1.

Karanfilian KM, Behbahani S, Lambert MW, Alhatem A, Masessa J, Espinal-Mariotte J,

Schwartz RA, Lambert WC. The Pathophysiology of Pityriasis Alba: Time-Dependent
Histologic Changes. J Clin Dermatol, 2019; 38(3): 354-356.
2. Pinto FJ, Bolognia JL.Disorders of hypo pigmentation in children. Pediatr. Clin. North Am,
1991; 38 (4): 991–1017.
3. Fox H. Partial depigmentation, chiefly of the face, in Negro children. Arch Dermatol Syphilol.
1923;7:v268-269.
4. Du Toit MJ, Jordaan HF. Pigmenting pityriasis alba. Pediatr Dermatol, 1993; 10(1):1-5.
5. Craig GB, Craig NB. Pityriasis Alba: A Condition with Possibly Multiple Etiologies. The Open
Dermatology Journal, 2009; 3:7-8.
6. Lin RL, Janniger CK. Pityriasis alba. Cutis. 2005;76:21-24.
7. Ramam S, Neelima B, Jyothi B, Sanjay BBPR, Raju MDD, Sailaja GL. An Updated Review On
Pityriasis Alba. World Journal of Pharmaceutical ReseaRch, 2014; 3(6): 2162-2171.
8. Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BG, Tenekjian KK. Extensive pityriasis alba: a histological histochemical
and ultra structural study. BJD, 1983; 108: 83–90.
9. Weber MB, De Avila LGS, Albaneze R, De Oliveira OLM, Sudhaus BD, Cestari TF. Pityriasis
alba: a study of pathogenic factors. JEADV, 2002; 16: 463-468.
10. . Jadotte YT, Janniger CK. Pityriasis alba revisited: perspectives on an enigmatic disorder of
childhood. Cutis, 2011; 87(2):66–72
11. Galadari E, Helmy M, Ahmed M. Trace elements in serum of pityriasis alba patients. Int J
Dermatol, 1992; 31: 525-526.
12. Martin RF, Lugo-Somolinos A, Sanchez JL. Clinicopathologic study on pityriasis alba. Bol Asoc
Med PR, 1990; 82: 463-465.
13. Miazek N, Michalek I, Pawlowska-Kisiel M, et al. Pitiryiasis alba—common disease, enigmatic
entity: Up-to-date review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32:786-791.
14. Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN. Pityriasis alba: a condition with possible multiple etiologies. Open
Dermatol J 2009;3:7–8.
15. Galadari E, Helmy M, Ahmed M. Trace elements in serum of pityriasis alba patients. Int J
Dermatol 1992;31:525–526.
16. Elesawy FM, Akl EM, Halim WAA. Zinc has a Role in Pathogenesis of Pityriasis Alba. Indian
Journal of Paediatric Dermatology, 2020; 21(3): 178-183.
17. Khalifa ES, Adil AN, Haitham MS. Pityriasis Alba versus vitiligo Journal of the Saudi Society of
Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery, 2013; 17: 51–54.
18. Wolf R, Wolf D, Trau H. Pityriasis alba in a psoriatic location. Acta Derm Venereol.
1992;72:360.
19. Hacker SM. Common disorders of pigmentation: when are more than cosmetic cover-ups
required? Postgrad Med. 1996;99:177-186.
20. Dogra S, Kumar B. Epidemiology of skin diseases in school children: a study from northern
India. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003;20:470-473.
21. Al Shahwan MA. Pigmenting pityriasis alba: Case report and review of the literature. Journal
of the Saudi Society of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery, 2012; 16:31–33.
22. Inanir I, Sahin MT, Gunduz K. Prevalence of skin conditions in primary school children in
Turkey: differences based on socioeconomic factors. Pediatr Dermatol, 2002; 19:307- 311.
23. Bechelli LM, Haddad N, Pimenta WP. Epidemiological survey of skin diseases in
schoolchildren living in the Purus Valley (Acre State, Amazonia, Brazil). Dermatologica, 1981;
163(1):78-93.
24. Abdel-Hafez K, Abdel-Aty MA, Hofny ER. Prevalence of skin diseases in rural areas of Assiut
Governorate, Upper Egypt. Int. J. Dermatol, 2003; 42 (11): 887–892.
25. . Popescu R, Popescu CM, Williams HC, Forsea D. The prevalence of skin conditions in
Romanian school children. Br. J. Dermatol, 1999; 140 (5): 891–896.
26. Kim D, Lockey R. Dermatology for the allergist. World Allergy Organ J, 2010; 3(6): 202- 215.
27. In SI, Yi SW, Kang HY, et al. Clinical and histopathological characteristics of pityriasis alba
[published online ahead of print December 15, 2008][published correction appears in Clin
Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:751]. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:591-597.
28. Nordlund JJ, Sober AJ, Hansen TW. Periodic synopsis on pigmentation. JAAD, 1985; 12:361
29. . Ogawa Y, Kinoshita M, Shimada S, Kawamura T. Zinc and skin disorders. Nutrients 2018;10.
pii: E199.
30. . Biesemeier A, Julien S, Kokkinou D, Schraermeyer U, Eibl O. A low zinc diet leads to loss of
Zn in melanosomes of the RPE but not in melanosomes of the choroidal melanocytes.
Metallomics 2012;4:323-32.
31. Kim JE, Yoo SR, Jeong MG, Ko JY, Ro YS. Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc
supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:558-62
32. Wells BT, Whyte HJ, Kierland RR. Pityriasis Alba: a tenyear survey and review of the
literature. Arch Dermatol, 1960; 82:183-189.
33. Sori T, Nath AK, Thappa DM, Jaisankar TJ. Hypopigmentary disorders in children in South
India. Indian J Dermatol, 2011; 56(5):546-549.
34. . Gonzalez Ochoa A, Vargas Ocampo F. Treatment of pityriasis alba with a combination of
coal tar, diiodohydroxyquinolin and hydrocortisone [in Spanish]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am.
1980;8:69-72.
35. Dıaz Uribe LH. Pitiriase alba: aspectos epidemiologicos, clinicos e terapeuticos. An Bras
Dermatol 2000;75: 359–367.
36. Di Lernia V, Ricci C. Progressive and extensive hypomelanosis and extensive pityriasis alba:
same disease, different names? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:370–372.
37. Sarifakioglu E. Extensive pityriasis alba in a nonatopic child. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:199–
200.
38. Dhar S, Kanwar AJ, Dawn G. Pigmenting pityriasis alba. Pediatr Dermatol 1995;12:197–198.
39. Sandhu K, Handa S, Kanwar AJ. Extensive pityriasis alba in a child with atopic dermatitis.
Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:275-276.
40. Westerhof W, Relyveld GN, Kingswijk MM, et al. Propionibacterium acnes and the
pathogenesis of progressive macular hypomelanosis. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140: 210-214.
41. Saleem,MD, Oussedik E, Picardo M, MD, Schoch JJ. Acquired disorders with
hypopigmentation: A clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol,
2018;80(5):1233-50.
42. Huggins RH, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Vitiligo. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat
2005;14:137–142, 144–145.
43. Vanderhooft SL, Francis JS, Pagon RA, et al. Prevalence of hypopigmented macules in a
healthy population. J Pediatr. 1996;129:355-361.
44. Naseri M, Namazi MR. Isolated scalp involvement with pityriasis versicolor alba (pityrias
versicolor albus capitis) in a patient from a dry, temperate region. Dermatol Online J.
2003;9:17
45. Thoma W, Krämer HJ, Mayser P. Pityriasis versicolor alba. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2005;19:147-152.
46. Faye O, N’Diaye HT, Keita S, et al. High prevalence of nonleprotic hypochromic patches
among children in a rural area of Mali, West Africa. Lepr Rev. 2005;76:144-146.
47. Hort W, Lang S, Brunke S, et al. Analysis of differentially expressed genes associated with
tryptophan-dependent pigment synthesis in M. furfur by cDNA subtraction technology
[published online ahead of print July 24, 2008]. Med Mycol. 2009;47:248-258.
48. Assogba K, Ferlazzo E, Striano P, et al. Heterogeneous seizure manifestations in
hypomelanosis of Ito: report of four new cases and review of the literature [published online
ahead of print November 10, 2009]. Neurol Sci. 2010; 31:9-16
49. Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Tuberous sclerosis: recent advances for the clinician. Cutis.
1993;51:167-174.
50. Lee HS, Chun YS, Hann SK. Nevus depigmentosus: clinical features and histopathologic
characteristics in 67 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:21-26.
51. Ahkami RN, Schwartz RA. Nevus anemicus. Dermatology. 1999;198:327-329.
52. Ruiz-Maldonado R. Hypomelanotic conditions of the newborn and infant. Dermatol Clin.
2007;25:373-382, ix.
53. Neuhaus IM, Ramos-Caro FA, Hassanein AM. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in
childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:403-406.
54. Whitmore SE, Simmons-O’Brien E, Rotter FS. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Arch
Dermatol. 1994;130: 476-480.
55. Stone ML, Styles AR, Cockerell CJ, et al. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a report of 7
cases and review of the literature. Cutis. 2001;67:133-138.
56. Hwang ST, Janik JE, Jaffe ES et al. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Lancet
2008;371:945– 957.
57. Plensdorf S, Martinez J. Common pigmentation disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79:109-
116.
58. Gupta AK, Batra R, Bluhm R, Boekhout T, Dawson TL. Skin diseases associated with
Malassezia species. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:785-798.
59. Crespo-Erchiga V, Florencio VD. Malassezia yeasts and pityriasis versicolor. Curr Opin Infect
Dis. 2006;19:139-147.
60. Fernandez-Faith E, McDonnell J. Cutaneous sarcoidosis: differential diagnosis. Clin Dermatol.
2007;25:276-287.
61. Bargagli E, Prasse A. Sarcoidosis: a review for the internist. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13:325-
331.
62. Hinds GA, Heald P. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2009;60:359-375.
63. Abdel-Halim M, El-Nabarawy E, El Nemr R, Hassan AM. Frequency of hypopigmented
mycosis fungoides in Egyptian patients presenting with hypopigmented lesions of the trunk.
Am J Dermatopathol. 2015;37:834-840.
64. Lockwood DN. Leprosy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;33:26-29.
65. Zijlstra EE, Musa AM, Khalil EA, el-Hassan IM, el-Hassan AM. Post-kala-azar dermal
leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3: 87-98.
66. Zijlstra EE, El-Hassan AM. Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Trans
R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001;(Suppl 1):S59-S76.
67. Dassoni F, Abebe Z, Naafs B, Morrone A. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
resembling borderlinetuberculoid leprosy: a new clinical presentation? Acta Derm Venereol.
2013;93:74-77
68. Al-Refu K. Dermoscopy is a new diagnostic tool in diagnosis of common hypopigmented
macular disease: a descriptive study. Dermatologi reports,2018;11(1):7916.
69. . Otto Braun F. Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York; Springer Science & Business Media: 2000,
pp. 1684.
70. Gambichler T, Kramer HJ, Boms S, Skrygan M, Tomi NS, Altmeyer P. Quantification of
ultraviolet protective effects of pityriacitrin in humans. Arch Dermatol Res, 2007; 299(10):
517-520
71. Vargas-Ocampo F. Pityriasis alba: a histologic study. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:870–873.
72. Vinod S, Singh G, Dash K, Grover S. Clinico epidemiological study of pityriasis alba. Indian J
Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 2002; 68:338-340.
73. Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Charissi C, et al. Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in pityriasis alba: an
open-label, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:152-155.
74. Kang HY, Choi YM. FK506 increases pigmentation and migration of human melanocytes. Br J
Dermatol 2006;155:1037–1040.
75. . Fujita WH, McCormick CL, Parneix-Spake A. An exploratory study to evaluate the efficacy of
pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of pityriasis alba. Int J Dermatol 2007;46.7:700–
705.
76. Goksugur N, Ozbostanci B, Goksugur S. Molluscum contagiosum infection associated with
pimecrolimus use in pityriasis alba. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:E63– E65
77. Smith EL, Walworth NC, Holick MF. Effect of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphologic
and biochemical differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-
free conditions. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1986; 86(6):709– 714.
78. Korver JEM, Vissers WHPM, Van Rens DWA. A double-blind, randomized quantitative
comparison of calcitriol ointment and calcipotriol ointment on epidermal cell populations,
proliferation and differentiation. British Journal of Dermatology, 2007; 156(1): 130–137.
79. Moreno-Cruz B, Torres-Alvarez B, Hernandez-Blanco D et al. Double-blind, placebo-
controlled, randomized study comparing 0.0003% calcitriol with 0.1% tacrolimus ointments
for the treatment of endemic pityriasis alba. Dermatol Res Pract 2012;2012:1–6.
80. . Bassaly M, Miale A Jr, Prasad AS. Studies on pityriasis alba. a common facial skin lesion in
Egyptian children. Arch Dermatol. 1963;88:272-275.