3Y M1 S1 Cort Tibetan Buddhism and The Three Yanas
3Y M1 S1 Cort Tibetan Buddhism and The Three Yanas
3Y M1 S1 Cort Tibetan Buddhism and The Three Yanas
By Cortland Dahl
In the last class, we talked a lot about the life of the Buddha. One of the
main themes that you can see in the life of the Buddha is that he was
deeply in touch with the human condition. He really had, from any
outward perspective, all that life can offer. He had wealth. He had
power. He had a loving relationship. He had virtually all of his more
sensory impulses fulfilled. He led this very sheltered existence.
That prompted him to go search outside his palace, where he had
grown up and where he had lived this sheltered existence. He got in
touch with the facts of human existence – that we are born a rather
painful birth, that we age, we get sick, and we die. And, throughout,
there is this constant sense, even in our best moments there is always,
or often, a sense that things are not quite right. We might experience
intense suffering at times and we might experience great happiness at
times. But, even in those moments of great happiness, there is this
nagging sense or this nagging recognition that these moments of
happiness are not going to last forever, that, as much as we try to hang
on to these experiences of happiness and pleasure, by their very
nature they will elude us, by their very nature, they will come to an
end.
This was what prompted the Buddha to see if he could find some
understanding or some insight that would liberate himself and that he
could teach to others to be free from this round of suffering and
dissatisfaction. That was the basis, you could say, for the teachings of
1 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
the Buddha. It was a deep, deep inquiry into the very basic facts of
human existence. That was roughly 2500 years ago.
After the Buddha first taught, for roughly 1500 to 1600 years, the
teachings continued to grow and evolve in India; all sorts of sects and
lineages and all sorts of permutations of his teachings slowly took
shape in India. About 1600 years later, the teachings were eventually
wiped out with the Muslim invasions. But within that 1600-year
period, especially starting 600 to 700 years after the Buddha taught,
the teachings started to spread, as I previously mentioned – north into
China, through the Himalayan regions, to Southeast Asia, to Sri Lanka,
and to many other regions. Even though the teachings were eventually
wiped out in ancient India, they were retained in these other cultures.
Interestingly, if you look at the historical process that was underway
and how the teachings of the Buddha took root around the world, at
each point in time, when you had different people often coming to
India to study these teachings and going back to their home country,
they took a specific slice. Perhaps – just as is happening now – you
might have somebody go to Nepal or India and study with a particular
teacher or study at a specific monastery, or go to Thailand or Sri Lanka
and come back and teach or pass on these teachings here.
The same thing happened in many of these ancient countries. People
would go to ancient India, they would receive teachings, attaining
various levels of mastery of those teachings, and then they would go
back to China or to Tibet or to Sri Lanka, and then those teachings
would be passed on. So in each of these countries you find really
different flavors of Buddhism. How Buddhism took root in China looks
very different from how it took root in Tibet, and that looked very
different from how it took root in Burma or in Sri Lanka.
2 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
many different kinds of schools and practices that were quite
independent and distinct from one another. Buddhism spread out in
all these different directions and you had many, many sub-schools and
sub-lineages.
To a degree, that still was the case when Buddhism began to be
transmitted to Tibet. But another strand that began to occur at that
time was that there were certain lineages that began to gather all the
different teachings and practices together and to create one cohesive
whole out of all the different varieties that had developed over the
preceding some 1200 years. So rather than there being one little
strand that shot off and then was brought to a different country, what
happened in Tibet was that the type of Buddhism that came was from
these lineages that had taken all of the vast array and tried to create a
cohesive whole out of it. That was then what was brought to Tibet.
The way this is presented in Tibetan Buddhism is through what we
call “the three yanas.” “Yana” literally means a “vehicle.” But in a more
liberal translation you could just say an “approach” – the three
approaches or the three forms of study and practice in the Buddhist
tradition. Terms you will hear again and again and again in the Tibetan
tradition are the Hinayana, the Mahayana, and the Vajrayana. These
are all related, of course, as they are all coming from this common
source of the teachings of the Buddha, they are all geared towards
understanding the causes and conditions of human suffering and
dissatisfaction, and they are all meant as remedies or antidotes or
ways that we can begin to free ourselves from suffering and
dissatisfaction. In that sense, they are all rooted in this common point
of origin with the historical Buddha.
3 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
emphasis on letting go and relinquishing our attachment to these
experiences and these factors that we oftentimes cling to.
Another emphasis in the Hinayana teachings is on the principle of
selflessness. Rather than the view that there is an eternal soul – or
“atman” as it was known in Indian philosophy – the idea is that when
we actually investigate our own experience, we do not find anything
that remains unchanging from one moment to the next. What we
actually see is this constantly changing flow of experience that is
shifting, that is fluctuating, that never remains the same.
This is important because it is said, in one of the core teachings of the
Buddha, that it is our mistaken belief that there is a real, permanent,
lasting identity that we can cling to that is actually at the root of our
suffering. The idea is that when we have a really rigid, solid fixation on
our own identity, we immediately create this barrier between self and
other. That dualistic fixation, the subject-object split, you could say,
that happens then sets the stage for a lot of emotional patterns that
play out. We have aversion to certain experiences, we want to chase
after or hold on to other experiences, and other experiences we just
tune out. That, of course, then sets the stage for many different
varieties of suffering and dissatisfaction. All of that is rooted in this
belief that there is a solid, independent, unitary, somewhat lasting and
immutable self that underlies our experience.
So the Buddha taught – especially in these Hinayana teachings – an
emphasis on investigating experience so that we can see if that is
actually the case. By seeing the components of experience, by seeing
how they are always changing, by seeing how there is nothing fixed
and immutable in our experience, we begin to loosen up that fixation.
That then opens us up to others, it opens us up to things as they are
rather than the ideas we have about them. Therefore, it really loosens
up all of the factors that are keeping the cycle of dissatisfaction and
suffering going. That is the kind of emphasis in those teachings. There
is a lot you could say about the Hinayana, but those are two of the focal
points in the Hinayana teachings.
4 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
In the Mahayana teachings, which are the second of the three vehicles,
the emphasis is not only on these factors that I just mentioned.
Another element that comes to the fore and is emphasized is
compassion and altruism – really reflecting very deeply on one’s
motivation not only for spiritual practice and spiritual study, but for
whatever we do in our lives. It is taught to be of paramount
importance that we always investigate our own motivation and that,
ideally, we form an altruistic motivation not only to bring happiness to
our own lives but to help all beings wake up. In a nutshell, that
attitude is what we call the attitude of bodhichitta. That is a really
important principle in the Mahayana teachings.
Another important principle that you find here is the principle of
emptiness. This builds on the teaching of selflessness, showing that
even the components of mind and body – for example, when we
investigate this idea of the self we actually just find all these shifting,
moving parts. But when we look even at those parts, those too dissolve
under our investigation. Ultimately, we can break things down further
and further and further and we never end up at some solid building
block of either matter or of mind. We just find more and more space.
The more we look, in essence, the less we actually find. In a nutshell,
you could say, that is what the teachings on emptiness are all about.
Finally, in the Vajrayana, it is really taking that view of bodhichitta –
the altruistic, open-hearted motivation – and the view of emptiness –
which is this dream-like quality of existence – and it is bringing to that
equation some very powerful methods for actually directly tasting
them not as abstract ideas, but directly in our own experience.
We have a lot of teachings that are working at exploring the nature of
mind, for example. This is an emphasis of the Tergar community –
really going directly into observing and investigating our own mind,
our own awareness. First, to just see how it works, how our
perception leads to different thoughts and memories, how those
thoughts and memories lay the foundation for emotions, how those
emotions then get translated into action, and so on and so on.
5 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
First, we just see how our mind is actually working, how it operates.
Eventually we investigate the very nature of awareness itself – again,
not at an abstract or theoretical level, but we look directly at our own
awareness. We directly observe our own awareness to see not only
how it functions, how it operates, but to see what is the very essence
of awareness, what is the very nature of that awareness. That is just
one form of practice that you find in the Vajrayana tradition.
At one point in ancient India, these were all different strands of
practice that were done independently of one another. But when
Buddhism was brought to Tibet, these three practices or approaches
or yanas or vehicles were brought together as one unified system.
If you look across the landscape of Buddhism throughout the world,
each of the different schools has a unique flavor. For the most part,
many of the different schools you find in different places tend to focus
on one specific teaching that the Buddha gave or one specific strand of
teachings that the Buddha gave. There is a great deal of depth and
mastery of whatever that particular teaching is. You have these sutras
which are the actual recorded teachings of the Buddha, and there
might be a specific sutra that a school might focus on as its basis.
In Tibet, what you find is not so much that approach, but a synthesis of
the entirety of the teachings of the Buddha in such a way that one can
incorporate them and bring them into one’s direct experience
relatively easily. That is why you have this lack of simplicity, in a way,
because you do not have this approach where you have taken one
strand and just gone very deeply into that, but rather have taken
everything and try to bring it all in. You have this very comprehensive,
holistic approach, which at the same time can be a little bit
intimidating and overwhelming at the beginning because it is bringing
together so many different strands of practice, of philosophy, of ethics
and all of the different traditions you find, or the different aspects you
find of the Buddhist traditions.
It is not as though the three yanas are three different independent
approaches. They are very much, especially in Tibetan Buddhism,
practiced as a whole. If you take even one element, like renunciation, it
6 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
is not as though you practice renunciation in the Hinayana and then
you get to the Mahayana and then you are through with renunciation.
All of these different ideas, practices, and principles are refined as one
moves through the different yanas.
For example, starting in the Hinayana you might be working very
much at an outer level and there is a focus on monasticism and a
renunciation of the actual stuff, the actual physical belongings,
relationships, etc. that can distract us from practice. If you are just
practicing that level, the emphasis can be very much on a monastic
lifestyle, because it is focused on this outer level. When you get to the
Mahayana level, it is not that that is dispensed with – there is still an
important role for seeing our clinging to the things and relationships
and all that we have in our lives. But it takes on an even more subtle
form when we are looking at our letting go. Renunciation can take on
this sense of letting go and releasing our fixation on our own narrow
self-interest. It is not just a renunciation in a sense of not caring about
money or not caring about sensory pleasure, but a renunciation of the
tendency we have to be really focused on our own self-interest. It is a
willingness to open up to the well-being of others and to consider the
well-being of others and, hopefully, to work for the well-being of
others.
As you go to the Vajrayana, then renunciation takes on an even more
subtle form. We are not even letting go and releasing, as we talked
about with the first two yanas, but we are really going to the heart, to
what is at the root of suffering and dissatisfaction, which is this
dualistic solidity, the clinging to a self, the clinging to a rigid view of
other. Renunciation can have a sense of letting go and releasing of that
rigid solidity, the self-fixation that lies at the core of all this.
So each of the principles that are first introduced, even at the very
beginning, in the earliest teachings of the Buddha, are just refined. As
you begin to practice, they deepen and take on a more and more subtle
form. You are operating on many different levels simultaneously. It is
not as though you get rid of one teaching and move on to a more
advanced teaching. It is just that, as you grow in your practice and
7 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA
your understanding, you come to a more and more subtle
understanding and realization of the teaching.
8 | SIX PARAMITAS | THE PATH OF THE BODHISATTVA