ 
 0 0
e−0.01x dx 


∫
3  15 7
=  x 2 + 3 ln x  = + 3 ln  N N 
 56 3 7 3 = lim −xe−0.01x −100e−0.01x 
N →∞  0 0 
= 4.685 = 100 hours.

54. The waiting period, X ,is represented by the 58. (a) The probability density function is
probability density function
1 −x / 4
1 f ( x) = e .
f ( x) = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 4
20
for x ≥ 0. Thus
20
1
(a) P( X ≥ 8) = ∫ 8 20
dx = 0.6
P( X ≥ 8) = ∫
∞
1 −x / 4
4
e dx
8

( )8
5 N
1 = lim −e− x / 4
(b) P(2 ≤ X ≤ 5) = ∫ 2 20
dx = 0.15
N →∞

20
= e−2 = 0.1353
x
(c) E ( X ) = ∫ 0 20
dx = 10 min .
(b) P(1 ≤ X ≤ 5) = ∫
5
1 −x / 4
e dx
1 4
5
= −e− x / 4
56. (a) The probability density function is 1

f ( x ) = 0.01e−0.01x = e−1/ 4 − e−5 / 4 = 0.4923

for x ≥ 0. Thus ∞
1 −x / 4
(c) E ( X ) = ∫ 0 4
xe dx
204 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

12

∫
1 e−0.08t dt = 0.6171
u= x dv = e− x / 4 dx 62. P(12) = 0.08
4 0
1
du = dx v = −4e− x / 4 The probability that the grenade is defective
4 after one year and the spy will expire is
 N N  1 − 0.6171 = 0.3829.
E ( X ) = lim −xe− x / 4 +
N →∞ 
 0 0
∫
e− x / 4 dx 


 64. (a) The capitalized cost of the first machine
−x / 4 N −x / 4 N 
= lim −xe −4 e  is
N →∞  0 0 
∞
= 4 mins.
∫
−0.09 t
M1 = 10, 000 + 1, 000(1 + 0.06t )e dt
0

60. (a) The probability density function is −0.09 t

u = 1, 000(1 + 0.06t ) dv = e dt
1
f ( x ) = xe− x / 4 du = 60 dt v = −11.11e
−0.09 t

16
for x ≥ 0. Thus M1 = 10 4 − lim 11,111.11(1 + 0.06t ) e−0.09 t
N

5 N →∞ 0
1 −x / 4
P( X ≤ 5) = ∫ 0 16
xe dx .
+ ∫
N
666.67e
−0.09 t
dt = 28, 518.55
0
Using integration by parts or the table
of integrals ∞

∫
−0.09 t
M 2 = 8, 000 + 1,100 e dt
0
5
1 −x / 4 −0.09 t ∞
P( X ≤ 5) = ∫ 0 16
xe dx = 8, 000 − lim 12, 222.22 e
N →∞ 0


5 = 20, 222.22
 x 
=  e− x / 4 − −1
  4  Thus the second machine should be
0
9 −5 / 4 purchased.
= 1− e = 0.3554
4
(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
∞
1 −x / 4
(b) P( X ≥ 10) = ∫ 10 16
xe dx
66. P = Q ∫
∞
e−rt dt
N 0
  x 
= lim  e− x / 4 − −1
N
N →∞ 

 4 
 10
= Q lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
e−rt dt

7 −5 / 2 N
= e = 0.2873 = −
Q 1
lim rt =
Q
2 r N →∞ e r
0

(c) Using integration by parts or the

 1
appropriate reduction formula from  for A ≤ x ≤ B
68. f ( x ) =  B − A
the table of integrals, 
∞
1 2 −x / 4  0 otherwise
E( X ) = ∫ 0 16
x e dx
N
  x2 
= lim e− x / 4 − − 2 x − 8
N →∞

 4  0
= 8 mins.
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 205

B
B
1  x 2 
E( X ) = ⌠
x
dx =  
⌡A B− A B − A  2 
A

1  B − A 2 2 

= 
B − A  2 
1 ( B − A)( B + A)
=
B− A 2
A+ B
=
2

6.4 Numerical Integrations

1 3
2. f ( x) =
x ∫ 2
f ( x ) dx

6−4 0.25  f (2) + 4 f (2.25) + 2 f (2.5)

For both methods ∆x = = 0.2 ≈
10 3  + 4 f (2.75) + f (3) 
(a) Trapezoidal rule: ≈ 0.2027854090
6

∫ 4
f ( x ) dx
6. f ( x) = 9 − x2
0.2  f (4) + 2 f (4.2) + 2 f (4.4) 

≈ 3− 0
2  ... + 2 f (5.6) + 2(5.8) + f (6)
 For both methods ∆x = = 0.5
6
≈ 0.8990743919 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
3
(b) Simpson’s rule:
6
∫ 0
f ( x ) dx

∫ f ( x ) dx
≈
0.5  f (0) + 2 f (0.5) + 2 f (1) + 2 f (1.5)
2  + 2 f (2) + 2 f (2.5) + f (3) 
4

0.2  f (4) + 4 f (4.2) + 2 f (4.4) 


≈ ≈ 6.8894618002
3  ... + 2 f (5.6) + 4(5.8) + f (6)

≈ 0.8989795837 (b) Simpson’s rule:
3

4. f ( x) = 2
1 ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx
x −1
0.5  f (0) + 4 f (0.5) + 2 f (1) + 4 f (1.5)
3− 2 ≈
For both methods ∆x = = 0.25 3  + 2 f (2) + 4 f (2.5) + f (3) 
4
(a) Trapezoidal rule: ≈ 6.9977840328
3

∫ 2
f ( x ) dx
8. f ( x) = ex
2

0.25  f (2) + 2 f (2.25) + 2 f (2.5) 2−0

≈ For both methods ∆x = = 0.2
2  + 2 f (2.75) + f (3)  10
≈ 0.2045444139 (a) Trapezoidal rule:
2

(b) Simpson’s rule: ∫ 0

f ( x ) dx

0.2  f (0) + 2 f (0.2) + 2 f (0.4) 


≈
2  ... + 2 f (1.6) + 2(1.8) + f (2)
≈ 17.1702101458
206 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

(b) Simpson’s rule: ∫ 1

ln x dx ≈ 0.3862595628
2
−6
∫ 0
f ( x ) dx
x 4
6
f (4) ( x ) =
= 4 which has a
x
0.2  f (0) + 4 f (0.2) + 2 f (0.4) 
 maximum value of M = 6 (at x = 1 ) for
≈
3  ... + 2 f (1.6) + 4(1.8) + f (2)
 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 . Thus the error bound is
≈ 16.4902028745 M (b − a)5 6(2 −1)3
E4 ≤ =
180 n 4 180(4 4 )
2−0
10. (a) Trapezoidal rule: ∆x = = 0.25 =
1
= 0.0001302083
8 7680
2

∫ 0
x 3 dx ≈ 4.0625
0.6 − 0
14. (a) Trapezoidal rule: ∆x = = 0.1
f ''( x ) = 6 x which has a maximum 6
value of M = 12 (at x = 2 ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 . 0.6

∫
3
e x dx ≈ 0.6356192430
Thus the error bound is 0
3 3
f ''( x ) = 3 x(2 + 3 x 3 )e x = 3 x (2 + 3 x 3 )e x

M (b − a)3 12(2 − 0)3 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 . Note all the factors in

E8 ≤ = = = 0.125
12 n 2 12(82 ) 8 f ''( x ) are increasing functions of x so the
2−0 maximum value occurs at the right endpoint
(b) Simpson’s rule: ∆x = = 0.25
8 and is equal to 5.9155…. We can take
2 M = 6 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 . Thus the error bound
∫ 0
x 3 dx ≈ 4
is
f (4) ( x ) = 0 for all x so the value of M in M (b − a)3 6(0.6 − 0)3
E6 ≤ = = 0.003
12 n 2 12(62 )
the error bound is 0. Thus the error bound is
M (b − a)5 0(2 − 0)5
E8 ≤ = =0 0.6 − 0
180 n 4 180(84 ) (b) Simpson’s rule: ∆x = = 0.1
6
which says the Simpson’s rule estimate is 0.6

∫
3
exact. e x dx ≈ 0.6345139457
0
3
2 −1 f (4) ( x ) = 9 x 2 (3 x 3 + 10)(2 + 3 x 3 )e x
12. (a) Trapezoidal rule: ∆x = = 0.25
4 3
2 = 9 x 2 (3 x 3 + 10)(2 + 3 x 3 )e x
∫ 1
ln x dx ≈ 0.3836995094 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 . Note all the factors in
−1 1 f (4) ( x ) are increasing functions of x so the
f ''( x ) =
= 2 which has a
x2 x maximum value occurs at the right endpoint
maximum value of M = 1 (at x = 1 ) for and is equal to 113.38…. We can take
1 ≤ x ≤ 2 . Thus the error bound is M = 114 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 . Thus the error
M (b − a)3 1(2 −1)3 bound is
E4 ≤ =
12 n 2 12(42 ) M (b − a)5 114(0.6 − 0)3
E6 ≤ = = 0.000038
1 180 n 4 180(6 4 )
= = 0.0052083333
192

2 −1
(b) Simpson’s rule: ∆x = = 0.25
4
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 207

16. (a) f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 M (b − a)3

En ≤
f '( x ) = 4 x 3 + 4 x 12 n 2
f ''( x ) = 12 x 2 + 4 (1/ 4)(2 −1)3 1
= 2
= ≤ 0.00005
12 n 48n2
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 , f ''( x ) has a
Solving the above inequality for n
maximum value of M = 196 at x = 4 . The 1
value of n must be chosen so that n≥ = 20.41
48(0.00005)
M (b − a)3
En ≤ we find 21 subintervals are needed to
12 n 2 guarantee the desired accuracy using the
196(4 − 0)3 3136 trapezoidal rule.
= = ≤ 0.00011
12 n 2 3n 2
Solving the above inequality for n 2
(b) f '''( x ) =
n≥
3136
= 4572.38 (1 + x )3
3(0.00005) −6
f (4) ( x ) =
we find 4573 subintervals are needed to (1 + x )4
guarantee the desired accuracy using the
On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 , f (4) ( x ) has a
trapezoidal rule.
6 3
maximum value of M = = at x = 1 . The
(b) f '''( x ) = 24 x 24 8
f (4) ( x ) = 24 value of n must be chosen so that
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 , the second M ( b − a)5
En ≤
180 n 4
derivative f (4) ( x ) has a maximum value of
(3 / 8)(2 −1)5 1
M = 24 . The value of n must be chosen so = 4
= ≤ 0.00005
180 n 480 n 4
that Solving the above inequality for n
M ( b − a)5
En ≤ 1
180 n 4 n≥ 4 = 2.54
480(0.00005)
24(4 − 0)5 2048
= = ≤ 0.00005 we find only 4 subintervals are needed to
180 n 4 15n 4 guarantee the desired accuracy using
Solving the above inequality for n Simpson’s rule.
2048
n≥ 4 = 40.65
15(0.00005) 20. (a) f ( x ) = e x
2

we find 42 (n must be even) subintervals are 2

needed to guarantee the desired accuracy f '( x ) = 2 xe x
2
using Simpson’s rule. f ''( x ) = 2(2 x 2 + 1)e x
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , f ''( x ) has a
18. (a) f ( x ) = ln(1 + x )
1 maximum value of M = 18e 4 at x = 2 . The
f '( x ) = value of n must be chosen so that
1+ x
−1 M (b − a)3
f ''( x ) = En ≤
(1 + x )2 12 n 2
On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 , f ''( x ) has a 18e 4 (2 − 0)3 12e 4
= = 2 ≤ 0.00005
12 n 2 n
1
maximum value of M = at x = 1 . The Solving the above inequality for n
4
value of n must be chosen so that 12e 4
n≥ = 3619.88
0.00005
we find 3,620 subintervals are needed to
208 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

guarantee the desired accuracy using the Applying Simpson’s rule with
trapezoidal rule. f (t ) = 12, 000 t e−0.05t , n = 10 , and
5 1
2 ∆x = = gives
(b) f '''( x ) = 4 x (2 x 2 + 3)e x 10 2
2 5
f (4) ( x ) = 4(4 x 4 + 12 x 2 + 3)e x
∫ 0
12, 000 te−0.05t dt
On the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 , f (4) ( x ) has a
1/ 2 0 + 4(8275.77) + 2(11, 414.75) 
≈
maximum value of M = 460e . The value of 3  ... + 4(20,326.90) + 20,897.42
4

n must be chosen so that ≈ $76, 292.86

M ( b − a)5
En ≤
180 n 4 26. The survival/renewal formula states the
(460e 4 )(2 − 0)5 736e 4 number of patients at time T is given by
= = ≤ 0.00005
180 n 4 9n 4 T

Solving the above inequality for n

P0 S (T ) + ∫ 0
R(t )S (T − t ) dt .

736e 4 Here the initial population is P0 = 300 , the

n≥ 4 = 97.21
9(0.00005) time period is T = 60 , the survival function
we find 98 subintervals are needed to is S (t ) = f (t ) while the renewal function is
guarantee the desired accuracy using 10 1
R(t ) = = has been converted to units of
Simpson’s rule. 30 3
patients per day (assuming a 30 day month)
22. Given f ( x ) = x + 1 , the second derivative
3 to be compatible with the other data. The
number of patients after 60 days is then
3( x 4 + 4 x )
is given by f ''( x ) = . A graph of
4( x 3 + 1)3 / 2 T

f ''( x ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 shows M =

3
is a good
P0 S (T ) + ∫ 0
R(t )S (T − t ) dt
2 60
= 300 f (60) + ⌠
1
bound for f ''( x ) . Using the inequality ⌡ 0 3 f (60 − t ) dt
M ( b − a )3 1 1 60
En ≤
12 n2
= 300   +
 20  3 ∫ 0
f (60 − t ) dt

the necessary value of n can be determined 1 60

for any possible level of accuracy. The table = 15 +
3 ∫ 0
f (t ) dt
below gives the value of n and the (Note: the fact that
corresponding trapezoidal estimate for 60 60
several different accuracy levels. ∫ 0
f (60 − t ) dt = ∫ 0
f (t ) dt

Accuracy n Trapezoidal is easy to see by using the substitution

estimat u = 60 − t in the left hand side.)
e
0.005 5 1.11499211 Applying the trapezoidal rule with the given
0.0005 16 1.11179332 data gives
60
0.00005 50 1.11148333
∫ 0
f (t ) dt

24. The formula present value of an income 5 1 + 2(3 / 4) + 2(3 / 5) 

≈
stream gives the present value in this 2  + ... + 2(1/15) + 1/ 20 
situation as ≈ 18.89
5

∫
−0.05t So the number of patients after 60 days will
12, 000 te dt .
0 be approximately 15 + 18.89 = 33.89 or 34.
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 209

8 31.32
28. (a) 12 19.83
16 13.87
t C (t ) 20 10.58
0 0 24 7.25
5 10
10 36 Using Simpson’s rule with ∆x = 4 ,
15 35
20 15 24

25 12 ∫ 0
D(q) dq
30 8 4  49.12 + 4(42.90) + 2(31.32)
≈
3  + ... + 4(10.58) + 7.25 
Using Simpson’s rule with ∆x = 5 ,
30 ≈ 586.65
∫ 0
C (t ) dt The consumer’s surplus is then
24
5 0 + 4(10) + 2(36) + 4(35)
≈  ∫ D(q) dq − p0 q0
3 +2(15) + 4(12) + 8  0
≈ 586.65 − (24)(7.25) = 412.65 .
≈ 563.333 .
Since the dosage was 5 mg, the approximate 34.
cardiac output is x L( x ) x − L( x )
5 0 0 0
≈ 0.00888 L/sec.
563.333 0.125 0.0063 0.1187
0.25 0.0631 0.1869
30. 0.375 0.1418 0.2332
t P '(t )
0.5 0.2305 0.2695
1 0.65 0.625 0.3342 0.2908
2 0.43 0.75 0.4713 0.2787
3 0.72 0.875 0.6758 0.1992
4 0.81 1 1 0
5 1.02
6 0.97 From the trapezoidal rule with ∆x = 0.125 ,

Using the trapezoidal rule with ∆x = 1 , the 1

total profit can be estimated as
6
∫ 0
[ x − L( x) ] dx

∫ P '(t ) dt
≈
0.125  0 + 2(0.1187) + 2(0.1869)
2  + ... + 2(0.1992) + 0 
1

1 0.65 + 2(0.43) + 2(0.72) 

≈ = 0.197125
2 +2(0.81) + 2(1.02) + 0.97
The Gini index is then
= 3.79 1
or $3,790. GI = 2 ∫ 0
[ x − L( x ) ] dx
≈ 2(0.197125) = 0.39425.
32.
q p = D( q )
0 49.12
4 42.90

Review Problems
210 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

∫ (5 + 3x)e u = ln x dv = dx
−x 2
2. dx
1
du = dx v = x
u = 5 + 3 x dv = e− x 2 dx x
du = 3dx v = −2e− x 2
⌠ w3 dw
8. 
⌡ 1+ w2
∫ (5 + 3x)e −x 2
dx
w
u = w2 dv =
= −2(5 + 3 x )e− x 2 + 6 ∫ e−x 2 dx
1+ w2
dw

= −10e−x 2 − 6 xe−x 2 −12e−x 2 + C du = 2 w dw v = 1 + w 2

−x 2
= −2e (3 x + 11) + C
⌠ w3 dw
−1 
4. ⌠ y
dy ⌡ 1+ w2
⌡− 9 4 − 5 y
1
= w2 1+ w 2 − ∫ 2w 1 + w 2 dw
u=y dv = dy 2
4 − 5y = w 2 1 + w 2 − (1 + w 2 )3 / 2 + C
3
2
du = dy v = − 4 − 5y
5 1
10. ⌠ x + 2 dx
−1
⌡ 0 e3 x
⌠ y
⌡−9 4 − 5 y
dy u = x + 2 dv = e−3 x dx
1
2 2
−1 −1 du = dx v = − e−3 x
= − y 4 − 5y +
5 −9 5 ∫ −9
4 − 5 y dy
1
3

−1 −1 ⌠ x + 2 dx
2
= − y 4 − 5y +
−1  2  2
(4 − 5 y)3 / 2
⌡ 0 e3 x
5 5  3  5 1
−9 −9 1
1 1
 6 126   36 1372 
=  −  + − +  = −
536 = − ( x + 2)e−3 x +
3 0 3 ∫ 0
e−3 x dx
 5 5   25 75  75 1 1
1 1
= − ( x + 2)e−3 x − e−3 x
3 9
∫ (ln x)
2 0 0
6. dx
7 10
= − e−3
u = (ln x ) 2
dv = dx 9 9
2 ln x
du = dx v = x ⌠ 2 dt
x 12.
⌡ 9t 2 + 16

∫ (ln x)
2
dx
Let u = 3t so that du = 3 dt . Then
= x (ln x )2 − 2 ∫ ln x dx
= x (ln x )2 − 2 x ln x + 2 x + C

where the integral on the right was found

using integration by parts with
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 211

∞
⌠ 2 dt = 2 ⌠ 3dt = 2 ⌠ du ⌠ 1
24. dt
⌡ 9t 2 + 16 3 ⌡ 9t 2 + 16 3 ⌡ u2 + 16 ⌡ 2 t (ln t )2
2 N
= ln u + u 2 + 16 + C = lim ⌠ 1 dt
3 N →∞ ⌡ 2 (ln t )2 t
2
= ln 3t + 9t 2 + 16 + C  1  1
N
3 = lim −  =
N →∞  ln t  2 ln 2
where the integral was computed using
formula number 10 of the tables with a = 4 . ∞
x −1
26. ∫ x+2
0
dx

14. ⌠ 4 dx = 4⌠ dx N 
1− 3  dx
⌡ x (9 + 5 x ) ⌡ x (9 + 5 x ) = lim
N →∞ 0  ∫
 x + 2 
4 x
= ln +C = − lim ( x − 3 ln x + 2 ) = ∞
N
9 9 + 5x N →∞ 0

using integration formula number 6 with 28. Separate the variables of

u = x , a = 9 , and b = 5 .
dy
= 0.02 xy
dx
1 2 + 4− x2
16. ⌠
dx
= − ln +C and integrate to get
⌡ x 4− x2 2 x
⌠ 1 dy = 0.02 x dx
using integration formula number 14 in the ⌡y ∫
tables with u = x and a = 2 . ln y = 0.01x 2 + C1
2 2
+C1
∞ y = e0.01x = eC1 e 0.01x
18. ∫ 0
(1 + 2 x )−3 2 dx 2
so y = Ce0.01x where C = ±eC1
N
= lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
(1 + 2 x )−3 2 dx
30. Separate the variables of
−1 2 N
= − lim (1 + 2 x ) =1 dy e2 x
N →∞ 0
= e 2 x− y = y
dx e
∞
20. ∫ 0
3e−5 x dx and integrate to get

∫ e dy = ∫ e
N y 2x
dx
= 3 lim
N →∞ ∫ 0
e−5 x dx
e2 x
3 N 3 ey = +C
= − lim e−5 x = 2
5 N →∞ 0 5
 e2 x 
or y = ln  + C 
∞  2 
∫
3
22. 2 x 2 e− x dx
0
N dy ln x
∫
3
= 2 lim x 2 e− x dx 32. =
N →∞ 0 dx y
 1 3
N
2 y dy = ln x dx
= 2 lim −  e− x =
N →∞  3 3 y2
0 = x ln x − x + C
2
212 CHAPTER 1. FUNCTIONS, GRAPHS, AND LIMITS

Since y = 100 when x = 1, 3

−1 + C = 5, 000 or C = 5, 001.
36. (a) P(0 ≤ X ≤ 3) = ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx
3
2(3 − x )
=⌠ dx
2
d y ⌡0 9
34. If = 2 , then
dx 2 3
2 x2 
= 3 x − 
dy ⌠ d 2 y 9  2 
= dx 0
dx ⌡ dx 2 2 9 
= 9 − − 0 = 1.
9 
= ∫ 2 dx 2 

= 2 x + C1 . (b) P(1 ≤ X ≤ 2)
2
dy
Since
dx
= 3 when x = 0 , 3 = 2(0) + C1 or = ∫ 1
f ( x ) dx

C1 = 3. Hence 2
2(3 − x )
=⌠ dx
⌡1 9
dy
= 2x + 3 2
dx 2 x2 
= 3 x − 
9  2 
and y = ∫ (2 x + 3) dx = x + 3x + C .
2 1

2  4  1  1
Since y = 5 when x = 0 , 5 = 0 2 + 3(0) + C or = 6 −  −3 −  = .
9  2   2  3
C = 5. Hence

y = x 2 + 3 x + 5.

N
38. (a) P(0 < X ) = lim ⌠
5 4
N →∞ ⌡ 0 ( x + 5)2
dx Q(t ) = 100 ∫ 2
te−0.5t dt
N
1 Using integration by parts
= −5 lim =1
N →∞ x + 5
dv = e−0.5t dt
0
u=t
9 du = dt v = −2e−0.5t
(b) P(1 ≤ X ≤ 9) = ⌠
5
dx
⌡1 ( x + 5)2  4 4 
−5
9
5 5
Q(t ) = 100 −2t e−0.5t + 2

 2 2
e−0.5t dt 


∫
= = − = 0.4762
x + 5 1 6 14  −2 −1 −0.5t 4 
= 100 −8e + 4e − 4 e 
 2 
N
= 132 units.
(c) P(3 ≤ X ) = lim ⌠
5
dx
N →∞ ⌡3 ( x + 5)2
N 42. Let Q(t ) denote the population in millions t
5 5
= − lim = = 0.625 years after 1995. The differential equation
N →∞ x + 5 8
3 describing the population growth is
dQ
40. Let Q(t ) denote the production after t hours. = 10 k (10 − Q),
Then t = 0 at 8:00 a.m., t = 2 at 10:00 a.m., dt
and t = 4 at noon. Thus, where k is a positive constant of
proportionality.
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 213

dQ (c) For calls of more than 2 minutes,

= 10 k dt
10 − Q ∞
− ln 10 − Q = 10 kt + C1 P( X > 2) = ∫ 2
0.5e−0.5 x dx

Q = 10 − Ce−10 kt
( )2
N
= lim −e−0.5 x
N →∞
Since the population was 4 million in 1995
= e−1 − 0 = 0.3679 or 36.79%
(t = 0) we find that C = 6 . Next, using the
fact that Q(5) = 4.74 we find (d) A random call would last on average
∞
4.74 = 10 − 6e−50 k or k = 0.002633. E( X ) = ∫ 0
0.5 xe−0.5 x dx
Thus Q(t ) = 10 − 6e 0.02633t . N
= lim (−xe− x / 2 − 2e− x / 2 )
N →∞ 0
44. Let P denote the number of people, x the = 2 minutes.
income. The rate of change of the number
of people is given by 48. The number of subscribers in N years will be
dP 1
= −kP N
dt x P0 f ( N ) + ∫ 0
r (t ) f ( N − t ) dt

where k is a positive constant of

where P0 = 20, 000 is the current number of
proportionality.
Separation of variables leads to subscribers,

dP −k f (t ) = e−t 10
= dt
P x
is the fraction of subscribers remaining at
and integrating yields least t years, and
−k r (t ) = 1, 000
ln P = t + C1
x is the rate at which new subscriptions are
P=e −kt x +C1
=e −kt x C1
e = Ce −kt x sold. Hence, the number of subscribers in
the long run is
where C = eC1 . Note that P > 0 and x > 0 in
the context of this problem. (
lim  20, 000e−N 10
N →∞ 
)
N 
46.
0.5e−0.5 x
f ( x ) = 
for x ≥ 0 + ∫ 0
1, 000e−( N −t ) 10 dt 


 0 for x < 0

(
= lim  20, 000e−N 10
N →∞ 
)
(a) For calls between 2 and 3 minutes, N 
3
+ 1, 000e−N 10 ∫ 0
et 10 dt 


P(2 ≤ X ≤ 3) = ∫ 2
0.5e−0.5 x dx
= 0 + 10, 000 lim e−N 10 et 10
N
= 10, 000
3 N →∞
−0.5 x 0
= −e = 0.1447 or 14.47%
2
0.08e−0.08 x for x ≥ 0
(b) For calls of at most 2 minutes, 50. f ( x ) = 
 0 for x < 0

2
P( X ≤ 2) = ∫ 0
0.5e−0.5 x dx
The probability the warranty will expire
2 before the product does is the
= − e−0.5 x = 0.6321 or 63.21%
0 probability the product’s life span is
greater than 1 year.
214 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

The rate of change of the inside solute is

∞ jointly proportional to the area of the cell
P( X > 1) = ∫ 1
0.08e−0.08 x dx
surface and the difference between the
solute inside and outside the wall, so
( )1
N
= lim −e−0.08 x
N →∞ dS
= kA(S − S0 )
= e−0.08 ≈ 0.923 dt
where k is a positive constant of
0.5e−0.5 x for x ≥ 0
52. f ( x ) =  proportionality, S0 is constant, and so is A.
 0 for x < 0
 Separation of variables and integration leads
to
The probability two cars will arrive at least 6
1
minutes apart is ∫ S −S 0
dS = ∫ kA dt
∞ ln S − S0 = kAt + C1
P( X > 6) = ∫ 6
0.5e−0.5 x dx
S − S0 = ±eC1 e kAt = Ce kAt
( )6
N
= lim −e−0.5 x The absolute sign was dropped since C can
N →∞
−3 conveniently be positive or negative as the
=e ≈ 0.04979
need prescribes. Thus S = S0 + Ce kAt .
54. D( p) = 40 − 3 p ; S ( p) = 5 + 4 p
dP
Then 58. = P(ln P0 )(ln β )β t
dp dt
= k ( D − S ) = k [(40 − 3 p) − (5 + 4 p) ] dP
dt = (ln P0 )(ln β )β t dt
= 7k (5 − p) P
Integrating leads to
Separating and integrating yields
ln P = (ln P0 )β t + C1
⌠ dp = 7k dt
⌡ 5− p ∫ P = e(ln P0 ) β
t
+C1
= eC1 e(ln P0 )β
t

− ln 5 − p = 7kt + C βt t
= Ce ln( P0 ) = C ( P0 )β
−7 kt−C −7 kt −C
5− p = e = Ae (A = e )
where C = eC1 . Absolute values were
Since the given values of p are less than 5, dispensed with because by context P > 0.
we way drop the absolute value signs and
solve for p. 3
−7 kt 60. ⌠ 1 dx
p = 5 − Ae ⌡1 x
When t = 0 , p = 5 − A = 4 so A = 1 . When (a) The trapezoidal rule approximation with
t = 5 , p = 3 = 5 − e−7(5) k which gives n = 10 subintervals is 1.1015623266.
2
k =−
1
ln 2 . Thus f ''( x ) = which has a maximum value
35 x3
1
(ln 2)t
of M = 2 (at x = 1 ) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 . Thus the
p = 5− e 5 = 5 − 2t / 5 . error bound is

56. Let S be the concentration of the solute

inside the cell, S0 that of the solute outside M (b − a)3 2(3 −1)3 1
E10 ≤ 2
= 2
= = 0.01333
the cell, and A the area of the cell wall. 12 n 12(10 ) 75
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 215

(b) The Simpson’s rule approximation with On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 , f ''( x ) has a
n = 10 subintervals is 1.0986605987.
1
24 maximum value of M = at x = 1 . The
f ( x ) = 5 which has a maximum
(4) 4
x value of n must be chosen so that
value of M = 24 (at x = 1 ) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 . M (b − a)3
Thus the error bound is En ≤
12 n 2
M (b − a)5 24(3 −1)5 4 (1/ 4)(3 −1)3
E10 ≤ 4
= 4
= =
1
= 2 ≤ 0.00005
180 n 180(10 ) 9375 12 n 2
6n
= 0.000426667 Solving the above inequality for n
6
2 n≥ = 346.41
⌠ ex 0.00005
62. dx
⌡1 x we find 347 subintervals are needed to
(a) The trapezoidal rule approximation with guarantee the desired accuracy using the
n = 10 subintervals is 3.0606550469. trapezoidal rule.
e x ( x 2 − 2 x + 2)
f ''( x ) = which has a 3
x3 (b) f '''( x ) =
8x 5 / 2
maximum value of M = e (at x = 1 ) for 15
1 ≤ x ≤ 2 found by drawing its graph. Thus f (4) ( x ) = −
16 x 7 / 2
the error bound is
On the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 , f (4) ( x ) has a

M (b − a)3 e(2 −1)3 e 15

E10 ≤ = = maximum value of M = . The value of n
12 n 2 2
12(10 ) 1200 16
must be chosen so that
= 0.002265
M ( b − a)5
En ≤
(b) The Simpson’s rule approximation with 180 n 4
n = 10 subintervals is 3.0591199978. (15 /16)(3 −1)5 1
= 4
= 4 ≤ 0.00005
e x ( x 4 − 4 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 24 x + 24) 180 n 6n
f (4) ( x ) = Solving the above inequality for n
x5
6
n≥ 4 = 18.61
0.00005
which has a maximum value of M = 9e (at
we find 20 subintervals are needed to
x = 1 ) for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 found by using a
guarantee the desired accuracy using
graphing calculator.
Simpson’s rule.
Thus the error bound is
M (b − a)5 9e(2 −1)5 e 66. (a) The total cost of producing 8 units is
E10 ≤ 4
= 4
=
180 n 180(10 ) 200000 given by
= 0.00001359 8 8

∫ 0
C ′(q) dq = ∫ 0
qe 0.01q dq .

64. (a) f ( x ) = x = x1/ 2

1 8−0
f '( x ) = (b) With n = 8 , ∆x = = 1 and the
2 x1/ 2 8
1 trapezoidal rule estimate is
f ''( x ) = − 3 / 2
4x
216 CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration

8  
∫ qe 0.01q dq  5 + 25 − y 2
3 = 5ln   − 25 − y 2

 
0
y
1  0 + 2(e ) + 2( 2 e ) 
0.01 0.02
≈ 
2  ... + 2( 6 e0.06 ) + 2( 7e 0.07 ) + 8e0.08 
  gives y = 2.1134 .
≈ 15.6405144479
x −2
70. y= intersects y = 25 − x 2
dy −y x +1
68. (a) Separating variables in =
dx 25 − y 2 at (−1.8204, 4.6568) and (-4.6568,1.8204)
yields according to a graphing utility. To find the
area numerically, integrate
⌠ 25 − y 2 dy = − dx

⌡ y ∫ ⌠
−1.8204
 x −2 
 25 − x 2 −  dx
  ⌡−4.6568 
 x + 1 
 5 + 25 − y 2  = −x + C
25 − y 2 − 5ln  

 y  to get A = 2.9987.

where the integral on the left is found using

formula number 17 in the integral tables.
Since the sled begins at the point (0, 5) , we
substitute x = 0 and y = 5 in the equation
above to find C = 0 . The equation can be
written as

 
 5 + 25 − y 2 
x = 5ln   − 25 − y
2

 y 

(b)

1
72. ∫ 0
x 2 9 + 4 x 2 dx

11
Let u = 2 x so that x = u and dx = du and
22
the integral limits become u = 0 to u = 2.
Then

1 2
1
∫ 0
x 2 9 + 4 x 2 dx =
8 ∫ 0
u2 9 + u 2 du

Applying integration formula number 13

from the table with a = 3 gives
The point exactly three feet from the y
axis is that point where x = 3. Tracing
the graph to find the point satisfying
CHAPTER 6. Additional Topics in Integration 217

1 2
N 10 100 1,000 10,000
8 ∫ 0
u2 9 + u 2 du
I(N 3.3758 11.4162 24.6800 43.2375
2
1 u 81  1 9 1 4
=  (9 + 2u2 ) 9 + u 2 − ln u + 9 + u 2 
8  8 8  0
17 81 81
= 13 − ln(2 + 13) + ln 3 The values do not appear to be converging.
32 64 64
= 1.1242498261
N
ln( x + 1)
74. For I ( N ) = ⌠
⌡ dx one set of values
1 x
produced by a calculator are given below.