Human Evolution: Full Image
Human Evolution: Full Image
Human Evolution: Full Image
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Human evolution
Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from
apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits
shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of
approximately six million years.
One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs
-- evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as
a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for
language -- developed more recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex
symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during
the past 100,000 years.
Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human
species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate
species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees
(including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a
common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved
in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of
early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.
Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and
1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and
1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much
later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000
years and to the Americas within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of
agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years.