CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background
 English is the language used by almost every person in the world. at the
present time, learning English is very important. English language is not only used
to talk to the west, but has become a requirement to enter the world of work.
children in schools in Asian countries, must learn English. There is so much
discussion in English.but that will be discussed in this paper is about the adjective
clause. Adjective clause is a very important discussion because it is very often
used both in conversation especially in the writing of English. in this paper, I will
attempt to explain a little about the adjective clause.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the definition of adjective clause?
2. What  are types of adjective clause?
3. How is the usual patterns of adjective clauses?
4. How to use adjective clause?
5. How is the position of adjective clause?

C. Writing Purpose
To fulfill Grammar task.

D. Writing methods
1. Fetching data from literature sources.
2. Looking for material from the internet

1
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. DEFENITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and
Predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.[1]Adjective clauses can
be reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions.  In the
examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an
example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase.  The red dots
indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-
phrase reduction in these examples.  For such reductions to occur, the relative
pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.
Grammatical Clause Phrase
Condition
Verb in adjective People who live in people living in large
clause is an active verb large cities... cities...
Verb in adjective Students who are Students studying at
clause is progressive studying at urban urban campuses...
campuses...
Verb in adjective Children who are Children born with
clause is passive bornwith congenital congenital heart
heart disease... disease... (the preferred
style)
Adj. clause has the Children who are Children most likely to
verb be + adjective + most likely to recover from serious
infinitive complement recover from serious illness...
illness...
Adj. clause has Dr. Francisco Dr. Francisco
another name for the Ramirez, who is Ramirez,chief pediatric
modified noun (an chief pediatric surgeonat Children's
appositive) surgeon at Children's Hospital,... the
Hospital,... appositive phrase is

2
 preferred style and is
non-restrictive.
Relative pronoun use who subject or object pronoun for people which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things which referring to a whole
sentence whose possession for people animals and things whom object pronoun
for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses
we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and
things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).

relative
use
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people
which subject or object pronoun for animals and things
which referring to a whole sentence
whose possession for people animals and things
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative
whom
clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining
that
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)

B. TYPE OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause may be classified according to the
antecedent that the introductory word refers to.
Noun Antecedent Introductory Word Illustrative Sentence
 Meaning
A person (1)   Relative Pronoun: ·      Subject-He paid the money
Who (whom or whose) to the man who(or that) had
or that done the work.
·      Object of verb-He paid the
man whom (or that) he had
hired.
·      Object of Preposition-He
paid the man from whomhe
had borrowed the money.
·      Possesive adjective-This is

3
 the girl whose picture you
saw.

§  Subject-Here is a
bookwhich (or that)
A thing Which or that describes animals.
§  Object of verb-The
chairwhich (or that) he
broke is being repaired.
§  Object of preposition-She
was wearing the coat
forwhich she had paid
$2,000.

(2)   Relative Adverb:
A time When This is the year when the
Olympic Games are held.
A place Where Here is the house where I
live.
A reason Why Give me one good
reasonwhy you did that.[3]

C. USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

S + Be/V + N/Pronoun Adjective Clause

Relative Pronoun + S + V

Example:
 A pilot is a person who flies an air plane.
 This is the picture that I like very much.
 An expert is a person who has special knowledge in one area.
 I have just met the girl whose car is Mitsubishi.
 Lucia wears suit which cost US $ 250.
 That is the place where the victim was found.
 The man whose hause is blue works for PT. EXXON MOBILE.

4
  This is the girl whom the car belong to will be sold.
 This was the month when I was born.[4]
 Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.
 I love sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
 Students whom I admire want to become English teachers.
 My English teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the
students.
 My English book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a
door stop.
(a) USUAL: I like the people who live In everyday informal usage, often
next to me. one adjective clause pattern is used
 LESS USUAL: I like the more commonly than another. In (a):
people that live next to me. As subject pronoun, who is more
common than that.
(b)     USUAL: I like books that have In (b): As a subject pronoun, that is
good plots. more common than which.
LESS USUAL: I like
books which have good   plots.
(c)      USUAL: I like the people I met In (c) and (d): Object pronouns are
last night. commonly omitted, especially in
(d)     USUAL: I like the book I read speaking.
last night.

D. USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. Using Whose
Whose is used to show possession. It
I know the man carries the same meaning as other
 His bicycle was stolen. possessive pronouns used as adjectives:

5
                                                  ↓ his, her, its, and their. Like his, her, its,
(I know the man whose bicycle was and their, whose is connected to a noun:
stoles      His bicycle → whose bicycle
     Her composition → whose
composition
  The student writes well
  I read her composition Both whose and the noun it is connected
                                       ↓ to are placed at the beginning of the
(b)     The student whose composition I adjective clause. Whose cannot be
read writes well. omitted.

      Mr. Catt has a painting. Whose usually modifies people, but it
                       Its value is may also be used to modify things, as in
inestimable. (c).
                   
(c)      Mr, Chatt has a painting whose
valueis inestimable.

2. Using Where
The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective clause to
He lives there (in that building) modify a place (city, country, room,
house, etc.).
(a)      The building where he lives is If where is used, a preposition in NOT
very old. included in the adjective clause, as in (a).
(b)     The building in which he lives If where is not used, the preposition must
is very old. be included, as in (b).
(c)      The building which he
livesin is very old.
(d)     The building that he lives inis
very old.

6
(e)      The building he lives in is very
old.

3. Using When
I’ll never forget the day. When is used in an adjective clause to
I met you then (on that day). modify a noun of time (year, day, time,
century, etc.).
(a)      I’ll never forget the daywhen The use of a preposition in an adjective
I met you. clause that modifies a noun of time is
(b)     I’ll never forget the day on somewhat different from yhat in order
which adjective clauses: a preposition is used
I met you. preceding which, as in (b). Otherwise, the
(c)      I’ll never forget the day that preposition is omitted.
I met you.
(d)     I’ll never forget the day I met
you.

4. Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns

(a)      There is someone (whom) I Adjective clauses can modify indefinite
want you to meet. pronouns (e.g.,someone, everything,
(b)     Everything he said waspure everybody). Object pronouns
nonsense. (e.g., who(m), that, which) are usually
(c)      Anybody who wants to come omitted in the adjective clause.
is welcome.
(d)     Paula was the only one I knew Adjective clauses can modifythe
at the party. one(s) and those.
(e)      Scholarship are available
forthose who need financial
assitance.
(f)      INCORRECT: I who am Adjective clauses are almost never used to
student at this school come from modify personal pronouns. Native

7
 a country in Asia. speakers would not write the sentence in
(g)     It is I who am responsible. (f). (g) is possible, but very formal and
(h)     He who laughs last laughs best. uncommon. (h) si awell-known saying in
which heis used as an indefinite pronoun
(meaning “anyone,” “any person”.[5]

5. Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which",

"That"
Without adjective clause /
Using adjective clause / relative clause
relative clause

I will introduce you to a friendwho runs a

I will introduce you to a
successful business.
friend.He runs a successful
I will introduce you to a friendthat runs a
business.
successful business.

The book which has raised controversy is

The book is about religion. It has about religion.
raised controversy. The book that has raised controversy is
about religion.

• "Who", "which" or "that" is the subject of the adjective clause.

• "Who" is used to change the form of the subject.
• "Which" is used to change the subject in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the subject and the object, and is more
commonly used than "which". However, "that" can only be used in defining
relative clause only. (Read MenggunakanAdjectiveClause Combining Sentences
(Relative Clause).

6. Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which",

8
 "That"
Without adjective clause /
Using adjective clause / relative clause
relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend(who(m))
I will introduce you to a friend. you have never met before.
You have never met him before. I will introduce you to a friend(that) you
have never met before.

The book (which) I bought in Gramedia

The book is about religion. I
bookstore last week is about religion.
bought it in Gramedia bookstore
The book (that) I bought in Gramedia
last week.
bookstore last week is about religion.

The song to which I am listeningwas very

popular in 1990's.
The song was very popular in The song (which) I am listening to was very
1990's. I am listening to it. popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening towas very
popular in 1990's.

• "Whom" is used to change the form of the object, commonly used in formal
English. For an informal and conversational English, "who" is used more often
replace "Whom".
• "Which" is used to replace an object in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the object or objects, and is more
commonly used than "which". However, "that" can only be used in defining
relative clause only. (Read Combining Sentences Using Adjective Clause
(Relative Clause).
• In conversational English (oral), "who", "which" or "that" is often omitted.

E. POSITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

9
 The normal position of an adjective clause is immeditelyafter the noun or
pronoun to which it refers. However, sometimes a prepositional a participal
phrase may intervene-He greetedall his old friends from Paris, who were delighted
to see him again. Where such a phrase intervenes, the antecedent of the adjective
clause may be ambiguous. For example, in the sentence The Dean wrote to the
parents of the students who had helped with the annual carnival, it is not clear
whether the antecedent of who is the parents or the students.
Occasionally an adjective clause referring to the subject comes after the
verb, especially when the antecedent is a pronoun-Everyone came who could
afford the price of the ticket. Such a construction may have a literary or even an
archaic flavor:
All’s well that ends well (Shakespeare)
He prayeth best who loveth best (Coleridge)[6]

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclucion
Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and
Predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.Adjective clauses can be
reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions.  In the
examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an
example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase.  The red dots
indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-
phrase reduction in these examples.  For such reductions to occur, the relative
pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.

10
 Conjunction between one another clause in the adjective clause are:
1. Who
Its function is to replace the subject (Person)
Example: - This works very diligently Manager who is my brother
`- This Man who lives next to me is very friendly
2. Whom
Its function is to describe the object (person)
Example: - This Man Whom I met is very friendly
- The Lady Whom I met the party last night is our secretary
3. Whose
Functions adalahberhubungan ownership
Example: - The Man Whose car stolen called the police
- The secretary Whose bag is red entered the seminar room
4. Which
Its function is used for objects, either in subject or object position.
Example: - The laser printer roomates I saw at the exibilition last night is very
expensive. - The computer executes the roomates the program is very expensive
very fast

B. Suggestion
 As English University student, we have to always concern and develop
our knowledge about English, especially in Adjective Clause.

11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Betty Schramptfer Azar, English Grammar Third Edition, International Edition,

(United States of America: Longman, 1999)
Marcella Frank, Modern English A Practical Reference Guide, (United States Of
America: Prentie Hall, 1972)
Stace Witney Wright, Toefl Super Lengkap, (Yogyakarta: Kalarana Press, 2012).
The adjective clause modifies a preceding noun or pronoun. Te noun or pronoun
being modified is called the antecedent.
Wren and Martin, High School English Grammer and Composition, (Malaysia:
Crescent Press, 1989).

12