LRFD-Manual de Puente

LRFD Bridge
Design Manual
B R I D G E O F F I C E
5-392
MANUAL
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Bridge Office
LRFD Bridge
Design Manual
Mn/DOT BRIDGE OFFICE
LRFD Bridge Design Manual
Minnesota Department of Transportation

3485 Hadley Avenue North • Mail Stop 610
Oakdale, MN 55128-3307
Phone: 651/366-4500 • Fax: 651/366-4497
JULY 2003 OCTOBER 2003 JANUARY 2004 APRIL 2004 OCTOBER 2004 DECEMBER 2004
FEBRUARY 2005 MARCH 2005 NOVEMBER 2005 MARCH 2006 APRIL 2006 MAY 2006
AUGUST 2006 OCTOBER 2006 FEBRUARY 2007 JUNE 2007 JULY 2007 OCTOBER 2007
APRIL 2008 MAY 2008 JUNE 2008 AUGUST 2008 SEPTEMBER 2008 OCTOBER 2008
APRIL 2009 MAY 2009
FEBRUARY 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Overview Of Manual 5-392 ............................................................... 1-1
1.1.1 Material Contained in Manual 5-392 .......................................... 1-1
1.1.2 Updates to Manual 5-392 ........................................................ 1-2
1.1.3 Format of Manual References................................................... 1-2
1.2 General Bridge Information .............................................................. 1-2
1.2.1 Bridge Office ......................................................................... 1-3
1.2.2 Highway Systems................................................................... 1-8
1.2.3 Bridge Numbers ..................................................................... 1-8
1.2.4 Limit States to Consider in Design .......................................... 1-11
1.3 Procedures................................................................................... 1-11
1.3.1 Checking of Mn/DOT Prepared Bridge Plans ............................. 1-11
1.3.2 Checking of Consultant Prepared Bridge Plans .......................... 1-12
1.3.3 Schedule for Processing Construction Lettings .......................... 1-16
1.3.4 Bridge Project Tracking System.............................................. 1-17
1.3.5 Approval Process for Standards .............................................. 1-21
2. GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES........................................ 2-1

2.1 Geometrics .................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Bridge Geometrics.................................................................. 2-1
2.1.2 Bridge Deck Requirements ...................................................... 2-2
2.1.3 Bridge Undercrossing Geometrics ............................................. 2-7
2.1.4 Geometric Details ................................................................ 2-15
2.1.5 Bridge Railings .................................................................... 2-28
2.2 Bridge Aesthetics .......................................................................... 2-28
2.3 Preliminary Bridge Plans ................................................................ 2-28
2.3.1 General .............................................................................. 2-28
2.3.2 Bridge Type Selection ........................................................... 2-38
FEBRUARY 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN ii
2.4 Final Bridge Plans and Special Provisions .......................................... 2-43

2.4.1 Final Design Instructions ....................................................... 2-44
2.4.1.1 Superstructure ................................................................ 2-45
2.4.1.1.1 Framing Plan ..................................................... 2-45
2.4.1.1.2 Concrete Wearing Course .................................... 2-46
2.4.1.1.3 Diaphragms and Cross Frames ............................. 2-46
2.4.1.2 Pedestrian Bridges ........................................................... 2-47
2.4.1.3 Temporary Bridges and Widenings ..................................... 2-49
2.4.1.4 Bridge Approaches........................................................... 2-50
2.4.1.5 Survey ........................................................................... 2-50
2.4.1.6 Utilities .......................................................................... 2-50
2.4.1.7 Precedence of Construction Documents............................... 2-52
2.4.1.8 Design Calculation Requirements ....................................... 2-52
2.4.2 Final Plans .......................................................................... 2-52
2.4.2.1 Drafting Standards .......................................................... 2-53
2.4.2.2 Drafting Guidelines .......................................................... 2-53
2.4.2.3 General Plan and Elevation ............................................... 2-56
2.4.2.4 Bridge Layout and Staking Plan ......................................... 2-61
2.4.2.5 Standard Abbreviations .................................................... 2-64
2.4.2.6 Inclusion of Standard Bridge Details in Plan Sets.................. 2-64
2.4.2.7 Use of Bridge Standard Plans ............................................ 2-64
2.4.2.8 Standard Plan Notes ........................................................ 2-64
2.4.2.9 Quantity Notes and Pay Items ........................................... 2-65
2.4.3 Revised Sheets .................................................................... 2-66
2.5 Reconstruction Guidelines and Details .............................................. 2-67
2.5.1 Superstructure .................................................................... 2-67
2.5.1.1 Railings .......................................................................... 2-67
2.5.1.2 Wearing Course............................................................... 2-69
2.5.1.3 Expansion/Fixed Joints ..................................................... 2-69
2.5.2 Substructure ....................................................................... 2-81
2.5.2.1 Abutments...................................................................... 2-81
2.5.2.2 Piers .............................................................................. 2-81
2.5.3 Pavement ........................................................................... 2-81
FEBRUARY 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN iii
2.6 Construction Requirements............................................................. 2-87

APPENDIX 2-A: BRIDGE TYPE NUMBERS .................................................. 2-88
APPENDIX 2-B: SPECIAL PROVISIONS – 2005 SPEC. BOOK ........................ 2-89
APPENDIX 2-C: STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS ............................................ 2-92
APPENDIX 2-D: BRIDGE DETAILS PART I (B-DETAILS) ............................... 2-95
APPENDIX 2-E: BRIDGE DETAILS PART II (STANDARD FIGURES)................. 2-97
APPENDIX 2-F: BRIDGE STANDARD PLANS: CULVERTS .............................. 2-99
APPENDIX 2-G: MN/DOT STANDARD PLANS: SPECIAL STRUCTURES .......... 2-100
APPENDIX 2-H: STANDARD PLAN NOTES................................................ 2-101
APPENDIX 2-I: STANDARD SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES NOTES................... 2-110
APPENDIX 2-J: BRIDGE PAY ITEMS........................................................ 2-112
APPENDIX 2-K: CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO DECIMALS OF A FOOT ...... 2-116
3. LOAD AND LOAD FACTORS .................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Load Factors and Combinations......................................................... 3-1
3.2 Load Modifiers ................................................................................ 3-3
3.3 Permanent Loads (Dead and Earth) ................................................... 3-4
3.4 Live Loads ..................................................................................... 3-4
3.4.1 HL-93 Live Load, LL................................................................ 3-5
3.4.2 Multiple Presence Factor, MPF .................................................. 3-5
3.4.3 Dynamic Load Allowance, IM ................................................... 3-5
3.4.4 Pedestrian Live Load, PL ......................................................... 3-5
3.4.5 Braking Force, BR .................................................................. 3-5
3.4.6 Centrifugal Force, CE .............................................................. 3-6
3.4.7 Live Load Application to Buried Structures ................................. 3-6
3.4.8 Live Load Surcharge, LS.......................................................... 3-6
3.5 Water Loads, WA ............................................................................ 3-6
3.6 Wind Loads, WS.............................................................................. 3-7
3.7 Wind on Live Load, WL .................................................................... 3-7
3.8 Earthquake Effects, EQ .................................................................... 3-7
3.9 Ice Load, IC ................................................................................... 3-8
3.10 Earth Pressure, EV, EH, or ES ........................................................... 3-8
3.11 Temperature, Shrinkage, Creep, Settlement, TU, SH, CR, SE ................ 3-8
MAY 2009 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN iv
3.11.1 Temperature Effects ............................................................... 3-8

3.11.2 Shrinkage Effects ................................................................. 3-11
3.12 Pile Downdrag, DD ........................................................................ 3-11
3.13 Friction Forces, FR ........................................................................ 3-11
3.13.1 Sliding Bearings ................................................................... 3-11
3.13.2 Soil/Backwall Interface and Soil/Footing Interface .................... 3-11
3.14 Extreme Event.............................................................................. 3-12
3.14.1 Vehicle Collision, CT ............................................................. 3-12
3.14.2 Vessel Collision, CV .............................................................. 3-12
3.15 Uplift........................................................................................... 3-12
3.15.1 Deck Pours.......................................................................... 3-13
3.16 Construction Loads........................................................................ 3-13
3.17 Deflections................................................................................... 3-13
4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ........................................... 4-1

4.1 Computer Programs ........................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Load Distribution ............................................................................ 4-2
4.2.1 Dead Load Distribution ........................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 Live Load Distribution ............................................................. 4-2
4.2.2.1 Steel and Prestressed Concrete Beams ................................. 4-3
4.2.2.2 Slab Spans and Timber Decks ............................................. 4-3
4.2.3 Sidewalk Pedestrian Live Load ................................................. 4-3
4.3 Load Rating.................................................................................... 4-4
4.4 Substructure Fixity .......................................................................... 4-5
4.5 Structural Models ............................................................................ 4-5
4.6 LRFD Exceptions ............................................................................. 4-5
4.6.1 Pedestrian Bridges ................................................................. 4-6
4.6.2 Rehabilitation Projects ............................................................ 4-6
4.6.3 Railroad Bridges and Bridges or Structures near Railroads ........... 4-6
5. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ....................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Materials ....................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Concrete............................................................................... 5-1
OCTOBER 2004 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN v
5.1.2 Reinforcing Steel.................................................................... 5-4

5.1.3 Reinforcement Bar Couplers .................................................... 5-4
5.1.4 Prestressing Steel .................................................................. 5-4
5.1.5 Post-tensioning Hardware ....................................................... 5-5
5.2 Reinforcement Details...................................................................... 5-5
5.2.1 Minimum Clear Cover and Clear Spacing ................................... 5-5
5.2.2 Reinforcing Bar Lists............................................................... 5-7
5.2.3 General Reinforcement Practices ............................................ 5-14
5.2.4 Reinforcement Bar Couplers .................................................. 5-14
5.2.5 Adhesive Anchors................................................................. 5-14
5.2.6 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement ............................. 5-15
5.3 Concrete Slabs ............................................................................. 5-17
5.3.1 Geometry ........................................................................... 5-17
5.3.2 Design/Analysis ................................................................... 5-17
5.3.3 Exterior Strip....................................................................... 5-18
5.3.4 Reinforcement Layout........................................................... 5-18
5.3.5 Camber and Deflections ........................................................ 5-21
5.4 Pretensioned Concrete ................................................................... 5-21
5.4.1 Geometry ........................................................................... 5-22
5.4.2 Stress Limits ....................................................................... 5-24
5.4.3 Design/Analysis ................................................................... 5-24
5.4.4 Detailing/Reinforcement........................................................ 5-27
5.4.5 Camber and Deflection ......................................................... 5-27
5.4.6 Standard I-Beams ................................................................ 5-28
5.4.7 Rectangular Beams .............................................................. 5-28
5.4.8 Double-Tee Beams ............................................................... 5-31
5.5 Post-Tensioned Concrete................................................................ 5-36
5.5.1 PT Slab Bridges ................................................................... 5-36
5.5.2 PT I-Girders ........................................................................ 5-36
5.5.3 PT Precast or Cast-In-Place Box Girders .................................. 5-36
5.6 Concrete Finishes and Coatings ....................................................... 5-36
5.7 Design Examples .......................................................................... 5-37
5.7.1 Three-Span Haunched Reinforced Concrete Slab....................... 5-39
JUNE 2008 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN vi
5.7.2 Prestressed I-Beam Design Example ....................................... 5-71

5.7.3 Three-Span Haunched Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab
Design Example ................................................................. 5-101
6. STEEL STRUCTURES............................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Materials ....................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 General Dimensions And Details........................................................ 6-4
6.3 General Design Philosophy ............................................................... 6-7
6.3.1 Shear Connectors .................................................................. 6-8
6.3.2 Fatigue ................................................................................. 6-8
6.3.3 Deflections ............................................................................ 6-9
6.3.4 Camber .............................................................................. 6-10
6.4 Rolled Beams ............................................................................... 6-13
6.5 Plate Girders ................................................................................ 6-13
6.5.1 High Performance Steel Girders.............................................. 6-14
6.6 Horizontally Curved Steel Girders .................................................... 6-14
6.7 Box Or Tub Girders ....................................................................... 6-17
6.8 Bolted Connections And Splices....................................................... 6-18
6.9 Two-Span Plate Girder Design Example ............................................ 6-19
APPENDIX 6-A ..................................................................................... 6-117
7. RESERVED
8. WOOD STRUCTURES .............................................................................. 8-1

8.1 Materials ....................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.1 Wood Products ...................................................................... 8-1
8.1.2 Fasteners And Hardware ......................................................... 8-2
8.1.3 Wood Preservatives ................................................................ 8-2
8.2 Timber Bridge Decks ....................................................................... 8-3
8.2.1 General ................................................................................ 8-3
8.2.2 Geometry ............................................................................. 8-5
8.2.3 Design/Analysis ..................................................................... 8-5
8.2.4 Detailing ............................................................................... 8-6
JUNE 2008 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN vii
8.2.5 Camber/Deflections ................................................................ 8-6

8.3 Timber Pile Caps ............................................................................. 8-6
8.3.1 Geometry ............................................................................. 8-7
8.3.2 Design/Analysis ..................................................................... 8-7
8.3.3 Detailing ............................................................................... 8-7
8.3.4 Camber/Deflections ................................................................ 8-7
8.4 Additional References ...................................................................... 8-7
8.5 Design Examples ............................................................................ 8-8
8.5.1 Longitudinally Laminated Timber Deck Design Example ............... 8-8
8.5.2 Design Example: Timber Pile Cap ........................................... 8-26
9. DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS................................................................... 9-1

9.1 General ......................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.1 Deck Drainage ....................................................................... 9-2
9.2 Concrete Deck on Beams ................................................................. 9-2
9.2.1 Deck Design and Detailing....................................................... 9-4
9.3 Reinforced Concrete Deck Design Example ....................................... 9-17
10. FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................... 10-1

10.1 Determination of Foundation Type and Capacity ................................ 10-1
10.1.1 Foundation Report................................................................ 10-1
10.1.2 Foundation Recommendations ............................................... 10-1
10.2 Piles............................................................................................ 10-3
10.3 Drilled Shafts ............................................................................... 10-7
10.4 Footings .................................................................................... 10-10
10.4.1 General ............................................................................ 10-10
10.4.2 Footings Supported on Piling or Drilled Shafts ........................ 10-11
10.4.3 Spread Footings................................................................. 10-15
10.5 Pile Bent Piers and Integral Abutments .......................................... 10-15
10.6 Evaluation of Existing Pile Foundations when Exposed by Scour ......... 10-16
10.7 Structure Excavation and Backfill .................................................. 10-17
JUNE 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN viii
Appendix 10-A: Sample Bridge Construction Unit Recommendations .......... 10-19
11. ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND WALLS ....................................................... 11-1

11.1 Abutments ................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 Integral or Contraction Abutments.......................................... 11-3
11.1.2 Parapet Abutments............................................................... 11-6
11.1.2.1 Low Abutments ............................................................... 11-9
11.1.2.2 High Abutments .............................................................. 11-9
11.1.3 Wingwalls ......................................................................... 11-12
11.1.4 Approach Panels ................................................................ 11-20
11.2 Piers ......................................................................................... 11-21
11.2.1 Geometrics ....................................................................... 11-21
11.2.2 Columns ........................................................................... 11-21
11.2.3 Cap.................................................................................. 11-21
11.2.4 Crash Walls ....................................................................... 11-22
11.2.5 Design and Reinforcement................................................... 11-23
11.2.6 Miscellaneous .................................................................... 11-24
11.2.6.1 Pile Bent ...................................................................... 11-25
11.3 Retaining Walls........................................................................... 11-25
11.3.1 Cantilever Retaining Walls ................................................... 11-25
11.3.2 Counterfort Retaining Walls ................................................. 11-25
11.3.3 Anchored Walls .................................................................. 11-26
11.3.4 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls....................................... 11-26
11.3.5 Prefabricated Modular Walls................................................. 11-28
11.3.6 Timber Noise Walls on Retaining Walls .................................. 11-28
11.3.7 Cantilevered Sheet Pile Walls ............................................... 11-28
11.3.8 Design Charts of Cantilevered Sheet Pile Soil Retention
Walls for Temporary Applications.......................................... 11-29
11.4 Design Examples ........................................................................ 11-39
11.4.1 High Parapet Abutment Design Example................................ 11-39
11.4.2 Retaining Wall Design Example ............................................ 11-71
11.4.3 Three-Column Pier Design Example ...................................... 11-93
AUGUST 2006 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN ix
12. BURIED STRUCTURES .......................................................................... 12-1

12.1 Geotechnical Properties ................................................................. 12-1
12.2 Box Culverts ................................................................................ 12-2
12.2.1 Precast ............................................................................... 12-2
12.2.2 Cast-In-Place ...................................................................... 12-4
12.3 Design Guidance ........................................................................... 12-4
12.4 Arch Or 3-Sided Structure Design Data ............................................ 12-6
12.5 Design Criteria for Long-Span Corrugated Steel Structures ............... 12-14
12.6 10' x 10' Precast Concrete Box Culvert Design Example.................... 12-18
13. RAILINGS ........................................................................................... 13-1

13.1 Materials ..................................................................................... 13-1
13.2 Design Requirements..................................................................... 13-1
13.2.1 Traffic Railing ..................................................................... 13-9
13.2.2 Pedestrian/Bicycle Railing.................................................... 13-11
13.2.3 Combination Railing ........................................................... 13-11
13.2.4 Strength of Standard Concrete Barriers ................................. 13-12
13.2.5 Protective Screening........................................................... 13-15
13.2.6 Architectural/Ornamental Railings ........................................ 13-15
13.3 Design Examples ........................................................................ 13-16
13.3.1 Type F Barrier Design Example ........................................... 13-17
13.3.2 Adhesive Anchor Design Example ......................................... 13-31
14. JOINTS AND BEARINGS ...................................................................... 14-1

14.1 Bridge Movements and Fixity .......................................................... 14-1
14.2 Expansion Joints .......................................................................... 14-1
14.2.1 Thermal Movements ............................................................. 14-2
14.2.2 Strip Seal Expansion Joints.................................................... 14-2
14.2.3 Modular Expansion Joints ...................................................... 14-3
14.2.4 Expansion Joint Detailing ...................................................... 14-3
14.3 Bearings ...................................................................................... 14-4
14.3.1 Loads and Movements .......................................................... 14-5
14.3.2 Bearing Details .................................................................... 14-5
APRIL 2009 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN x
14.3.3 Elastomeric Bearings ............................................................ 14-6

14.3.3.1 Design ........................................................................... 14-6
14.3.3.1.1 Size and Stability ............................................... 14-7
14.3.3.2 Fixed Bearings ................................................................ 14-7
14.3.3.3 Expansion Bearings.......................................................... 14-8
14.3.3.3.1 Minimum Compressive Load ................................ 14-8
14.3.4 Pot Bearings........................................................................ 14-9
14.3.5 Other Types of Bearings ..................................................... 14-10
14.4 Curved Plate Design .................................................................... 14-10
14.5 Bearing Plate Design ................................................................... 14-11
14.6 Sole Plate Design (Steel Beams) ................................................... 14-12
14.7 Tables ....................................................................................... 14-12
14.8 Design Examples ........................................................................ 14-20
14.8.1 Fixed Elastomeric Bearing Design Example ............................ 14-21
14.8.2 Expansion Elastomeric Bearing Design Example...................... 14-29
15. BRIDGE LOAD RATING ....................................................................... 15-1

15.1 General ...................................................................................... 15-1
15.2 Analysis .................................................................................... 15-3
15.2.1 Computer Programs ............................................................. 15-3
15.2.2 Refined Analysis .................................................................. 15-3
15.3 Loads......................................................................................... 15-4
15.4 Rating Equation Factors ................................................................ 15-6
15.5 Rating New Bridges...................................................................... 15-6
15.6 Re-rating Existing Bridges............................................................. 15-6
15.7 Substructures ............................................................................. 15-7
15.8 Non-Standard Bridge Types .......................................................... 15-8
15.9 Timber Bridges............................................................................ 15-8
15.10 Culverts ..................................................................................... 15-9
15.11 Gusset Plates ............................................................................ 15-11
15.12 Load Testing ............................................................................. 15-11
15.13 Load Posting ............................................................................. 15-11
15.13.1 General ............................................................................ 15-11
APRIL 2009 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN xi
15.13.2 Rating Factors for Posting ................................................... 15-14

15.14 Overweight Permits.................................................................... 15-15
15.15 Physical Inspection Rating (PIR) .................................................. 15-16
15.16 Forms and Documentation .......................................................... 15-17
15.17 Submittal / Filing ....................................................................... 15-18
APPENDIX 15-A: GLOSSARY................................................................ 15-20
APPENDIX 15-B: RATING FORMS ......................................................... 15-24
APPENDIX 15-C: OVERWEIGHT PERMIT RESTRICTIONS FOR BRIDGES ...... 15-25
APPENDIX 15-D: MINNESOTA LEGAL (POSTING) LOADS ......................... 15-26
APPENDIX 15-E: MINNESOTA STANDARD PERMIT TRUCKS G-80 .............. 15-27
APPENDIX 15-F: MINNESOTA STANDARD PERMIT TRUCKS G-07 .............. 15-28
A. MEMOS
#2005-01 LRFD and Bridge Load Rating Issues ...................(dated February 14, 2005)
#2005-02 Discontinue Use of Cast Bearing Option ..............(dated November 9, 2005)
#2005-03 New MN45 and MN54 PCB .................................. (dated November 10, 2005)
#2006-01 New MN63 PCB............................................................. (dated May 31, 2006)
#2007-01 Bridge Office Substructure Protection Policy ..............(dated July 23, 2007)
#2007-02 Adhesive Anchors Under Sustained Tensile Loads ...... (dated Oct. 3, 2007)
#2007-03 Prestressed Beam Camber and Deflection ................... (dated Oct. 3, 2007)
#2008-01 Prestressed Concrete Design – Calculation of Prestress Losses and
Beam Camber & Deflection ........................................(dated Sept. 18, 2008)
#2008-02 Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Analysis ............................ (dated Oct. 20, 2008)
APRIL 2009 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN xii
[ This page intentionally left blank ]

JUNE 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN viii
Appendix 10-A: Sample Bridge Construction Unit Recommendations .......... 10-19
11. ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND WALLS ....................................................... 11-1

11.1 Abutments ................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 Integral or Contraction Abutments.......................................... 11-3
11.1.2 Parapet Abutments............................................................... 11-6
11.1.2.1 Low Abutments ............................................................... 11-9
11.1.2.2 High Abutments .............................................................. 11-9
11.1.3 Wingwalls ......................................................................... 11-12
11.1.4 Approach Panels ................................................................ 11-20
11.2 Piers ......................................................................................... 11-21
11.2.1 Geometrics ....................................................................... 11-21
11.2.2 Columns ........................................................................... 11-21
11.2.3 Cap.................................................................................. 11-21
11.2.4 Crash Walls ....................................................................... 11-22
11.2.5 Design and Reinforcement................................................... 11-23
11.2.6 Miscellaneous .................................................................... 11-24
11.2.6.1 Pile Bent ...................................................................... 11-25
11.3 Retaining Walls........................................................................... 11-25
11.3.1 Cantilever Retaining Walls ................................................... 11-25
11.3.2 Counterfort Retaining Walls ................................................. 11-25
11.3.3 Anchored Walls .................................................................. 11-26
11.3.4 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls....................................... 11-26
11.3.5 Prefabricated Modular Walls................................................. 11-28
11.3.6 Timber Noise Walls on Retaining Walls .................................. 11-28
11.3.7 Cantilevered Sheet Pile Walls ............................................... 11-28
11.3.8 Design Charts of Cantilevered Sheet Pile Soil Retention
Walls for Temporary Applications.......................................... 11-29
11.4 Design Examples ........................................................................ 11-39
11.4.1 High Parapet Abutment Design Example................................ 11-39
11.4.2 Retaining Wall Design Example ............................................ 11-71
11.4.3 Three-Column Pier Design Example ...................................... 11-93
MARCH 2006 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 1-1
1. This section contains general information about the manual along with a
INTRODUCTION general description of the Bridge Office and its procedures.
1.1 Overview of This manual contains Mn/DOT Bridge Office policies and procedures for
Manual 5-392 the design, evaluation, and rehabilitation of bridges. Except where
noted, the design provisions herein employ the Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) methodology set forth by AASHTO.
Mn/DOT utilizes a decimal numbering system to classify documents. The

“5” before the hyphen represents a publication related to engineering this
is a test functions. The “300” series of documents is assigned to the
Bridge Office; the “90” series indicates that this is a “Manual”. The last
digit “2” specifies that the subject matter of the document is “Design”.
The original bridge design manual, numbered 5-392, provided guidance

for the design of highway structures in Minnesota in accordance with
allowable stress design methods. Subsequently, it has received periodic
updates as design methods have changed. This version of the Bridge
Design Manual contains significant changes. It presents Mn/DOT’s design
practices in conformance with a new design methodology, Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), and also contains fifteen
comprehensive design examples.
Use of this manual does not relieve the design engineer of responsibility
for the design of a bridge or structural component. Although Bridge
Office policy is presented here for numerous situations, content of the
manual is not intended to be exhaustive. Therefore, use of this manual
must be tempered with sound engineering judgement.
1.1.1 Material After the introductory material provided in this section, the manual
Contained in contains material arranged around the following section headings. To
Manual 5-392 simplify locating material, section numbers correspond to those used in
the LRFD specifications:
1) Introduction
2) General Design and Location Features
3) Loads and Load Factors
4) Structural Analysis and Evaluation
5) Concrete Structures
6) Steel Structures
7) Reserved
8) Wood Structures
9) Decks and Deck Systems
10) Foundations
11) Abutments, Piers, and Walls

12) Buried Structures
13) Railings
14) Joints and Bearings
Memos
1.1.2 Updates to This manual will be updated multiple times each year as procedures are
Manual 5-392 updated and new information becomes available. Current files for each
section of the manual are available on the Bridge Office Web site at:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ .
1.1.3 Format of Each section of the manual contains general information at the start of
Manual References the section. Design examples (if appropriate) are located at the end of
each section. The general content is divided into subsections that are
identified with numerical section labels in the left margin. Labels for
design example subsections are identified with alphanumeric labels in the
left hand margin. The left hand margin also contains references to LRFD
Design Specification Articles, Equations, and Tables. These references
are enclosed in square brackets.
Within the body of the text, references to other sections of this manual
are directly cited (e.g. Section 10.1). References to the LRFD
Specifications within the main body of the text contain a prefix of: LRFD.
1.2 General Bridge A bridge is defined under Minnesota Rule 8810.8000 as “a structure
Information having an opening measured horizontally along the center of the roadway
of ten feet or more between undercopings of abutments, between spring
line of arches, or between extreme ends of openings for multiple boxes.
Bridge also includes multiple pipes where the clear distance between
openings is less than half of the smaller contiguous opening.”
In accordance with Minnesota Statute 15.06 Subd. 6, the Commissioner

of Transportation has delegated approval authority for State Preliminary
Bridge Plans, and State, County and City Final Bridge Plans to the State
Bridge Engineer. Plans for all bridge construction or reconstruction
projects located on the Trunk Highway System, and plans on County or
City highways funded fully or in part by state funds shall be approved by
the State Bridge Engineer.
1.2.1 Bridge Office The Bridge Office is responsible for conducting all bridge and structural
design activities and for providing direction, advice, and services for all
bridge construction and maintenance activities. The responsibilities
include:
• Providing overall administrative and technical direction for the office.
• Reviewing and approving all preliminary and final bridge plans
prepared by the office and consultants.
• Representing the Department in bridge design, construction and
maintenance matters with other agencies.
The Office is under the direction of the State Bridge Engineer. It is

composed of sections and units as shown on the organizational chart
(Figure 1.2.1.1). Each of these subdivisions with their principal functions
is listed as follows:
1) Bridge Design Section
Responsible for the design, plans, and special provisions activities for
bridges, and miscellaneous transportation structures.
a) Design Unit
i) Designs and drafts bridge plans.
ii) Reviews bridge plans prepared by consulting engineers.
iii) Prepares special provisions for bridge plans.
iv) Designs and drafts plans for miscellaneous highway structures.
v) Provides technical assistance, designs, and plans for special
bridge and structural problems.
b) Bridge Standards and Research Unit
i) Provides design aids and standards for the office and for
consultants, counties, and cities.
ii) Coordinates the development and users of computer
programs with data processing systems.
iii) Supports computer users throughout the office and manages
the local area network.
iv) Provides oversight for research projects, which involve the
Bridge Office.
c) Design/Build Unit
i) Provides oversight of design/build projects.
d) LRFD Implementation
i) Maintains LRFD Bridge Design Manual.
ii) Provides support to office and consulting engineers concerning
LRFD issues.
2) Bridge Planning Section
Responsible for program, cost estimates, preliminary bridge plan
activities for Trunk Highways and review of state aid bridges.
a) Bridge Agreements and Estimates Unit
i) Selects and negotiates with consulting engineers and

administers engineering agreements for the preparation of
bridge plans.
ii) Provides liaison between the office and the consulting
engineer retained to prepare bridge plans.
iii) Coordinates public and private utility requirements for
bridges.
iv) Prepares preliminary, comparative and final cost estimates.
v) Maintains and provides current program and plan status
records.
b) Preliminary Plans
i) Conducts preliminary studies from layouts and develops
preliminary bridge plans.
ii) Provides liaison with district and central office road design
through the design stage.
iii) Obtains required permits from other agencies for bridges.
c) State Aid Bridge Unit
i) Reviews bridge plans and special provisions for county,
township, and municipal state aid projects.
ii) Provides technical assistance to counties and municipalities,
when requested, for nonparticipating projects.
3) Bridge Construction and Maintenance Section
Responsible for bridge construction and maintenance specifications,
and bridge construction and maintenance advisory service activities to
the office and to the job site.
a) Construction and Maintenance Unit; North, Metro and South
Regions
i) Provides construction and maintenance advisory service to
bridge construction and maintenance engineers in the field.
ii) Writes bridge construction and maintenance specifications,
manuals and bulletins.
iii) Writes and maintains the file of current special provisions for
bridge construction and maintenance.
iv) Performs preliminary, periodic and final review of bridge
construction and maintenance projects and makes
recommendations.
v) Reviews bridge plans and special provisions prior to lettings
and makes recommendations.
vi) Aids municipal and county engineers with bridge construction
and maintenance problems, upon request.
vii) Provides foundation design including selection of pile type,
length, design load, and foundation preparation.
viii) Reviews bridge improvement projects and prepares
recommendations for scope of work.
JULY 2003 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 1-5
b) Bridge Ratings Unit

i) Makes bridge ratings and load postings analysis for existing
bridges and maintains the records.
ii) Reviews and approves special load permit requests.
c) Structural Metals Inspection Unit
i) Provides inspection services for structural metals, fabrication
and assembly to ensure conformity with plans and
specifications.
d) Fabrication Methods Unit
i) Reviews and approves structural metals shop drawings
submitted by fabricators.
ii) Provides fabrication advisory service to designers, fabricators
and field construction and maintenance personnel.
iii) Provides overhead sign design services to the Office of Traffic
Engineering, including the design of bridge-mounted sign
trusses.
e) Bridge Management Unit
i) Maintains inventory and inspection data for the 19,600
bridges in Minnesota. Works with all agencies to make certain
appropriate data is collected.
ii) Responsible for implementing bridge management systems to
provide information on bridges for maintenance, repair,
rehabilitation and replacement.
f) Bridge Inspection Unit
i) Provides expert assistance to the Districts in organizing and
conducting inspections of complex bridges, special features,
and fracture critical bridges.
ii) Conducts quality assurance inspections of all agencies
responsible for bridge inspections in Minnesota.
iii) Reviews, recommends and provides bridge inspection training
for District, county, and municipal bridge inspectors.
4) Hydraulic Engineering Section
Responsible for providing statewide hydraulic engineering services
that include design, construction and maintenance activities. In
addition, the section provides leadership in the development and
implementation of hydraulic automation technology, establishes policy
pertaining to hydrology and hydraulics, prepares design aids, provides
client training, participates in research projects, and represents the
department on state and national committees.
a) Bridge Design Hydraulics Unit
i) Provides bridge and culvert waterway designs for trunk
highway, county, city and township projects.
ii) Analyzes and evaluates inplace bridges for scour.
iii) Provides technical assistance to counties and municipalities

upon request.
iv) Provides training in hydrology and hydraulics.
b) Road Design Hydraulics Unit
i) Evaluates and codes all bridges over water for scour.
ii) Provides technical assistance to Districts on all aspects of
drainage design.
iii) Reviews and cost prorates storm drains on the municipal and
county state aid system.
iv) Coordinates the review of new products and development of
specifications and policies pertaining to their use.
c) Hydraulics Automation Unit
i) Provides leadership and technical direction for managing the
statewide hydraulic automation effort.
ii) Develops and implements the means to integrate the
hydraulic design process with the road design process.
iii) Develops, implements, and supports a hydraulic information
system to facilitate the sharing of hydraulic data among all
users and stakeholders.
iv) Provides statewide training and support in the implementation
and use of hydraulic automation techniques.
For more information, visit the Bridge Office Web site at:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/.
Figure 1.2.1.1
Mn/DOT Bridge Office Organization Chart
1.2.2 Highway Highways throughout the nation are divided into systems. These system
Systems designations are important to know because design standards can vary
between the systems. The various highway systems are classified
according to the Agency that has responsibility for their improvement,
maintenance and traffic regulation enforcement. Listed below are the
jurisdictional divisions in Minnesota:
1) Trunk Highway System
The Trunk Highway System consists of all highways, including the
Interstate routes, under the jurisdiction of the State of Minnesota.
These routes generally are the most important in the state, carry the
greatest traffic volumes, and operate at the highest speeds.
2) County Highway System
The County Highway System is made up of those roads established
and designated under the authority of the county board. They
generally are the more important routes within a county that are not
on the Trunk Highway System.
3) Township Road System
The Township Road System is made up of the roads established under
the authority of the town board. They generally are of local
importance.
4) Municipal Street System
The Municipal Street System is all roads within a municipality not
designated as a trunk highway or county road. They are generally
of local importance.
1.2.3 Bridge All publicly owned bridges either on or over a trunk highway and over
Numbers 10 feet in length measured along the centerline of the highway are
assigned a number for identification and cost accounting purposes.
The numbering scheme followed in assigning bridge numbers depends on

the time of construction. With few exceptions, the numbering procedure
is as follows:
1) Prior to about 1950, all bridges were numbered consecutively from 1
to 9999 as they were constructed. The 8000 series was used for
culverts over 10 feet in length (measured along the centerline of the
highway). The 7000 series was reserved for county bridges at trunk
highway intersections. Five-digit bridge numbers beginning with L or
R designate bridges in local bridge systems.
2) Since about 1950, a five-digit number has been assigned to each

bridge as it was constructed. The first two digits coincide with the
county number (01-87) in which the bridge is located (99 refers to
temporary bridges). The last three digits are assigned consecutively
using the following guidelines:
APRIL 2008 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 1-9
a. 001-499 are used for regular trunk highway bridges.

b. 500-699 are used for county bridges.
c. 700-999 are used for interstate bridges (any bridge on or over the
interstate system).
3) In 1991, additional numbers were required for bridges on the state

aid system in Hennepin County and for interstate bridges in Hennepin
County. To allocate more numbers for bridges on the local system an
alpha character is used as the third character of the bridge number.
For example, the next bridge number after Bridge No. 27699 will be
Bridge No. 27A00. Note that this happens only after 500 and 600
series have been exhausted.
To allocate more numbers on the Interstate road system, the 400

series of numbers will be used along with the 700, 800, 900's
presently used. For a bridge number XXYZZ, the following now
applies:
XX = County identification number (99 = Temporary Bridge)
Y = 0, 1, 2, 3, or R, T, U (for Trunk Highway Bridges)
Y = 4, 7, 8, 9, or V, or W (for Interstate Bridges)
Y = X and Y (Trunk Highway or Interstate Culverts)
Y = 5 or 6 or A through H (for non-trunk highway Bridges)
Y = J through N, and P, Q (for non-trunk highway Culverts)
ZZ = Sequence number (00 through 99)
As of September, 2006, the following numbering scheme was added for:

- Bridges or culverts without a highway over or under (e.g. pedestrian
trail over stream)
- Existing bridges that have not been assigned a bridge number
- Skyways and other miscellaneous structures such as conveyors,
pipelines, or buildings
Use the format RZZZZ where:

R = A literal character
ZZZZ = Sequence number (0000 thru 9999)
4) In cases of twin bridges, a westbound or southbound lane bridge is

generally assigned a lower number than an eastbound or northbound
lane bridge.
All bridge numbers are assigned by the Bridge Office. A complete listing
of all numbered bridges is available in computer printout form entitled
“Minnesota Trunk Highway Bridge Log- Statewide Listing”. See
Table 1.2.3.1 for a listing of the county identification numbers.
Table 1.2.3.1 Minnesota County Identification Numbers

County No. County Name District County No. County Name District
01 Aitkin 1&3 45 Marshall 2
02 Anoka Metro 46 Martin 7
03 Becker 4 47 Meeker 8
04 Beltrami 2 48 Mille Lacs 3
05 Benton 3 49 Morrison 3
06 Big Stone 4 50 Mower 6
07 Blue Earth 7 51 Murray 8
08 Brown 7 52 Nicollet 7
09 Carlton 1 53 Nobles 7
10 Carver Metro 54 Norman 2
11 Cass 2&3 55 Olmsted 6
12 Chippewa 8 56 Otter Tail 4
13 Chisago Metro 57 Pennington 2
14 Clay 4 58 Pine 1
15 Clearwater 2 59 Pipestone 8
16 Cook 1 60 Polk 2
17 Cottonwood 7 61 Pope 4
18 Crow Wing 3 62 Ramsey Metro
19 Dakota Metro 63 Red Lake 2
20 Dodge 6 64 Redwood 8
21 Douglas 4 65 Renville 8
22 Faribault 7 66 Rice 6
23 Fillmore 6 67 Rock 7
24 Freeborn 6 68 Roseau 2
25 Goodhue 6 69 St. Louis 1
26 Grant 4 70 Scott Metro
27 Hennepin Metro 71 Sherburne 3
28 Houston 6 72 Sibley 7
29 Hubbard 2 73 Stearns 3
30 Isanti 3 74 Steele 6
31 Itasca 1, 2 & 3 75 Stevens 4
32 Jackson 7 76 Swift 4
33 Kanabec 3 77 Todd 3
34 Kandiyohi 8 78 Traverse 4
35 Kittson 2 79 Wabasha 6
36 Koochiching 1&2 80 Wadena 3
37 Lac Qui Parle 8 81 Waseca 7
38 Lake 1 82 Washington Metro
39 Lake of the Woods 2 83 Watonwan 7
40 Le Sueur 7 84 Wilkin 4
41 Lincoln 8 85 Winona 6
42 Lyon 8 86 Wright 3
43 McLeod 8 87 Yellow Medicine 8
44 Mahnomen 2
1.2.4 Limit States Bridge designs shall typically consider Strength, Service, Extreme Event,
to Consider in and Fatigue limit states. The limit state checks will vary with the
Design component under consideration. Not all elements will require
consideration of all limit states. For example, the fatigue limit state need
not be considered for fully prestressed pretensioned elements.
1.3 Procedures This section covers the Bridge Office procedures for checking of bridge
plans, scheduling of projects, and revising or creating standards.
1.3.1 Checking of The general practice of most engineering offices is to require that designs
Mn/DOT Prepared they produce be checked before they are reviewed and certified by the
Bridge Plans “Engineer in Responsible Charge”. Although this practice has always
been required for structures designed for Mn/DOT, it is recognized that
the quality of the checking process often varies according to time
restraints, confidence in the designer, and the instructions given to the
checker. Therefore, in order to maintain a consistent design checking
process the following guidance is given for routine bridge designs.
For more complex or unusual designs, the checker is advised to discuss

additional requirements with the design unit leader. Also, the checking
process described is not meant to apply to the check or review functions
required for Mn/DOT review of consultant plans (see Section 1.3.2.) or
for construction false work reviews. (See the Bridge Construction
Manual.)
Three types of design checking will apply:

1) An independent analysis of the completed design.
2) A check of original design computations for mathematical accuracy,
application of code, and accepted engineering practice.
3) A review of drafted details for constructibility and accepted
engineering practice.
Generally, an independent analysis to confirm the adequacy of the

complete design is preferred. Significant differences should be discussed
and resolved before the plan is certified. The separate set of calculations
should be included with the design file as a record of the completed
design check.
When circumstances prevent a complete independent analysis, as a

minimum, an independent analysis shall be completed for the following:
1) Live and dead loads
2) Critical beam lines
3) A pier cap
4) A pier footing
5) Main reinforcement for high abutments
6) An abutment footing
However, for the elements not independently analyzed, the original

computations should be checked for mathematical accuracy of original
design computations, applications of code, and accepted engineering
practice. Checked computations should be initialed by the checker, and
the independent analysis should be included in the design file.
When doing a separate analysis, the checker may make simplifying

assumptions to streamline the checking process. However, when major
differences are found, results must be discussed and resolved with the
designer. For instance, for normal piers, piling might be analyzed for
dead and live loads only if lateral loads appear to have been reasonably
applied in the original computations or the “AISC Beam Diagram and
Formula Tables” may be used to approximate pier cap moment and
shear.
Whether the check is a completely independent analysis or a minimal

analysis combined with a computations check, some details, such as the
reinforcing details in a wall corner, also require review by the checker.
Often referencing old bridge plans with similar details allows the checker
to compare the current design to details that have performed well in the
past.
1.3.2 Checking of Consultant prepared bridge plans are created by private engineering
Consultant firms through contracts with the Department. The finished plans are
Prepared Bridge complete to the extent that they can be used for construction.
Plans
Since these plans receive final approval of the State Bridge Engineer,
there must be assurance that the plans are geometrically accurate and
buildable; structural design is adequate and design codes have been
correctly applied; proper direction is given to the construction contractor;
and all construction costs are accounted for. Plan errors may cause
costly construction delays or safety may be compromised by an
inadequate design.
To keep consultant plan reviews consistent and timely, a procedure was

developed as a guide that assigns priority to specific items in the plans.
The overall review includes “a Thorough Check” and “Cursory Review” of
various items. The distinction between “Thorough Check” and “Cursory
Review” is as follows:
Thorough Check refers to performing complete mathematical

computations in order to identify discrepancies in the plans, or
conducting careful comparisons of known data and standards of the
Project with values given in the plan.
Cursory Review refers to a comparative analysis for agreement with

standard practice and consistency with similar structures, all with
application of engineering judgment. Mathematical analysis is not
required, but may be deemed necessary to identify the extent of a
discrepancy.
The review procedure is listed on the CONSULTANT BRIDGE PLAN

REVIEW form following this section. Headings on this list are defined as
follows:
PARTIAL PLAN: In order to assure that the consultant is proceeding in

the right direction, an early submittal of the plan is required. This
submittal usually consists of the General Plan and Elevation sheet
showing the overall geometry of the structure and the proposed beam
type and spacing; the Bridge Layout Sheet; the Framing Plan sheet; and
the Bridge Survey sheets. Errors and inconsistencies found in this phase
can be corrected before the entire plan is completed. For example, a
framing plan, including the proposed beams, must be assured as
workable on the partial plan before the consultant gets deep into the
design of the remainder of the bridge.
FINAL PLAN: A final plan should be complete in all areas to the extent
that it can be certified by the designer, although a certification signature
is not required for this phase.
THOROUGH CHECK: Items indicated for checking on the consultant’s

partial plan must be correct. Given geometry must fit the roadway
layout. Most of this information can be checked using data from the
approved preliminary plan. Approval of the partial plan will indicate that
Mn/DOT is satisfied with the geometry and proposed structure, and the
consultant may proceed with further development of the plan. For the
final plan, obvious drafting and numerical errors should be marked to
point out the errors to the consultant, however, the reviewer should not
provide corrections to errors in the consultant’s numerical computations.
Checking on the final plan should be thorough to eliminate possible errors

that may occur, such as the pay items in the Schedule of Quantities.
Plan notes and pay items can be difficult for a consultant to anticipate
because of frequent changes by Mn/DOT. Pay items must be correct
because these are carried throughout the entire accounting system for
the Project. Plan (P) quantities must also be correctly indicated.
CURSORY REVIEW: Normally, a cursory review would not require

numerical calculations. This type of review can be conducted by reading
and observing the contents of the plan in order to assure the
completeness of the work. The reviewer should be observant to
recognize what looks right and what doesn’t look right. Obvious errors or
inconsistencies on any parts of the plan should be marked for correction.
Although structural design is usually the major focus of any plan, most
consultants are well versed in design procedures and should need only
minimal assistance from our office. A comparison of the consultant’s
calculations with the plan details should be performed to assure that the
plans reflect their design and that the applicable codes are followed. An
independent design by our office is time consuming and is not
recommended unless there is a reasonable doubt as to the adequacy of
the consultant’s design.
NO REVIEW: A thorough review of these items would be time-consuming

and may not produce corrections that are vital to construction; therefore,
it is recommended that little or no time be spent on the listed items.
Numerous errors can occur in the Bills of Reinforcement and quantity
values. However, checking this information is also time-consuming,
hence the burden of providing correct data should be placed on the
consultant.
Major Bridges
For major bridges designed by consultants, Mn/DOT will require an
independent peer review of the design by a second design firm. Major
bridges are generally defined as bridges containing spans 250 feet and
greater in length. Additionally, the Bridge Design Engineer may elect to
require a peer review for unique bridge types.
Peer review requirements will be described in the Request for Proposal for
consultants.
An exception to this requirement is steel plate girder bridges, where

review will continue to be performed by in-house design units. See the
Bridge Design Engineer for consultation on these requirements.
CONSULTANT BRIDGE PLAN REVIEW

Br. No. ________ RTE ____ DATE: PARTIAL PLAN REC'D. _____ DATE FINAL PLAN REC'D. ______
DESIGN GROUP _______________________ CONSULTANT ______________________________
No. OF SHEETS IN PLAN ______ DESCRIBE COMPLEXITY_________________________________
EST. REVIEW TIME BY DESIGN GROUP ________(hrs.) ACTUAL REVIEW TIME __________(hrs)
PARTIAL PLAN FINAL PLAN
THOROUGH CHECK THOROUGH CHECK
Horizontal and vertical clearances Pay items and plan quantities
Stations and elevations on survey line Project numbers
Deck and seat elevations at working points Design data block & Rating on GP&E sheet
Deck cross-section dimensions Job number
Working line location and data Certification block
Coordinates at working points and key stations Standard plan notes
Substructure locations by station Concrete mix numbers
Framing Plan Construction joint locations
Conformance to preliminary plan Prestressed beam design if inadequate design is suspected
Design loads Bridge seat elevations at working points
Utilities on bridge
Existing major utilities near bridge
CURSORY REVIEW
Steel beam splice locations and diaphragm spacing; flange
plate thickness increments (enough to save 800+ # of
steel)
Abutment and Pier design to be checked against
consultant’s calculations
Conformance to foundation recommendations.
Pile loads and earth pressures. Check against consultant’s
calculations.
CURSORY REVIEW Rebar series increments (min. 3")
Proposed precast beams [per 5-393.509(2)] Interior beam seat elevations
Precast conformance to industry standards Bottom-of-footing elevations (for adequate cover)
Proposed steel beam sections Railing lengths and metal post spacing (check for fit)
Use of B-details and standard plan sheets
Conformance to aesthetic requirements
Notes – General, construction, reference, etc.
Quantity items on tabulations
Precast beam design (Check against consultant’s
calculations)
NO CHECK OR REVIEW REQUIRED
Diagonals on Layout sheet
Figures in Bills of Reinforcement
Bar shapes and dimensions
Rebar placement dimensions
Bar marks on details against listed bars
Quantity values (including total of tabulations)
1.3.3 Schedule for To meet the Department’s schedule requirements for construction
Processing lettings, the following schedule for processing bridge plans, special
Construction provisions and estimates must be followed. This schedule applies to all
Lettings projects: Federal Aid, State Funds and Maintenance. In general,
processing of bridge plans, special provisions and estimates for lettings
shall be given priority over all other work, and every effort must be made
to complete the processing in advance of the times shown, which are
deadlines.
Deadline Time Before Letting Date

Schedule and Remarks
Federal Project State Project
Bridge plans complete to the extent that 14 Weeks 12 Weeks

processing can be completed on schedule. (Friday) (Friday)
Preliminary bridge pay items and quantities

13 Weeks 11 Weeks
for estimate (to Estimating Unit – Design
(Friday) (Friday)
Services)
Bridge plan and special provisions review 13 Weeks 11 Weeks

complete (by Bridge Construction Unit) (Friday) (Friday)
Bridge special provisions complete, other

information or material for inclusion in
12 Weeks 10 Weeks
Roadway Special Provisions complete (to
(Friday) (Friday)
Special Provisions & Final Processing Unit –
Design Services)
Bridge plans complete, approved and dated 12 Weeks 10 Weeks

(to Office Management Unit) (Friday) (Friday)
Final bridge pay items and quantities for

12 Weeks 10 Weeks
estimate (to estimating Unit – Design
(Friday) (Friday)
Services)
Final computer runs for bridge estimate during 9th week during 8th week
Office copy and final bridge plans (Bridge

81/2 weeks 7 weeks
plans to Special & Final Processing Unit –
(Tuesday) (Friday)
Design Services for submittal to FHWA)
7 weeks
Federal Project to FHWA 71/2 weeks (Tuesday)
(Friday)
6 weeks
Preliminary advertisement 61/2 weeks (Tuesday)
(Friday)
1
Final advertisement 5 /2 weeks (Tuesday) 5 weeks (Friday)
Sale of plans and proposals 5 weeks (Friday) 5 weeks (Friday)
Last date for mailing letter addendums by

10 days 10 days
Special Provisions & Final Processing Unit –
(Wednesday) (Wednesday)
Design Services
1.3.4 Bridge Completing a bridge design project for contract letting is a multiple step
Project Tracking process that involves input from a variety of work units and personnel.
System Projects are tracked by Mn/DOT using the Program and Project
Management System (PPMS). Within PPMS, projects are divided into
activities and the activities are further divided into work tasks. For
example, Activity 1260 is “Preliminary Structure Plans” and Work Task 2
of Activity 1260 is “Draft Preliminary Bridge Plan”. Progress of the work
tasks on active bridge projects is updated monthly.
Following are tables that list work tasks for the major bridge activities
within PPMS. Table 1.3.4.1 contains a listing of the PPMS work tasks for
Activity 1260, “Preliminary Structure Plans”. Tables 1.3.4.2 and 1.3.4.3
contain listings of the PPMS work tasks for Activity 1270, “Final Structure
Plans”.
For more information on activities and work tasks within PPMS, refer to
the PPMS Activity Manual located on the Mn/DOT internal web site at
http://ihub.ots/projdev/pmu/ppms/ .
Table 1.3.4.1
PPMS Work Tasks for Mn/DOT or Consultant Prepared Preliminary
Bridge Plans (Activity 1260)
Percent of
Number Work Task Activity
Completed
Receive and review information (grades, alignment,
1 surveys, layout, Hydraulics report, Project Design 15%
Memo., Environmental report)
2 Draft Preliminary Bridge Plan 60%
3 Check Preliminary Bridge Plan 75%
4 Prepare Aesthetics Recommendation 80%
5 Receive and Plot Borings 85%

Receive Foundation Recommendations from
6 88%
Regional Bridge Construction Engineer
7 Obtain State Bridge Engineer’s Signature 90%
Distribute Signed Plans & Distribute responses on
8 91%
need for Signs, Lighting, TMC
9 Preliminary Estimate and District Letter 95%
10 Obtain FHWA Approval 99%
11 Turn over and meet with final Design 100%

Table 1.3.4.2
PPMS Work Tasks for Mn/DOT Prepared Final
Percent of
Completed *
Receive Preliminary Bridge Plan, Final Repair
1 5%
Recommendation, or Special Structure Request
Receive District Design Information (Signal,
Lighting, Signing, TMS, etc.)
2 Receive Utility Information 10%
Receive Stage Construction Sheets
3 Establish Geometrics 20%
4 Conduct Analysis and Design, Including Check 45%
Draft and Check Plan Sheets

5 75%
Incorporate Standard Detail Sheets
6 Construction Unit Review 80%
7 Figure Quantities 85%
8 Send Informational Copies to FHWA and District 88%
9 Final Check of Plan Set by Unit Leader 90%
10 Frame Special Provisions 95%
11 Final Revisions and Check of Plan Set 99%
12 Obtain State Bridge Engineer’s Signature 100%
* May vary by job complexity.
Table 1.3.4.3
PPMS Work Tasks for Consultant Prepared Final
Percent of
Completed
1 Consultant kick-off meeting 25%
2 Partial Plan Delivery and Review 45%
3 Final Plan Delivery and Review 85%
4 Submit for Signature 100%

A listing of the work type codes used in PPMS is given in Table 1.3.4.4.
Table 1.3.4.4
PPMS Bridge Work Type Codes
Work Type Description
01 New Bridge
1A New Bridge (Phase 1) (Early Steel or Stage Construction)
1B New Bridge (Phase 2)
02 Culvert
2X Culvert Extension
2B Concrete Arch
03 Temporary Bridge
04 Pedestrian Bridge
05 Renovation
06 Widen w/Substructure Work
6A Widen w/Substructure Work (Phase 1) (Early Steel or Stage
6B Widen with Substructure Work (Phase 2)
6T Temporary Widening
07 Widen without Substructure Work
08 Bridge Length/Short
09 Replace Deck
10 Deck Overlay
11 Replace Railing or Median Barrier
12 Bridge Painting
13 Substructure Repair
14 Remove Bridge
15 Miscellaneous
16 Raise Bridge
17 Replace Superstructure - No Preliminary Plan Req'd
18 Repair Railing or Median Barrier
19 Replace Joints
23 Widen without Substructure Work & Replace Deck
24 Widen without Substructure Work & Deck Overlay
25 Widen without Substructure Work, Deck Overlay & Paint
26 Widen without Substructure Work & Other Minor Work
27 Widen without Substructure Work & Paint
28 Replace Deck & Paint
29 Replace Deck & Other Minor Work
31 Deck Overlay & Replace Railing or Median Barrier
32 Deck Overlay, Replace Railing or Median Barrier & Paint
33 Deck Overlay & Other Minor Work
Table 1.3.4.4
PPMS Bridge Work Type Codes (Continued)
Work Type Description
35 Deck Overlay & Paint

37 Replace Railing or Median Barrier & Paint
38 Replace Railing or Median Barrier & Other Minor Work
39 Paint & Other Minor Work
40 Repair Railing or Median Barrier & Replace Joints
41 Widen without Substructure Work, Replace Deck & Paint
42 Replace Railing or Median Barrier & Replace Joints
44 Deck Repair & Replace Joints
45 Deck Overlay & Repair Railing or Median Barrier
46 Deck Overlay, Repair Railing or Median Barrier & Replace Joints
47 Deck Repair - Rail Rehab
48 Minor Work (Deck Repair, Paint, & Repair Railing or Median Barrier)
49 Deck Overlay, Paint & Repair Railing or Median Barrier
50 Retaining Wall
51 Parking Garage
52 Repair Concrete Arch
54 Riprap
58 Paint & Replace Joints
60 Widen with Substructure Work & Replace Deck
61 Widen with Substructure Work & Deck Overlay
62 Widen with Substructure Work, Deck Overlay & Paint
63 Widen with Substructure Work & Paint
64 Widen with Substructure Work, Replace Deck & Paint
66 Widen with Substructure Work & Replace Superstructure
68 Widen with Substructure Work & Replace Railing or Median Barrier
69 Miscellaneous Major
71 Deck Overlay & Replace Joints
91 Probably Bridge
92 Probably Culvert
98 Bridge Scoping
99 Bridge Study
1.3.5 Approval
FLOW CHART
Process for FOR
Standards REVISING BRIDGE STANDARDS
(Includes B-Details and Standards)
Request For New Standards

Or Revising Existing Standards
Bridge Standards Unit
Minor
Modific ation Yes
To Existing
Standards
No
Solic it/Rec eive Com ments

Input from:
R & D Comm. Consultants
SSRC Comm Industry
Make
Other Bridge Offic e Engr./Staff Cities/Counties
Change
Other Mn/DOT Personnel FHWA
New Standard Created,

Existing Standards Revised
Show New
Revision
Date
Review By SSRC
Review By R & D
Yes
Modific ations
Needed?
No
Does
Revision Yes
Affec t Others
Outside Of Bridge
Offic e?
No
Standard Signed By Yellow

State Bridge Engineer Routing
Proc ess
Transmittal Mem o
To Manual Users
Publish On Web Site
BR3810.CDR
FEBRUARY 2007 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 2-1
2. GENERAL The design of a bridge typically takes place in two major phases of work:
DESIGN AND preliminary design and final design. During preliminary design, the
LOCATION structure type, the foundation type, the aesthetics, and the primary
FEATURES geometry for the bridge are determined. During final design, specific
details for all of the elements of the bridge are developed and presented
in the plan set. These details include material descriptions, quantities,
and geometric information. Final plan sets are typically assembled in an
order that roughly follows the order of construction: from the ground up.
This section of the manual contains a large amount of information useful

for the preparation and assembly of plans for a project. To facilitate the
production of plans and standardize the content of bridge plan sets,
special provisions, B-Details, standard plans, standard plan notes, and
standard pay items have been prepared by the Bridge Office. Appendices
to Section 2 identify the material available.
As the name of the section implies, content for this section is general in
nature. Guidance for the design of specific structural elements (e.g.
decks, retaining walls, etc.) is provided elsewhere in the manual.
2.1 Geometrics Definitions

For discussion of bridge geometrics in this section, roadways are
classified as Mainline Highways, Ramps, Local Roads, and Local Streets.
2.1.1 Bridge Each of these four groups is further classified under either Urban or Rural
Geometrics Design.
The following definitions apply:

• Mainline Highways – Roadways that carry through traffic lanes for
freeways, expressways, and primary and secondary highways.
• Local Roads – Rural roads off the trunk highway system.
• Local Streets – Urban roads off the state trunk highway system.
• Ramps – Segments of roadway connecting two or more legs at an
interchange.
• Urban Design – Roadways with curbs on the right and/or left sides.
• Rural Design – Roadways without curbs.
• Median Width – The distance between the edges of opposing through
traffic lanes.
• Auxiliary Lane – A lane adjoining a through traffic lane for a purpose
supplementary to through traffic movement such as truck climbing,
weaving, speed change or turning.
General Criteria
The width of the bridge deck and the typical section at the bridge
undercrossing are determined by the classification and geometrics of the
approaching roadway. The geometrics of the approaching roadway are to
be carried over and under the bridge to the maximum extent practicable.
Rural design is considered the desirable design and will be used in all
rural areas and in urban areas where sufficient right of way is available or
can be obtained. Urban design geometrics (curbed roadways) are slightly
more restrictive and are therefore used at locations where extensive
right-of-way cost or other unusual conditions are controlling factors.
The discussion of geometric details included in this section describes

bridge deck geometrics separately from bridge undercrossing geometrics.
For side clearances at certain undercrossing situations, both a “desirable”
and a minimum section are shown. Incorporation of the “desirable”
section at undercrossings is mandatory unless approved by the
Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer.
Application of Standards
The geometrics shown apply specifically to new work. However, use of
these geometrics is also highly desirable when upgrading or widening
existing facilities and should be incorporated in these situations. Bridge
deck geometrics on the local road system must also comply with
State-Aid for Local Transportation Operations Rules, Chapter 8820.
Responsibility
The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer will be responsible for assuring
that the geometric standards in this section are followed. Where a
deviation from the standard is necessary, a written description of the
deviation shall be prepared by the Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer and
submitted to the State Bridge Engineer when submitting the Preliminary
Bridge Plan for acceptance.
2.1.2 Bridge Deck Bridge Width Criteria

Requirements Roadway cross sections that approach bridges will normally provide a
clear zone recovery area beside the travel lane for the benefit of out-of-
control vehicles. It is not economical or practical to carry these full clear
zone widths across bridges. Standard widths for bridge shoulders have
been set to balance costs and safety. Since the railing is located within
the clear zone it is considered a hazard and guardrail protection is
required in the approach area.
Functions of the shoulder include:

• Recovery area to regain control of a vehicle.
• Emergency parking area for stalled vehicles and escape route for
stranded motorists.
• Passageway for bicycles and occasional pedestrians.
• Passageway for emergency vehicles.
• Parking area for bridge maintenance and inspection vehicle (snooper).
• Temporary traffic lane during deck repairs or overlay construction.
• Area for deck drainage and snow storage.
• Accommodates passing of wide oversize loads, especially farm
machinery.
• On two-lane highways, the shoulders provide an escape area to avoid
a head-on collision with an oncoming passing vehicle.
The following shoulder widths for both rural and urban design apply to
trunk highway bridges. In addition, these standards apply to bridges on
local roads at a trunk highway freeway interchange. For local roads and
streets, the bridge roadway widths are given in the State Aid Manual,
Section 5-892.210 and the State Aid Operations Rules, Chapter 8820.
Exceptionally long bridges or bridges with a high cost per square foot
should be evaluated on an individual basis and modifications to these
standards are allowed based on judgment. In addition to these values,
the bridge roadway width shall meet the additional requirements for sight
distance and sharp curvature as specified in Part 4 below.
1) Rural Design
a) Two-Lane Rural Design
Shoulder widths are given in the table on Figure 2.1.4.1 and are
dependent on the functional classification of the roadway and
traffic volumes.
b) Four-Lane Rural Design
i) Right Shoulder 12'-0"
ii) Left Shoulder 6'-0"
c) Six- or Eight-Lane Rural Divided Highway
The full inside shoulder allows disabled vehicles in the left lane
to stop on the inside shoulder rather than try to cross two or
three lanes of traffic to get to the outside shoulder.
d) Mainline Rural Bridge with Auxiliary Lane
e) Mainline Rural Bridge with Entrance or Exit Ramps
f) Rural Bridges with Turn Lanes
i) Right Turn Lane

(1) Right shoulder 6'-0"
ii) Left Turn Lanes
(1) Adjacent to a barrier railing: 4'-0" minimum shoulder, 6'-0"
desirable.
g) Rural Ramp Bridges (one 16'-0" lane, one-way)
On ramp bridges the dimension from edge of lane to gutter is
reduced to prevent the appearance of a two-lane bridge on a
one-lane ramp. The roadway width is 26'-0", which allows
traffic to pass a stalled vehicle. With a 16'-0" lane the outside
2'-0" could, in effect, be considered as part of the shoulder for
a 12'-0" lane.
2) Urban Design (Approach Curbs)

For urban designs the bridge gutter lines shall be aligned with the
curb line on the approaching roadway with the following exceptions:
a) On four-lane divided highways where there are no median curbs,
the left shoulder shall be 6'-0".
b) On six- and eight-lane divided highways where there are no
median curbs, the left shoulder shall be 10'-0" minimum.
c) On one-lane urban ramps (16'-0" approach roadway), both right
and left shoulders shall be 4'-0" (provides a 24'-0" roadway).
d) Where an auxiliary lane, ramp, or taper extends onto a mainline
bridge, the right shoulder shall be 6'-0".
e) The minimum distance to a barrier railing is 6'-0" desired, 4'-0"
minimum.
Urban shoulder widths will vary according to functional class, traffic

volumes, scope of work, and quality of pavement surface. Typical
values are shown in the Road Design Manual, Tables 4-4.01A,
4-4.01B, and 4-4.01C. Provide a 2'-0" reaction distance to a raised
island type median or sidewalk curb where vehicle speeds are 40 mph
and under. For design speeds 45 mph and higher, provide a 4'-0"
reaction distance.
3) Bus Shoulders
Where the right shoulder has been designated as a bus shoulder a
12'-0" width shall be provided across bridges. See Road Design
Manual 4-4.03 and Table 4-4.03A.
4) Additional Width Criteria
a) Where a ramp (loop) bridge is on a radius of 190'-0" or less, or
when the volume of trucks is 10% or greater, the effective traffic
lane is increased from 16'-0" to 18'-0" in width to accommodate

truck turning movements. Increase the width of the ramp bridge
accordingly.
b) For curved bridges longer than 100 feet, check the horizontal
stopping sight distance and increase the inside shoulder width up
to a maximum of 10'-0". See Road Design Manual, Chapter 3 for
calculation of this distance. The 2001 edition of the AASHTO
book, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets,
changed the height of object from 6" (muffler) to 2'-0" (tail light).
Table 2.1.2.1 gives widths required for a continuously curving
bridge for various design speeds and curvature, and applies only
where the line of sight is blocked by the railing.
Table 2.1.2.1
Shoulder Width Requirements for Curved Bridges
SHOULDER WIDTH FOR DEGREE OF

DESIGN
CURVATURE LISTED
SPEED
6 FT. 8 FT. 10 FT.
70 mph to 0o 45’ > 0o 45’ to 1o > 1o
60 mph to 1o 15’ > 1o 15’ to 2o > 2o
50 mph to 2o 30’ > 2o 30’ to 3o 15’ > 3o 15’
40 mph to 5o 30’ > 5o 30’ to 7o > 7o
c) For bridges on tapers, the taper should begin or end at a pier or

an abutment, or continue across the entire length of the bridge.
Extra width to eliminate or simplify a taper or curvature is
permissible where justified by simplified design and construction.
Cross Slopes on Bridges

1) The cross slope on bridge traffic lanes is the same as the approaching
roadway lanes, normally 0.02 ft./ft. The shoulder cross slope on the
bridge may continue at 0.02 ft./ft. or, if better drainage is desired,
may be 0.005 ft./ft. greater than the adjacent lane, with a maximum
cross slope of 0.04 ft./ft. When the bridge deck is superelevated, the
shoulders shall have the same slopes as the adjacent bridge traffic
lanes.
Keep superelevation transitions off bridges. In instances where they

are unavoidable, it is preferable for ease of deck pouring to maintain
a straight line across the deck at all locations (allows a straight screed
between paving rails placed at both sides of the deck.)
2) Ramp cross slopes shall be uniform between the bridge curbs with a
slope of 0.02 ft./ft. to the right unless superelevated.
Bridge Median
On divided highways with a separate bridge for each roadway, the
openings between bridges must be a minimum of 8'-0" wide if access for
bridge inspection vehicles (snoopers) is required.
Longitudinal joints along the median of bridges should be used only for
bridge roadways wider than about 100 feet or for other special cases. By
eliminating this joint on bridges with medians, simpler detailing and
simpler construction can be used.
Bridge Sidewalks and Bikeways

Bridge sidewalks of 6'-0" minimum widths are to be provided where
justified by pedestrian traffic. When bicycle traffic is expected, the width
should be 8'-0" minimum and 10'-0" desirable. Where an off road
bikeway is to be carried across a bridge, the full width of the approach
bikeway may be continued across the bridge up to a width of 12'-0",
which is considered the practical maximum width for a bikeway on a
bridge. When the shoulders of the bikeway cannot be carried over
bridges, provide lead-in guardrail.
The curb height for sidewalks adjacent to the roadway is 8". When the
design speed on the street is over 40 mph, a concrete barrier is required
between the roadway and the sidewalk (or bikeway). In addition, a
pedestrian (or bikeway) railing is required on the outside.
When a barrier is provided between the traffic lanes and the sidewalk,
use the bridge slab for the walkway (i.e., do not require an additional
pour for sidewalk). Advise the road plans designer to provide for any
necessary sidewalk ramping off the bridge.
Sidewalks and bikeways shall have a minimum cross slope of 0.01 ft./ft.
Protective Rails at Bridge Approaches

The ends of bridge railings must be protected from being impacted
(except on low speed roads such as city streets). For design speeds over
40 mph, a crash tested guardrail transition (normally plate beam
guardrail) is required.
Refer to State-Aid Operation Rules, Chapter 8820 for guardrail

requirements on local bridges.
2.1.3 Bridge General Criteria for Lateral Clearance

Undercrossing Bridge undercrossing geometrics must rationalize safety requirements
Geometrics with costs and physical controls such as span length and permissible
depth of structure. The following guidelines apply in establishing these
geometrics:
1) Safety
Piers, abutments, side slopes and back slopes steeper than 1:3, and
guardrails can all be hazards to an out of control vehicle. It is
desirable at all bridge undercrossings to provide a clear zone recovery
area beside the roadway that is free from these hazards. This clear
zone is given in the Road Design Manual, Section 4-6.0 and is a
function of the roadway curvature, design speed, ADT, and ground
slope. For the area under bridges a practical maximum clear zone of
30 feet may be used as permitted in the 2002 AASHTO Roadside
Design Guide, Table 3.1 based on consistent use and satisfactory
performance. Eliminate side piers from the roadside area wherever
possible. The “desirable” bridge undercrossing will satisfy the above
safety criteria.
For those locations where it is totally impractical to provide a full clear

zone recovery area at an undercrossing (as at some railroad
underpasses and in certain urban situations), lesser side clearances
are permitted. Where the full recovery areas must be infringed upon,
the greatest side clearances that circumstances will permit shall be
used. A side clearance of 20 feet is not as desirable as 30 feet but is
still better than the absolute minimum clearance. Minimum lateral
clearances are specified under the section for Lateral Clearance for
Mainline Highways.
Where drainage must be carried along the roadway passing under a

bridge, either a culvert must be provided at the approach fill or the
ditch section must be carried through at the toe of the bridge
approach fill. The use of a culvert will often permit more desirable
bridge geometrics, but the culvert openings can also introduce a
roadside hazard. A determination regarding drainage (need for
culverts, size of a culvert, and assessment of possible hazard) will be
a controlling factor in deciding geometrics of the bridge for the site.
2) Economics
Prestressed concrete beam spans (in length up to about 145 feet) are
normally the most economical type of construction for grade
separations. In addition, there will usually be greater economy in
constructing grade separations using two long spans rather than
constructing four shorter spans, provided that a concrete

superstructure can be used.
3) Aesthetics
The use of longer spans will necessitate a deeper superstructure and
higher approach fills. Consideration must be given to the effect of the
depth of structure on the overall appearance and design of the
undercrossing.
For rough calculations during preliminary planning, the depth of

highway bridge superstructures can be assumed to be about 1/20 of
the length of the longest span. (Depth of superstructure refers to the
dimension from top of slab to bottom of beam.) Contact the
Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer for the exact dimensions to be used
in final planning. Contact the Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer for
depth of structure on railroad bridges.
Lateral Clearance for Mainline Highways

1) The desirable lateral clearance right and left from the edge of through
traffic lanes to any hazard (as described above) is the full clear zone.
30'-0" may be used as a practical maximum. Side piers shall be
eliminated entirely wherever feasible.
2) The details for rural design provide for selection of geometrics that
carry the ditch section through the bridge (Alternate B), and also
geometrics that have a filled ditch (Alternate A). (See Figures 2.1.4.1
and 2.1.4.3.) Alternate A permits a shorter bridge superstructure and
thereby improves the economics and the chance of eliminating side
piers and is used almost exclusively. However, Alternate A can only
be used where ditch culverts will be deleted or used without
introducing a significant safety hazard.
3) Where the roadway ditch section (rural design) is modified at the

bridge (Alternate A), a longitudinal transition from the ditch section to
the 0.04 ft./ft. side slope under the bridge must be provided. Use a
maximum longitudinal slope of 1:20.
4) For an auxiliary lane, the clear zone must be maintained from both
the through traffic lane and the auxiliary lane.
5) For ramps and tapers adjacent to the mainline highway, the clear
zone must be maintained from both the through lane and the taper.
A reduced design speed, usually 50 mph, is assumed for the taper.
6) Minimum Lateral Clearances

The following paragraphs list those instances where less than
desirable geometrics can be considered and describes the minimum
values that will apply. Where geometrics less than desirable are to be
used, approval of the State Bridge Engineer and State Design
Engineer must be obtained. For plate beam guardrail with standard
6'-3" post spacing, a minimum of 3'-0" is required between the face
of the guardrail and the face of the pier or abutment to allow room for
the guardrail to deflect. (See Road Design Manual 10-7.02.01.)
a) Through Traffic Lanes – Right Side

For urban design, the lateral clearance on the right measured
from the edge of the through lane shall be not less than 10'-0"
width for an approaching shoulder plus the minimum width of
approaching berm. This will result in minimum dimension of
16'-0" from the edge of a lane to face of substructure unit.
For auxiliary lanes, tapers, and ramps along urban mainline

highways, the minimum lateral clearance from the edge of a lane
to face of pier or abutment on the right is 10'-0". This provides
room to construct the standard 6'-0" ramp shoulder plus providing
an additional 4'-0" of space for guardrail. However, in no event
shall the distance from the edge of a through lane to the face of a
pier be less than 16'-0".
For rural design, the lateral clearance on the right may be reduced
from the full clear zone distance at railroad overpasses. At these
locations the minimum clearance on the right shall be as described
above for urban designs.
b) Through Traffic Lanes – Left Side of Divided Highways

i) Urban Highways with Continuous Median Barriers
The minimum clearances at continuous median barriers are
based on the use of a concrete barrier between the roadways.
(See Std. Plate 8322.)
For urban design, four-lane divided roadways, the minimum

clearance on the left will be based on providing an 8'-0" wide
shoulder from the edge of a through lane to median gutter line
away from the bridge. The 8'-0" wide shoulder may be
infringed upon as necessary to carry the median barrier
around a bridge pier. At normal grade separations, using 3'-0"
thick piers, the 8'-0" shoulder may be reduced to 6'-2" at the
pier. (See Figure 2.1.4.12.)
For urban design, six- and eight-lane divided roadways, the

minimum clearance on the left is based on providing a
10'-0" minimum wide shoulder from the edge of a through
lane to median gutter line outside of the bridge. As described
above for four-lane divided roadways, this dimension may be
infringed upon as necessary to carry the median barrier
around a bridge pier. This may result in reducing the shoulder
width from 10'-0" to 8'-2" at normal grade separations
(assuming 3'-0" thick pier). (See Figure 2.1.4.12.)
ii) Urban Highways without Continuous Median Barriers

The warrant requiring a median barrier is based on the median
width and the ADT. (See Road Design Manual.) At those
locations where the clear distance to a center pier is less than
the clear zone distance from the edge of a lane, but where a
continuous barrier will not be provided, a plate beam barrier
will normally be required at the pier.
The pier with plate beam guardrail protection can be used only
in medians that are 18'-6" or wider for four-lane divided
highways, and 22'-6" or wider for six- and eight-lane divided
highways. (Dimensions are from the edge of lane to edge of
lane.) Piers on high speed roadways should not be placed in
medians narrower than 18'-6" (four- lane) or 22'-6" (six- or
eight-lane).
The face of the plate beam will be located 2'-0" from the face
of the pier. At normal grade separations (with ± 3'-0" pier
thickness) this will result in a dimension of 5'-6" from the edge
of lane to face of the guardrail on four-lane divided roads, and
a dimension of 7'-6" from the edge of lane to face of the
guardrail on six- and eight-lane divided roads.
iii) Rail Overpasses Using Rural Design

For rural design, the median width (edge of lane to edge of
lane) for roadways passing under railroads may be considered
for a reduction. Where a reduced width is used, the distance
from the edge of lane to face of pier should be not less than
20'-0".
Lateral Clearances for Ramps

When rural or urban ramps pass under a bridge independently, piers
should be eliminated and the approaching typical section should be
carried through the bridge. On extremely skewed bridges where piers
are necessary, place the face of pier 2'-0" further from roadway than toe
of back slope. (See Figure 2.1.4.8.)
Lateral Clearances for Local Roads

Lateral clearances for local roads are dependent on ADT. The applicable
values are shown on Figures 2.1.4.9 and 2.1.4.10.
Lateral Clearance for Local Streets

Locate the face of piers or abutments on or beyond the property line.
This will provide for the ultimate development of the section by local
authorities. A minimum distance of 6'-0" from the face of a curb to the
face of pier or abutment must be provided.
Lateral Clearance for Railroads

Lateral clearances at railroads are to be determined as follows:
1) The statutory clearances diagram shown on Figure 2.1.4.11
represents the absolute minimums that must be adhered to. For
design, a minimum horizontal clearance of 9'-0" to a pier or abutment
is to be used (8'-6" legal).
2) Side piers are placed 4'-0" in from the back slope control point (18'-0"
clear to the centerline of track for a cut section without a
maintenance road). This puts the face of pier 2'-0" outside the
bottom of a 3'-0" deep ditch with a 1:2 slope and allows the railroad
to periodically clean the ditch with track-mounted equipment.
3) Mn/DOT and FHWA have agreed to the horizontal clearances shown in

Figure 2.1.4.11 (25'-0" minimum clearance to pier, 30'-6" to “back
slope control point”) for mainline BNRR tracks at sites meeting the
following conditions:
a) When the standard will not increase the cost of the structure by
more than $50,000.
b) When sufficient vertical clearance exists between the tracks and
inplace or proposed roadway profile to accommodate the structure
depth necessary for the longer spans typically required by the
standard.
If these conditions cannot be met, submit a letter to the Railroad

Administration Section along with the signed Preliminary Bridge Plan
stating the reasons the standard cannot be met including an estimate
of the increased cost if applicable.
4) Back slopes shall be 1:2 and pass through the “back slope control
point” shown on Figure 2.1.4.11 for the applicable case. The
AUGUST 2008 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 2-12
dimension to the “back slope control point” indicates the maximum

extent of federal participation in the construction and must not be
exceeded.
5) The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer will contact the Railroad

Administration Section of the Office of Railroads and Waterways to
determine the need for provisions for a maintenance road for track
maintenance equipment. If the Railroad Administration Section
determines that the need is justified, the dimension to the “back slope
control point” can be increased up to 8'-0".
Waterway Sections Under Bridge Crossing Streams

The Waterway Analysis (hydraulics report) gives information on the
required stream cross section under the bridge including waterway area
and low member elevation. Potential flood damage, both upstream and
downstream, and permitting agencies’ requirements must be considered.
For Bridges on the local System, refer to the State Aid Bridge Web Site for
direction: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/StateAidBridge/index.html.
Go to the Handbook and then to the Hydraulic Guidance section.
Vertical Clearance for Underpasses

Table 2.1.3.1 lists the minimum vertical clearance requirements for trunk
highway underpasses.
Table 2.1.3.1
Vertical Clearance for Underpasses
DESIGN VERTICAL
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
CLEARANCES
Trunk Highway Under Roadway Bridge 16'-4"

Trunk Highway Under Railroad Bridge 16'-4"
Railroad Under Trunk Highway Bridge 23'-0" *
Trunk Highway Under Pedestrian Bridge 17'-4"
Trunk Highway Under Sign Bridge 17'-4"
Portal Clearances on Truss or Arch 20'-0"
* Critical vertical clearance point offset 8'-6" from centerline of track, statutory
minimum vertical clearance is 22'-0".
For trunk highway bridges over local streets and roads, the minimum
vertical clearance is 16'-4" for rural-suburban designs and 14'-6" for
urban designs. For trunk highways crossing local roads or streets at a
freeway interchange, 16'-4" clearance is required. A complete list of

vertical clearances for local roads and streets is found in the
State-Aid Operations Rules, Chapter 8820.
The 2001 edition of the AASHTO book, A Policy on Geometric Design of

Highways and Streets, recommends 16'-0" of clearance for highway
bridges and 17'-0" for pedestrian bridges and sign bridges for freeways
and arterials, a minimum clearance of 1'-0" above the legal vehicle
height, and an allowance for future pavement resurfacing. (See pages
476, 511, and 767.) The legal height of a truck in Minnesota is 13'-6",
which, when the additional 1'-0" is added, gives 14'-6". A 4" allowance
for a future overlay added to the 16'-0" and 17'-0" clearances gives the
standard 16'-4" and 17'-4" dimensions. The Truck Permits Unit of
Mn/DOT reports 5 to 20 permit requests a day for load heights of 15'-0"
or greater and a few every day for load heights over 15'-6".
The clearance over highways applies to the traffic lanes and full usable
width of shoulders.
The additional foot of clearance under pedestrian and sign bridges is

provided because these bridges are much less substantial and could
collapse in the event of a hit.
Where bikeways pass under a bridge or through a tunnel, a vertical

clearance of 10'-0" is desirable for adequate vertical shy distance. (See
AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, August 1991,
page 25.) Where this is impractical to obtain, a lesser clearance down to
a minimum of 8'-0" is acceptable. Clearances below 10 feet on the local
road system will require a variance to the State-Aid Operations Rules,
Chapter 8.
The 23'-0" clearance over railroads allows for future ballast to be added
to the line. If this clearance cannot be met, the Railroad Administration
Section of the Office of Railroads and Waterways should be contacted. A
clearance between 22'-0" (legal minimum) and 23'-0" may be used with
approval of the railroad. For clearances below 22'-0", approval from the
Rail and Motor Carrier Procedures Unit of Mn/DOT is required and may be
granted in instances where clearance on the line is limited by other
bridges likely to remain in place for a substantial time.
Vertical Clearance over Waterways

1) Non-Navigable Waterways
A 3'-0" minimum clearance between the 50-year flood stage and low
point on the bridge superstructure is recommended. This amount of
clearance is desired to provide for larger floods and also for the
passage of ice and/or debris. If this amount of clearance is not
attainable due to constraints relating to structure depth, roadway
grades or other factors, reduced clearance may be allowed. The
Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer, after consultation with the
Hydraulics Section and the Mn/DOT District Office, will determine the
required clearance.
2) Navigable Waterways
a) Waterways that require a construction permit from Coast Guard
(generally considered to be waterways for commercial shipping):
• The Mississippi River downstream from I-694 in Fridley
• The Minnesota River downstream from Chaska
• The St. Croix River downstream from Taylors Falls
• The St. Louis River downstream from Oliver, Wisconsin.
Guide vertical clearances published by the Coast Guard are:

• Mississippi River:
• 52'-0" above 2% flowline or 60'-0" above normal pool,
whichever is greater, for the portion downstream of the
Burlington Northern Railroad Bridge near the University of
Minnesota (mile point 853.0).
• 4'-0" above river stage of 40,000 c.f.s. for the river portion
upstream (mile point 853.0 to 857.6).
• Minnesota River:
• 55'-0" above normal pool from mouth to I-35W bridge
(mile point 10.8).
• 30.8 feet above 1881 high water from I-35W bridge to
Chaska.
• St. Croix River:
• 52'-0" above 2% flowline or 60'-0" above normal pool from
mouth to Stillwater.
• St. Louis River:
• The Bong Bridge over the St. Louis River Bay in Duluth has
a vertical clearance of 120'-0".
The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer shall be consulted when

establishing navigation clearances.
b) All Other Navigable Waterways

Bridges that cross waterways in other portions of the state may be
required to provide for local pleasure boat traffic. Vertical
clearance for these bridges will be determined on an individual
basis, based on local needs. The Mn/DOT District Office will make
this determination based on a survey of boats using the waterway.
Vertical and Horizontal Alignment

Information governing vertical curves, horizontal curves, and sight
distance may be found in the Road Design Manual and Technical Manual.
When preparing preliminary bridge plans for the local road system,
vertical and horizontal alignment charts from the State-Aid Manual shall
be employed.
2.1.4 Geometric Specific geometric details for bridge decks and undercrossings are shown
Details in the following figures:
Figure 2.1.4.1 2-Lane Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.2 2-Lane Highway (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.3 4-Lane Divided Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.4 4-Lane Divided Highway (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.5 6-Lane Divided Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.6 6-Lane Divided Highway (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.7 6" Raised Island, Turn Lanes, and Sidewalk (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.8 Ramps (Rural and Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.9 Local Roads (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.10 Local Roads (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.11 Railroad Clearances
Figure 2.1.4.12 Minimum Lateral Clearances (Urban)
The above figures for various roadway types show sections as viewed
assuming traffic flow from bottom to top of page. Starting at the bottom
of the sheet, the typical fill roadway section to a bridge approach is
shown. The fill slope transitions to a 1:3 slope at the bridge. The section
above it shows a section of this road on the bridge deck. The third
section from the bottom is a continuation of the roadway as it approaches
a crossing under a bridge; the back slope transitions to a 1:2 maximum
slope at the bridge. The top section shows this roadway at the point
where a bridge crosses this roadway.
Where a range of side slopes is shown on the approaching roadway

section, Road Design should determine the slope used.
Figure 2.1.4.1
Geometrics
2-Lane Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.2
Desirable Geometrics
2-Lane Highway (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.3
4-Lane Divided Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.4
4-Lane Divided Highway (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.5
6-Lane Divided Highway (Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.6
6-Lane Divided Highway (Urban)
(Details for 8-Lane Divided Highway Are Similar)
Figure 2.1.4.7
6" Raised Island, Turn Lanes, and Sidewalks (Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.8
Ramps (Rural and Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.9
Local Roads
(Rural)
Figure 2.1.4.10
Local Roads
(Urban)
Figure 2.1.4.11
Railroad Clearances
Figure 2.1.4.12
Minimum Lateral Clearances
2.1.5 Bridge See Section 13 of this manual for the policy on design of bridge railings
Railings for Mn/DOT projects.
2.2 Bridge The aesthetic design process is initiated early in a bridge project’s life.
Aesthetics The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer will determine which of three
levels of aesthetic attention is appropriate for the bridge.
• Level A is intended for bridges with major cultural or aesthetic
significance.
• Level B is used for mid-level structures, including highway corridors.
• Level C is used for routine bridges.
Maximum levels of Mn/DOT participation in aesthetic costs are given in

the Mn/DOT Policy Manual, Chapter 6, 6-41. For Level A the maximum is
15% but not to exceed $3 million per bridge; for Level B the maximum is
7% but not to exceed $300,000 per bridge; for Level C the maximum is
5% but not to exceed $200,000 per bridge.
The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer along with the District Project
Manager coordinates the implementation of the aesthetic design process
as it relates to bridges. Other people, offices, agencies, etc. may also be
involved. The extent of this involvement may vary depending on the
individual project and its aesthetics level. This process leads to the
development of an Aesthetic Plan for the bridge. Once the project
reaches the final stage, the Bridge Design Unit Leader directs the
implementation of the Aesthetic Plan to completion with assistance from
the Preliminary Bridge Architectural Specialist as needed.
Section 3 of the Aesthetic Guidelines for Bridge Design Manual describes

the process of aesthetic design in more detail.
2.3 Preliminary Purpose

Bridge Plans The Preliminary Bridge Plan serves to document the main features of the
bridge (type, size, location, aesthetics, etc.) and is used to obtain
2.3.1 General approvals and coordination before final design begins. By doing this, the
time and expense of revising a completed plan will hopefully be avoided.
The plan coordinates the work between Road Design and the Bridge
Office and enables the cost and scope of the work to be estimated.
Specific users of the plan include:

• Road Design to verify the grade, alignment and roadway widths and
to obtain the approximate limits of grading, paving and guardrail at
the bridge ends.
• FHWA to review and approve projects.

• Bridge Agreements and Permits Unit to select and negotiate contracts
with consultants.
• Final Bridge Design Units and Consultants to prepare final plans.
• Bridge Programs and Estimates Unit to prepare a preliminary estimate
of the bridge costs.
• DNR, Coast Guard, Corps of Engineers and Watershed Districts to
review and issue required permits for stream crossings.
• Cities, Planning Agencies, and citizen groups to review and approve
projects.
• Site Development Unit to recommend aesthetic treatments.
• Signing, Lighting, and TMC Units to convey their needs on the new
bridge.
• Railroad Administration Section for use in negotiating railroad
agreements.
In preparing preliminary bridge plans, the plan users should always be

kept in mind, particularly those without bridge or technical experience.
Requirements for Preliminary Bridge Plans

Preliminary bridge plans are required for all new trunk highway bridges
(including Mn/DOT precast concrete arch structures) and all bridge
widenings where substructure widening is required. In addition,
preliminary plans signed by the State Bridge Engineer are required for all
county and local bridges that cross a trunk highway. Preliminary bridge
plans are not required for culverts, overlays, deck replacements, and
other projects where substructures are not widened.
The Bridge Preliminary Unit normally prepares preliminary plans for new
trunk highway bridges, although consultants occasionally develop plans.
Preliminary plans for bridge widenings are normally prepared by the
Bridge Design Units since significant design work is required to evaluate
the existing structure and schemes for widening and handling traffic.
Preliminary plans prepared by Consultants or Design Units are submitted

to the Bridge Preliminary Unit for review, submittal to the State Bridge
Engineer for signature, and distribution of signed copies.
Contents
The Preliminary Bridge Plan consists of a general plan and elevation sheet
and survey sheet with borings. For the more complex urban structures
additional road design sheets giving alignment, superelevation diagrams,
utilities, contours, traffic staging or intersection layout may be included.
The Preliminary Bridge Plan contains: plan and elevation views, a cross
section, design data, data on the type of structure, foundation

requirements, and aesthetic treatment. When aesthetics are of special
importance, architectural type drawings showing the proposed treatment
or type of construction may also be included. For bridge widenings, the
survey sheet may be eliminated or a copy of the survey sheet from the
existing bridge may be included.
Preparation of Preliminary Bridge Plans

The steps involved in preparing a typical preliminary plan set for a new
trunk highway bridge by the Preliminary Unit are as follows:
1) Layouts are received from Pre-Design and bridge numbers are
assigned and listed in PPMS.
2) Bridge Survey sheets are received from the district surveys section.
Copies are sent to the Foundations Unit of the Office of Materials and
Research requesting soil borings. For stream crossings a copy is sent
to the Hydraulics Unit requesting a hydraulics analysis.
3) A depth of structure and span arrangement are determined using the
layout and Waterway Analysis and are given to Road Design. This
typically involves communication between the Bridge Office, Road
Design, and Hydraulics to arrive at a structure depth and span
arrangement that produces the best overall solution. If a railroad is
involved, negotiations are held with the railroad to determine what
features should be incorporated into the plan to satisfy the railroad's
needs and also meet Mn/DOT standards.
4) Final grades and alignment are received from Road Design.
5) Traffic data is requested and received from the district traffic office.
6) The Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer, District Project Manager, and
Environmental Services Section determine the extent of aesthetic
treatment.
7) A CADD operator is assigned the project and drafting of the plan
begins. Clearances are checked and more exact span lengths
determined.
8) Borings are received electronically from the Foundations Unit and
plotted on the survey sheets.
9) The Engineering Specialist in the Design Unit checks the completed
preliminary package, except the foundation type.
10) The preliminary package is given to the Regional Bridge Construction
Engineer along with the foundation report for determining pile type,
lengths, and bearing. When received, the pile information is added
to the preliminary plan.
11) The completed Preliminary Bridge Plan is reviewed with the Bridge
Planning and Hydraulics Engineer and taken to the State Bridge
Engineer for signature.
Time Schedule for Preliminary Plan Preparation

The time schedule for receiving information and completing preliminary
bridge plans for normal bridges, as given in PPMS, is shown in Table
2.3.1.1.
Table 2.3.1.1
Preliminary Plan Time Schedule
TIME PRIOR TO SCHEDULED

WORK ITEM
LETTING DATE
Bridge Survey 17 months

Hydraulics 14 ½ months
Grades and Alignment 14 ½ months
Foundations 13 months
Preliminary Plan Completed 12 months
Additional lead-time is required for major bridges, bridges involving agreements with
cities or railroads, and bridges with extensive aesthetic requirements.
Use of Preliminary Bridge Plans

The completed and signed Preliminary Bridge Plan becomes the
department’s official proposal for that structure. The following steps are
then taken:
1) Unless cost estimates have been prepared to determine structure
type, the Program and Estimates Unit of the Bridge Office prepares an
estimated contract construction cost for the structure. This is
generally based on an estimated cost per square foot.
2) Sets of prints of the Preliminary Bridge Plan are distributed to the

various offices of Mn/DOT and outside agencies for information,
review, and approval, as the case may be. (See Table 2.3.1.2.)
Approval by all concerned of the proposed structure dimensions, type

of construction, and geometrics before the start of final design is one
of the most important functions of the Preliminary Bridge Plan. This
is particularly true of stream crossings, railroad crossings (over and
under), and structures requiring special aesthetic treatment.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRELIMINARY BRIDGE PLANS
FOR PURPOSE
BRIDGE OFFICE TO: NO. OF SETS TRANSMITTAL INFO. & REMARKS

APPROVAL
TO: REVIEW
Sent with cost estimate by Bridge Estimating Unit.

District Engineer 1 X
Comments, if any, given to Bridge Office.
FEBRUARY 2007
Comments, if any, to Bridge Office. For stream

crossings the District Hydraulics Engineer may include
District
1 X plan with application for DNR, Army Corps of
– Final Design Engineer
Engineers, or watershed permits. Copies of permits
are to be filed with Central Office Right of Way.
(1) Sent with estimate by Bridge Estimation Unit.

Federal Highway Foundations Report to be included with plan. Copy of
Administration (2) (2) X Bridge Office transmittal letter returned stamped
- Bridge Engineer APPROVED or letter of reply with qualifications sent to
Commissioner.
Traffic, Security, and Reply to Bridge Office as to need for lights, signals, and
1 X
Operations conduits bridge mounting signs.
Geotechnical Engineering
1 X Comments, if any, given to Bridge Office.
Table 2.3.1.2
Section - Foundations
Freeway Operations – Traffic Reply to Bridge Office as to need for conduit, and
1 X
Management Center (TMC) mounting devices for surveillance system.
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
Technical Support Review with

– Utility Agreements and 2 affected X Sent by Bridge Utilities Coordinator (BUC).
Permits Unit (UAPU) utilities.
Four sets of
Freight and Commercial 4 prints for each
X Railroad crossings only.
Vehicle Operations (minimum) railroad
involved.
(1) Unusual bridges and structures on the Interstate System are forwarded to (2) Refer to 2.3.1 for plans that must be sent to FHWA for
the FHWA Headquarters Division in Washington for approval. The approval.
Washington Office is available for technical assistance on other Federal-aid
and non-Federal-aid structures when requested.
2-32
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is one of the outside

agencies that reviews bridge projects. The following categorizes
bridge projects according to the amount of FHWA oversight required
and also sets forth submittal requirements:
• Bridge Projects that Require Full Oversight by FHWA

This category includes new or reconstruction (rehabilitation and
improvement) bridge projects on the Interstate System with total
project cost more than $1,000,000 (bridges that carry interstate
traffic and interchange bridges). It also includes other National
Highway System bridges in which the bridge structure estimated
cost is equal to or over $10 million. Preliminary bridge plans, if
prepared, as well as final plans, specifications and estimates
(PS&E) will be submitted to FHWA for approval. Final plans at
85% to 90% completion will also be submitted to FHWA for
concurrent review. Please note that preliminary plans are not
normally prepared for bridge improvement projects.
• Bridge Projects that Require Partial Oversight by FHWA

This category includes new or reconstruction (rehabilitation and
improvement) bridge projects that carry traffic over the Interstate
Highway regardless of funding source. Preliminary bridge plans, if
prepared, will be submitted to FHWA for approval. This
submission is only for the purpose of evaluating horizontal and
vertical clearances on the Interstate System.
• Bridge Projects for which Mn/DOT Maintains Oversight

This category includes any bridge project not included in the
above full and partial oversight categories.
The following apply to Bridge Projects that Require Full Oversight by

FHWA, Bridge Projects that Require Partial Oversight by FHWA, and
Bridge Projects for which Mn/DOT Maintains Oversight:
The Preliminary Bridge Plan will be submitted to FHWA with a

transmittal letter. FHWA will not require a preliminary cost estimate
but will review the preliminary plan, elevation, and transverse
sections. It is very important that these plans be submitted to FHWA
as soon as they are developed and prior to proceeding with final
design.
Funding source does not change the above processes.

For Mn/DOT oversight projects, a courtesy copy of the letter

transmitting the Preliminary Bridge Plan for the proposed bridge
project will be sent to FHWA (without the plans) for informational
purposes.
FHWA Headquarters Bridge Division shall be responsible for the

approval of preliminary plans for unusual bridges and structures on
the Interstate System. FHWA Headquarters Bridge Division will be
available for technical assistance on other Federal-aid and non-
Federal-aid highways when requested.
For the purpose of this guidance, unusual bridges are those bridges:
(1) that have difficult or unique foundation problems, (2) that have
new or complex designs with unique operational or design features,
(3) with exceptionally long spans, (4) being designed with procedures
that depart from currently recognized acceptable practices. Examples
of unusual bridges include cable-stayed, suspension, arch, segmental
concrete, movable, or truss bridges. Other examples are bridge types
that are not addressed by the AASHTO bridge design standards and
guide specifications, bridges requiring abnormal dynamic analysis for
seismic design, bridges with spans exceeding 500 feet, and bridges
with major supporting elements of “ultra” high strength concrete or
steel.
Unusual structures include tunnels, geotechnical structures featuring

new or complex wall systems or ground improvement systems, and
hydraulic structures that involve complex stream stability
countermeasures, or designs or design techniques that are atypical or
unique.
Preliminary documents submitted to FHWA Headquarters should

include the Preliminary Bridge Plan and supporting data along with
FHWA Division’s review comments and recommendations. Supporting
information should include bridge/structures related environmental
concerns and suggested mitigation measures, studies of bridge types
and span arrangements, approach bridge span layout plans and
profile sheets, controlling vertical and horizontal clearance
requirements, roadway geometry, design specifications used, special
design criteria, special provisions (if available), and cost estimates.
Hydraulic and scour design studies/reports should also be submitted
showing scour predictions and related mitigation measures.
Geotechnical studies/reports should be submitted along with
information on substructure and foundation types.
For these projects, the State Bridge Engineer will submit two copies of
the Preliminary Bridge Plan along with a transmittal letter requesting
approval directly to the Division Engineer of the Federal Highway
Administration. The transmittal letter also includes the estimated
contract construction cost of the structure. (See Figure 2.3.1.1 for a
sample transmittal letter). The FHWA is the only outside agency to
which the Bridge Office sends a direct request for approval. All other
outside agencies are contacted through other offices of Mn/DOT.
3) The Preliminary Bridge Plan is used as a basis for preparing permit

drawings to accompany applications to construct structures and
approaches over navigable waters of the United States within or
bordering our state. Such drawings are prepared in the Preliminary
Plans Unit in accordance with detailed instructions issued by the U.S.
Coast Guard. The Coast Guard is charged with the responsibility of
issuing permits for bridges over navigable waters of the United States
within or bordering our state. This includes all bridge spans
(including land spans) from abutment to abutment. The Corps of
Engineers is responsible for issuing permits for any other
miscellaneous structures or work to be performed in navigable waters
of the United States.
There are two Coast Guard districts that have jurisdiction within the
State of Minnesota; the 9th Coast Guard District based in Cleveland
has jurisdiction over the Duluth harbor and navigable portion of the
St. Louis River, and the 8th Coast Guard District based in St. Louis has
jurisdiction over the navigable portions of the Mississippi, Minnesota,
and St. Croix Rivers.
After receiving a permit application, the Coast Guard issues a public

notice of application with prints of the permit drawings. These are
sent to shipping interests, other agencies, displayed in post offices,
etc. Generally, if no comments are received from others within
30 days of the notice of application, and if environmental statements
have been submitted and a certification given by the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, a permit will be issued.
Correspondence to the Coast Guard is generally prepared for the

signature of the State Bridge Engineer.
4) When all approvals have been obtained, the Preliminary Bridge Plan is
used as the basis for the bridge design and for the preparation of final
detailed plans. If the design is to be by a consulting engineer, the
Preliminary Bridge Plan is also used as the basis for negotiation of the
consultant fee.
Preliminary Plans for Local Bridges

Consult the State-Aid Bridge Web site at:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/StateAidBridge/ for the submittal and
approval process of State-Aid Preliminary Bridge Plans.
Figure 2.3.1.1
2.3.2 Bridge Type General

Selection The type of structure and span arrangement selected will depend on cost,
aesthetics, depth available, geometrics, and site conditions. For some
bridges this may be an obvious choice. For others it may involve a great
deal of study, especially if aesthetics is a main concern. The section that
follows gives some general guidelines on the selection process.
Aesthetic Design Process

See Section 2.2 of this manual for a discussion of the aesthetic design
process.
Structure Type
The most commonly used structure types and their characteristics are as
follows:
1) Prestressed Concrete Beam
This is the most common structure type in Minnesota. Advantages
include: low initial and future maintenance costs, high quality factory
produced product, a stiff deck, and simple spans that accommodate
tapers. Beams are limited to standard depths and straight segments,
and a maximum length of about 145 feet based on shipping
limitations.
2) Welded or Rolled Steel Beam

This type of structure is well suited to complex urban freeways with
limited depth, long spans, and complex geometrics. Steel beam
bridges are also well suited for areas with bad soils, such as the Red
River Valley, as steel allows the flexibility of modifying the bearing
location and adding or reducing span lengths to accommodate shifting
abutments and piers. Advantages include: a shallower depth of
structure than prestressed concrete, beams with the ability to be field
spliced to produce long span lengths, web plates that can be cut to
any depth or to a haunched shape, beams that can be curved
horizontally, and beams that can be painted a color which contrasts
with the slab to make the structure appear thinner. Disadvantages
include: a typically higher cost than other structure types, more
difficult fabrication and inspection, a longer fabrication time, the
possible need for painting and future maintenance painting,
weathering steel staining of supports, rusting of weathering steel
when under salt exposure, and required annual inspections.
3) Cast-In-Place Concrete Slab Span

This type of structure is used for shorter span bridges where depth is
a major consideration. For simple spans conventionally reinforced,
spans range up to 40 feet. Continuous spans are limited to about
60 feet. (See table in Section 5.3.1 of this manual for limits.)

Advantages include: a minimum depth superstructure, ease of design
and detailing, pleasing aesthetics, and economy for short span
bridges. Disadvantages include: span lengths are limited, falsework
is required, concrete delivery rate requirements may be a problem, a
wearing course may be required to achieve a smooth ride, and the
maximum skew angle is 45°.
4) Concrete Box Girder

Concrete box girders provide an attractive structure with high
torsional resistance making them especially well suited for curved
structures. The ability to accommodate an integral pier cap is an
advantage since horizontal clearance is only required to the column
top and not the cap top. Limitations and drawbacks include the need
for falsework, the inability to redeck or widen, and the higher
construction cost.
5) Timber
This bridge structure is used only on the local road system, for 1 or 3
spans with a maximum span length of about 25 feet. Advantages
include: timber has a natural and aesthetically pleasing appearance,
special equipment is not required for installation, and construction can
be done in virtually any weather conditions. Disadvantages include:
timber is not an economical structure type, it is limited to low-volume
roads (roads with an ADT under 750), and the asphalt wearing
surface tends to crack due to differential deck deflections.
6) Pre-cast Double Tee Beam Span

This bridge structure is used only on the local road system. The
maximum span length is 48 feet for 22" depth stem, and a span
length of 64 feet for 30" depth stem is typical. Advantages include:
reduced construction time, reduced inspection time, and an
economical pre-cast bridge in the 30 foot to 40 foot span range.
Disadvantages include: not appropriate on steep grades, flared
bridges, curved bridges, and skewed bridges of higher ADT roadways
where salt is applied to the bridge.
7) Box Culvert
Box culverts provide a quickly constructed, and economical structure
for stream crossings. Precast concrete box culvert standards are
available for culverts up to 14 ft. x 14 ft. in size. Use of up to two
large barrel boxes will be economical compared with a bridge.
Advantages include: quick installation and low maintenance.
Disadvantages include: span limitations, possible debris build-up
when multiple barrels are used, and lack of a natural stream for fish
unless the invert is lowered and riprapped.
8) Three-Sided Bridge Structure

Three-sided precast concrete structures offer an alternative for short
span structures up to 42 feet. Advantages include: quick installation,
and a natural stream bottom. Disadvantages include: a higher cost
than cast-in-place structures.
Abutment and Pier Locations

The following guidelines aid in setting abutment and pier locations:
1) Stream Crossings
For stream crossings the number of substructures in the stream
should be kept to the minimum practical. Piers in streams block the
natural flow of the waterway, trap ice and debris, impede navigation,
and are subject to scour. In addition, construction of a stream pier is
expensive (especially if cofferdams are needed), and environmentally
disturbs the stream bottom and water quality. Piers and abutments
should ideally be set on shore to minimize dewatering and allow easy
access for the Contractor. Substructures should also be set to avoid
interference with inplace substructures, including piling, wherever
practical. Setting spans and structure depth involves balancing the
hydraulic requirements of the low member elevation and waterway
area with the constraints of approach grades, structure depth, and
cost.
2) Grade Separations
For grade separations fewer piers are also desirable wherever
practical. Piers should be kept out of the clear zone unless absolutely
necessary. In locations where ramps enter or exit a highway under a
bridge, piers should be avoided between the mainline and ramp, if
possible, as they restrict visibility.
Abutment Types
Abutments can generally be classified as stub, semi-high or high
abutments. A further breakdown of stub abutments can be made
according to the way expansion is handled – integral (fixed) or parapet
type.
Stub abutments with a standard berm were used extensively on four-

span freeway overpass structures. Since the end spans are short there is
no problem providing additional length for the berms, which provides
extra protection for the abutment. The use of longer two-span structures
for overpasses has diminished its use, but this abutment type is still used
where depth and spans will permit. The extra protection provided by the
berm is especially important for stream crossings.
Semi-high abutments part way up the fill slope have become more
popular as two-span overpasses have come into use. A higher abutment
and elimination of the berm reduces the span length and depth of beam,
which makes the structure more economical. From an aesthetic
standpoint an exposed face greater than the depth of the beam and less
than half the roadway clearance below the beams is desirable. Exposed
heights of abutment face should be limited to about 8 feet, if possible.
High abutments at the bottom of the fill slope are used primarily in
congested urban design where structure depth is critical. Their use is
discouraged since they are difficult to construct, expensive, and give a
closed-in feel to the highway.
Parallel wingwalls, parallel to the bridge roadway, are used most often for
aesthetic reasons. An angled wingwall, 45 degrees for bridges with no
skew, will give shorter wingwall lengths and less length of railing. These
are used on some stream crossings where the elevation view of the
bridge is not as prominent and the wingwalls help direct the stream flow
under the bridge. Straight wingwalls, an extension of the abutment
parapet, are the simplest to construct but are appropriate only for
shallow beams where aesthetics is not a concern.
Guidelines for the use of integral and parapet abutments are given in
Section 11 of this manual.
Pier Types
1) Stream Crossings
Pile bent piers, consisting of a row of piles with a concrete cap
encasing the pile tops, are the simplest and most economical type of
pier. They are used for stream crossings where the maximum height
from the top of pier to streambed is under 20'-0" and there is no ice
or debris problem. Spans must also be short enough to allow a single
row of piles to support the deck at reasonable spacing. The piles act
as columns, and bending strength to resist side impacts from ice or
debris is important. For cast-in-place piles (the most widely used) a
16" minimum diameter is required. If H-piles are used, the upper
portion is encased by a cast-in-place pile shell filled with concrete.
Timber piles are not permitted. Concerns with pile bent piers include
the potential to trap debris, and its appearance.
A wall type pier, consisting of a single row of piles (especially H-piles)

encased with concrete to form a wall, provides more resistance to ice
and debris and allows debris to pass through without becoming
entangled on the piles. This type of pier is used where more
resistance to ice and debris than afforded by the pile bent is needed,
and yet the size and expense of a solid shaft pier can be avoided.
This type of pier can be constructed by driving the piling, supporting
the wall forms on the stream bed, placing a seal with a tremie,
dewatering, adding reinforcement, and pouring the wall.
A solid shaft pier is used for major stream crossings where heavy
loads, tall piers or sizable ice and debris loads may occur. This type
of pier has a separate footing located a minimum of 6'-0" below
streambed. Construction of this type of pier involves driving sheeting
to form a cofferdam, excavating inside the cofferdam, driving piles,
pouring a seal, dewatering, and concrete placement.
2) Grade Separations
Piers at grade separations are typically multiple column type with a
cap. Piers are visible to passing motorists and the emphasis on
aesthetics has led to more use of rectangular shaped column type
piers, often with form liner treatments or rustication grooves. For
narrow ramp bridges a single shaft pier may be considered. Where
aesthetics is not a concern, a round column pier will usually provide
the lowest cost.
For bridges over railroads, piers located within 25 feet of the

centerline of railroad tracks must either be of “heavy construction”
(refer to Section 11.2.4 for requirements) or have crash walls. Piers
located between 25 and 50 feet of the centerline of railroad tracks
must be designed to withstand a 400 kip load unless they are
protected as specified in LRFD 3.6.5.1.
For the majority of bridges over roadways, piers located within

30 feet of the roadway edge (defined as the edge of the lane nearest
to the pier) must be designed to withstand a 400 kip load unless they
are protected as specified in LRFD 3.6.5.1. See Section 11.2.4 of this
manual for complete pier protection policy and requirements.
2.4 Final Bridge The primary purpose for preparing the Final Bridge Plan and special
Plans and Special provisions is to communicate the geometric, material, and procedural
Provisions requirements for the construction of a bridge. Several audiences will use
the final design or contract documents during the life of the bridge.
Initially, contractors use the documents to prepare their bids. A clear,
accurate, and complete set of documents will result in competitive
bidding. Well-communicated information reduces contractor uncertainty
regarding what is required for different elements of construction.
During construction, many parties will use the contract documents. For
example, surveyors will locate and mark the position of working points,
fabricators and construction engineers will prepare shop drawings and
other submittals/drawings, inspectors and suppliers will use the
documents for their work, and the contractor’s forces will use the
documents.
After construction of the bridge the detailed plans will be referenced

when modifying the bridge (e.g., adding signage), performing load rating
of the bridge, or rehabilitating/replacing the bridge.
The Final Bridge Plan contains geometric information, a schedule of

quantities and pay items for the bridge, traffic phasing (if applicable),
limits of removal of existing structures and foundation items (if
applicable), foundation details, substructure details, superstructure
details, typical sections, utilities (if applicable), survey information, and
other miscellaneous items.
Specifications are also required for each project. They describe

procedures for award and execution of the contract, how work will be
measured and paid, procedures to be followed during execution of the
work, and material and testing requirements for items incorporated into
the project.
Bridge projects use specifications from four different sources:

1) Most of the specifications used for a project are provided in Mn/DOT’s
Standard Specifications for Construction. They are necessarily
general in nature and are intended to cover all types of Mn/DOT
projects.
2) The Bridge Office has assembled additional specifications. Because

they are not included in the standard specifications they are called
special provisions. A list of available bridge special provisions is
provided in Appendix 2-B. Special provisions address a variety of
work items, ranging from concrete placement in District 8 to the
fabrication and installation of pot bearings. Not all of the special

provisions are intended to be used on every project; rather, designers
should use only those applicable to the project.
3) The State-Aid Unit has additional bridge special provisions that apply
to local road bridge projects.
4) Custom special provisions. If a work item is of such unique character

that the standard specifications and the bridge special provisions
don’t describe or address the work, a custom special provision will
need to be prepared. Custom special provisions may be generated
for any number of items. Items may include schedules (e.g., dates
the contractor will have access to certain portions of the project) or
lists of required submittals, etc.
In general, information that is highly graphical or geometric in nature

should be presented on plan sheets. Large amounts of information
conveyed with text should be assembled in special provisions.
A specification or special provision usually contains the following five

sections:
1) A description
2) A list of the materials used (and their specifications)
3) Construction requirements for the work
4) A description of how the work will be measured
5) The basis of payment (pay item for the work)
Oversight by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is required for

some bridge projects. See Section 2.3.1 of this manual under “Use of
Preliminary Bridge Plans” for FHWA degree of oversight categories and
plan submittal requirements.
2.4.1 Final Design Unless specified otherwise within this manual, all structures shall be
Instructions designed in accordance with the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications. For those few cases where LRFD specifications have not
been created or adopted, the AASHTO Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges shall be used. These exceptions to the LRFD
specifications include: long span specialty bridges and sheet piling.
Discuss exceptions with the Bridge Design Engineer prior to beginning
final design.
Railroad bridges shall be designed according to the current AREMA

specifications for the live load specified by the railroad. Additional notes
concerning the design of railroad bridges:
1) Railroad bridges will usually be designed with simple spans to avoid
uplift from the live load.
2) Bridges for the Duluth Mesabe & Iron Range Railway require a special
live load.
Plans and documents prepared during the preliminary design phase

should be reviewed prior to beginning final design. These documents
include:
1) Preliminary Bridge Plan
2) Bridge Construction Unit Foundation Recommendation Report
3) Design Study Report
4) Letter File
When reviewing preliminary plans, pay particular attention to geometry

and utilities. Check the layout. This includes reviewing grades,
stationing, end slopes, beams, railings, roadways, shoulders, and the
median (if applicable).
2.4.1.1 Space beams so moments in fascia beams will not be larger than
Superstructure moments in interior beams.
2.4.1.1.1 Framing For steel beams and prestressed I-beams, deck projections beyond the
Plan centerline of the fascia beam should generally not exceed the smaller of:
1) Depth of beam
2) 40% of the beam spacing
3) 2'-8" plus one-half the flange width
The minimum slab projection beyond the tip of the flange shall be
6 inches.
For rectangular prestressed beams, the overhang is a concern when the

location of a wheel line falls outside of the beam. Keep the maximum
overhang projection beyond the centerline of the fascia beam to
approximately 2'-8".
2.4.1.1.2 Concrete For bridges with reinforced concrete decks, the deck may be cast in one
Wearing Course or two lifts. If two lifts are used, the second one is called the wearing
course and is placed during original construction of the bridge. Note that
the wearing course and the future wearing course are separate and
distinct items.
The wearing course shall be low slump concrete. Bridges meeting any of
the following criteria shall use a concrete wearing course:
1) All bridges carrying interstate traffic.
2) All interstate highway bridges at an interchange with access to the
interstate.
3) All bridges carrying trunk highway traffic in major metropolitan areas
and municipalities with populations of 5000 or greater.
4) All bridges on highways with 20-year projected ADT greater than
2,000.
The State Bridge Engineer shall determine the appropriate action on any
individual exceptions to this policy.
2.4.1.1.3 In most bridges, the orientation of the primary superstructure elements

Diaphragms and is parallel to the centerline of the bridge. Aside from slab bridges, most
Cross Frames bridges in Minnesota are supported on multiple beam lines. The beam
lines are typically spaced on 5 to 15 foot centers. These bridges usually
have diaphragms or cross frames. They serve a number of purposes:
1) They provide compression flange bracing during erection and
construction of the bridge.
2) They increase lateral load distribution (more beams or girders
participate in carrying live loads).
3) They provide a load path for lateral loads to be carried from the deck
to the bearings.
During final plan assembly, specify the type of diaphragm on the framing
plan, the deck cross section, and the longitudinal section.
For bridges with integral abutments, the end diaphragm also functions as
an abutment element. Provide a construction joint between the end
diaphragm and the approach panel to accommodate settlement under the
approach panel. To facilitate the transfer of axial load from the deck into
the end diaphragms, provide a concrete fillet as shown on Details B809
and B811.
2.4.1.2 Pedestrian Pedestrian bridges shall be designed in accordance with the Guide
Bridges Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges. Several additional
constraints are placed on pedestrian bridges to ensure they are
accessible, safe, and durable:
1) The standard width for pedestrian bridges is 8'-0". This dimension is
from face of handrail to face of handrail. Bridges carrying bicycle
traffic shall be 2'-0" wider than the approaching bikeway width with a
maximum width of 12'-0".
2) The maximum grade permitted on a pedestrian bridge is 8.33%. A
grade flatter than the maximum is preferable. When the grade is
steeper than 5%, a 5'-0" platform shall be provided for each change
in elevation of 2'-6".
3) Protective screening, preferably a chain link fence system or a railing
system, must be placed on both sides of the bridge. The height of
the fence or railing must be 8'-0" above the top of the sidewalk. For
sites with special aesthetic treatments involving ornamental railings, a
minimum height of 6'-0" will be allowed.
4) A 6'-0" clear platform shall be provided at the bottom of each ramp.
5) A platform shall be provided at each abrupt change in a horizontal
direction. The minimum plan dimension of a platform is 5'-0" by
5'-0".
6) The profile grade should be laid out such that there are no abrupt
grade breaks at expansion devices.
7) Only in the rare case where handicap accessibility need not be
provided can stairs be incorporated into a design. When stairs are
provided, use the following guidelines:
a) Stairs shall have a 1'-0" tread and a 6" rise.
b) Adjust the sidewalk or superstructure elevations to make all risers
6" tall.
c) The preferred number of risers in a flight of stairs is 14 to 16. The
maximum number is 19.
8) The rails shall be detailed with regard to the following:
a) Pedestrian railings must be at least 3'-6" in height.
b) Bicycle railings must be at least 4'-6" in height.
c) For pedestrian bridges over roadways, the opening between
elements of a pedestrian railing shall not permit a 4" sphere to
pass through.
d) For pedestrian bridges that are not over roadways, the opening
between elements of a pedestrian railing shall not permit a 4"
sphere to pass through the lower 27" of the railing. A 6" sphere
shall not be able to pass through any opening above 27".
e) Handrails shall be placed 2'-8" above the top of the deck.
9) Provide an electrical ground for continuous chain link fences,

ornamental railings, and metal handrails. If appropriate, provide
bicycle ramps on pedestrian bridges that contain stairs.
Materials
The superstructure of a pedestrian bridge shall be steel, prestressed
concrete, reinforced concrete, or timber. Aluminum is not an acceptable
material for use in any portion of the superstructure.
The minimum structural steel thickness is 1/4 inch for pipe or tube
sections and 5/16 inch for all other sections. The minimum thickness
requirements do not apply to railings. Details associated with structural
tubing shall be watertight or designed such that moisture cannot be
trapped in or on the member to accelerate corrosion.
The concrete for the deck of a pedestrian bridge shall be Mn/DOT Mix
No. 3Y33 or 3Y33A.
The Brazilian hardwood known as IPE, though very durable, is not an

accepted decking material on state or federally funded projects. If the
use of IPE wood is desired by the owner, it shall be paid for by local
funds.
Bridge Substructure
The bridge substructure shall be reinforced concrete supported on piling
or spread footings as recommended in the Bridge Construction Unit
Foundation Recommendations report. Incorporate drainage systems
(Details B910 or B911) into the abutments as needed.
Bridge Superstructure
Bearing assemblies shall be elastomeric pads or masonry plates. All
other types will require approval by the Bridge Design Engineer.
To limit transverse deck cracking due to negative flexure, provide

additional longitudinal bars in the top of the deck over the piers. Stagger
the ends of the additional longitudinal bars to transition the capacity of
the section. (See Figure 9.2.3.5.)
Detail anchorages for the piers and abutments to resist uplift and
overturning forces associated with wind loads.
Provide a cover plate over all pedestrian bridge expansion joint openings
to protect pedestrians from a tripping hazard.
Type 5.0 strip seals with expansion joint openings up to 5.0 inches are
allowed on pedestrian bridges since the joint is concealed by a cover
plate.
Highway Geometrics
A pedestrian bridge over a roadway shall meet Mn/DOT design standards
for horizontal and vertical clearances.
2.4.1.3 Temporary Temporary Bridges

Bridges and Temporary bridges are used to detour traffic while removal of an existing
Widenings bridge and construction of a new bridge occur on the mainline of the
roadway. The superstructure consists of a glue-laminated wood panel
deck on steel or prestressed beams. Substructures typically are pile bent
structures with steel pile caps.
Design temporary bridges in accordance with the LRFD Specifications

using the HL-93 live load with an associated load factor of 1.75.
The posted speed for work zones is 45 mph. Per LRFD 13.7.2, design the
railings, the railing/deck connection, and the deck overhang on
temporary bridges to meet railing Test Level 2.
Temporary Widenings
Temporary widening occurs when staging requires widening of an existing
bridge while construction of an adjacent new bridge occurs.
Design structural components of the temporary widening to meet or

exceed the capacity of the existing bridge components. The deck
material of the widening shall match the deck material of the existing
bridge.
For temporary widenings, design the railings, the railing/deck connection,

and the deck overhang to meet the railing test level required for the
roadway.
2.4.1.4 Bridge In most cases, the bridge approach panel will be included with the
Approaches roadway grading plans for a project. For situations where approach panel
details can’t be wrapped into roadway plans, guidance for the treatment
and details of approach panels can be found in the following:
Bridge Approach Treatment

The approach treatment standard sheets describe the limits and
treatment of excavation and backfill near the abutments. These
sheets are found in the Mn/DOT Standard Plans Manual, Figures
5-297.233 and 5-297.234.
Bridge Approach Panel

The standard sheets covering bridge approach panels are found in the
Mn/DOT Standard Plans Manual, Figures 5-297.223 through
5-297.232. These figures cover standard approach panels for
abutments with joints, abutments without joints, abutments with
different amounts of skew, different mainline pavement types, and
miscellaneous details. A special design for approach panels is
required when a bridge has a skew angle equal to or greater than 45°.
Specify a concrete wearing course on approach panels when the bridge

deck has a concrete wearing course. The wearing course on the
approach panels will be placed at the same time as the wearing course on
the bridge. Include the approach panel wearing course quantity in the
summary of quantities for the superstructure. When using integral
abutments, provide approach panel detail to roadway design for inclusion
into the roadway plans.
2.4.1.5 Survey When assembling the survey sheets for final plans, verify that the most
current grading plans are being used.
The final design survey sheets should contain the centerlines and object
lines for the abutment and pier footings. All test piles should be
identified and located.
2.4.1.6 Utilities The Utilities Unit determines if provision must be made for lighting
(roadway, navigation, inspection, etc.), signing, signals, utilities, etc.
The conduit for utilities is to be suspended below the deck on hanger

systems between the beams. Locate the entire conduit and hanger
system above the bottom of the beams and generally below the
diaphragms or in the lower openings of a cross frame diaphragm. To
minimize the impact to the structure in the future, avoid casting conduits
for utility companies in the deck, sidewalk, or rail.
Roadway lighting conduit (11/2 inch diameter maximum) will be allowed

in rails and sidewalks.
When conduit is embedded in concrete rail, deck, or sidewalk, use a

combination expansion/deflection fitting at the abutments. This will
accommodate horizontal movements (due to temperature change, creep,
shrinkage, etc.) and vertical movements (due to jacking operations for
bearing replacement, etc.).
For hanging systems, only an expansion fitting is required at the

abutments. Hangers and conduit can accommodate vertical deflection
(due to superstructure jacking) at the abutment. Lateral bracing of
conduit is needed only for fiberglass conduit. The temperature
movements of rigid steel conduit approximate those of concrete.
Consequently, lateral bracing is not needed. Choose a transverse
spacing for the conduits that permits proper placement of concrete
between embedded anchors.
To ensure the integrity of substructure units, the following restrictions

should be included in all permits to install utilities near bridge structures
supported on spread footings:
1) No soils shall be disturbed below a line extending from the bottom of
the footing horizontally for a distance of 3 feet from the edge of the
footing and then continuing downwards and outward on a 1:2 slope.
2) Any water, sanitary sewer, or storm lines that are within 50 feet of
the edge of any spread footings shall be cased unless the elevation of
the line is 15 feet or more above or 50 feet below the footing
elevation. Storm sewer lines that are impractical to case shall be
placed outside the “50 foot line”.
2.4.1.7 Precedence Designers, while striving to produce accurate error-free construction

of Construction documents, may at times end up with documents that have conflicting
Documents content. A hierarchy has been established to determine which content is
governing for a project. In general, the more project specific the
document, the higher the document’s position in the hierarchy.
Section 1504 of the Standard Specifications for Construction describes
the precedence of construction documents for a project:
In case of discrepancy, calculated dimensions will govern over scaled

dimensions; Special Provisions will govern over Standard and
supplemental Specifications and Plans, Plans will govern over
Standard and supplemental Specifications, and supplemental
Specifications will govern over Standard Specifications.
2.4.1.8 Design Office practice is to permit the limit states to be exceeded by a maximum
Calculation of 3%. However, caution should be exercised to ensure that a 3%
Requirements exceeded limit state at a particular location does not adversely affect the
structure load rating.
2.4.2 Final Plans The plan order shall typically follow this list:
• General Plan, Elevation, Cross section
• Pay Items
• Staging Plan
• Working Point Layout
• Removal Details
• Abutment Details and Reinforcement
• Pier Details and Reinforcement
• Framing Plan
• Beam Details
• Superstructure Details and Reinforcement
• Plan Details (Railing, Expansion Joint, Slope Paving, Conduit, etc.)
• B-Details
• As-Built Bridge Data
• Surveys, etc.
When presenting geometric information, enough baseline information

needs to be provided to permit others to verify the information
presented. For example, the top of roadway elevations presented on a
bridge layout sheet can be confirmed by others using vertical curve
information on the general elevation and the cross slopes provided on the
typical transverse section.
In general, the same dimensions should not be presented several times.

Providing dimensions in multiple locations increases the chance that not
all dimensions will be updated as changes occur during the design
process.
The clarity of the details used in plan sets should be a primary concern of
designers. Only the simplest details should combine the presentation of
concrete geometry and reinforcement. In most cases there is less
confusion if two details are used, one to convey concrete geometry and a
second to identify and locate reinforcement.
All sheets (except survey sheets) shall show the initials of the individuals
responsible for the design, drafting, design check, and drafting check of
each sheet. Similarly, all sheets (except survey sheets) must be certified
by a Professional Engineer licensed in the State of Minnesota.
If plan sheets containing standards (Standard Bridge Details Part I and

Part II, or Bridge Standard Plans) are changed (other than simply filling
in blanks), place the word “MODIFIED” under the B-Detail or Figure
Number. Also add a box containing a note which states what was
modified to help plan readers quickly locate them.
In most cases, details are presented with stationing increasing as one

moves from the left side to the right side of the sheet. Always include a
north arrow on plan views. Plan views are typically oriented with north
arrows pointing toward the top or to the right of the sheet. Stationing
increases for northbound and eastbound traffic.
2.4.2.1 Drafting The Bridge Office has adopted standards to be used when drafting plan
Standards sheets. Download Summary of Recommended Drafting Standards from
the link (Mn/DOT CADD Requirements and CADD Resources) posted at:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/.
2.4.2.2 Drafting Sheet Layout and Continuity

Guidelines Read plans from a contractor’s perspective to check that they contain all
information needed to build the bridge. Make sure enough dimensions
are given for constructibility. Use extra details for uncommon work. Use
perspective views when clarity is needed.
Use sheets efficiently. Balance the drawings on sheets to avoid one

sheet being empty while another is crowded. Use additional sheets, as
needed, to avoid crowding details on sheets. Make sure that details,
data, and other information given on more than one sheet agree between
sheets. Avoid unnecessary repetition of details and notes.
Large-scale corner details are required for all skewed bridges and for
other complex corners.
Round dimensions to the nearest 1/8 of an inch.
Note and dimension bar splices.
Cross-referencing sheets to details is recommended.
Use bill of reinforcement tables for all but very minor reinforced concrete
work. Do not enlarge details (such as rebar bends) just to fill up space.
Referencing bar bend details by letter to various generic shapes should
never be used.
Keep details together for abutments, piers, superstructure, etc.
For abutments, piers, and other complex drawings, use different views
and sections to separate dimensions and reinforcement.
Place pile design loads and notes pertaining to a particular substructure

on the sheet that contains the footing plan view.
For bridges with numerous footings and curved alignment, a separate

foundation layout drawing is recommended.
If the plan contains numerous variable dimensions and other data

(especially for framing plans and beams), make use of tables to keep this
data in order.
On the Framing Plan, show bearing type beside each bearing point
instead of lines and arrows, which tend to clutter the drawing.
For simple beam spans (prestressed beams, etc.), dimension beam

spacing at pier cap along centerline of the pier(s). Include supplemental
dimensions along centerline of bearing for curved and flared structures.
On jobs with staged construction, use enough drawings to clearly indicate

how the bridge construction is to be coordinated with the staging. Keep
structure units together. Reinforcement and quantity tabulations are to
be split between stages.
On rehabilitation jobs, clearly indicate cut lines and extent of all

removals. If there is a saw cut, be sure to use a straight line (WT=5). If
elevations are taken off original plans, note as such and require the
contractor to verify elevations in the field.
When it appears that plan notes, such as procedure descriptions,

specifications, etc., will become excessively wordy relegate these notes
to the special provisions.
List general notes first and specific numbered notes last. Specific detail
notes should be numbered with circles and referenced to the detail to
which they apply. Place all notes together on the right hand side of the
sheet.
Leave extra lines in the Summary of Quantities and Bill of Reinforcement

for additions. Also, leave extra space in the list of notes.
Use the words “will” and “shall” correctly. “Will” refers to the portion of
work to be performed by the owner (Mn/DOT). “Shall” refers to the
portion of work to be performed by the Contractor. “Shall” may also be
thought of as a directive to the Contractor.
Pay Quantities
Make computations neat and readable. Strive for continuity. These
computations may be needed for future reference and the reader must be
able to interpret them.
Box in or underline computation totals for quicker take off. Initial, date,
and put the bridge (or job) number on every computation sheet.
Two sets of independently worked quantity computations are required for

each pay item.
Arrange design and quantity computations into a neat and orderly

package.
2.4.2.3 General The General Plan and Elevation sheet is intended to summarize the
Plan and Elevation primary features and horizontal geometry of the bridge. Figure 2.4.2.3.1
shows an example General Plan and Elevation sheet and Figure 2.4.2.3.2
shows a Typical Cross Section sheet with pay items.
Plan
On the plan view identify the following: working points, working line,
centerlines, bench mark disks, utilities, location of inplace bridges or
substructures, ditch drains, deck drains, lights, and name plate. Label
the following: span lengths, deck width, size of angles between the
working line and centerlines, horizontal curves, minimum horizontal
clearance to substructure units, point of minimum vertical clearance for
each roadway under the bridge, extent of slope protection, roadway
stationing and elevations, and distance between twin bridges. Provide a
north arrow. Tie bridge dimensions to working points. Show the
direction of traffic for each design lane.
Elevation
Present the primary vertical geometry of the bridge on the elevation
view. This consists of vertical curve data, end slopes, existing ground
lines, footing elevations, limits of excavation, grading notes, ditch clean
out along railroad tracks, and scale. Label bearings as fixed, expansion,
or integral. Also label piers, spans, abutments, and slope protection.
For bridges over waterways, hydraulic information must be provided.

Required information includes: channel bottom width, low member
elevation, design high water elevation, and assumed flowline elevation.
For grade separation bridges, provide the minimum vertical and

horizontal clearances. In addition, provide the dimension from centerline
of pier to toe of slope protection. If there is no side pier, give the
dimension from toe of slope to centerline of roadway. Dimension the
pier, lane, and shoulder widths on the roadway under. Lane slopes on
the roadway under are typically omitted, but can be provided if space
permits.
When illustrating slope protection use a straight slope line; do not follow
the ditch radius curve. To reduce confusion concerning slopes, do not
show slopes as 1:2. Many individuals are unsure of whether the first or
second number is the horizontal part of the slope. Show the slopes
graphically. Where slopes need to be provided in text, explicitly call out
the slopes (e.g., 1 vertical to 2 horizontal).
Typical Cross Section

The typical cross section is the third general view of the structure.
Combined with the general plan and elevation views, the primary
geometry of the bridge should be conveyed. On the typical cross section
show transverse bridge dimensions, lane widths and slopes, beam depth
and spacing for all spans, roadway slab and concrete wearing course
thicknesses, type of railing, medians, sidewalks, profile grade location,
working line, and all centerlines.
For staged construction projects, include the inplace, interim, and final
cross sections with anchored safety barrier locations.
For complex projects, consider creating a separate plan sheet for pay
items and notes for clarity.
Utilities
Show all utilities that may affect bridge construction. Note what is to be
done with them (will they be moved, will they no longer be used or do
they need to be protected during construction).
Miscellaneous
Provide a Design Data block on the General Plan and Elevation Sheet of
the bridge plan set. The information given in the block provides a
summary of the primary parameters used for the design. Information in
the Design Data block includes: design specifications, design method,
design live load, design material strengths, future wearing course
assumed in the design, deck area, traffic data, and the operating rating
for the new structure.
Also on this sheet, identify the governing standard specifications for

construction. Show a north arrow on the plan view and include a block
for engineering certification. Present applicable project numbers on the
first sheet; project numbers depend on specific funding sources, so there
may be both state and federal project numbers.
Review the title block to ensure it accurately describes the bridge. Within
the title block provide span lengths to the nearest foot and the bridge
type identification number. The three-character identification number
should follow the numbering scheme provided in Appendix 2-A.
Include any additional standard construction notes and the sheet list for
the plan set on the first sheet of the plan set. Provide the schedule of
quantities for the entire bridge in tabular form on the second or third
sheet of the plan.
Standard practice for placement of bench marks and bridge nameplates is

as follows:
Place a single nameplate on the southeast corner of the bridge for a

roadway running north and south. For a roadway running east and
west, provide the nameplate at the northeast corner. On twin bridges
place a nameplate on each right hand corner approaching bridge. For
railroad and pedestrian bridges, place the nameplate on a
substructure unit. On bridges that are widened, redecked, or that
receive rail modifications that result in additional roadway width,
install a new nameplate with the original year completed and the year
renovated.
Place a bench mark disk on the southeast corner of each bridge. If

the bridge is over 250 feet in length, or if there is an elevation
difference of more than 10 feet, place a second bench mark disk on
the bridge. Place the second disk in the northeast corner for
roadways running north and south and in the southwest corners for
roadways running east and west.
Check if ditch drainage pipe is necessary for the project. If drainage pipe
is necessary and the contract has multiple portions (grading, bridge,
etc.), identify which portion of the contract contains the pipe. Label ditch
drainage pipe on plan and elevation views.
Concrete or aggregate slope protection is used along a highway or

railway (grade separation structures). Aggregate slope protection is used
more frequently when pedestrian traffic below the bridge is limited.
Stream crossings use riprap slope protection supported on a granular or
geotextile filter. The Preliminary Bridge Plan will indicate the type of
slope protection to be used.
Figure 2.4.2.3.1
General Plan and Elevation
Figure 2.4.2.3.2
Typical Cross Section
2.4.2.4 Bridge The Bridge Layout Sheet is used by surveyors to locate the bridge in
Layout and Staking space with its primary geometry. The primary geometry consists of
Plan centerline of roadway(s) and centerline of substructure bearings.
Working points are located on substructure bearing centerlines where
they are intersected by fascia beam lines and working lines. By providing
stationing, X-coordinates, and Y-coordinates for each of the working
points, the position of the bridge can be fixed. Figure 2.4.2.4.1 contains
an example.
In Figure 2.4.2.4.1 the working line and its azimuth are labeled. Also
shown is the angle of intersection between the working line and each of
the substructure units and roadways under the bridge. As a primary
geometry line, the working line should be labeled throughout plan set.
Place the control point at the intersection of the survey line and
centerline of cross road, track etc. For river crossings, place the control
point at an abutment centerline of bearing. Label the control point with
its coordinates. Coordinates of the control point and the working points
should be given to three decimals of a foot. Tie the working point layout
to the control point. Present dimensions in feet (a note on the sheet
should say the same).
List the coordinates for all working points in a table labeled

“DIMENSIONS BETWEEN WORKING POINTS”. Stations and the distances
between working points should be presented to the nearest 0.01 foot.
Coordinates are assumed to be State Plane coordinates. If another
system is used, place a note on the sheet identifying the system used.
In addition to horizontal geometry, a limited amount of vertical geometry

is provided on the Bridge Layout Sheet. The vertical geometry consists
of elevations and drops. The elevation at the top of roadway and the
bridge seat is provided for all working points located on beam lines and is
appended to the “DIMENSIONS BETWEEN WORKING POINTS” table.
Drop or elevation difference information is provided for each substructure

unit. Drop information is summarized in the “TOP OF ROADWAY TO
BRIDGE SEAT” table. The table should contain the following items:
1) Deck Thickness
2) Stool Height
3) Beam Height
4) Bearing Height
5) Total Height
If the drop dimension is the same for all beam lines, provide a single
value for each substructure unit. If the drop dimensions vary at
substructure locations, provide a value for each beam line. Total values
should be given in both inches and decimals of a foot to two places.
Figure 2.4.2.4.1
Bridge Layout
2.4.2.5 Standard Use standard abbreviations to clarify information on plan sets and reduce
Abbreviations the clutter on a crowded plan sheet. Appendix 2-C presents a list of
standard abbreviations that can be utilized in a plan. Define
abbreviations used in a plan set on the sheet where they are used or as
part of a General Notes sheet.
2.4.2.6 Inclusion There are two parts to the Bridge Details: Part I and Part II. They have
of Standard Bridge been published on the Bridge Office Web site at:
Details in Plan Sets http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ . Bridge details are intended, where
applicable, to be incorporated into a set of bridge plans. The Bridge
Details Part I is usually called B-Details. The details are presented in a
“portrait” orientation on an 8 1/2" x 11" sheet. Available B-Details are
listed in Appendix 2-D. The 100 series contains nameplate details, the
200 series has pile splices, the 300 series has bearing details, and the
400 series has a variety of steel superstructure/diaphragm/cross frame
details. A slab protection plate is provided in Detail B553. The 700
series contains floor drain details and the 800 series contains
joint/diaphragm/railing details. Miscellaneous details are collected in the
900 series.
Bridge Details Part II is listed in Appendix 2-E. These details occupy an

entire plan sheet. The majority of these details are for railings, parapets,
medians, and prestressed concrete beams.
2.4.2.7 Use of Similar to Bridge Details Part II, Bridge Standard Plans are intended to be
Bridge Standard incorporated into bridge plan sets and occupy an entire plan sheet. The
Plans information presented may be much more in-depth as the information for
multiple designs is presented on a single sheet. An example is retaining
walls; designs for a number of retained earth heights are presented on a
single sheet.
Bridge Standard Plans consist of culverts and retaining walls. Appendix

2-F lists available culvert standards. Retaining wall standards are listed
in Appendix 2-G.
2.4.2.8 Standard Similar to other plan elements, standard plan notes have been prepared
Plan Notes to increase the consistency of information presented on final design
plans. Plan notes serve a variety of purposes; they communicate design
criteria, specific construction requirements, and a variety of notes
pertaining to the construction or fabrication of specific bridge elements.
Appendix 2-H contains the Standard Plan Notes. These notes have been
grouped into the following categories:
• Design Data
• Construction Notes
• Drainage and Erosion Control
• Excavation and Earthwork
• Reinforcement
• Piling and Footings
• Materials, Fabrication and Erection
• Concrete Pours
• Welded Steel Bearing Assemblies
• Cutting and Removal of Old Concrete
• Joints and Joint Sealer
• Timber Bridges
• Miscellaneous
Designers unfamiliar with Mn/DOT’s Standard Plan Notes should review

the list prior to beginning final design. Reviewing the notes prior to
design will familiarize designers with the material properties to be used,
and other constraints typically placed on construction. A second review
of the notes should be performed at the end of design to ensure that all
applicable notes were incorporated into the plan set.
2.4.2.9 Quantity Standard Summary of Quantities Notes

Notes and Pay During construction, contractors are compensated according to the work
Items they complete. The value of the work completed is identified when the
contractor submits their bid. For each work item or pay item the
contractor must supply a price. The pay items are coordinated with
specifications and special provisions. To clarify what is included in a
specific pay item, the Bridge Office has assembled a Standard Summary
of Quantity Notes. Like other plan elements, these notes help ensure
uniformity across plan sets and permit Mn/DOT to generate a historical
price database that can be used to estimate the cost of future bridges.
The Standard Summary of Quantities Notes for bridge projects is listed in
Appendix 2-I.
Pay Items
A list of Standard Pay Items is provided in Appendix 2-J. Items for which
payment to the contractor will be based on plan quantities are identified
with a “(P)” as an appendix to the item label.
Miscellaneous
Round off quantities to the nearest pay item unit except for the following:
• Earth excavation to nearest 10 cubic yards.

• Reinforcement bars and structural metal to nearest 10 pounds.
• Piling lengths to nearest 5 feet.
When computing small bituminous quantities use the following:

Wearing course = 110 pounds / square yard / inch thickness
Shoulder or Wearing Course – 6.5%

0.065 (thickness in inches) (110 pounds) = ___ pounds / sq. yard
Tack Coat = 0.03 gallons / square yard
Binder or Base Course – 5.3%

0.053 (thickness in inches) (110 pounds) = ____ pounds / sq. yard
Deck area shall be computed (rounded to the nearest square foot) by

multiplying the transverse out-to-out bridge width by the longitudinal
end-of-deck to end-of-deck distance. (Do not include bridge approach
panels or paving brackets.)
2.4.3 Revised Sometimes, revisions to the plan are required after the letting due to an
Sheets error found in the plan or other issues that arise during construction.
When this occurs, use the following procedure:
1) Make the necessary revisions to the sheet in the electronic file and
add a revision block that includes a description of the revision. (See
Figure 2.4.3.1.)
2) Plot and certify the revised sheet.
3) Draft a transmittal letter from the Bridge Design Engineer to the
Resident Engineer in the district construction office. Submit the letter
and the revised sheet to the Bridge Design Engineer for distribution.
Figure 2.4.3.1
2.5 Reconstruction Typical details for the reconstruction of railings, superstructure joints,
Guidelines and and pavement joints are presented in this section.
Details
2.5.1 [Future manual content]

Superstructure
2.5.1.1 Railings The following figures show typical details for railing reconstruction:
Figure 2.5.1.1.1 One-Line Railing Reconstruction on Existing Deck
Figure 2.5.1.1.2 F-Railing Reconstruction on Existing Deck
Figure 2.5.1.1.1
Railings
Figure 2.5.1.1.2
Railings
2.5.1.2 Wearing [Future manual content]

Course
2.5.1.3 The following figures show typical details for the reconstruction of
Expansion/Fixed expansion joints and fixed joints:
Joints Figure 2.5.1.3.1 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type A
Figure 2.5.1.3.2 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type B
Figure 2.5.1.3.3 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type C
Figure 2.5.1.3.4 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type D
Figure 2.5.1.3.5 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type D
Figure 2.5.1.3.6 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type E
Figure 2.5.1.3.7 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type F
Figure 2.5.1.3.8 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type X
Figure 2.5.1.3.9 Reconstruct Expansion Joint Type X
Figure 2.5.1.3.10 Reconstruct Fixed Joint Type A
Figure 2.5.1.3.11 Reconstruct Fixed Joint Type A
Expansion/Fixed Joint Reconstruction Pay Items

• Item No. 2433.603 “Reconstruct Expansion Joint, Type ____”, Lin. Ft.
• Type A – Replace sliding plate or inplace waterproof device with
new waterproof joint.
• Type B – Slab over parapet and contraction type abutments
replace joint with waterproof joint at same location.
• Type C – Slab over parapet, replace joint with waterproof joint at
front of parapet.
• Type D – Replace cork joint at pier with waterproof joint.
• Type E – Replace joint at hinge with waterproof joint.
• Type F – Replace finger joints with waterproof joint or raise device
and place a waterproof trough.
• Type X – Evazote material joint.
• Type Special – None of the above or a combination of the above.
• Item No. 2433.603 “Reconstruct Fixed Joint, Type ____”, Lin. Ft.
• Type A – Eliminate inplace joint
• Type B – Install waterstop
• Type Special – None of the above
Figure 2.5.1.3.1
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.2
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.3
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.4
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.5
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.6
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.7
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.8
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.9
Expansion Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.10
Fixed Joints
Figure 2.5.1.3.11
Fixed Joints
2.5.2 Substructure [Future manual content]
2.5.2.1 Abutments [Future manual content]
2.5.2.2 Piers [Future manual content]
2.5.3 Pavement The following figures show typical details for pavement joint
reconstruction:
Figure 2.5.3.1 Reconstruct Pavement Joint Type A
Figure 2.5.3.2 Reconstruct Pavement Joint Type B
Figure 2.5.3.3 Reconstruct Pavement Joint Type C
Figure 2.5.3.4 Reconstruct Pavement Joint Type Special
Figure 2.5.3.5 Reconstruct Pavement Joint Type Special
Pavement Joint Reconstruction Pay Items

• Item No. 2433.603 “Reconstruct Pavement Joint, Type ____”, Lin. Ft.
• Type A – Approach panel or roadway, remove inplace protection
angles and compression seals and recast concrete. (Eliminate
Joint.)
• Type B – Approach panel, replace inplace joint or crack with
concrete sill and 4" relief joint.
• Type C – Remove protection angles and replace with roadway
joint.
• Type Special – None of the above or a combination of the above.
Figure 2.5.3.1
Pavement Joints
Figure 2.5.3.2
Pavement Joints
Figure 2.5.3.3
Pavement Joints
Figure 2.5.3.4
Pavement Joints
Figure 2.5.3.5
Pavement Joints
2.6 Construction Mn/DOT’s general practices and guidelines for the construction of bridges
Requirements are presented in Mn/DOT’s Bridge Construction Manual. The manual
number is 5-393. It contains sections on:
.050 Preparation of Foundation and Backfill
.100 Pile Driving
.150 Falsework and Forms
.200 Metal Reinforcement
.250 Concrete Bridge Construction
.300 Timber Construction
.350 Steel Construction
.400 Surface Preparation and Painting Structural Steel
.650 Slope Protection
.700 Construction on Railroad Right-of-Way
The contract documents for the project shall explicitly state the required
submittals and the qualifications of the individuals responsible for the
preparation of falsework and other submittals.
Falsework and forms are to be designed in accordance with the AASHTO

Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Works. Falsework
submittals shall meet the requirements of Bridge Special Provision
No. BS2ME-2401.2.
Submittals describing proposed temporary shoring for works adjacent to

railroad tracks require approval by the railroad.
The details or specifics of a temporary shoring design are to be detailed

in the plans with consideration given to the domestic availability of the
materials used. Frequently, showing the location of the sheeting and the
minimum required section modulus is sufficient. However, designers
should satisfy themselves that adequate clearances have been provided
for at least one reasonable shoring scheme for staged construction
projects. If more complex details are required, they must be provided in
the plans. See Sections 11.3.7 and 11.3.8 for more guidance.
APPENDIX 2-A
BRIDGE TYPE NUMBERS
MINNESOTA BRIDGE TYPE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (3 characters)

First Digit Second & Third Digits
(Material) (Bridge Type)
1 Concrete 01 Beam Span
2 Concrete Continuous 02 Low Truss
3 Steel 03 High Truss
4 Steel Continuous 04 Deck Truss
5 Prestress 05 Thru Girder
6 Prestress Continuous 06 Deck Girder
7 Timber 07 Box Girder
8 Masonry 08 Rigid Frame
9 Wrought or Cast Iron 09 Slab Span
O Other 10 Slab Span-Voided
A Aluminum 11 Channel Span
P Post Tensioned 12 Arch
13 Box Culvert
14 Pipe Culvert (Round)
15 Pipe Arch
16 Long Span
17 Tunnel
18 Movable
19 Other
20 Double Tee
21 Quad Tee
22 Bulb Tee
23 Suspension
24 Tied Arch
EXAMPLES
BRIDGE TYPE ID NUMBER
Continuous Concrete Multiple Box Girders 207
Simple Span Concrete Slab 109
Tunnel in Rock 017
Prestressed Beam Span 501 approach span
Steel Continuous Beam Span 401 main span
Concrete Channel Span 111
Note: A bridge may have one identification number for main span
and another number for approach span. Identify main
span and approach span accordingly.
APPENDIX 2-B *
SPECIAL PROVISIONS – 2005 SPEC. BOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE
SB2005-1 INDEX (COMBINED)

SB2005-1 BRIDGE PLANS
SB2005-1508 (1508) CONSTRUCTION STAKES, LINES, AND GRADES
SB2005-1706 (1706) EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND WELFARE
SB2005-1707 (1707) CONST. OPERATIONS ADJACENT TO RDWYS.
SB2005-1709 (1709) NAVIGABLE WATERWAYS
SB2005-1717 (1717) AIR, LAND AND WATER POLLUTION
SB2005-1803 (1803) PROSECUTION OF WORK
SB2005-1807.1 (1807) FAILURE TO COMPLETE WORK ON TIME
SB2005-1807.2 (1807) FAILURE TO COMPLETE WORK ON TIME
SB2005-2104 (2104) REMOVAL OF REGULATED WASTE (BRIDGE)
SB2005-2105 BRIDGE ABUTMENT CONSTRUCTION
SB2005-2301 BRIDGE APPROACH PANELS
SB2005-2360 PLANT MIXED ASPHALT PAVEMENT
SB2005-2401 (2401) CONCRETE BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
SB2005-2401.1 Concrete Aggregate for Bridges
SB2005-2401.2 Falsework and Forms and Bridge Slab Placement
SB2005-2401.3 Beam Tie Downs for Slab Construction
SB2005-2401.4 Bridge Slab
SB2005-2401.5 Placement of Concrete in High Abutments
SB2005-2401.6 Slipforming of Bridge Railing Prohibited
SB2005-2401.7 Placement of Concrete (District 8 only)
SB2005-2401.8 Bridge Slabs (not for Metro)
SB2005-2401.9 Joint Filler and Sealing
SB2005-2401.10 Architectural Concrete Texture
SB2005-2401.11 Finish of Concrete
SB2005-2401.12 Finish of Concrete
SB2005-2401.13 Finish of Inplace Concrete
SB2005-2401.14 BLANK
SB2005-2401.15 BLANK
SB2005-2401.16 BLANK
SB2005-2401.17 BLANK
SB2005-2401.18 Roadway Finish of Bridge Slabs
SB2005-2401.19 BLANK
SB2005-2401.20 Curing Bridge Deck Slabs
* Refer to http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ for current Bridge Special Provisions

APPENDIX 2-B * (Continued)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE
SB2005-2401.21 POST TENSIONING SYSTEM

SB2005-2401.22 Curing Bridge Structural Slab
SB2005-2401.23 Integral Concrete Diaphragms
SB2005-2402 (2402) STEEL BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
SB2005-2402.1 BLANK
SB2005-2402.2 Dimensional Tolerances
SB2005-2402.3 Fracture Critical Steel Bridge Members
SB2005-2402.4 Expansion Joint Devices
SB2005-2402.5 Modular Bridge Joint System
SB2005-2402.6 Metal Railing
SB2005-2402.7 POT BEARING ASSEMBLIES
SB2005-2402.8 BLANK
SB2005-2402.9 Existing Cover Plate Weld Inspection
SB2005-2402.10 Bolted Connections
SB2005-2403 (2403) TIMBER BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
SB2005-2404 (2404) CONCRETE WEARING COURSE FOR BRIDGES
SB2005-2404.1 Concrete Wearing Course 3U17A
SB2005-2404.2 Concrete Wearing Course 3U17A
SB2005-2404.3 Roadway Finish of Bridge Slabs
SB2005-2405 (2405) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS
SB2005-2405.1 Prestressed Concrete Fabricator Certification
SB2005-2405.2 Steel Intermediate Diaphragms
SB2005-2405.3 Concrete Finish of Exterior Beams
SB2005-2405.4 Prestress Transfer
SB2005-2433 (2433) STRUCTURE RENOVATION
SB2005-2433.1 Structure Removals
SB2005-2433.2 Remove Concrete Bridge Deck
SB2005-2433.3 Anchorages
SB2005-2433.4 Grouted Anchorages
SB2005-2433.5 BRIDGE SURFACE SEALER
SB2005-2433.6 Removal of Existing Steel Members
SB2005-2433.7 Bridge Surface and Crack Sealer
SB2005-2433.8 Reinforcement Bar Anchorage (Post-installed)
SB2005-2442 (2442) REMOVAL OF EXISTING BRIDGES
SB2005-2451 (2451) STRUCTURE EXCAVATIONS AND BACKFILLS
SB2005-2451.1 Structure Excavation
SB2005-2451.2 Aggregate Backfill

APPENDIX 2-B * (Continued)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE
SB2005-2451.3 Foundation Backfill

SB2005-2451.4 Foundation Preparation (Pier Nos. __________)
SB2005-2451.5 Foundation Preparation (Pier Nos. __________)
SB2005-2451.6 Foundation Exploration
SB2005-2451.7 Foundation Preparation for Pile Bent Pier(s) -- Bridge No(s).___________
SB2005-2452 (2452) PILING
SB2005-2452.1 Pile Authorization
SB2005-2452.2 Equipment for Driving
SB2005-2452.3 Pile Tip Protection
SB2005-2452.4 Pile Points
SB2005-2452.5 BLANK
SB2005-2452.6 Pile Load Test
SB2005-2452.7 Dynamic Monitoring of Pile Driving
SB2005-2452.8 Substitution for Steel H-Piling
SB2005-2452.9 Substitution for Steel H-Piling Prohibited
SB2005-2452.10 BLANK
SB2005-2452.11 Extensions and Splices
SB2005-2453 (2453) DRILLED SHAFT CONSTRUCTION
SB2005-2461 (2461) STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
SB2005-2471 (2471) STRUCTURAL METALS
SB2005-2476.1 METHODS FOR PAINT REMOVAL AND WASTE DISPOSAL
SB2005-2476.2 CONTAINMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS
SB2005-2478 (2478) ORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM
SB2005-2478.1 Removal of Soluble Salts
SB2005-2479 (2479) INORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM
SB2005-2514.1 FABRIC-FORMED SLOPE PAVING
SB2005-2514.2 (2514) SLOPE PAVING
SB2005-2545 CONDUIT SYSTEMS
SB2005-2557.1 (2557) FENCING
SB2005-2557.2 (2557) FENCING
SB2005-3371 (3371) STEEL SHELLS FOR CONCRETE PILING
SB2005-3372 (3372) STEEL PILING
SB2005-3385 (3385) ANCHOR RODS
SB2005-3391 (3391) FASTENERS
SB2005-3471 (3471) TIMBER PILING
SB2005-3741 (3741) ELASTOMERIC BEARING PADS

APPENDIX 2-C
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
A D
AASHTO ......... American Association of State D.C. ................................ Degree of Curve
Highway and Transportation Officials DET. ...............................................Detail
ABT. .............................................. About D.H.V. ..................... Design Hourly Volume
ABUT. ....................................... Abutment D.H.W. .......................... Design High Water
ADT ............................ Average Daily Traffic DIA. .......................................... Diameter
ADTT ................. Average Daily Truck Traffic DIAPH. .....................................Diaphragm
ALT. .......................................... Alternate DL .......................................... Dead Load
APPR. .........................................Approach DWL. ............................................. Dowel
APPROX. .... Approximate (or Approximately)
ASSY. ....................................... Assembly E
AZ. ............................................. Azimuth E. ...................................................East
@ ...................................................... At E.B.L. ..........................East Bound Lane(s)
E.F. .......................................... Each Face
B EA. .................................................. Each
B.F. ..........................................Back Face ELEV. (or EL.) .............................. Elevation
BIT. ........................................ Bituminous EMBED. .................................. Embedment
B.M. ...................................... Bench Mark ENGR. .........................................Engineer
BM ..................................................Beam EQ. ................................................. Equal
BOT. ............................................ Bottom EXP. .........................................Expansion
BR. ................................................Bridge
BRG. ............................................ Bearing F
BTWN. ........................................Between F. .......................................... Fahrenheit
F.B.M. ......................... Foot Board Measure
C F.F. ......................................... Front Face
C & G................................ Curb and Gutter F.L. .............................................Flowline
C-I-P .................................... Cast-In-Place FIN. ............................................ Finished
CL ........................................... Centerline FIX ................................................. Fixed
CL. (or CLR.)..................................... Clear FT. ......................................Foot (or Feet)
C.M.P. ...................... Corrugated Metal Pipe FTG. ............................................ Footing
COL. ............................................ Column
COMP. ...................................... Composite G
CONC. ........................................ Concrete G1 .......................................... Grade One
CONST. ................................. Construction G2 .......................................... Grade Two
CONT. ................ Continuous (or Continued) GA. .................................................Gage
C.S.A.H. ............. County State Aid Highway
CU. ................................................. Cubic
CULV. ...........................................Culvert
APPENDIX 2-C (Continued)

H N
HCADT ...........................Heavy Commercial N. (or NO.) ....................................... North
Average Daily Traffic N.B.L. ........................ North Bound Lane(s)
H.W. ....................................... High Water NO. .............................................Number
HORIZ. .....................................Horizontal O
HWY. ..........................................Highway O.D. ...............................Outside Diameter
I P
INPL. ........................................... Inplace P.C. ............................... Point of curvature
I.D. .................................. Inside Diameter P.C.C. .................. Point of compound Curve
P.G. ...................................... Profile Grade
J P.I. ............................. Point of Intersection
JCT. ............................................ Junction P.O.C. ................................ Point on Curve
JT. ................................................... Joint P.O.T. ............................. Point on Tangent
P.S.I. .....................Pounds per Square Inch
K P.T. ............................... Point of Tangency
KWY. ........................................... Keyway PED. ........................................ Pedestrian
PL .................................................. Plate
L PRESTR. ..................................Prestressed
L. ................................... Length of Curve PROJ. ...................... Project (or Projection)
LL ............................................ Live Load PROV. ........................................ Provision
L.W. ........................................ Low Water PT. ..................................................Point
LB. ................................................ Pound
LIN. ............................................... Linear R
LT. ................................................... Left R. ............................................... Radius
LONG. (or LONGIT.) ..................Longitudinal R.O.W. .................................. Right of Way
R.R. ............................................ Railroad
M R.S.C. .......................... Rigid Steel Conduit
m ..................................................Meter RDWY. ....................................... Roadway
mm ........................................... Millimeter REINF. ...... Reinforced (or Reinforcing/ment)
M.B.M. ...................... Thousand Board Feet REQ'D......................................... Required
M.L. .......................................... Main Line REV. ............................................ Revised
M.O. ................................ Maximum Offset RT. ................................................. Right
MAX. ......................................... Maximum
MIN. .......................................... Minimum S
MISC. ..................................Miscellaneous S. (or SO.) .......................................South
S.B.L. ........................South Bound Lane(s)
SEC. ............................................ Section
SDWK. ....................................... Sidewalk
SHLDR. ...................................... Shoulder
APPENDIX 2-C (Continued)

S (cont.) Y
SHT. ...............................................Sheet YD. .................................................. Yard
SP. (or SPS.) ..................................Spaces
SPA. ............................................ Spaced
SPEC. .................. Special (or Specification)
SPG. ............................................Spacing
SQ. ...............................................Square
STA. .............................................Station
STD. .......................................... Standard
STIFF. .........................................Stiffener
STL. ................................................Steel
STR. (or STRUC.) .........................Structure
SUBGR. ..................................... Subgrade
SUPER. .............................. Superelevation
SUPERST. ........................... Superstructure
SYM. ..................................... Symmetrical
T
T & B ................................ Top and Bottom
T.H. ................................... Trunk Highway
T.T.C. .............................Tangent to Curve
TAN. ........................................... Tangent
TWP. ..........................................Township
TYP. .............................................. Typical
V
V.C. .................................... Vertical Curve
V.P.C. ................ Vertical Point of Curvature
V.P.I. .............. Vertical Point of Intersection
V.P.T. .................Vertical Point of Tangency
VAR. .............................................. Varies
VERT. .......................................... Vertical
W
W. ...................................................West
W.B.L. ........................West Bound Lane(s)
W.C. .................................Wearing Course
W.P. ................................... Working Point
W.W. ......................................... Wingwall
APPENDIX 2-D*
BRIDGE DETAILS PART I (B-DETAILS)
NAME DESCRIPTION
B101 Bridge Nameplate (For New Bridges)
B102 Bridge Nameplate (For Bridge Reconstruction)
B201 Pile Splice (Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles)
B202 Pile Splice (Steel H Bearing Piles 10" To 14")
B303 Sole Plate (Prestressed Concrete Beams) (For Bearings With Pintles)
B304 Elastomeric Fixed Bearing Assembly (Prestressed Concrete Beams)

(For Replacement Of Inplace Bearings Only)
B305 Elastomeric Expansion Bearing Pad (Prestressed Concrete Beams)

(For Replacement Of Inplace Bearings Only)
B308 Elastomeric Bearing Assembly (22" And 30" Concrete Double Tee Beams)
(Fixed and Expansion)
B310 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly (Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Fixed)
B311 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly (Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Expansion)
B312 Pot Type Bearing Assembly (Prestressed Concrete Beams)

(Guided Expansion)
B313 Pot Type Bearing Assembly (Prestressed Concrete Beams)

(Non-Guided Expansion)
B314 Pot Type Bearing Assembly (Steel Beams) (Guided Expansion)
B315 Pot Type Bearing Assembly (Steel Beams) (Non-Guided Expansion)
B316 Pot Type Bearing Assembly (Steel Beams) (Fixed)
B354 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly (Steel Beams) (Fixed)
B355 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly (Steel Beams) (Expansion)
B400 Splices For Steel Beams (3309 Steel)
B402 Bolted Diaphragms (For Steel Beams)
B403 Steel Intermediate Diaphragm

(For 36M - 54M, MN45 - MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beams)
B406 Steel Intermediate Bolted Diaphragm

(For 63" – 81" Prestressed Concrete Beams)
B407 Cross Frame Intermediate Diaphragm (For Steel Beams)
B408 Cross Frame Intermediate Diaphragm (For Curved Steel Beams)
B410 Bolted Flange To Stiffener Detail (For Straight Steel Beams Only)
B411 Stiffener Details (For Steel Beams)
B553 Protection Plate (For End Of Slab)
*Refer to http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ for current Bridge CADD Standards

APPENDIX 2-D* (Continued)

BRIDGE DETAILS PART I (B-DETAILS)
NAME DESCRIPTION
B701 Bridge Floor Drain (Welded Box)
B702 Bridge Floor Drain (Structural Tube)
B705 Bridge Offset Floor Drain (Welded Box)
B706 Bridge Offset Floor Drain (Structural Tube)
B710 Floor Drain For Tee Beams
B801 Contraction Joint
B807 Concrete End Diaphragm (For Double Tee Beam Spans With Pile Bent Abutment)
B809 Concrete End Diaphragm (For Steel Beams With Pile Bent Abutment)
B811 Concrete End Diaphragm

(27M - 81M, MN45 - MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Contraction Abutment)

(63M – 81M Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Parapet Abutment)

(27M - 54M, MN45 – MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Parapet Abutment)

(14", 18" & 22" Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beams) (Integral Abutment)
B822 Concrete Pier Diaphragm (For Double Tee Beams)
B830 Concrete Railing (Type F) (Slipform Alternate)
B831 Concrete Parapet Railing (Slipform Alternate)
B850 Concrete Relief Joint Detail

(Bridge Reconstruction On Trunk Highway Bridges)
B901 Median Sign Post Anchor
B905 Fence Post Anchorage
B910 Drainage System (For High Abutments)
B911 Drainage System (For Slab Over Parapet Abutments)

(With No Approach Treatment)
B920 Portable Precast Barrier Anchorage

(Temporary Usage In Limited Barrier Displacement Areas)
B922 Portable Precast Barrier Anchorage (Temporary Usage On Roadways)
B935 Triple Beam Guardrail
B942 Inspection Door (In Vertical Or Horizontal Position)
B950 Anchor Bolt Cluster for Light Poles

APPENDIX 2-E *
BRIDGE DETAILS PART II (STANDARD FIGURES)
NAME DESCRIPTION
Fig. 5-397.114 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4) With Separate End Post
(Without Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.115 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4) With Integral End Post
(Without Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.116 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4) With Separate End Post
(With Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.119 Wire Fence (Design W-1) And Concrete Parapet (Type P-1)
(With Integral End Post)
Fig. 5-397.120 Wire Fence (Design W-1) And Concrete Parapet (Type P-1)
(With Separate End Post)
(With Conc. Wearing Course)
(Without Conc. Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.125 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) With Bridge Slab Sidewalk And Integral End Post
Fig. 5-397.126 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) With Bridge Slab Sidewalk And Integral End Post
(Without Conc. Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.128 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) With Glare Screen and Integral End Post
Fig. 5-397.129 Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) With Bikeway and Integral End Post
Fig. 5-397.130 Solid Median Barrier – Type F (With Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.131 Split Median Barrier – Type F (With Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.132 Solid Median Barrier And Glare Screen – Type F (With Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.135 Split Median Barrier And Glare Screen – Type F (Without Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.136 Split Median Barrier And Glare Screen – Type F (With Concrete Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.137 Offset Split Median Barrier And Glare Screen – Type F
Fig. 5-397.154 Metal Railing For Bikeways (Type M-1) And Concrete Parapet (Type P-1)
Fig. 5-397.157 Structural Tube Railing (Design T-1) And Concrete Parapet (Type P-2, TL-4)
Fig. 5-397.158 Structural Tube Railing (Design T-2) And Conc. Railing (Type F)
Or Conc. Parapet (Type P-1)
Fig. 5-397.173 Concrete Barrier (Type P-4, TL-4) Integral End Post (With Conc. Wearing Course)
Fig. 5-397.202 5 Ft. Wire Fence (Design W-1) For Pedestrian Bridges

APPENDIX 2-E * (Continued)

BRIDGE DETAILS PART II (STANDARD FIGURES)
NAME DESCRIPTION
Fig. 5-397.300 Grouted Injected Fabric Formed Slope Paving
Fig. 5-397.301 Concrete Slope Paving Under Bridges
Fig. 5-397.302 Stabilized Aggregate Slope Paving Under Bridges
Fig. 5-397.402 Conduit System For ______
Fig. 5-397.403 Conduit System (Lighting) – Type F (Or Concrete Parapet and Fence Railing)
Fig. 5-397.504 27" Prestressed Concrete Beam (Pretensioned) 27M-_____
Fig. 5-397.507 MN45" Prestressed Concrete Beam (Pretensioned) MN45-_____
Fig. 5-397.525 22" Prestressed Concrete Double Tee Beam Type 22-___
6' Or 8' Wide Tee Without Slab
Fig. 5-397.526 30" Prestressed Concrete Double Tee Beam Type 30-___
6' Or 8' Wide Tee Without Slab
Fig. 5-397.550 14", 18" & 22" Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beam
(Pretensioned) ___ RB-______
Fig. 5-397.627 Waterproof Expansion Device (With Type F Barrier)
Fig. 5-397.628 Waterproof Expansion Device Snow Plow Protection

(Use On Skews Over 15° And Less Than 50°)
Fig. 5-397.630 Waterproof Expansion Device (With Raised Median Or Sidewalk)
Fig. 5-397.900 As-Built Bridge Data

APPENDIX 2-F *
BRIDGE STANDARD PLANS: CULVERTS
NAME DESCRIPTION
Fig. 5-395.100 Precast Concrete Box Culvert Tables 2 Sheets
Fig. 5-395.101(A) Barrel Details
Fig. 5-395.101(B) Barrel Details (Special Design)
Fig. 5-395.102 Precast Concrete End Section Type I – Single Or Double Barrel
For Skews Up To 71/2°
Fig. 5-395.104(A) Precast Concrete End Section Type III – Single Or Double Barrel
Fig. 5-395.104(B) Precast Concrete End Section Type III – Single Or Double Barrel
Fig. 5-395.110(A) Precast Concrete End Section Type III – Single Or Double Barrel
For Skews 71/2° To 45°
Fig. 5-395.110(B) Precast Concrete End Section Type III – Single Or Double Barrel
For Skews 71/2° To 45°
Fig. 5-395.111 Alternate Dropwalls For Box Culverts
Fig. 5-395.115 Embankment Protection For Box Culverts

APPENDIX 2-G
Mn/DOT STANDARD PLANS: SPECIAL STRUCTURES
NAME DESCRIPTION
Fig. 5-297.620 Retaining Wall General Notes And Summary Of Quantities
Fig. 5-297.621 Retaining Wall Reinforcement Details (Short Walls)
Fig. 5-297.622 Retaining Wall Reinforcement Details (Medium Walls) (Panels __-__)
Fig. 5-297.623 Retaining Wall Reinforcement Details (Tall Walls) (Panels __-__)
Fig. 5-297.624 Retaining Wall Miscellaneous Details 3 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.625 Retaining Wall Shear Key Details
Fig. 5-297.626 Retaining Wall Panel Tabulations (Level Fill) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.627 Retaining Wall Panel Tabulations (1:2 Sloped Fill) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.628 Retaining Wall Panel Tabulations (Live Load Surcharge) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.629 Retaining Wall Spread Footing Reinforcement Details
Fig. 5-297.630 Retaining Wall (Level Fill) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.631 Retaining Wall (1:2 Sloped Fill) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.632 Retaining Wall (Live Load Surcharge) 4 Sheets
Fig. 5-297.633 Retaining Wall Concrete Parapet Barrier
Fig. 5-297.634 Retaining Wall Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4)
Fig. 5-297.635 Retaining Wall Light Standard Anchorage
Refer to http://www.dot.state.mn.us/tecsup/splan/index.html
for current Retaining Wall Standards
APPENDIX 2-H
STANDARD PLAN NOTES
A. DESIGN DATA
2007 and Current Interim AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Load and Resistance Factor Design Method
HL 93 Live Load
Dead Load includes 20 pounds per square foot allowance for future wearing course
modifications
Material Design Properties:

Reinforced Concrete:
f’c = 4 ksi n = 8
Fy = 60 ksi for reinforcement
Prestressed Concrete:
f’c = ____ ksi n = 1 (Coordinate with beam detail sheet)
fpu = 270 ksi For ½" and 0.6" diameter low relaxation strands
Structural Steel:
Fy = 36 ksi Structural Steel Spec. 3306
Fy = 50 ksi Structural Steel Spec. 3309 or 3310
Fy = 70 ksi Structural Steel Spec. 3317
Cycles for Fatigue Design - _______________
Timber:
Fc = 1.20 ksi Pile Caps
Fb = 1.60 ksi Sawn Stringers and Timber Rails
Fb = 2.40 ksi Glued Laminated Timber Rails
Fb = 2.40 ksi Glued Laminated Stringers
Fb = ____ ksi
Fb = 1.75 ksi Rail Posts
Fb = 1.20 ksi All Other Timber
Deck Area = __________ square feet

[Coping to Coping and Out to Out of end blocks]
________________ (Projected, Current) ADT for year __________
________________ (Projected, Current) ADTT for year __________
Design Speed = __________ miles per hour
Bridge Operating Rating HS ________
B. CONSTRUCTION NOTES
The 2005 edition of the Minnesota Department of Transportation Standard
Specifications for Construction shall govern.
APPENDIX 2-H (Continued)

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
Bridge seat reinforcement shall be carefully placed to avoid interference with drilling
holes for anchor rods. The beams shall be erected in final position prior to drilling
holes for and placing anchor rods.
The first two digits of each bar mark indicate the bar size. Bars marked with the
suffix “E” shall be epoxy coated in accordance with Spec. 3301.
The pile loads shown in the plans and the corresponding nominal pile bearing
resistance (Rn) were computed using LRFD methodology. Pile bearing resistance
determined in the field shall incorporate the methods and/or formulas described in
the Special Provisions.
The subsurface utility information in this plan is utility quality level D. This utility
quality level was determined according to the guidelines of CI/ASCE 38-02, entitled
"Standard Guidelines for the Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility
Data".
[Use on all plans involving excavation.]
[The signature title in the title block on the General Plan and Elevation sheet shall
be as follows:]
Approved _________________________________ Date ____________

State Bridge Engineer
C. DRAINAGE AND EROSION CONTROL

3" diameter non-metallic drains.
[Use this note for weep holes in high wall abutments]
Restore side ditches after placement of slope paving to provide drainage as directed
by the Engineer. Restoration costs shall be included in price bid for Structure
Excavation.
[Use this note on railroad underpass.]
_______________ pipe to be placed under grading portion of contract.

[Use this note with combined Bridge and Roadway contracts only. Modify the
notes to suit job requirements.]

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
D. EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK

Quantity of Structure Excavation for payment is computed with the elevation shown
for each substructure unit as the upper limit. Excavation above these elevations will
be paid for under the grading portion of the contract.
[Specify an elevation for top of exposed or buried rock and add the note:
average elevations of top of rock are assumed for estimated plan quantities.
Use this note when rock and other type excavation will be encountered. Do not
use this note when lump sum payment for structure excavation is used.
The lower limits of structure excavation Class E shall be the same as the upper
limits of structure excavation Class WE except for rock excavations.
Construction of each abutment shall not be started until the approach fill at that
abutment has been constructed to the full height and cross section (and allowed to
settle for __________ days).
Roadway (or channel) excavation will be made by others in advance of bridge

construction.
[Not applicable on combined project.]
Footings shall be keyed into sound bedrock as directed by the Engineer. Top of
footings shall have a minimum of 1'-0" cover.
Contractor shall dress slopes and place filter materials and riprap in approximate
areas as directed by the Engineer.
E. REINFORCEMENT
Spiral Data
Outside Diameter ______________________
Height _______________________________
Pitch ________________________________
Spiral Rod Size _______________________ Plain Round
Weight ______________________________ each
Outside diameter of dowel circle to be 21/4" less than inside diameter of spiral.
[Where No. 32E and larger sized column vertical bars are used, the 21/4"
dimension should be increased where required to provide for a proper fit.]

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
F. PILING AND FOOTINGS
ON SPREAD FOOTING ON SPREAD FOOTING
__________ ABUTMENT PIER _______

Spread Footing Load Data Spread Footing Load Data
* Factored Design Bearing Pressure __ tons/sq ft * Factored Design Bearing Pressure __ tons/sq ft
Effective Width B'

Effective Width B' __ ft __ ft
(Perpendicular to Pier)
Effective Length L'

Factored Bearing Resistance φb·qn __ tons/sq ft __ ft
(Parallel to Pier)
* Based on __________ load combination. Factored Bearing Resistance φb·qn __ tons/sq ft
* Based on __________ load combination.
WITH PILING WITH PILING
__________ ABUTMENT PIER _______

Computed Pile Load – Tons/Pile Computed Pile Load – Tons/Pile
Factored Dead Load +

Factored Dead Load
Earth Pressure
Factored Live Load

Factored Live Load
Factored Overturning
* Factored Design Load * Factored Design Load
* Based on __________ load combination. * Based on __________ load combination.
__________ ABUTMENT PIER _______

REQUIRED NOMINAL PILE BEARING REQUIRED NOMINAL PILE BEARING
RESISTANCE Rn – Tons/Pile RESISTANCE Rn – Tons/Pile
FIELD CONTROL METHOD φdyn * Rn FIELD CONTROL METHOD φdyn * Rn
Mn/DOT Nominal Resistance Mn/DOT Nominal Resistance

0.40 0.40
Formula Formula
PDA 0.65 PDA 0.65
* Rn = (Factored Design Load) / φdyn * Rn = (Factored Design Load) / φdyn


STANDARD PLAN NOTES
Pile Notes [substructure with Test Piles]

______ ___*___ Test Piles _______ ft. long
______ ___*___ Piles est. length _______ ft.
______ ___*___ Piles req’d for __________
[ * Specify - treated timber, untreated timber, steel, or cast-in-place concrete.]
Pile Notes [substructure without Test Piles]

______ ___*___ Piles _______ ft. long req’d for __________
[ * Specify - treated timber, untreated timber, steel, or cast-in-place concrete.]
Pile Notes [substructure with Special Pay items]

______ ___*___ Piles est. length _______ ft. req’d for __________
[ * Specify - steel or cast-in-place.]
General Pile Notes

Pile spacing shown is at bottom of footing.
[Use for all piling.]
Piles marked thus (O-> , H-> ) to be battered ____ per ft. in direction shown.
[Use for all battered piling.]
All piles to be HP - ____.

[Use with all steel H piling.]
Piles to have a nominal diameter of __________.

[Use with all cast-in-place concrete piling.]
For pile splice details see B-Detail (B201 [CIP], B202 [steel]).
G. MATERIALS, FABRICATION AND ERECTION

(Use standard notes that are relevant to the project)
All structural steel shall conform to Spec. (3306, 3309, 3310, 3316, or 3317) unless
otherwise noted.
Shear studs on the top flange of the girder shall be installed in the field.
Chord line in camber diagram is a straight line from end to end of beam segment at
bottom of top flange.

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
The maximum residual camber in Span _________ is ___ inches at the ______
point of the span.
The maximum residual camber is ______". It is located at ____________.
Special assembly per Spec. 2471 will be required for the beam splices. The section
to be special assembled shall be from ________ to __________ .
[Check with the Structural Metals Unit; Abutment to abutment if < 300 ft. Three
adjacent points of support if > 300 ft.]
For welded flange splices, see Spec 2471.3F1a.

[Use drawings only if different than Bridge Welding Code 2002 Fig. 2.7 or 2.8]
Full assembly will be required per Spec. 2471.3H1b and 2471.3J2.

[The use of full assembly should be considered for extremely complicated
curved, superelevated structures (i.e. grid analysis used for design). Check with
the Structural Metals Unit and Fabrication Methods Unit.]
Web plates shall be furnished in available mill lengths and widths with a minimum
number of web splices. Location of splices shall be subject to the approval of the
Engineer and shall be a minimum of 1'-0" from stiffeners or flange splices.
Bearing stiffeners and ends of beams shall be perpendicular to flange.

[For rolled beams or grades ≤ 3%.]
Bearing stiffeners at abutments shall be vertical. Bearing stiffeners at piers shall be

perpendicular to flange. Ends of beams shall be vertical.
[For grades greater than 3% on plate girder bridges or skews greater than 20°.
Check web crippling at pier if grade is greater than 3%.]
Rows of shear connectors shall be aligned parallel to the transverse slab

reinforcement bars.
[For bridge skews over 0° but less than 20°.]
Shear connectors to project a minimum of 2" into deck structural slab. In no case
shall shear connectors project closer than 1" to top of deck structural slab.
Engineer to field verify beam elevation and authorize stud length.
Shear connectors to be included in weight of Structural Steel (3306, 3309, 3310)

and conform to Spec. 3391.

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
Flange plates for beams shall be cut to proper curvature.

[Check requirements of AASHTO Standard Specifications Section 10.15.2 to see
if heat curving is feasible.]
Camber diagram shown is for beams in unloaded position and provides for all dead
load deflections and residual camber.
All bolted connections shall be made with 7/8" diameter A325 bolts, except as noted.
Elevations given at field splices are taken at top of top flange splice plate.
Elevations shown at field splices are theoretical elevations furnished as a guide for
erection.
[Deflections from weight of beam and diaphragm are included.]
Deflections shown are for weight of slab, concrete overlay, railing, (median and
sidewalk). Negative sign indicates uplift.
[Do not include the weight of steel beams or future wearing course.]
H. CONCRETE PLACEMENTS
Cast counter weight at least 48 hours in advance of placing deck slab.
Make saw cut in structural slab (and concrete wearing course) over centerline of
piers as soon as the cutting can be done without raveling the concrete. Apply
polystyrene to tips of flanges that project past centerline of pier. Seal joint per
Spec. 3723.
[Use on prestressed concrete beam bridges with double diaphragms and slab
continuous over piers. Saw cut both structural slab and concrete wearing
course. See Figure 9.2.1.8 in this manual for detail.]
I. WELDED STEEL BEARING ASSEMBLIES

Structural steel shall conform to Spec. 3306 except as noted.
Shims to be included in price bid for bearing assemblies.

[Add to B Detail if shims are used.]
Pins and rollers shall conform to Spec. 2471.3D5.
Pins shall be cold finished alloy bar steel per Spec. 3314 Type II.
[For pins 5" or less where pin is not made from a larger diameter stock.]

STANDARD PLAN NOTES
Pins shall be hot rolled bar alloy bar steel per Spec. 3313 Type II.
[For pins over 5" where pin will be made from a larger diameter stock.]
Pintles shall conform to Spec. 3309 or 3310.
Lubricated bronze bushings shall conform to Spec. 3329.
All welded bearing assemblies shall be annealed after welding. Pin holes and top
and bottom plates shall be finished after annealing.
[For welded rockers and bolsters.]
Pins and pin holes shall be coated, in the shop, with a heavy protective grease.
Prior to erection, the pins and pin holes shall be cleaned and coated with an
approved grease.
The price bid for bearing assembly shall include all material (anchor rods, sheet
lead, bearing, and bolts for attaching bearing to beam) for each type as shown.
J. CUTTING AND REMOVAL OF OLD CONCRETE

Hatched areas indicate concrete to be removed.
No cutting will be permitted until the cutting limits have been outlined by the
Contractor and approved by the Engineer. Removal and reconstruction shall
conform to Spec. 2433.
K. JOINTS AND JOINT SEALER

1
Finish top of all sidewalk and median joints with /4" radius edger, and vertical
1
edges with /2" V strips.
Break bond at joint by approved method. No reinforcement through joint.

[Use for concrete sections less than 12" in height.]
Superstructure dimensions are based on the expansion joint dimension at 90° F.

[Use when superstructure details show more than one expansion joint dimension
for different temperatures.]
L. TIMBER BRIDGES
Construction requirements per Spec. 2403.3.
All timber piling to meet requirements of Spec. 3471.


STANDARD PLAN NOTES
All hardware to be galvanized per Spec. 3392.
All timber to be rough unless otherwise noted.
Top of wing pile which projects outside of wing cap shall be shaped to a 45° slope.
Treat tops of bearing and wing piles per Spec. 2452.3F. See Spec. 3491 for
preservation requirements.
Fill in back of abutment is not to be placed until after superstructure has been
completed.
Fasten backing to abutment piles with two 60d nails at each intersection.
Bolt projections exceeding 1" shall be cut off. Repair end of bolt by painting with an
approved zinc-rich primer.
Drive all piles to a bearing of not less than __________ tons per pile. See Special
Provisions for wing wall pile driving requirements.
All timber shall be preservative treated in accordance with Spec. 3491.
M. MISCELLANEOUS
The Contractor shall make field measurements as necessary prior to fabrication of
the __________ to assure proper fit in the final work.
[Use when not otherwise referenced to Spec.2433.]
Beam length dimensions are slope lengths.

[Use where necessary for proper fit for prestressed beams.]
APPENDIX 2-I
STANDARD SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES NOTES
1. State will furnish disk. Bend prongs outward to anchor disk in concrete. Bottom
of disk top to be placed flush with concrete. Payment for placing shall be
considered incidental to concrete pay items.
[When bench mark disk is required.]
2. Payment shall be considered incidental to item “_______________”.

[For incidental quantities not listed as pay items (joint filler, waterproofing,
nameplate, etc.). Fill in blank with appropriate pay item (e.g. for three-ply joint
waterproofing: Payment shall be considered incidental to item “Structural
Concrete (3Y43))”.]
3. Included in weight of “Structural Steel (33__ )”.

[Miscellaneous steel quantities (protection angle, etc.).]
4. Does not include test piles.

[When piling quantities are listed.]
5. Includes slab (,end diaphragm, median barrier, sidewalk,) and railing

reinforcement.
[Add to epoxy coated reinforcement bar totals.]
6. “Bridge Slab Concrete (3Y3_ )” volume was computed using an average stool
height of ______ inches. Item includes approximately ______ cubic yards for
slab (and end blocks and approximately ______ cubic yards for end diaphragms).
[Use when the item as listed in the Summary of Quantities for Superstructure is
paid for on a square foot basis.]
7. “Concrete Wearing Course (3U17A)” volume is approximately ______ cubic yards.

Item includes ______ square feet for bridge approach panels.
8. “Type ______ Railing Concrete (3Y46(A))” volume is approximately ______ cubic

yards.
paid for on a linear foot basis.]
9. “Sidewalk Concrete (3Y46(A))” volume is approximately ______ cubic yards.

[Use when the item as listed in the summary of Quantities for Superstructure is
APPENDIX 2-I (Continued)

STANDARD SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES NOTES
10. “Median Barrier Concrete (3Y46(A))” volume is approximately _____ cubic yards.
paid for on a linear foot basis.]
11. “Raised Median Concrete (3Y46(A))” volume is approximately ______ cubic yards.
12. Payment for bearings included in item “Bearing Assembly” per each.
13. Quantities listed above are for informational purposes. Any additional minor
items and slight changes in quantities required shall be furnished by the
contractor with no additional compensation.
[Use with summaries of quantities for items paid for by lump sum. (e.g. conduit
systems).]
14. Payment for anchorages included in item “Anchorages Type Reinf. Bars” per each.
15. Payment for threaded couplers included in item “Couplers (Reinforcement Bars)
T-_*_” per each.
[ * Specify – metric bar size.]
APPENDIX 2-J *
BRIDGE PAY ITEMS
ITEM NO. ITEM UNIT QUANTITY

2013.602 TCLP TEST EACH __________ (P)
2021.501 MOBILIZATION LUMP SUM __________
2031.501 FIELD OFFICE TYPE ______ EACH __________
2031.503 FIELD LABORATORY TYPE ______ EACH __________
2041.610 TRAINEES HOUR __________
2102.501 PAVEMENT MARKING REMOVAL SQ. FT. __________
1 2
2105.601 ______ LANE BYPASS ( ______ LANE) LUMP SUM __________
2301.601 BRIDGE APPROACH PANELS LUMP SUM __________
2331.604 ______ " THICK BITUMINOUS WEARING COURSE SQ. YD __________ (P)3
2357.502 BITUMINOUS MATERIAL FOR TACK COAT GALLON __________
2401.501 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE ( ______ ) CU. YD. __________ (P)3
2401.511 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE ( ______ ) SQ. FT. __________ (P)3
2401.512 BRIDGE SLAB CONCRETE ( __ ) [ 3Y33(A) or 3Y36(A)] SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2401.513 TYPE ______ RAILING CONCRETE (3Y46(A)) LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2401.514 MEDIAN BARRIER CONCRETE (3Y46(A)) LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2401.514 SPLIT MEDIAN BARRIER CONC (3Y46(A)) LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2401.514 SPLIT MEDIAN BARRIER WITH GLARE SCREEN CONCRETE
(3Y46(A)) LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2401.515 SIDEWALK CONCRETE (3Y46(A)) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2401.516 RAISED MEDIAN CONCRETE (3Y46(A)) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2401.521 STRUCTURE EXCAVATION CLASS R CU. YD. __________
2401.541 REINFORCEMENT BARS POUND __________ (P)
2401.541 REINFORCEMENT BARS (EPOXY COATED) POUND __________ (P)
2401.543 SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT (EPOXY COATED) POUND __________ (P)
2401.601 FOUNDATION PREPARATION ______ LUMP SUM __________
2401.601 STRUCTURE EXCAVATION LUMP SUM __________
2401.608 SHAFT REINFORCEMENT POUND __________
2411.618 REVERSE BATTEN SURFACE TREATMENT SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2401.618 SPECIAL SURFACE FINISH (INPLACE) SQ. FT __________
2402.521 STRUCTURAL STEEL ( __ ) [ 3306, 3309 or 3317] POUND __________ (P)
2402.546 FLOOR DRAIN TYPE ______ EACH __________
2402.583 ORNAMENTAL METAL RAILING TYPE ______ LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.583 STRUCTURAL TUBE RAILING DESIGN ______ LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.583 METAL RAILING FOR BIKEWAYS TYPE M-1 LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.583 METAL FISHING RAIL TYPE M-X LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.585 PIPE RAILING LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.590 ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD TYPE ______ EACH __________
*Refer to http://bidlet.dot.state.mn.us/english2005.aspx for current Pay Items

APPENDIX 2-J * (Continued)

BRIDGE PAY ITEMS

2402.591 EXPANSION JOINT DEVICES TYPE ______ LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.595 BEARING ASSEMBLY EACH __________
2402.601 [ Use for Miscellaneous Items ] LUMP SUM __________
2402.601 DRAINAGE SYSTEM (ABUTMENTS) LUMP SUM __________
2402.602 [ Use for Miscellaneous Items ] EACH __________
2402.603 STRUCTURAL TUBE RAILING WITH FENCE DES__________ LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2402.603 [ Use for Miscellaneous Items ] LIN. FT. __________ (P)3
2403.510 GLUED LAMINATED DECK PANELS TYPE ______ EACH __________
2403.602 GLUED LAMINATED STRINGERS TYPE ______ EACH __________
2403.602 PREFAB TIMBER PANELS TYPE ______ EACH __________
2403.603 GLUED LAMINATED RAIL TYPE 1 LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2403.603 TIMBER RAILING LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2404.501 CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (3U17A) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2404.618 BLASTING (SPECIAL) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2404.618 CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (3U17A) ______ " SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2405.502 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS ______ LIN. FT __________ (P)
2405.511 DIAPHRAGMS FOR TYPE ______ PRESTRESSED BEAMS LIN. FT __________ (P)
2405.603 PRESTRESSED CONC. DOUBLE TEE-BEAM TYPE ______ " LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (ASHLAR STONE) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (CUT STONE) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (FIELDSTONE) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (FRACTURED FIN) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (FRACTURED GRANITE) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE TEXTURE (RANDOM BATTEN) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE FINISH (SINGLE COLOR) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE FINISH (MULTI-COLOR) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2411.618 ANTI-GRAFFITI COATING SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2412.511 ______ PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2412.512 ______ PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT END SECTION EACH __________
2433.501 STRUCTURAL REMOVALS LUMP SUM __________
2433.502 REMOVE CONCRETE CU. YD. __________ (P)3
2433.503 REMOVE STRUCTURAL METALS POUND __________ (P)3
2433.505 REMOVE ______ SQ. FT. __________ (P)3
2433.506 REMOVE ______ LIN. FT. __________ (P)3
2433.507 REMOVE ______ LUMP SUM __________
2433.512 PLACE USED TRUSS LUMP SUM __________
2433.516 ANCHORAGES TYPE ______ EACH __________


BRIDGE PAY ITEMS

2433.601 REPAIR ______ LUMP SUM __________
2433.601 RECONSTRUCT ______ LUMP SUM __________
2433.602 REPAIR ______ EACH __________
2433.602 RECONSTRUCT ______ EACH __________
2433.602 CLEAN ______ EACH __________
2433.602 GREASE EXP BRG ASSEMBLIES TYPE ______ EACH __________
2433.603 RECONSTRUCT ( __ ) JOINT TYPE ___ ( EXP., FIX, PAVEMENT) LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2433.603 REPAIR ______ LIN. FT. __________
2433.603 RECONSTRUCT ______ LIN. FT. __________
2433.607 CEMENT GROUT CU. YD. __________
2433.618 SCARIFY ______ SQ. FT. __________
2433.618 BRIDGE SURFACE SEALER SQ. FT. __________
2442.501 REMOVE EXISTING BRIDGE ______ LUMP SUM __________
2442.502 SALVAGE AND HAUL MATERIAL (BRIDGE) LUMP SUM __________
2451.503 GRANULAR BACKFILL ( __ ) [ CV OR LV] CU. YD. __________ (P)
2451.505 AGGREGATE BACKFILL ( __ ) [ CV OR LV] CU. YD __________ (P)
2452.503 TREATED TIMBER PILING DELIVERED LIN. FT __________
2452.504 TREATED TIMBER PILING DRIVEN LIN. FT __________
4
2452.507 C-I-P CONCRETE PILING DELIVERED ______ " LIN. FT. __________
4
2452.508 C-I-P CONCRETE PILING DRIVEN ______ " LIN. FT __________
5
2452.510 STEEL H-PILING DRIVEN ______ " LIN. FT __________
5
2452.511 STEEL H-PILING DELIVERED ______ " LIN. FT __________
2452.517 TREATED TIMBER TEST PILE 25' LONG EACH __________
4
2452.519 C-I-P CONCRETE TEST PILE ______ FT LONG ______ " EACH __________
5
2452.520 STEEL H-TEST PILE ______ FT LONG ______ " EACH __________
2452.526 PILE LOAD TEST TYPE ______ EACH __________
2452.602 DRILLED SHAFT LOAD TEST TYPE ______ EACH __________
2452.602 PILE ANALYSIS EACH __________
2452.602 PILE PLACEMENT EACH __________
2452.602 PILE POINTS ______ " EACH __________
2452.602 PILE REDRIVING EACH __________
2452.602 PILE TIP PROTECTION ______ " EACH __________
2452.602 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY TEST EACH __________
2452.603 ______ " STEEL PILE SHELLS LIN. FT. __________
2452.603 C-I-P CONCRETE PILING __" FLUTED FURNISH & DRIVEN LIN. FT. __________
2453.603 ___" DIA CASING LIN. FT. __________
2453.603 ___" DIA DRILLED SHAFT ( ______ ) LIN. FT. __________


BRIDGE PAY ITEMS

6
2472.602 COUPLERS (REINFORCEMENT BARS) T- ______ EACH __________
2476.501 PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES LUMP SUM __________
2476.502 PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES SQ. FT. __________
2476.601 LEAD SUBSTANCES COLLECTION & DISPOSAL LUMP SUM __________ (P)
2476.601 WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL LUMP SUM __________ (P)
2478.502 EPOXY ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM (SHOP) SQ. FT. __________
2478.503 EPOXY ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM (FIELD) LUMP SUM __________
2478.506 EPOXY ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM (OLD) SQ. FT __________ (P)
2478.618 EPOXY ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM (NEW) SQ. FT. __________
2479.618 INORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM (FIELD) SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2479.618 SHOP APPLIED INORGANIC ZINC-RICH PRIMER SQ. FT. __________ (P)
2511.501 RANDOM RIPRAP CLASS ______ CU. YD. __________ (P)
2511.507 GROUTED RIPRAP CU. YD. __________
2511.511 GRANULAR FILTER CU. YD. __________ (P)
2514.501 CONCRETE SLOPE PAVING SQ. YD. __________ (P)
2514.503 AGGREGATE SLOPE PAVING SQ. YD __________ (P)
2545.501 ELECTRIC LIGHT SYSTEM LUMP SUM __________
2545.509 CONDUIT SYSTEM ( __ ) [ LIGHTING, SIGNALS, TELEPHONE,
or POWER] LUMP SUM __________
2557.501 WIRE FENCE DESIGN ______ LIN. FT. __________ (P)
2557.603 CHAIN LINK ENCLOSURE LIN. FT __________ (P)
2563.601 TRAFFIC CONTROL LUMP SUM __________
2563.613 [ Use for Traffic Control Devices ] UNIT DAY __________
2564.603 4" ______ LINE ______-POLY PREFORMED LIN. FT. __________
(P) Denotes plan quantity pay items as per Spec. 1901.

1
Number of Lanes
2
Actual Lane Width
3
Plan quantity may or may not be used for payment
4
Diameter of Pile
5
Size and Weight
6
Metric Bar Size

APPENDIX 2-K
CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO DECIMALS OF A FOOT
OCTOBER 2006 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 3-1
3. LOAD AND The loads section of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications is greatly expanded
LOAD FACTORS over that found in the Standard Specifications. This section will present
applicable loads and provide guidance to Mn/DOT’s practice for the
application of these loads.
3.1 Load Factors The standard load combinations for LRFD design are presented in LRFD
and Combinations Table 3.4.1-1. Mn/DOT regularly uses all load combinations except
[3.4.1] Strength II and Extreme Event I. These are used only for specialized
structures or situations.
Several of the loads have variable load factors (e.g., γ P , γ TG , γ SE ). The

load factors for permanent loads ( γ P ) typically have two values, a
maximum value and a minimum value. When analyzing a structure it will
often be necessary to use both values. The objective is to envelope the
maximum load effects on various elements for design. A box culvert
structure illustrates the use of both values. When determining the
moment in the top slab of the culvert the maximum load factor is used
with vertical earth loads, while the minimum load factor is used on the
lateral or horizontal earth loads. The situation reverses when
determining the moments in the wall of the culvert. A minimum load
factor is used on the vertical earth loads and a maximum value is used
on the horizontal earth loads.
When assembling load combinations do not use more than one load
factor for any load component. For example, when checking uplift, a load
factor of 0.90 or 1.25 should be used for the dead load on all spans.
Designers should not try to use 0.9 on the span adjacent to the uplift
point and 1.25 on the next span. There is one exception to this per
Mn/DOT policy. When considering Strength IV for design of
substructures, apply the maximum 1.5 load factor to the superstructure
dead load (DC) only. For DC of the substructure element itself, apply a
maximum 1.25 load factor.
Designers must ensure the structure has been checked for adequacy in
carrying all appropriate load combinations at any possible construction
stage. For example, a high abutment should be checked for any
permissible construction case in addition to the final condition. The
abutment may be completely constructed prior to placement of the
beams (a case which maximizes the horizontal earth pressure load with a
minimum of vertical load) or the abutment could be constructed such
that the superstructure is completed prior to backfilling. This latter case
would maximize vertical load without horizontal earth pressure load.
Designers should investigate both cases.
Load Combinations
The load factors and the combination of different load components
presented in LRFD Table 3.4.1-1 have been calibrated to produce
structures with more uniform reliability than that offered with Standard
Specification designs. In general, Mn/DOT recognizes all the load
combinations presented in the LRFD Specifications. The Strength II and
Extreme Event I load combinations will rarely control. In addition to the
standard load combinations, Mn/DOT designs shall consider a
construction load combination.
Strength I: Basic load combination used to determine the flexural and

shear demands without wind.
Strength II: Basic load combination used to determine the flexural and
shear demands of a structure subject to a permit vehicle or a special
design vehicle specified by the owner. (Mn/DOT does not use a special
vehicle for design.)
Strength III: Load combination used to determine flexural and shear

demands that include wind. (Winds over 55 mph.)
Strength IV: Load combination relating to very high dead load to live
load force effect ratios.
Consider the Strength IV load combination for substructure design only if

it governs the superstructure design. When Strength IV is considered,
use the 1.5 load factor for superstructure DC only. Use a 1.25 load factor
for substructure DC.
Strength V: Load combination corresponding to normal vehicular use of

the bridge concurrent with a wind of 55 mph.
Extreme Event I: Load combination including earthquake effects.

Earthquake analysis is typically not performed.
Extreme Event II: Load combination corresponding to ice loads,

collision loads, and certain hydraulic events with a reduced vehicular live
load. This combination is used for barrier and deck overhang designs.
Service I: Load combination used for the design of many elements. It

is used for service load stress checks (prestressed concrete), deflection
checks, crack control checks in reinforced concrete, etc.
Service II: Load combination used to check yielding and connections in

steel structures.
Service III: Load combination used to check nominal tension in

prestressed concrete structures.
Fatigue: Load combination used for the design of structures subject to

repetitive live load. This pertains primarily to steel structures and steel
reinforcement in concrete structures.
[3.4.2] Construction: A construction load case must be considered by

designers. Use a 1.5 load factor for construction live loads and a 1.25
load factor for dead loads (including formwork and falsework).
3.2 Load Modifiers For most structures, each of the load modifiers will be 1.00. For a limited
[1.3.3, 1.3.4, 1.3.5] number of bridges, load modifiers with values different from 1.00 need to
be used. Table 3.2.1 summarizes Mn/DOT’s policy for load modifiers.
Table 3.2.1
Standard Mn/DOT Load Modifiers
Modifier Value Condition
Steel structures, timber bridges,
1.00
Ductility ( ηD ) ductile concrete structures
1.05 Non-ductile concrete structures
1.00 Redundant
Redundancy ( ηR ) *
1.05 Non-redundant
0.90 Temporary Bridges
0.95 ADT < 500
Importance ( η I ) ** 1.00 500 ≤ ADT ≤ 40,000
Major river crossing or

1.05 ADT > 40,000 or
Mainline interstate bridge
* Beam type superstructures with 4 or more beams per span are considered redundant
** Use Importance Factor for design of the superstructure only
Note that load modifiers apply only to the strength limit state. For all
other limit states, use a value of 1.00 for all load modifiers.
3.3 Permanent To reduce the number of load factors considered through the design
Loads (Dead and process, use a value of 0.020 ksf for the future wearing surface load and
Earth) combine with the other component dead loads (DC loads). Also, combine
[3.5] the load due to a concrete wearing course with other DC loads.
Table 3.3.1 lists unit weights for a number of materials. Designers

should note that several of these items differ slightly from the values
contained in Section 3 of the LRFD Specifications.
Table 3.3.1
Mn/DOT Standard Unit Weights
Material Unit Weight (kcf)
Bituminous Wearing Course 0.150
Cast-In-Place Concrete 0.150
Precast Concrete 0.155
Precast Box Culvert 0.150
Compacted Fill on Box Culverts 0.130
Standard Fill 0.120
Steel 0.490
Timber 0.050
Water 0.0624
3.4 Live Loads HL-93 is the designation for the calibrated design live load provided in
[3.6] the LRFD Specifications. It should be considered the normal design load
for Mn/DOT highway structures.
For pedestrian bridges, in addition to the pedestrian live load, design for
a maintenance vehicle live load equivalent to an H-5 truck for deck
widths from 6 to 10 feet, and an H-10 truck for wider decks. Use of the
dynamic load allowance is not required with the maintenance vehicle.
Where appropriate, additional live loads should be considered. Additional

live loads might include: snow removal equipment on sidewalks and
bridge inspection or snooper loads on bridges with large overhangs. If
construction equipment or maintenance equipment can or will operate
adjacent to retaining walls and abutments, a live load surcharge should
be incorporated into the design.
3.4.1 HL-93 Live Use the design truck, fatigue truck, design tandem, truck train and lane
Load, LL loads described in the LRFD Specifications. The double tandem loading
[3.6.1.2] described in the commentary to LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.1 will not be used.
Tables 3.4.1.1 and 3.4.1.2 at the end of this section list the unfactored
moments and shears for HL-93 loading on simple spans between 1 and
200 feet.
3.4.2 Multiple When a structure is being evaluated for load cases involving more than
Presence Factor, two lanes of traffic a reduction factor or multiplier can be used. This
MPF factor recognizes the reduced probability that all lanes will be fully loaded
[3.6.1.1.2] at the same time. Note that the LRFD Specifications require a 1.2 factor
to be used for the design of structures carrying a single lane of traffic.
Mn/DOT has one variance to the multiple presence factors listed in LRFD
Table 3.6.1.1.2-1. When evaluating the live load deflections of a
structure, use a 0.85 multiple presence factor for load cases with more
than three lanes of traffic.
3.4.3 Dynamic What was known as impact in the Standard Specifications is called
Load Allowance, IM dynamic load allowance in the LRFD Specifications. The base dynamic
[3.6.2] load allowance factors are presented in LRFD Table 3.6.2.1-1. Designers
should note that the base values are reduced for buried components and
for wood structures.
3.4.4 Pedestrian Pedestrian live loads vary with the function of the bridge. For
Live Load, PL conventional highway bridges with sidewalks wider than two feet, use an
[3.6.1.6] intensity of 0.075 ksf.
For pedestrian bridges, refer to the Guide Specifications for Design of

Pedestrian Bridges for the pedestrian live load to be used.
3.4.5 Braking Use judgment when applying braking forces to a structure. For one-way
Force, BR bridges, apply the braking force in all lanes. For two lane, two-way
[3.6.4] bridges, apply the braking force in one direction in all lanes. For two-way
bridges with more than two traffic lanes, determine the traffic direction
with the greatest width and apply the braking force to the number of
lanes that fit within the width.
The dynamic load allowance factor is not applied to braking forces.

However, multiple presence factors are to be used.
For pier design, braking forces are to be applied at a height 6 feet above
the roadway surface and in a longitudinal direction. In bridges where
there is not a moment connection between the superstructure and
substructure (i.e., beam bridges on bearings), the braking force can be
assumed to be applied to the pier at the bearings.
3.4.6 Centrifugal Similar to braking forces, multiple presence factors are to be applied to
Force, CE the centrifugal force, while the dynamic load allowance is not applied.
[3.6.3]
Apply the centrifugal force at a height of 6 feet above the top of the deck.
3.4.7 Live Load For buried structures, a lane plus a design truck or tandem is applied to
Application to the roadway and distributed through the fill. If the fill is 2 feet or less,
Buried Structures the live load is applied as a footprint to the top of the structure. For fills
over 2 feet, the footprint load spreads out through the soil fill.
3.4.8 Live Load Retaining walls and abutments typically need to be designed for load
Surcharge, LS combinations with live load surcharge. The equivalent soil heights to be
[3.11.6] used for different heights of abutments and retaining walls are provided
in LRFD Tables 3.11.6.4-1 and 3.11.6.4-2.
3.5 Water Loads, Some of the hydraulic event terminology used in the Mn/DOT hydraulic
WA report differs from that used in the AASHTO LRFD Specifications (LRFD):
[3.7] The Mn/DOT “design flood” for a structure is based on the average
daily traffic that passes over the structure with the maximum design
flood being a 50-year flood. (Refer to Section 3.2 of the Mn/DOT
Drainage Manual for more information.) This is used as part of a
roadway and surrounding property risk assessment done by the
Hydraulics Section.
[2.6.4.4.2 and The LRFD “design flood” for a structure is the lesser of the
3.7.5] overtopping or 100-year flood. Use the LRFD “design flood” water
and scour elevations (the 100-year flood is called out as the “basic
flood” in the Mn/DOT hydraulic report) when analyzing piers for
stream pressure loads under the strength and service limit states.
The “check flood for scour”, as defined by LRFD, is the lesser of the
overtopping or 500-year flood. Use the LRFD “check flood for scour”
water and scour elevations when analyzing piers for stream pressure
loads under the extreme event limit state.
Design structural elements for both the no scour condition and the
anticipated scour condition.
3.6 Wind Loads, The design wind speed is 100 mph. For most structures the total height
WS will be below 30 feet and base wind pressures can be used for design.
[3.8.1.2, 3.8.2]
For normal girder and slab bridges with spans up to 125 feet, the
following simplified wind loads may be applied simultaneously to the
superstructure instead of the varied angle wind loads given in LRFD
3.8.1.2.2:
WS = 0.050 ksf applied transverse to the bridge
WS = 0.012 ksf applied longitudinal to the bridge
The vertical overturning wind load described in LRFD Article 3.8.2 must
also be considered in design.
For determination of wind loads applied to ornamental metal railing or

chain link fence, designers may assume that 30% of the rail or fence area
is solid.
3.7 Wind on Live The force effects of wind on live load shall be considered for the Strength
Load, WL V and the Service I load combinations. The force components (parallel
[3.8.1.3] and normal) for different wind skew angles are presented in LRFD Table
3.8.1.3-1.
For normal girder and slab bridges with spans up to 125 feet, the
following simplified wind loads may be applied simultaneously instead of
the varied angle wind loads given in LRFD 3.8.1.3:
WL = 0.100 klf applied transverse to the bridge
WL = 0.040 klf applied longitudinal to the bridge
Apply the wind on live load forces at a height 6 feet above the top of the
deck.
3.8 Earthquake All of Minnesota is in Seismic Performance Zone 1 with acceleration

Effects, EQ coefficients varying between 2 and 3 percent. With very small
[3.10] acceleration coefficients, earthquake forces will rarely govern the design
of Mn/DOT structures. However, the LRFD Specifications require that
Performance Zone 1 structures satisfy detailing requirements. These
requirements pertain to the length of bearing seats supporting
superstructure elements and the capacity of a force path for

superstructure dead loads to be transferred to substructure elements.
In accordance with LRFD Article 3.10.9.2, the connection between

superstructure and substructure shall be capable of transferring 20% of
the vertical reaction due to permanent load and tributary live load. Fixed
bearing anchorages shall be capable of resisting a horizontal force equal
to 20% of the total vertical dead load.
3.9 Ice Loads, IC The design ice load is 1.5 feet of ice with a crushing strength of 32.0 ksf.
[3.9] Assume the ice load is applied at a height two-thirds of the distance from
the flowline elevation to the lesser of the 100-year flood or overtopping
flood high water elevation.
3.10 Earth For applications with level backfill, simplified equivalent fluid methods can
Pressure, be used. For level backfill applications where the at-rest earth pressures
EV, EH or ES can be relieved by rotation (cantilevered walls with stem heights of 5 feet
[3.5.1, 3.5.2] or greater), design walls for an active earth pressure of 0.033 kcf
[3.11.5, 3.11.6] equivalent fluid weight.
For level backfill applications where at-rest earth pressures cannot be

relieved, design for an equivalent fluid weight of 0.060 kcf.
Assume that the horizontal resultant for lateral earth pressures acts at a
height of H / 3 .
Passive earth pressure loads are to be used for integral abutment

designs. See Article 11.1.1 of this manual for load application.
3.11 Temperature, Temperature, shrinkage, creep, and settlement produce several

Shrinkage, Creep, structural effects. They generate internal forces, redistribute internal
Settlement, TU, SH, forces, and produce movements.
CR, SE [3.12]
3.11.1 One of the most ambiguous tasks for bridge designers is the
Temperature determination of the appropriate temperature range and corresponding
Effects deformations for use in calculating force effects on a structure. Past
Mn/DOT practice has been to design concrete frames for a 45°F
temperature fall and a 35°F temperature rise, a temperature range
smaller than what the bridge will actually experience during its service
life. This method dates back to the 1920’s, and the reduced temperature
range should be considered a “rule of thumb” that was applied to typical

bridges using simplified analysis methods of the time. No notable
performance issues have been attributed to application of a lower thermal
temperature range when applied to pier frames or relatively short span
bridges. On complicated, longer span bridge frames, longitudinal thermal
effects become a larger issue that designers should not ignore.
Therefore, the following policy is to be used for application of thermal
loads on typical and non-typical bridges.
Typical Bridges
Generally, typical bridges include:
• routine multiple span prestressed beam, steel beam, and slab
bridges
• bridges with two or less fixed piers
• bridges with piers less than 30 feet tall
[3.12.2.1] For typical bridges, use LRFD Procedure A for internal pier frame forces
due to thermal expansion. For concrete frames, Procedure A allows for a
temperature range of 80°F. Use a base construction temperature of 45°F,
which corresponds to designing for thermal force effects due to a 45°F
temperature fall and a 35°F temperature rise. In addition, apply the
Strength Limit State load factor of 0.5 for calculation of thermal force
effects and use gross section properties in the analysis. The 0.5 load
factor accounts for the reduction in thermal forces due to cracking of the
concrete.
[3.12.2.2] For longitudinal effects, use a temperature range of 150°F (-30°F to

120°F), which is the approximate range given by LRFD Procedure B for
Minnesota’s climate. Use a base construction temperature of 45°F and
apply the Strength Limit State load factor of 0.5 for calculation of thermal
force effects while using gross section properties in the analysis. Also,
see Article 14.1 of this manual for guidance on fixity and thermal
movements.
Design joint openings for movements associated with a temperature

range of 150°F (-30°F to 120°F). Use a load factor for movement of 1.0.
(Note that this value differs from the LRFD Specifications based on past
performance of joints in Minnesota.) See Article 14.2 of this manual for
guidance on expansion joints.
Design bearings for movements associated with a temperature range of

150°F (-30°F to 120°F) and a base construction temperature of 45°F. For
computation of movement for the elastomeric pad minimum compressive
stress check, use a load factor of 1.0. For computation of movement to
determine minimum elastomer thickness, use a load factor of 1.3. (Note

that these load factors differ from the LRFD Specifications based on past
performance of elastomeric bearings in Minnesota.) For computation of
movement for design of pot bearings, use a load factor of 1.2.
Non-typical Bridges
Non-typical bridges are those with tall or slender piers or those with long
spans. For these bridges, the pier stiffness is critical in determining
movements and forces, and a refined analysis must be used to reduce
force effects due to thermal movements and other loads.
[3.12.2.2] For non-typical bridges, use a temperature range of 150°F (-30°F to

120°F) for longitudinal effects, which is the approximate range given by
LRFD Procedure B for Minnesota’s climate. When analyzing bridges with
this larger thermal range, the designer must consider the following in the
analysis:
• Pier stiffness – Use refined method to determine the appropriate
percentage of gross stiffness along the height of the pier.
• Bearing fixity and flexibility – Account for the stiffness of
expansion bearings in determination of the overall bridge
movements.
• Construction method, staging, temperature range at erection, and
its effect on the connectivity of the structural system.
• Foundation stiffness – Elastic shortening of the piles provides a
significant relaxation to forces applied to the pier. Also, horizontal
displacements of piling will provide moment reduction.
• For joint and bearing sizing, use a 150°F range at Service Limit
State conditions. Use a thermal movement load factor of 1.2.
Also use this movement to determine horizontal force
requirements for guided bearings.
• For Strength Limit State, use a thermal load factor of 1.0 with the
150°F range for longitudinal force effects. For transverse effects
within individual pier frames, an 80°F range with a 45°F base
construction temperature may be used.
A 3-D model of the bridge with appropriate elastic restraints at supports

may be required (especially for curved bridges) to determine the
direction of movement, magnitude of thermal forces, and interaction
between piers for determination of the appropriate cracked section
reduction in stiffness. The final solution may require several iterations
and may be bracketed using an upper-bound and lower-bound stiffness
matrix (i.e., - gross sections, partially cracked sections, etc.) so that the
final solution falls within an acceptable range for the particular structure.
In cases where several piers are fixed to the superstructure,

consideration of ambient temperature at anticipated time of construction
(including adjustments for closure pours as necessary) should be
considered. Setting of bearings and joints within the structure may
require special provisions that call for contractor submittals which state
the intended method of bearing and joint installation to obtain a neutral
position at the mean temperature.
3.11.2 Shrinkage Use a design relative humidity to 73% for concrete shrinkage
Effects computations.
3.12 Pile For situations where long friction piles or end-bearing piles penetrate
Downdrag, DD through a soft, top layer of material, there may be settlement of the soft
layer. The settlement of this layer will add load to the pile through
friction. The foundation report will provide the amount of downdrag to be
considered.
3.13 Friction Friction forces are used in the design of several structural components.
Forces, FR For example, substructure units supporting bearings with sliding surfaces
[3.13] should be designed to resist the friction force required to mobilize the
bearing.
3.13.1 Sliding LRFD Table 14.7.2.5-1 provides design coefficients of friction for PTFE
Bearings sliding surfaces.
3.13.2 Use LRFD Table 3.11.5.3-1 to obtain the coefficients of friction between
Soil/Backwall the backwall/footing and soil. When cohesionless backfill is used behind
Interface and a vertical or near vertical wall, the friction between the backwall and the
Soil/Footing backfill can be ignored.
Interface
When evaluating the sliding resistance between a concrete and soil
interface a coefficient of 0.80 shall be used. For cases where a shear key
is utilized, the portion of the failure plane with soil on both sides should
be evaluated with a coefficient of friction of 1.00.
3.14 Extreme The probability of extreme event loads occurring simultaneously is

Event extremely small and therefore, is not to be applied concurrently. In
some cases, extreme event loads are mutually exclusive. A vessel
collision load can not occur when the waterway is iced over.
3.14.1 Vehicle Designers need to be concerned with vehicle collision loads. Unprotected
Collision, CT structural elements that may be struck bluntly by a vehicle or train shall
[3.6.5] be protected by a Test Level 5 barrier or be designed to resist the
collision force Review the Preliminary Plans to determine what is
required. Also, see Section 11.2.4 of this manual for complete pier
protection policy and requirements.
A large number of safety barriers were tested as part of NCHRP Report

350. The performance of the barriers was classified with different test
levels ranging from TL-1 to TL-6.
Decks supporting safety barriers designed to contain errant vehicles on

bridges shall be designed for collision forces consistent with roadway
standards. In most cases, the minimum standard for safety barriers in
Minnesota is Test Level 4 (TL-4). Under certain circumstances, (timber
railings on secondary roads being an example) barriers may satisfy
reduced test level requirements. See the preliminary design section of
this manual for additional guidance.
3.14.2 Vessel Structures within reaches of the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix
Collision, CV rivers, and Lake Superior deemed navigable by the Corps of Engineers
[3.14] shall be designed to resist vessel collision loads.
3.15 Uplift For curved bridges with skews or continuous bridges with spans that vary
significantly, there is a possibility of uplift at the end supports. For
situations where a sidespan is less than 70% of the adjacent continuous
span, uplift should be considered. Uplift may occur during construction if
[Table 3.4.1-2] deck placement is not sequenced properly or during service due to the
application of live load if the spans are not balanced. If uplift occurs, the
performance of the bearings and expansion joints may be compromised.
When evaluating a structure for uplift the load factors for permanent load
should be reviewed. Minimum and maximum factors shall be combined
for different elements to generate the most conservative or largest uplift
force effect.
3.15.1 Deck Pours The construction of a deck on beam bridge will require that a concrete
deck be placed on supporting elements. The deck placement sequence
and the time between steps in the sequence will typically have little
impact on the strength of composite sections. However, the service level
stresses locked into the structure will be impacted by the order and
timing of the placement of the deck. For guidance on deck placement
sequence, refer to Article 9.2.1 of this manual.
3.16 Construction The designer must consider construction loads during design. The
Loads diaphragm spacing and top flange dimensions in the positive moment
region of the steel beam superstructures are based on the construction
load stage. Specialty structures such as segmental concrete bridges
have unique construction loads to consider during design that are
explicitly defined. Unless project specific information is available or
necessary, use the following loads:
Formwork
For conventional formwork (plywood, etc.) assume a uniform dead load
of 0.010 ksf. In addition to dead loads, design concrete formwork for a
construction live load of 0.050 ksf.
Structural Elements
Structural elements that support formwork are assumed to have a larger
tributary area and consequently are to be designed for a smaller
construction live load of 0.020 ksf.
Consider reconstruction loads when designing end diaphragms. At

abutments, design end diaphragms to carry vertical jacking forces during
bearing replacement.
3.17 Deflections Mn/DOT’s maximum permitted live load deflection for highway bridges
[2.5.2.6.2] without sidewalks is L / 800 . For highway bridges with sidewalks, the
limit is reduced to L / 1000 .
For deck-on-beam bridges, use the following load distribution when

computing deflections:
Live Load:
⎡ # Lanes ⎤
Live Load Distribution Factor = MPF ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ # Beams ⎦
Dead Load:
⎡ Total DC ⎤
Dead Load (per beam) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ # Beams ⎦
Table 3.4.1.1
Maximum Unfactored HL-93 Live Load Moments, Shears, and Reactions
Simple Spans, One Lane, w/o Dynamic Load Allowance
Moments Shears and End Reactions
Span
(ft) Truck Tandem Lane Span Pt. Truck Tandem Lane
(kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (%) (kip) (kip) (kip)
1 8.0 6.3 0.1 0.50 32.0 25.0 0.3
2 16.0 12.5 0.3 0.50 32.0 25.0 0.6
3 24.0 18.8 0.7 0.50 32.0 25.0 1.0
4 32.0 25.0 1.3 0.50 32.0 25.0 1.3
5 40.0 31.3 2.0 0.50 32.0 30.0 1.6
6 48.0 37.5 2.9 0.50 32.0 33.3 1.9
7 56.0 43.8 3.9 0.50 32.0 35.7 2.2
8 64.0 50.0 5.1 0.50 32.0 37.5 2.6
9 72.0 62.5 6.5 0.50 32.0 38.9 2.9
10 80.0 75.0 8.0 0.50 32.0 40.0 3.2
11 84.5 92.0 9.3 0.40 32.0 40.9 3.5
12 92.2 104.0 11.1 0.40 32.0 41.7 3.8
13 103.0 115.9 13.4 0.45 32.0 52.3 4.2
14 110.9 128.3 15.5 0.45 32.0 52.9 4.5
15 118.8 140.6 17.8 0.45 34.1 43.3 4.8
16 126.7 153.0 20.3 0.45 36.0 43.8 5.1
17 134.6 165.4 22.9 0.45 37.6 44.1 5.4
18 142.6 177.8 25.7 0.45 39.1 44.4 5.8
19 150.5 190.1 28.6 0.45 40.4 44.7 6.1
20 158.4 202.5 31.7 0.45 41.6 45.0 6.4
21 166.3 214.9 34.9 0.45 42.7 45.2 6.7
22 174.2 227.3 38.3 0.45 43.6 45.5 7.0
23 182.2 239.6 41.9 0.45 44.5 45.7 7.4
24 190.1 252.0 45.6 0.45 45.3 45.8 7.7
25 198.0 264.4 49.5 0.45 46.1 46.0 8.0
26 210.2 276.8 53.5 0.45 46.8 46.2 8.3
27 226.1 289.1 57.7 0.45 47.4 46.3 8.6
28 241.9 301.5 62.1 0.45 48.0 46.4 9.0
29 257.8 313.9 66.6 0.45 48.8 46.6 9.3
30 273.6 326.3 71.3 0.45 49.6 46.7 9.6
31 289.4 338.6 76.1 0.45 50.3 46.8 9.9
32 307.0 351.0 81.1 0.45 51.0 46.9 10.2
33 324.9 363.4 86.2 0.45 51.6 47.0 10.6
34 332.0 375.0 92.5 0.50 52.2 47.1 10.9
35 350.0 387.5 98.0 0.50 52.8 47.1 11.2
36 368.0 400.0 103.7 0.50 53.3 47.2 11.5
37 386.0 412.5 109.5 0.50 53.8 47.3 11.8
38 404.0 425.0 115.5 0.50 54.3 47.4 12.2
39 422.0 437.5 121.7 0.50 54.8 47.4 12.5
40 440.0 450.0 128.0 0.50 55.2 47.5 12.8
Table 3.4.1.2
Maximum Unfactored HL-93 Live Load Moments, Shears, and Reactions
Simple Spans, One Lane, w/o Dynamic Load Allowance
Moments Shears and End Reactions
Span
(ft) Truck Tandem Lane Span Pt. Truck Tandem Lane
(kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (%) (kip) (kip) (kip)
42 485.2 474.8 139.7 0.45 56.0 47.6 13.4
44 520.9 499.5 153.3 0.45 56.7 47.7 14.1
46 556.5 524.3 167.6 0.45 57.4 47.8 14.7
48 592.2 549.0 182.5 0.45 58.0 47.9 15.4
50 627.8 573.8 198.0 0.45 58.6 48.0 16.0
52 663.4 598.5 214.2 0.45 59.1 48.1 16.6
54 699.1 623.3 230.9 0.45 59.6 48.1 17.3
56 734.7 648.0 248.4 0.45 60.0 48.2 17.9
58 770.4 672.8 266.4 0.45 60.4 48.3 18.6
60 806.0 697.5 285.1 0.45 60.8 48.3 19.2
62 841.6 722.3 304.4 0.45 61.2 48.4 19.8
64 877.3 747.0 324.4 0.45 61.5 48.4 20.5
66 912.9 771.8 345.0 0.45 61.8 48.5 21.1
68 948.6 796.5 366.2 0.45 62.1 48.5 21.8
70 984.2 821.3 388.1 0.45 62.4 48.6 22.4
75 1070.0 887.5 450.0 0.50 63.0 48.7 24.0
80 1160.0 950.0 512.0 0.50 63.6 48.8 25.6
85 1250.0 1012.5 578.0 0.50 64.1 48.8 27.2
90 1340.0 1075.0 648.0 0.50 64.5 48.9 28.8
95 1430.0 1137.5 722.0 0.50 64.9 48.9 30.4
100 1520.0 1200.0 800.0 0.50 65.3 49.0 32.0
110 1700.0 1325.0 968.0 0.50 65.9 49.1 35.2
120 1880.0 1450.0 1152.0 0.50 66.4 49.2 38.4
130 2060.0 1575.0 1352.0 0.50 66.8 49.2 41.6
140 2240.0 1700.0 1568.0 0.50 67.2 49.3 44.8
150 2420.0 1825.0 1800.0 0.50 67.5 49.3 48.0
160 2600.0 1950.0 2048.0 0.50 67.8 49.4 51.2
170 2780.0 2075.0 2312.0 0.50 68.0 49.4 54.4
180 2960.0 2200.0 2592.0 0.50 68.3 49.4 57.6
190 3140.0 2325.0 2888.0 0.50 68.5 49.5 60.8
200 3320.0 2450.0 3200.0 0.50 68.6 49.5 64.0
[ This Page Intentionally Left Blank ]

4. STRUCTURAL The analysis of bridges and structures is a mixture of science and

ANALYSIS AND engineering judgement. In most cases, simple models with conservative
EVALUATION assumptions can be used to arrive at the design forces for various
elements. For example, for straight beam bridges with small skews,
beam line models with approximate distribution factors can be used to
arrive at the design moments, shears and reactions. For more complex
structures or for situations where refinement offers significant benefits, a
more refined analysis (e.g., grid or 3-D) might be justified. Situations
where this might be appropriate include curved bridges, bridges with
large skews, or when evaluating the critical element of a bridge with
marginal live load capacity.
In all but the most complex bridges, time-dependent behavior will not be
modeled. The impacts of creep, shrinkage, and relaxation will be
accounted for by using code prescribed equations for these effects. While
time-dependent material effects are not modeled, designers and
evaluators of continuous post-tensioned structures should include
secondary moments due to post-tensioning in their analysis.
Satisfying force equilibrium and identifying a load path to adequately

transfer the loads to the foundations is the primary analysis goal for
designers.
The remainder of this section contains guidance on a variety of topics.

Topics include computer programs, load distribution, load rating,
substructure fixity, and lastly, LRFD exceptions.
4.1 Computer Engineering software and spreadsheets play a large role in the design of
Programs bridges. The Bridge Office evaluates software and develops spreadsheets
to assist office personnel. This process does not remove the
responsibility of the designer to verify (through hand calculations, other
programs, past experience, etc.) that results are accurate. The
Automation Engineer maintains a list of spreadsheets and programs that
may be used by in-house designers.
Programs used by consultants must be able to replicate the results of the

design examples given in this manual to verify program compliance.
Portions of programs not giving similar results will require hand
[4.4] computations to demonstrate conformance. Mn/DOT does not require
that the name, version, and release date of the software used for the
design be identified in the contract documents. However, as part of the
consultant’s QA/QC program, software must be verified per the above
requirements.
4.2 Load The LRFD Specifications encourage the use of either refined or
Distribution approximate methods of analysis. An approximate method of analysis
can be utilized to determine the lateral live load distribution to individual
girders for typical highway bridges. Lateral live load distribution factors
[4.6.2] are dependent on multiple characteristics of each bridge. There are
specific ranges of applicability for the use of approximate methods of
analysis. Extending the application of such approximate methods beyond
the limits requires sound and reasonable judgement. Otherwise refined
analytical methods should be used.
4.2.1 Dead Load Deck, Wearing Course, Future Wearing Surface, Railing, Barriers,
Distribution and Medians
For beam bridges the dead load of the deck is distributed to the beams
based on their respective tributary widths. Superimposed dead loads
(wearing course, future wearing surface, railings, barriers, and medians),
with the exception of sidewalk loads, are to be distributed equally to all
beam lines.
For concrete slab bridges (reinforced or post-tensioned) the weight of the

barrier loads should be distributed to the edge strip. For design of the
interior strip, the weight of the barriers should be distributed across the
entire width of the slab and combined with other superimposed dead
loads.
Sidewalks
Distribute sidewalk loads to the beams by simple distribution except
when checking load case 2 as specified in Article 4.2.3 of this manual.
Miscellaneous Loads – Conduits, Sign Structure, etc.

Conduit loads supported by hangers attached to the deck should be
distributed equally to all beams. Sign structures, architectural treatment
panels, and sound walls, whose load acts entirely outside the exterior
beam, should be assumed to be carried by the exterior beam.
4.2.2 Live Load Equations and tables for live load distribution factors are provided in the
Distribution LRFD Specifications. For typical beam bridges distribution factors are
provided for interior beam flexure (single lane, multiple lanes, and
fatigue), and interior beam shear (single lane, multiple lanes, and
fatigue). The lever rule and distribution formulas should be used to
determine the amount of live load carried by the exterior beam. LRFD
C4.6.2.2.2d provides a formula for computation of an additional
distribution factor for bridges that have diaphragms or cross frames. Use
MAY 2009 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 4-3
of the rigid cross section or pile equation distribution factor is not

required for design of exterior beams.
4.2.2.1 Steel and Unlike the Standard Specifications, the live load distribution factors
Prestressed (LLDF) for beam bridges are dependent on the stiffness of the
Concrete Beams components that make up the cross section [LRFD Equation 4.6.2.2.1-1].
Theoretically, the distribution factor changes for each change in cross
section. However, this is more refinement than is necessary. For simple
span structures a single LLDF (computed at midspan) may be used. For
continuous structures, a single LLDF may be used for each positive
moment region and for each negative moment region, with the moment
regions defined by the dead load contraflexure points. For bridges with
consistent geometry (same number of beam lines in each span, etc.) the
largest positive moment LLDF may be used for all positive moment
locations. Similarly, the largest negative moment LLDF may be used for
all negative moment regions.
For skewed superstructures:
[4.6.2.2.2e] • Do not apply the live load distribution reduction factor for
moment. This will help to ensure acceptable levels for load factor
ratings.
[4.6.2.2.3c]
• Apply the live load distribution correction factor for shear to all
beams and throughout the entire beam length.
4.2.2.2 Slab Spans Design concrete slabs and timber decks using a one foot wide longitudinal
and Timber Decks strip. The LRFD Specifications provide equations for live load distribution
[4.6.2.3] factors (LLDF) that result in equivalent strip widths, E, that are assumed
to carry one lane of traffic. Convert the equivalent strip width to a live
load distribution factor for the unit strip by taking the reciprocal of the
width.
1
LLDF =
E
4.2.3 Sidewalk Unlike the Standard Specifications, no reduction in sidewalk pedestrian

Pedestrian Live live load intensity based on span length and sidewalk width is provided in
Load the LRFD Specifications.
[3.6.1.6]
Consider two loading cases when designing a beam bridge with a
sidewalk:
1) Use a pedestrian live load on the sidewalk equal to 0.075 ksf and
apply it in conjunction with a vehicular live load in the traffic lanes
adjacent to the sidewalk. Use the lever rule to determine distribution
of sidewalk dead load, pedestrian live load, and vehicular live load to
outer beams.
2) Place vehicular live load on the sidewalk and in adjacent traffic lanes
with no pedestrian live load on the sidewalk. For this load case,
assume dead load, including sidewalk, is carried equally by all beams.
4.3 Load Rating The bridge load rating determines the safe load carrying capacity.
Ratings are calculated for a new bridge and are recalculated throughout
the bridge’s life as changes occur.
Unlike design where only one benchmark or level of safety is used, two
different levels have historically been used for load rating. These rating
levels are referred to as the “inventory rating” and “operating rating”.
The inventory rating corresponds to the factors of safety or levels of
reliability associated with new bridge designs. The operating rating
corresponds to slightly relaxed safety factors or reliability indices and is
used for infrequent, regulated loads. Calculations for overload permit
evaluations and for bridge weight postings are made at the operating
level.
The Design Data block on the front sheet of a set of bridge plans should
contain the HS Operating Rating for the bridge.
When the bridge plan is to the point where all the essential information
for the superstructure is shown, the plan should be sent to the Bridge
Rating Unit. They will calculate the operating rating for the bridge.
Bridges designed for the local road system are generally prepared by the
local agency and/or their consultants. It is the responsibility of the local
agency to assure that ratings are calculated and reported to the Bridge
Management Unit.
Detailed information on load rating of bridges in Minnesota can be found

in Section 15 of this manual.
4.4 Substructure The overall fixity of the bridge should be examined in detail for bridges
Fixity on steep grades, moderate to severe curvature, or when the columns are
tall or slender. The following guidelines for providing fixity at bearings
should be followed.
For short bridges on steep grades, the down hill abutment should be
fixed. For longer bridges the flexibility of each pier and its bearings need
to be considered to determine the appropriate substructure units to fix.
If pier flexibility and geometry permit, a minimum of two fixed piers per
expansion unit should be used. For very flexible piers, such as pile bents
or slender columns, the expansion bearings may be redundant (the pier
may move before the bearings begin to slide).
For typical prestressed I-beam bridges with two sets of bearings on each
pier (per beam line), sufficient anchorage to the pier is provided by using
one line of bearings with anchor rods at a fixed pier. For river piers and
for spans over 145 feet designers should fix both sets of bearings.
See Section 14 of this manual for additional guidance.
4.5 Structural For redundant structures, the distribution of internal forces is dependent
Models on member stiffnesses. Engineering judgement needs to be exercised
when assigning member properties and boundary conditions to determine
the internal forces of members.
Often a simplified method can be used to arrive at a solution. For

example, instead of setting up a continuous beam model, design
moments in pile bent pier caps can be determined in the following
manner: Positive moment requirements can be determined by assuming
simple spans between the supporting piles. The required negative
moment capacity can be computed assuming a propped cantilever for the
outside spans and fixed/fixed boundary conditions for the interior spans.
4.6 LRFD The LRFD Specifications are comprehensive. In addition to an updated

Exceptions design methodology, the new specifications also include information that
has not been included in the Standard Specifications. For example, the
LRFD Specifications contain guidance for vessel impact loads that
previously were contained in the Guide Specification and Commentary for
Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges. However, not all AASHTO
design guidance has been incorporated in the LRFD Specifications. A few
special topics have not yet been incorporated into the new specification.
Information on these topics is given below.
4.6.1 Pedestrian Design pedestrian bridges in accordance with the Guide Specifications for
Bridges Design of Pedestrian Bridges. Although LRFD does specify pedestrian live
load, the guide specifications more fully address the design of pedestrian
bridges.
4.6.2 When rehabilitating older existing bridges, it is often not economically

Rehabilitation feasible to design the rehabilitated structure to meet all current design
Projects code requirements, including live load capacity. To help establish
uniform procedures for use on bridge renovation projects, Mn/DOT
developed Bridge Improvement and Replacement Guidelines. These
guidelines are updated at two year intervals and provide specific
information such as; minimum roadway widths, live load requirements,
minimum railing standards and other criteria that must be incorporated
into the design of a renovated structure. The designer should refer to the
guidelines for specific information regarding live load requirements.
The bridge designer will also receive a copy of a Bridge Repair

Recommendation for each bridge in a proposed renovation project. The
Mn/DOT Regional Bridge Construction Engineer prepares the
recommendation in accordance with the aforementioned guidelines, and
specifies all of the necessary modifications to be included in the bridge
repair project.
4.6.3 Railroad Railroad bridges are to be designed in accordance with the most current
Bridges and American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
Bridges or (AREMA) Specifications.
Structures near
Railroads Designers should be aware that often times railroads have specific criteria
for structural design of items carrying their tracks or in the vicinity of
their tracks. The criteria varies from railroad to railroad. For example,
the Duluth Mesabe & Iron Range Railway has a special live load. Other
railroads have specific loading criteria and geometric limits for
excavations near their tracks.
5. CONCRETE Reinforced and prestressed concrete are used extensively in bridge

STRUCTURES projects. In addition to general design guidance and information on
detailing practices, this section contains three design examples: a three-
span reinforced concrete slab superstructure, a 72 inch pretensioned
I-beam, and a three-span post-tensioned concrete slab superstructure.
5.1 Materials For most projects, conventional materials should be specified. Standard
materials are described in two locations: Mn/DOT’s Standard
Specifications for Construction (Mn/DOT Spec.) and Bridge Special
Provisions.
If multiple types of concrete or reinforcement are to be used in a project,

it is the designer’s responsibility to clearly show on the plans the amount
of each material to be provided and where it is to be placed.
5.1.1 Concrete Mn/DOT Spec. 2461 identifies and describes concrete mix types. Based
on their strength, location of application, and durability properties,
different mixes are used for various structural concrete components.
Table 5.1.1.1 identifies the concrete mix types to be used in various
locations of the state for decks, slabs, railings, medians, and sidewalks.
The four or five characters used to identify a concrete mix provide

information on the properties of the mix. The first character designates
the type of concrete (with or without air entrainment requirements). The
second character identifies the grade of concrete. Each letter is
associated with a different cement-void ratio. The third character in the
label is the upper limit for the slump in inches. The fourth character
identifies the coarse aggregate gradation. The fifth character, if present,
identifies the type of coarse aggregate to be used.
The various concrete types used throughout the state are a result of the
different aggregates that are available in the region (a consequence of
the region’s geology).
Table 5.1.1.2 identifies the standard Mn/DOT concrete mixes to be used

for various bridge components. In general, the standard concrete design
strength is 4 ksi, and air entrained concretes are to be used for
components located above footings and pile caps to enhance durability.
Table 5.1.1.1
Deck, Slab, Railing, Median, and Sidewalk
Concrete Mixes
District District
Element District 4 1, 2, 3 6, 7
and Metro and 8
Deck or Slab
3Y33 3Y33 3Y33A
(Without Wearing Course)
Deck or Slab
3Y36 3Y36 3Y36A
(With Wearing Course)
Railings, Medians, and
3Y46A 3Y46 3Y46A
Sidewalks
Table 5.1.1.2
Design Concrete Mix Summary
Design Compressive Maximum Aggregate
Location/Element Mn/DOT Mix Designation
Strength (ksi) Size (in)
Cofferdam seals 1X62 5.0 2

Fill from top of rock to bottom of footing for
spread footings, and cast-in-place concrete 1C62 3.0 2
piles
3
1X46 5.0 /4
Drilled shafts 3
1Y46 4.0 /4
Footings and pile caps 1A43 4.0 1 1/2
Abutment stem and wingwalls
3Y43 4.0 1 1/2
Pier columns and caps
Integral abutment and Same mix as used in
4.0 1 1/2 or 3
/4
continuity pier diaphragms deck
Other diaphragms 3Y43 4.0 1 1/2
1W36, 3W36, 5.0 – 9.0 at final 3
Pretensioned superstructures /4
or special 4.5 – 7.5 at initial
3
Cast-in-place box girders 3U36 modified 6.0 /4
Deck, slabs, railings, medians, 3Y33, 3Y33A, 3Y36,
4.0 1 1/2 or 3
/4
and sidewalks 3Y36A, 3Y46, or 3Y46A
5
Concrete wearing course 3U17A 4.0 /8
Pedestrian bridge deck or slab 3Y33, 3Y33A 4.0 1 1/2
Precast box culverts, arches, 3
3W36 5.0 or higher /4
and 3-sided structures
Reinforced Concrete Sections

Base concrete modulus of elasticity computations on a unit weight of
0.145 kcf. Use a unit weight of 0.150 kcf for dead load calculations.
For structural modeling (determining design forces and deflections), use

gross section properties or effective section properties. If the structure is
redundant and contains nonprismatic members, the structural model
should be constructed with nonprismatic elements.
For concrete elements with compressive strengths less than or equal to

6.0 ksi, use:
E c = 33,000 ⋅ w c1.5 ⋅ fc′
For checks based on strength (design of reinforcement, maximum

reinforcement), use conventional strength methods (reinforcement
yielding, Whitney equivalent stress block, etc.).
For checks based on service loads (fatigue, crack control, etc.), use
cracked sections with reinforcing steel transformed to an equivalent
amount of concrete.
Prestressed Concrete Beams

When computing section properties, use a modular ratio of 1 for the
prestressing strands.
For beams fabricated with high-strength concrete (greater than 6.0 ksi),
the modulus of elasticity is to be computed with an equation (ACI 363)
different from that found in LRFD Article 5.4.2.4:
Ec = 1265 ⋅ fc′ + 1000 (where fc′ and E c are in ksi)
When computing dead loads, use a unit weight of 0.155 kcf.
Table 5.1.1.3 summarizes the concrete properties to use for analysis and
design:
Table 5.1.1.3
Concrete Properties
Parameter Equation/Value
Ec (ksi) = 33000 ⋅ wc1.5 ⋅ fc′ (ksi) when fc′ ≤ 6 ksi

Modulus of Elasticity
Ec (ksi) = 1265 ⋅ fc′ (ksi) + 1000 when fc′ > 6 ksi
Thermal Coefficient α c = 6.0 × 10 −6 = in /in/°F
εsh = 0.0002 in /in at 28 days

Shrinkage Strain
εsh = 0.0005 in /in at 1 year
Poisson's ratio ν = 0.2
5.1.2 Reinforcing Reinforcing bars shall satisfy Mn/DOT Spec 3301. Grade 60 deformed
Steel bars (black or epoxy coated) should be used in most circumstances. In
specialized situations and with the approval of the Bridge Design
Engineer, welding to reinforcement may be used. ASTM A706 bars must
be used for applications involving welding.
The modulus of elasticity for mild steel reinforcing (Es) is 29,000 ksi.
All reinforcement bars except those that are entirely embedded in

footings shall be epoxy coated.
5.1.3 Contractors select reinforcement bar couplers that meet the requirements
Reinforcement Bar stated in the special provisions. In general, the connectors need to:
Couplers • Provide a capacity that is 125% of the nominal bar capacity.
• Be epoxy coated.
• Satisfy the fatigue testing requirements of NCHRP Project 10-35
(12 ksi)
5.1.4 Prestressing Uncoated low-relaxation 7-wire strand or uncoated deformed, high-

Steel strength bars are acceptable prestressing steels. Strands shall conform
to ASTM A416. Bars shall conform to ASTM A722.
The modulus of elasticity for prestressing steels is:
Ep = 28,500 ksi for strands
Ep = 30,000 ksi for bars

Standard 7-wire prestressing strand areas are:

3
/8" diameter strand: 0.085 in 2 /strand
1
/2" diameter strand: 0.153 in 2 /strand
0.6" diameter strand: 0.217 in 2 /strand
5.1.5 For post-tensioned concrete bridges, open ducts must be used for tendon
Post-tensioning passageways through the superstructure. Longitudinal ducts are typically
Hardware made of galvanized steel tubing 3 to 4 inches in diameter and must be
sufficiently rigid to withstand the loads imposed upon them. Transverse
ducts may be made of corrugated plastic containing from 1 to 4 strands.
Because the transverse ducts are relatively close to the top of the deck
with heavy applications of corrosive de-icing chemicals, plastic ducts are
desirable.
Tendon anchorage devices are required at the ends of each duct.

Anchorages should be shown or indicated on the drawings. Detailing is
unnecessary because the post-tensioning supplier will provide these
details in the shop drawings for the post-tensioning system.
5.2 Reinforcement Practices for detailing a variety of reinforced concrete elements are
Details presented in this section. These include standard concrete cover and bar
spacing dimensions, plus a variety of specific design and detailing
instructions.
Reinforcing details are intended to provide a durable structure with

straightforward details. The details must be constructible, allowing steel
to be placed without undue effort and providing adequate space between
reinforcement to permit the placement of concrete.
5.2.1 Minimum The minimum clear cover dimension to reinforcement varies with the
Clear Cover and location in the bridge. It varies with how the component is constructed
Clear Spacing (precast, cast in forms, cast against earth) and the exposure the element
has to de-icing salts. In general, minimum covers increase as control
over concrete placement decreases and as the anticipated exposure to
de-icing salts increases.
Foundations
Top Bars
• Minimum clear cover is 3 inches.
Bottom Bars, Spread Footing
• Minimum clear cover to the bottom concrete surface is
5 inches.
• Minimum clear cover to the side concrete surface is 3 inches.
Bottom Bars, Pile cap w/ pile embedded 1 foot
• Rest directly on top of trimmed pile.
Bottom Bars, Pile cap w/ pile embedded more than 1 foot
• Minimum clear cover is 3 inches.
Abutments and Piers

• Standard minimum clear cover for all bars is 2 inches (vertical and
horizontal).
• At rustications, the minimum horizontal clear cover varies with the
size of the recess. For recesses less than or equal to 1 inch in depth
and less than or equal to 1 inch in width, the minimum clear cover is
1.5 inches. For all other cases, the minimum clear cover is 2 inches.
• Minimum clear distance between reinforcement and anchor rods is
2 inches.
Decks and Slabs

Top Bars, Roadway Bridge Deck or Slab
• Minimum clear cover to the top concrete surface is 3 inches.
• Minimum horizontal clear cover is 2 inches.
Top Bars, Pedestrian Bridge Deck
• Minimum clear cover to the top concrete surface is 2 inches.
Bottom Bars, Deck
• Minimum clear cover to the bottom concrete surface is 1 inch.
• Minimum horizontal clear cover from the end of the bar to the face
of the concrete element is 4 inches.
• Minimum horizontal clear cover from the side of a bar to the face
Bottom Bars, Slab
• Minimum clear cover to the bottom concrete surface is 1.5 inches.
• Minimum horizontal clear cover from the end of the bar to the face
• Minimum horizontal clear cover from the side of a bar to the face
5.2.2 Reinforcing For numbering of reinforcing bars, the first character is a unique alpha
Bar Lists character for the given structural element. The first two digits of the bar
mark indicate the bar size. (These digits are based on metric bar sizes.
Reinforcing steel mills have converted their operations to stamp bars with
metric identifying marks. To simplify construction inspection procedures,
bar marks are based on metric bar sizes.) The last two digits are the
bar’s unique sequential number in the bar list for that substructure or
superstructure unit. A suffix “E” indicates the bar is epoxy coated.
For example, an A1903E bar could be decoded as follows:
A – 19 – 03 – E
Epoxy coated bar

Bar number 3 for this structural unit
Size of bar is #19
Abutment
The cross-sectional areas, diameters, and weights of standard reinforcing

bars are provided in Table 5.2.2.1.
Table 5.2.2.1
Reinforcing Steel Sizes and Properties
U.S. Customary Area of Bar Diameter of Bar Weight of Bar
Metric Bar Size
Bar Size (in 2 ) (in) (lb/ft)
#10 #3 0.11 0.375 0.376
#13 #4 0.20 0.500 0.668
#16 #5 0.31 0.625 1.043
#19 #6 0.44 0.750 1.502
#22 #7 0.60 0.875 2.044
#25 #8 0.79 1.000 2.670
#29 #9 1.00 1.128 3.400
#32 #10 1.27 1.270 4.303
#36 #11 1.56 1.410 5.313
#43 #14 2.25 1.693 7.65
#57 #18 4.00 2.257 13.60
Table 5.2.2.2 lists the reinforcing steel area provided (per foot) for
different sized bars with different center to center bar spacings.
Table 5.2.2.2
Average Area per Foot Width Provided by Various Bar Spacings
(in 2 /ft)
Spacing of Bars in Inches
Diameter
Bar Size
Nominal
Number
(in)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 0.375 0.44 0.38 0.33 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11
13 0.500 0.80 0.69 0.60 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20
16 0.625 1.24 1.06 0.93 0.83 0.74 0.68 0.62 0.53 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31
19 0.750 1.76 1.51 1.32 1.17 1.06 0.96 0.88 0.75 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.44
22 0.875 2.40 2.06 1.80 1.60 1.44 1.31 1.20 1.03 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.60
25 1.000 3.16 2.71 2.37 2.11 1.90 1.72 1.58 1.35 1.19 1.05 0.95 0.86 0.79
29 1.128 4.00 3.43 3.00 2.67 2.40 2.18 2.00 1.71 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.09 1.00
32 1.270 --- 4.35 3.81 3.39 3.05 2.77 2.54 2.18 1.91 1.69 1.52 1.39 1.27
36 1.410 --- --- 4.68 4.16 3.74 3.40 3.12 2.67 2.34 2.08 1.87 1.70 1.56
* Per LRFD 5.10.3.1.1, the minimum clear distance between

bars in a layer shall be the greatest of:
1) 1.5 times the nominal diameter of the bar
2) 1.5 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate **
3) 1.5 inches
** Per 2000 Mn/DOT Standard Specifications for Construction
The weight of spiral reinforcement on a per foot basis is provided in Table

5.2.2.3. The standard spiral reinforcement is 1/2 inch diameter with a
3 inch pitch. When selecting the size of round columns, use outside
dimensions that are consistent with cover requirements and standard
spiral outside diameters.
Figure 5.2.2.1 contains design tables that list assorted development

lengths for 60 ksi reinforcement in 4 ksi concrete.
Figure 5.2.2.2 contains tension lap splice design tables. Knowing the size
of bar, the location of the bar, and the class of splice, designers can
readily find the appropriate lap length. The tables are based on 60 ksi
epoxy coated reinforcement and 4 ksi concrete.
Figure 5.2.2.3 contains graphics that illustrate acceptable methods for

anchoring or lapping stirrup reinforcement. Open stirrups must have the
“open” end anchored in the compression side of the member. This
anchorage consists of development of the bar or hook prior to reaching a
depth of d/2 or placing the hooks around longitudinal reinforcement.
Detail closed double stirrups with a Class C lap.
Table 5.2.2.3
Weight of Spiral Reinforcement
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS PER FOOT OF HEIGHT
O.D. 3 1
/8" DIA. ROD /2" DIA. ROD
SPIRAL
(in) 6" PITCH F 3" PITCH F
(lb/ft) (lb) (lb/ft) (lb)
24 4.72 7.1 16.79 12.60
26 5.12 7.7 18.19 13.65
28 5.51 8.3 19.59 14.70
30 5.91 8.9 20.99 15.75
32 6.30 9.5 22.38 16.80
34 6.69 10.1 23.78 17.85
36 7.09 10.7 25.18 18.90
38 7.48 11.2 26.58 20.00
40 7.87 11.8 27.98 21.00
42 8.27 12.4 29.38 22.00
44 8.66 13.0 30.78 23.10
46 9.06 13.6 32.18 24.10
48 9.45 14.2 33.58 25.20
50 9.84 14.8 34.98 26.20
52 10.24 15.4 36.38 27.30
54 10.63 15.9 37.77 28.30
56 11.02 16.5 39.17 29.40
58 11.42 17.1 40.57 30.40
60 11.81 17.7 41.97 31.50
62 12.21 18.3 43.37 32.50
64 12.60 18.9 44.77 33.60
66 12.99 19.5 46.17 34.60
68 13.39 20.1 47.57 35.70
For more complete coverage, see CRSI Design Handbook.
Total weight = (wt. per ft x height) + F
F = weight to add for finishing

(this includes 11/2 turns at the top and 11/2 turns at the bottom of spiral)
For additional information see Mn/DOT 2472 and AASHTO LRFD 5.10.6.2
Figure 5.2.2.1
Reinforcement Data
Figure 5.2.2.2
Reinforcement Data
Figure 5.2.2.3
Reinforcement Data
5.2.3 General Reinforcement practices follow those shown by the Concrete Reinforcing
Reinforcement Steel Institute (C.R.S.I.) in the Manual of Standard Practice. These
Practices practices include:
1) For bent bars, omit the last length dimension on reinforcement bar
details.
2) Use standard length bars for all but the last bar in long bar runs.
3) Use a maximum length of 60 feet for #13 deck or slab bars and
40 feet for other applications.
4) Use a maximum length of 60 feet for bars #16 and larger.
5) Recognize that bar cutting and bending tolerances are ±1 inch for bars
and that this tolerance is important for long straight bars that do not
have lap splices to provide dimensional flexibility.
6) Reinforcement bars longer than 60 feet or larger than #36 are
available only on special order, and should be avoided. Designers
should check with the Bridge Design Engineer before using special
order sizes or lengths.
5.2.4 Reinforcement bar couplers are expensive compared to conventional lap

Reinforcement Bar splices. Where lap splices cannot be readily used (bridge widening
Couplers projects, for example), couplers should be considered. Where possible,
reinforcement bar couplers should be staggered to distribute the
additional stiffness of the couplers.
5.2.5 Adhesive Similar to bar couplers, adhesive anchors are expensive. Adhesive
Anchors anchors are typically used to attach secondary structural members to
new concrete or primary structural members to existing (old) concrete. A
typical use is to attach a metal rail to a concrete base.
5.2.6 Shrinkage Slabs and Decks

and Temperature Curves illustrating the necessary reinforcing for slabs and decks to satisfy
Reinforcement LRFD 5.10.8.2 are provided in Figure 5.2.6.1.
[5.10.8]
Example
For a slab 24" thick: Use #16 bars @ 14" or use #13 bars @ 9" to
meet temperature and shrinkage requirements.
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE

REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS AND DECKS
20.0
#13
#16
18.0
#19
16.0
MAXIMUM SPACING (inches)
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
MEMBER THICKNESS (inches)
PER AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8.2 CONCRETE

COMPONENTS LESS THAN 48 INCHES THICK
Figure 5.2.6.1
Members Other than Slabs and Decks

Curves illustrating the necessary reinforcing for members other than
slabs and decks to satisfy LRFD 5.10.8.2 are provided in Figure 5.2.6.2.
Example
For a wall 26" thick: Use #13 bars @ 10" to meet temperature and
shrinkage requirements.
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

FOR MEMBERS OTHER THAN SLABS AND DECKS
20.0
#13
#16
18.0
#19
16.0
MAXIMUM SPACING (inches)
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
MEMBER THICKNESS (inches)
PER AASHTO LRFD 5.10.8.2 CONCRETE

COMPONENTS LESS THAN 48 INCHES THICK
Figure 5.2.6.2
Mass Concrete
Note that the current LRFD 5.10.8.3 mass concrete provisions (for
members whose least dimension exceeds 48 inches) have been found to
be confusing. Therefore, in lieu of LRFD 5.10.8.3, use #19 bars spaced
at 12 inches for members over 48 inches thick.
NOVEMBER 2005 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 5-17
5.3 Concrete Slabs In many bridge engineering documents the terms “concrete slab” and
“concrete deck” are used interchangeably. Within this manual, “concrete
slab” will refer to a superstructure type without supporting beam
elements. In most cases, the primary reinforcement for slabs is parallel
to the centerline of roadway. Likewise, within this manual “concrete
decks” will refer to the superstructure element placed on top of beams or
girders. In most cases, the primary reinforcement for a concrete deck is
transverse to the centerline of roadway. Practices for concrete decks are
described in Section 9 of this manual.
5.3.1 Geometry The maximum span lengths for concrete slabs are as follows:
Number of Spans Without Haunches With Haunches
1 30 ft 40 ft
2 40 ft 50 ft
3 or 4 50 ft 60 ft
End spans should be approximately 80% of the center span length to

balance moments and prevent uplift.
LRFD Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 provides guidance for recommended minimum

structure depth as a function of span length for slab superstructures
without haunches.
When haunches are required, use linear haunches in accordance with the
following:
⎡ S + 10 ⎤
Minimum slab depth at pier = 1.33 ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 30 ⎦
(includes wear course if present)
⎡ S + 10 ⎤
Minimum slab depth in non-haunched area = 0.8 ⋅ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 30 ⎦
(includes wear course if present)
Minimum haunch length L = 0.15 ⋅ S

(where S is the length of longest span)
5.3.2 Skew can be ignored for slab bridges with skew angles of 20° or less.
Design/Analysis • Place transverse reinforcement parallel to substructures.
For slab bridges with skew angles between 20° and 45°
• Perform a two-dimensional plate analysis.
• Place transverse reinforcement normal to the bridge centerline.
Slab type bridges are not allowed for bridges with skew angles greater
than 45°.
Slab bridges curved in plan may be designed as if straight. Designers

should consider and investigate the need for providing additional
reinforcement in the portion of the slab outside of chord lines connecting
substructure units.
Do not include the concrete wearing course in section properties when

performing strength and serviceability checks. This will ensure that the
slab has adequate capacity if traffic is carried on the bridge during
operations associated with milling off the old wearing course and the
placement of a new wearing course. An exception to this is when
checking the top reinforcement in the negative moment region for
flexural crack control.
Determine reinforcement bar cutoff points based on strength,

serviceability, and minimum reinforcement requirements.
Check one-way shear in slab bridges. Assume that the live load is
distributed over the entire width of the superstructure. Load all lanes
and use the appropriate multiple presence factor.
5.3.3 Exterior Strip Outside edges of slab bridges contain the exterior strip or edge beam. At
a minimum, the exterior strip reinforcement must match that of the
[LRFD 4.6.2.1.4b] interior portions of the bridge. Use an exterior strip width of 72 inches.
Special consideration for the design of edge beams is required for bridges
with sidewalks. Separately poured sidewalks may be considered to act
compositely with the slab when adequate means of shear transfer at the
interface is provided.
5.3.4 Use the following guidelines for layout of reinforcement in a simple span
Reinforcement slab bridge (see example in Figure 5.3.4.1):
Layout Interior strip reinforcement
• Top longitudinal – 1 spacing, 1 bar size
• Bottom longitudinal – 2 spacings, 1 bar size
Exterior strip reinforcement
• Top longitudinal – 1 spacing, 1 bar size
Transverse reinforcement – 1 spacing, 1 bar size
Use the following guidelines for layout of reinforcement in a continuous

slab bridge:
Option 1 (see example in Figure 5.3.4.2):

Interior strip reinforcement
• Top longitudinal – 2 spacings, 1 bar size
• Top longitudinal – 2 spacings, 1 bar size
Option 2 (see example in Figure 5.3.4.3):

Interior strip reinforcement
• Top longitudinal – 2 spacings, 2 bar sizes
• Bottom longitudinal – 2 spacings, 2 bar sizes
• Top longitudinal – 2 spacings, 2 bar sizes
• Bottom longitudinal – 2 spacings, 2 bar sizes
Figure 5.3.4.1
Figure 5.3.4.2
Figure 5.3.4.3
To simplify placement, detail reinforcement such that top bars are

positioned over bottom bars where possible. For example, if the design
requires bottom longitudinal bars spaced on 10 inch centers, top
longitudinal bars might be spaced on 10 inch centers in positive moment
regions and 5 inch centers in negative moment regions.
Extend railing dowel bars to the bottom layer of slab reinforcement and
provide a horizontal leg for ease of placement.
5.3.5 Camber and In order to obtain the best rideability over the life of the structure,
Deflections camber concrete slab bridges for the immediate dead load deflection plus
one half of the long-term deflection. Use gross section properties for
[5.7.3.6.2] dead load deflection calculations and a long-term creep multiplier of 4.0.
Railings, sidewalks, medians, and wearing courses are not placed while
the slab is supported on falsework. Assume that only the slab carries the
dead load of these elements.
Check live load deflections using the effective moment of inertia. The
effective moment of inertia may be approximated as one half of the gross
moment of inertia. The maximum live load deflection is L/800 for vehicular
bridges that do not carry pedestrians and L/1000 for vehicular bridges that
carry pedestrians.
Consider the concrete wearing course to be functioning compositely with

the slab for live load deflection. Assume the riding surface has lost
1
/2 inch of thickness due to wear.
Use a live load distribution factor equal to the number of lanes times the
multiple presence factor and divide by the width of the slab for the
deflection check.
5.4 Pretensioned The details of pretensioned concrete beams are presented on standard
Concrete Bridge Details Part II sheets incorporated into a set of plans. Prepare a
separate sheet for each type of beam in the project. Beams are identical
if they have the same cross-section, strand layout, concrete strengths,
and a similar length. To simplify fabrication and construction, try to
minimize the number of beam types incorporated into a project. Design
exterior beams with a strength equal to or greater than the interior
beams.
5.4.1 Geometry Provide a minimum stool along centerline of beam that is based on
11/2 inches of minimum stool at edge of flange. For dead load
computations assume an average stool height equal to the minimum
stool height plus 1 inch. Deck cross slopes, horizontal curves, and
vertical curves all impact the stool height.
There are several Bridge Office practices regarding the type and location
of diaphragms or cross frames for prestressed beam bridges:
1) Design prestressed I-beam bridges without continuity over the piers,
except in the following situations:
a) Bridge is over water with pile bent piers supported by unstable
soils such as fat clay.
b) Bridge is over water with pile bent piers at risk for large ice or
debris loading and pier does not have an encasement wall.
2) Intermediate diaphragms are not required for 14RB, 18RB, 22RB, and
27M beams. For all other beam sizes, the following applies.
Intermediate diaphragms are not required for single spans of 45'-0"
or less. Provide one intermediate diaphragm at the midspan for
spans between 45'-0" to 90'-0". Provide two evenly spaced
intermediate diaphragms for spans greater than 90'-0". For spans
over traffic, place additional diaphragms in the fascia bay approached
by traffic to provide bracing against impact from over-height traffic
loads. For two-lane roadways, place one diaphragm approximately
over each shoulder. For additional lanes, space additional
diaphragms at intervals of about 25'-0" over the roadway.
3) Figure 5.4.1.1 illustrates the typical layout of intermediate
diaphragms at piers for bridges without continuity over the piers.
Locate the centerline of bearing 71/2 inches from the end of the beam.
At piers, provide 2 inches of clearance between the ends of beams.

Provide 3 inches clearance for structures with three or more spans. Note
that the fabrication length tolerance for pretensioned I-beams is ±1/8" per
10 feet of length. It may be necessary to cope beam flanges at piers for
bridges with tight horizontal curves or at skewed abutments.
For bridges on significant grades ( ≥ 3%) the sloped length of the beam
will be significantly longer than the horizontal length between
substructure units. If the sloped length is 1/2 inch or more than the
horizontal length, identify the sloped length dimension on the beam detail
plan sheets.
Figure 5.4.1.1
Typical Diaphragm Layout at Piers for Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge
With Continuous Deck Over Piers
5.4.2 Stress Limits Similar to the Standard Specifications, the LRFD Specifications identify
[5.9.3] [5.9.4] service load stress limits for different elements and locations.
For typical prestressed beams, check tension and compression service

load stresses at two stages. The first stage is when the prestress force is
transferred to the beams in the fabricator’s yard. The second stage is
after all losses have occurred and the beam is in the fully constructed
bridge.
Design pretensioned beams with a maximum tension at transfer (after

initial losses) of:
0.0948 ⋅ ′ ≤ 0.2 ksi
fci ′ is in ksi)
(where fci
Design pretensioned beams with a maximum tension after all losses of:
0.19 ⋅ fc′ (where fc′ is in ksi)
5.4.3 Use the “detailed” method provided in LRFD Article 5.9.5 to compute
Design/Analysis prestress losses.
Design all pretensioned beams using uncoated low relaxation strands and
epoxy coated mild reinforcement. Both 1/2 inch ( A s = 0.153 in2 ) and
0.6 inch ( A s = 0.217 in2 ) diameter strands are acceptable sizes for use
in pretensioned beams. Fabricators prefer 1/2 inch strands, but use 0.6
inch diameter strands when a beam line can be eliminated.
At the time of prestress transfer (initial), the minimum required concrete

strength ( fci′ ) is 4.5 ksi and the maximum is limited to 7.5 ksi. At the
termination of the curing period (final), the minimum concrete strength
( fc′ ) is 5 ksi and the maximum strength is 9 ksi. Higher initial or final
strengths may be used with approval from the Bridge Design Engineer.
An initial concrete strength greater than 7 ksi may add cost to the beam.
The fabricator cannot remove the beam from the bed until a cylinder
break indicates the concrete has reached its specified initial strength.
With strengths higher than 7 ksi, the fabricator may have to leave the
beam in the bed longer than the normal 16-18 hours or add increased
amounts of superplastizer and cement, thereby increasing the cost of the
beam.
If possible, the initial concrete strength should be 0.5 to 1.0 ksi lower
than the final concrete strength. Since concrete naturally gains strength
with age, the final strength of the beam will be more efficiently utilized.
If the calculated initial or final strengths differ by more than 0.3 ksi from
those used in the analysis, reanalyze the beam with the new values.
Reanalysis is needed because changes to the concrete strengths fci ′ and
fc′ affect the concrete modulus, which affects the prestress losses and the
composite beam section modulus.
Straight strands must be arranged in a 2 inch grid pattern. See standard

beam sheets for possible strand locations. Arrange draped strands in a
2 inch grid pattern independent of the straight strands. Use draped
′ at the end of the beam.
strands to reduce the initial required strength fci
Straight strands may be placed in the draped area at 2 inches from the
bottom of the beam. Draped strands must start at 3 inches minimum
from the bottom at the hold-downs and 3 inches minimum from the top
at the end of the beam. Straight strands should be used in place of
draped strands whenever possible.
The maximum number of draped strands allowed at each hold-down

point varies with the fabricator. Therefore, design and detail beams with
1 hold-down on each side of midspan, placed at 0.40L to 0.45L from the
centerline of bearing. The fabricator will provide additional hold-downs
as needed.
Ensure that adequate shear and bursting reinforcement is provided in the

ends of beams. The maximum size for stirrup bars is #16. Based on the
concrete mix used for prestressed beams, the minimum stirrup spacing is
21/2 inches. If the required amount of reinforcement cannot be provided
within h/4 of the end of the beam, provide the remainder at a 21/2 inch
spacing.
The following guidance is provided to designers to evaluate initial and

final stresses to optimize their designs:
Final Stresses
Midpoint Strength at Bottom of Beam
If tension stress is greater than 0.19 ⋅ fc′ (0.569 ksi for 9 ksi
concrete), lower the stress by:
1) Add 2 strands to the bottom row of straight and move the
draped strands up 1 inch at midpoint (bottom row of draped at
4 inches).
2) Add 2 strands to the second row of straight and move the
draped strands up 2 inches at midpoint (bottom row of draped
at 6 inches) or add 2 draped strands (bottom row of draped at
4 inches).
3) Continue to add strands as stated above until 6 straight and 4

draped have been added. If the tension stress is still greater
than 0.569 ksi, consider adding another line of beams to the
bridge. If the tension stress is less than 0.569 ksi, two strands
(either straight or draped) may be removed and the beam
reanalyzed. If the stress becomes greater than 0.569 ksi,
return to the original number of strands.
Initial Stresses
Midpoint Strength at Bottom of Beam
If the required initial strength is greater than 7.5 ksi:
1) Move the center of gravity of the strands up at midpoint of the
beam until either the final concrete strength becomes 9.0 ksi
or the initial strength is 0.5 to 1.0 ksi lower than the final
strength.
2) Remove 2 strands (preferably draped) from the beam and
reanalyze. Keep in mind that changes will affect the required
final strength. If the removing of strands increases the final
concrete strength above 9.0 ksi, do not remove the strands
but consider other changes in the strand pattern.
End Strength at Bottom of Beam

If the required initial strength is greater than 7.5 ksi and greater
than that calculated at the midpoint:
1) Strands may be draped to decrease the required strength.
Keep in mind that changes to strand locations at the end of the
beam may affect the mid-beam stresses.
2) If the initial strength is lower than calculated at the midpoint,
draped strands may be placed straight thereby decreasing the
hold-down force and the number of draped strands required.
Keep in mind that changes may affect the mid-beam stresses.
End Strength at Top of Beam

If the required initial strength is greater than 7.5 ksi, raise the
center of gravity of the strands at the end of the beam. This can
be accomplished by draping strands that were previously straight
or increasing the height of the draped strands.
Midpoint Strength at Top of Beam

If the required initial strength is greater than calculated at the
bottom end or midpoint:
1) The center of gravity of the strands may be moved higher at
the center.
2) The number of strands may be reduced to decrease the
required strength.
5.4.4 Detailing/ Identify the beam type on the beam sheet by depth in inches and length
Reinforcement rounded to the next highest foot. In the superstructure quantities list,
identify the beam type by depth. For example, a 45M beam, 72'-4" long
would be “45M-73” on the beam sheet and “45M” in the quantities list.
Group beams of similar lengths with the same strand pattern into one
type on a beam sheet. The pay item quantity will be the total length of
beams (of each height) in feet.
On the framing plan, show the beam and diaphragm spacing, staging,
type of diaphragms, centerline of piers, centerline of abutment and pier
bearings, working points, beam marks (B1, B2 etc.), the “X” end of
beams, and the type and location of bearings. One end of each beam is
labeled the “X” end after fabrication. This is used during erection to
ensure that the beams are properly placed. Many times diaphragm
inserts are not symmetric and beams can only be placed one way.
5.4.5 Camber and The standard beam sheets contain a camber diagram where designers
Deflection are to provide camber information. Knowing the deflection values
associated with prestressing and different dead load components, camber
values can be obtained. PCI multipliers are used to transfer the prestress
and selfweight deflections at transfer of prestress to the deflections at the
time of erection. A multiplier of 1.80 is used for the prestress deflection
component. A multiplier of 1.85 is used for the selfweight of the
member. No multiplier is used for diaphragm dead loads, deck and stool
dead loads or parapet and median dead loads.
The “Initial Total Camber” is the camber of the beam at the time of
erection after the diaphragms are in place. The “Est. Dead Load
Deflection” is the sum of deflections associated with the placement of the
deck, railings, sidewalks, and stool. Do not include the weight of the
future wearing surface when computing the dead load deflection.
5.4.6 Standard I-beam sections available for use in Minnesota include the “M” series and
I-Beams the “MN” series. The “M” series sections range in depth from 27 inches
to 81 inches and have identical top and bottom flange dimensions along
with a 6 inch thick web. The “MN” series sections range in depth from
45 inches to 54 inches. The “MN” series sections are more efficient than
the “M” series due to wider top and bottom flanges and a 61/2 inch thick
web. Figures 5.4.6.1 and 5.4.6.2 contain section properties and
preliminary beam spacing vs. span length curves for all standard I-beam
shapes.
5.4.7 Rectangular Solid rectangular prestressed beams may be used on short span bridges.
Beams These units are most appropriate for short span structures requiring a
low profile or where construction of falsework for a slab structure would
be difficult or unwanted. Figure 5.4.6.1 and 5.4.6.2 contain section
properties and preliminary beam spacing vs. span length curves for the
standard rectangular beams.
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM CHART:
2004 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition.
HL-93 Live Load
Beam Concrete: fc′ = 9.0 ksi ′ = 7.5 ksi

fci wbm = 0.155 kips/ft
Ec = 1265 fc′ + 1000 ksi

Deck Concrete: fc′ = 4.0 ksi Ec = 3644 ksi wc = 0.150 kips/ft
0.6" diameter low relaxation strands, Es = 28,500 ksi

fpu = 270 ksi with initial pull of 0.75 fpu
Simple supports with six beams and deck without wearing course.
Deck carries two F-Rails with no sidewalk or median, skew = 0 degrees.
Effective deck thickness is total deck thickness minus 1/2" of wear.
11/2" stool height used for composite beam section properties.

21/2" average stool height used for dead load calculations.
Rail dead load applied equally to all beams.

Dead load includes 0.020 ksf future wearing course.
Refined losses are used.
Service Concrete Tensile Stress Limits:

After Initial Losses: ′ ≤ 0.2 ksi
0.094 fci
After All Losses: 0.19 fc′
Beam Properties
h SHAPE AREA W c I SB Ac d
BEAM
2 4 3 2
(in) (in ) (lb/ft) (in) (in ) (in ) (in )
14RB 14 Rect. 364 392 7.00 5,945 849 312
18RB 18 Rect. 468 504 9.00 12,640 1,404 364
22RB 22 Rect. 572 616 11.00 23,070 2,097 416
27M 27 I-Beam 516 555 13.59 43,080 3,170 296
36M 36 I-Beam 570 614 17.96 93,530 5,208 323
45M 45 I-Beam 624 672 22.34 167,050 7,478 350
54M 54 I-Beam 678 730 26.75 265,830 9,938 377
63M 63 I-Beam 732 788 31.17 392,060 12,580 404
72M 72 I-Beam 786 846 35.60 547,920 15,390 431
81M 81 I-Beam 840 904 40.04 735,620 18,370 458
MN45 45 I-Beam 690 743 20.63 179,000 8,677 427
MN54 54 I-Beam 749 806 24.68 285,690 11,580 457
MN63 63 I-Beam 807 869 28.80 422,570 14,670 486
c Based on 155 pounds per cubic foot.
d Based on a 9" slab with 1/2" of wear and 11/2" stool.
Figure 5.4.6.1
Precast Prestressed Concrete Beam Data
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM CHART
(Chart is for preliminary use only. See Figure 5.4.6.1 for design assumptions.)
MAY 2006
180
DESIGN CRITERIA
170 81M [email protected] HL-93 LOADING f 'c = 9.0 ksi f 'ci = 7.5 ksi
0.6"φ STRANDS
160 72M [email protected] NUMBERS ADJACENT TO POINTS ON THE
MN63 [email protected] [email protected] GRAPH REPRESENT AN APPROXIMATE DESIGN
150 VERIFY NUMBER OF STRANDS AND CENTER OF
63M [email protected] [email protected] SHIPPING GRAVITY AT MIDSPAN.
[email protected]
140 MN54 [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
130 54M
[email protected]
MN45 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
120 [email protected]
45M [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
110 [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
36M
Figure 5.4.6.2
[email protected]
S P A N L E N G T H (F E E T )
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
27M
[email protected]
22RB
50 18RB [email protected]
14RB [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
30
[email protected]
20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
5-30
BEAM SPACING (FEET)

5.4.8 Pretensioned double-tees are used only on short span bridges on

Double-Tee Beams state-aid projects. The primary advantage of a double-tee superstructure
is that formwork is not required. The sections are placed adjacent to
each other on the substructure units. A bituminous topping is typically
placed on top of the units to provide drainage and a smooth riding
surface. Shear transfer from one unit to an adjacent unit requires an
intermittently welded connection between the top flanges of the units.
Design Criteria
General
• Dimensions and details are per Bridge Details Part II
Figures 5-397.525 and 5-397.526.
• Maximum bridge width of 32 feet with 2 design lanes.
• AASHTO LRFD superstructure type “i”.
• Beams are assumed connected along the longitudinal joint to
prevent relative displacement.
• Bearing width is 12 inches. Centerline of bearing is located
6 inches from the girder end.
Loading
• Beams are designed for a 140 lb/ft 3 bituminous wearing surface,
3" for exterior girders and 5" for interior girders.
• No provision is made for future overlay or additional superimposed
dead load.
• Exterior girder is designed for full barrier load (Type-F rail,
440 lb/ft).
• A midspan concrete diaphragm is included on girders 40' or
longer.
Materials
′ = 5 ksi
• Maximum compressive strengths: fc′ = 7 ksi , fci
1
• /2" diameter low relaxation strand, fpu = 270 ksi
• Unit weight of concrete = 0.150 kcf
• Concrete elastic modulus = 33,000 (0.150)1.5 fc′
Rating
• The operating rating factor is taken as:
0.7 ⋅ φ ⋅ M n − M DL
( 1 + impact ) ⋅ ( LL distribution factor ) ⋅ M LL
• Live load distribution factors and impact are per AASHTO Standard
Specifications. Live load distribution is equivalent for interior and
exterior girders.
Prestressing
• Initial camber is due to prestressing and selfweight of girder at
erection (1.5 multiplier included). DL deflection is due to barrier
and overlay loading.
• Single-point draped strands are draped at the beam centerline.
Two-point draped strands are draped at 5 (±1) feet each side of
beam centerline.
• The hold-down force is limited to 25 kips, with a maximum of
12 strands at each hold-down point.
Standard Mn/DOT double-tees are available in 6 or 8 foot widths. Each

width is available in a 22 inch or 30 inch deep double-tee. Properties for
double-tees are presented in Figure 5.4.8.1.
Table 5.4.8.1 and Table 5.4.8.2 list the details for standard double-tee
designs for span lengths between 20 and 64 feet.
Figure 5.4.8.1
Prestressed Concrete Double-Tee Beams
Table 5.4.8.1
22-6 and 22-8 Double-Tee Design Tables
Table 5.4.8.2
30-6 and 30-8 Double-Tee Design Tables
5.5 Post-tensioned (PT) concrete structures have their prestressing steel

Post-Tensioned stressed after the concrete has been placed and partially cured.
Concrete
Post-tensioned concrete bridges are specialty structures. Poor detailing
and poor construction practices can greatly reduce the service life of
these structures. Designers should follow current practices
recommended by the American Segmental Bridge Institute (ASBI) and
the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI).
Design segmental box girders and post-tensioned concrete slab bridges

for zero tension under service loads.
5.5.1 PT Slab Post-tensioned concrete slab bridges are used for projects requiring
Bridges spans longer than those efficiently accommodated with conventionally
reinforced concrete slabs. The drawback to post-tensioned slabs is that
they are more complex to design and construct. Elastic shortening and
secondary bending moments due to post-tensioning are important design
parameters for post-tensioned slab bridges. During construction a
number of additional components are involved. They include the
installation of post-tensioning ducts and anchorages, the pushing or
pulling of strands through the ducts, the jacking of tendons, and grouting
operations.
5.5.2 Post-tensioned I-girder bridges are rarely used in Minnesota.

PT I-Girders
5.5.3 PT Precast or The depth of box girders should preferably be a minimum of 1/18 of the
Cast-In-Place Box maximum span length.
Girders
Place vertical webs of box girders monolithic with the bottom slab.
5.6 Concrete The finish or coating to be used on concrete elements will usually be
Finishes and determined when the Preliminary Bridge Plan is assembled. In general,
Coatings provide a finish or coating consistent with the guidance given in the
Aesthetic Guidelines for Bridge Design Manual.
A wide variety of surface finishes for concrete are used on bridge

projects. These range from plain concrete to rubbed concrete to painted
surfaces to form liners and stains. Plain concrete and rubbed concrete
finishes are described in the Mn/DOT Spec. 2401. Painted and
architectural surfaces must be described in the special provisions.
Specify graffiti protection for concrete elements with a coating system

that has more than one color.
5.7 Design Three design examples complete Section 5. The examples consist of a
Examples three-span reinforced concrete slab superstructure, a prestressed I-beam
superstructure, and a three-span post-tensioned slab superstructure.

5.7.1 Three-Span This example illustrates the design of a haunched reinforced concrete
Haunched slab bridge. The three continuous spans are 44'-0", 55'-0", and 44'-0" in
Reinforced length. The roadway width is 44'-0" with Mn/DOT Type F barrier railings
Concrete Slab for a total out-to-out width of 47'-4". The bridge is skewed 10 degrees. A
plan view and typical sections of the bridge are shown in Figures 5.7.1.1
and 5.7.1.2.
After determining live load distribution factors, dead and live loads are
computed at span tenth points. Using Strength I, Service I, and Fatigue
design moments the flexural reinforcement is sized. This is accomplished
by:
• Providing adequate steel for strength
• Verifying that crack control checks are satisfied
• Checking fatigue stresses in the reinforcement
• Checking that the section isn’t over-reinforced
• Verifying that minimum reinforcement checks are satisfied
After the primary longitudinal reinforcement is designed, the shear

capacity of the section is checked. Lastly, distribution and shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement is sized.
Material and design parameters used in this example are:

Concrete Strength at 28 Days, fc′ = 4.0 ksi
Concrete Unit Weight, w c = 0.150 kcf (dead loads)

w c = 0.145 kcf (modulus)
Reinforcing Bars:
Yield Strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi
Weight of Future Wearing Surface = 20 psf
For simplicity, the wearing course is assumed to extend from out-to-out

of deck, and a 0.439 kip/ft barrier weight is used for the “F” rail.
Figure 5.7.1.1
Figure 5.7.1.2
A. Determine Slab MnDOT’s practice is to use linear haunches, with the haunch length equal
Depths to 15 % of the longest span.
Haunch Length = 0.15 ⋅ 55 = 8.25 ft Use 8.5 ft
The minimum slab depth at midspan ( hmin ) is also determined with the
length of the longest span (S):
0.80 ⋅
(S + 10) = 0.80 ⋅ (55 + 10) = 1.73 ft Use hmin = 1.75 ft
30 30
The depth of the slab required at the pier ( hmax ) is determined with an
equation based on the length of the longest span:
1.33 ⋅
(S + 10) = 1.33 ⋅ (55 + 10) = 2.88 ft Use hmax = 3.00 ft
30 30
The slab depth (h) includes the 2 inch wearing course.
B. Determine The LRFD Specifications contain equations to determine the strip width
Interior Live Load that carries a lane of live load. Slab designs are performed on a strip one
Strip Width foot wide. The strip widths found with the LRFD equations are inverted
[4.6.2.3] to arrive at the live load distribution factor for a 1 foot wide strip (LLDF).
[3.6.1.1.1]
For interior strips multiple equations are evaluated to determine whether
one or multiple live load lanes govern.
Flexure – One Lane Loaded

Multiple Presence Factors have been incorporated into the LRFD
equations per LRFD C3.6.1.1.2.
[Eqn. 4.6.2.3-1] Equivalent strip width (in), E = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ L 1 ⋅ W1
Where:
L 1 is the modified span length.
It is equal to the span length, but can be no greater than 60.
W1 is the modified bridge width.
It is the minimum bridge width, but can be no greater than 30.
For the 44 ft side spans:
E = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ 44 ⋅ 30 = 191.7 in/lane
1
Therefore LLDFSL = = 0.063 lanes/ft Governs
⎛ 191.7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
For the 55 ft center span:
E = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 30 = 213.1 in/lane
1
Therefore LLDFSL = = 0.056 lanes/ft
⎛ 213.1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
Flexure – Fatigue Loading

Divide the one lane LLDF by 1.2 to remove the Multiple Presence Factor
0.063
LLDFFAT = = 0.052 lanes/ft Governs
1.2

0.056
LLDFFAT = = 0.047 lanes/ft
1.2
Flexure – Multiple Lanes Loaded

12 ⋅ W
[Eqn. 4.6.2.3-2] Equivalent strip width (in), E = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ L 1 ⋅ W1 ≤
NL
L 1 = 44 ft or 55 ft
W1 = 47.33 ft
W is the actual bridge width = 47.33 ft
44
NL = = 3.7 Use 3
12
The upper limit on the equivalent strip width is:
12.0 ⋅ W 12.0 ⋅ 47.33

= = 189.3 in/lane
NL 3
E = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ 44 ⋅ 47.33 = 149.7 ≤ 189.3 in/lane
1
Therefore the LLDFML = = 0.080 lanes/ft Governs
⎛ 149.7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
E = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 47.33 = 157.5 ≤ 189.3 in/lane
1
Therefore the LLDFML = = 0.076 lanes/ft
⎛ 157.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠
To simplify the process of arriving at design forces, the maximum

distribution factor (0.080 lanes/ft) will be used for all locations.
Shear and Deflection

[2.5.2.6.2] All design lanes should be loaded and the entire slab assumed to resist
the loads.
NL = 3 m = 0.85 IM = 33%
Dynamic load allowance (IM) is applied only to the truck portion of the
live load. The distribution factor for the lane portion of the live load is
the same as that used for the shear checks:
LLDFs∆ =
(# of lanes) ⋅ (MPF ) = 3 ⋅ 0.85 = 0.054 lanes/ft
(deck width) 47.33
The distribution factor for the truck portion is:
LLDFs∆ ⋅ (1 + IM) = 0.054 ⋅ (1 + 0.33) = 0.072 lanes/ft
Reduction for Skew

[Eqn. 4.6.2.3-3] r = 1.05 − 0.25 ⋅ tan θ = 1.05 − 0.25 ⋅ tan(10°) = 1.006 No Reduction
C. Determine The exterior strip is assumed to carry one wheel line and a tributary
Exterior Live Load portion of lane load.
Strip Width
[4.6.2.1.4] Check if the equivalent strip is less than the maximum width of
72 inches.
⎛ smallest int. E ⎞
E = (Distance from edge to inside of barrier) + 12 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
149.7
= 20 + 12 + = 106.9 > 72.0 in Use 72.0 in
2
Compute the distribution factor associated with one truck wheel line:
1 wheel line ⋅ MPF 1 ⋅ 1.2

LLDFEXTT = =
(2 wheel lines/lane ) ⋅ (E / 12) (2) ⋅ (72 / 12)
= 0.100 lanes/ft
Compute the distribution factor associated with lane load on a 72 inch

wide exterior strip:
⎛ deck width loaded ⎞ ⎛ 72 / 12 − 20 / 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⋅ MPF ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 1.2
⎝ 10 ft load width ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
LLDFEXTL = =
(exterior strip width) (72 / 12)
= 0.087 lanes/ft
For simplicity, the larger value (0.100 lanes/ft) is used for both load
types when assembling design forces.
D. Resistance The following resistance factors will be used for this example:
Factors and Load φ = 0.90 for flexure and tension
Modifiers φ = 0.90 for shear and torsion
[5.5.4.2.1]
[1.3.3-1.3.5] The following load modifiers will be used for this example:
Strength Service Fatigue
Ductility ηD 1.0 1.0 1.0
Redundancy ηR 1.0 1.0 1.0
Importance ηI 1.0 n/a n/a
η = ηD ⋅ ηR ⋅ ηI 1.0 1.0 1.0
E. Select Three load combinations will be considered for the design example.
Applicable Load STRENGTH I - Will be considered with a standard HL-93 loading.
Combinations and
U = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (DC ) + 1.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)]
Load Factors
[3.4.1]
SERVICE I - Will be used primarily for crack control checks.
U = 1.0 ⋅ (DC) + 1.0 ⋅ (LL + IM)
FATIGUE - Will be used to evaluate the reinforcing steel.
U = 0.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)

F. Calculate Live The LRFD Specifications contain several live load components that are
Load Force Effects combined and scaled to generate design live loads. The components
[3.6.1] include: HL-93 design truck, lane loading, tandem axles, a truck train,
and a fatigue truck with fixed axle spacings.
For this example the following combinations will be investigated:

Design Truck + Design Lane
Design Tandem + Design Lane
0.90 (Truck Train + Design Lane) (Neg. Moment Regions)
Fatigue Truck
The dynamic load allowance (IM) has the following values:

IM = 15% when evaluating fatigue and fracture.
IM = 33% when evaluating all other limit states.
It is not applied to the lane live load.
G. Calculate Force The dead load from the barriers is conservatively assumed to be fully
Effects from Other carried by both interior and exterior strips. Since the slab thickness
Loads varies, the load effect due to the slab is kept separate.
Interior Strip (1'-0" Wide)

Slab, wearing course, and barrier dead loads
2 ⋅ (0.439)
WDC = (1.0 ⋅ 0.150 ⋅ h) + = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.019 (kip/ft)
47.33
Future wearing surface
WDW = (1.0 ⋅ 0.020) = 0.020 (kip/ft)

(included with DC loads in load tables)
Exterior Strip (1'-0" Wide)

Slab, wearing course, and barrier dead loads
0.439
WDC = (1.0 ⋅ 0.150 ⋅ h) + = 0.150 ⋅ h ⋅ 0.073 (kip/ft)
6
Future wearing surface
WDW =
(6.0 − 1.67) ⋅ 0.020
= 0.014 (kip/ft)
6.0
(included with DC loads in load tables)
H. Summary of From this point forward, the design of an interior strip (subject to dead
Analysis Results and live loads) will be presented. The design procedure for the exterior
strip is similar. A computer analysis was performed with a three-span
continuous beam model. The model included the stiffening effect of the
haunches.
Bending moment summaries obtained at different span locations are

presented in Tables 5.7.1.1 through 5.7.1.4. These tables also contain
truck live load deflections and dead load deflections due to slab
selfweight, wearing course, and two barriers. Shear information is
presented in Tables 5.7.1.5 through 5.7.1.7.
Loads and deflections that appear later in the example are identified with
bold numbers.
Table 5.7.1.1
Moment Summary – One Lane
Span Lane Truck Tandem Truck Tr + Fatigue - Fatigue
Point (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1.0 0 0 0 - 0 0
1.1 50 194 178 - 140 -25
1.2 87 316 299 - 233 -49
1.3 112 373 368 - 285 -74
1.4 124 390 388 - 301 -98
1.5 124 374 374 - 285 -123
1.6 112 333 329 - 243 -147
1.7 -87 244/-254 -204 -253 187 -172
1.8 -104 -289 -233 -292 119 -196
1.9 -149 -325 -263 -337 63 -254
2.0 -221 -378 -292 -383 70 -382
2.1 -129 -267 -229 -284 44 -223
2.2 -75 157/-226 -193 -226 131 -145
2.3 78 284/-187 288 - 223 -118
2.4 107 360 350 - 275 -91
2.5 117 378 368 - 274 -64
Table 5.7.1.2
Moment Summary – Interior Strip (per foot width)
* Truck * Tandem * .9 (Truck Tr
MDC + Lane)
Span + Lane + Lane
Point (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1.0 0 0 0 -
1.1 17.2 25 23 -
1.2 28.9 41 39 -
1.3 34.3 49 48 -
1.4 34.3 51 51 -
1.5 28.9 50 50 -
1.6 17.1 44 44 -
1.7 -1.1 33/-34 34/-29 -31
1.8 -23.6 -39 -33 -35
1.9 -53.6 -47 -40 -43
2.0 -90.9 -58 -49 -53
2.1 -48.2 -39 -35 -37
2.2 -16.0 21/-30 24/-27 -27
2.3 7.5 37/-25 37/-22 -
2.4 20.4 47 46 -
2.5 25.7 50 49 -
* Includes Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) and 0.080 Distribution Factor.
Table 5.7.1.3
Moment Summary – Exterior Strip (per foot width)
* Truck * Tandem * 0.9 (Truck Tr
Span MDC + Lane + Lane + Lane)
Point (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
1.0 0 0 0 -
1.1 20.0 31 29 -
1.2 33.3 51 49 -
1.3 40.6 61 60 -
1.4 40.6 64 64 -
1.5 33.3 62 62 -
1.6 19.8 56 55 -
1.7 -1.0 42/-42 43/-36 -38
1.8 -28.1 -49 -41 -44
1.9 -62.5 -58 -50 -54
2.0 -105.1 -72 -61 -66
2.1 -55.2 -48 -43 -46
2.2 -18.7 27/-38 30/-33 -34
2.3 8.3 46 46 -
2.4 24.0 59 57 -
2.5 29.2 62 61 -
*Includes Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) and 0.100 Distribution Factor.

Table 5.7.1.4
Moment Load Combinations and Deflections
Service I Strength I * * **
Lane Truck Dead
Span
Interior Exterior Interior Exterior LL LL Ld
Point
(kip-ft)/ft (kip-ft)/ft (kip-ft)/ft (kip-ft)/ft Deflection Deflection Deflection
(in) (in) (in)
1.0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.1 42 51 65 79 0.047 0.172 0.089
1.2 70 84 107 130 0.087 0.310 0.162
1.3 83 101 128 157 0.118 0.414 0.209
1.4 86 105 133 163 0.137 0.466 0.224
1.5 79 95 123 150 0.141 .0475 0.208
1.6 62 75 99 122 0.131 0.430 0.166
1.7 32/-35 42/-43 58/-61 74/-76 0.108 0.344 0.110
1.8 -63 -77 -98 -121 0.076 0.242 0.056
1.9 -100 -121 -148 -180 0.038 0.120 0.019
2.0 -149 -178 -215 -258 0.000 0.000 0.000
2.1 -87 -104 -128 -154 0.046 0.156 0.002
2.2 8/-46 11/-56 17/-73 29/-89 0.072 0.328 0.031
2.3 44/-18 54 74/-34 91 0.138 0.500 0.085
2.4 67 83 108 133 0.167 0.586 0.130
2.5 75 91 119 145 0.178 0.653 0.147
* Based on Ieffective = 1/2 Igross . Includes LL distribution factor.

**Includes selfweight, wearing course, and barriers.
Table 5.7.1.5
Shear Summary – One Lane
Span Lane Truck Tandem
Point (kips) (kips) (kips)
1.0 12.7 52.8 47.0
1.1 10.3 44.1 40.4
1.2 7.8 35.8 34.0
1.3 5.9 28.2 27.8
1.4 5.8 21.1 22.8
1.5 7.3 27.6 28.5
1.6 9.2 34.9 33.9
1.7 11.4 42.3 38.6
1.8 13.9 49.3 42.6
1.9 16.4 55.6 46.0
2.0 19.9 61.2 48.8
2.1 16.6 54.4 45.0
2.2 13.4 46.9 40.4
2.3 10.6 38.8 35.0
2.4 8.2 30.5 29.0
2.5 6.2 22.4 22.7
Table 5.7.1.6
Shear Summary (per foot width)
Span VDC * Truck + Lane * Tandem + Lane
Point (kips) (kips) (kips)
1.0 4.6 4.5 4.1

1.1 3.3 3.7 3.5
1.2 2.0 3.0 2.9
1.3 0.7 2.3 2.3
1.4 0.7 1.8 2.0
1.5 2.0 2.4 2.4
1.6 3.3 3.0 2.9
1.7 4.7 3.7 3.4
1.8 6.0 4.3 3.8
1.9 7.5 4.9 4.2
2.0 9.5 5.5 4.6
2.1 6.7 4.8 4.1
2.2 5.0 4.1 3.6
2.3 3.3 3.4 3.1
2.4 1.7 2.6 2.5
2.5 0.0 1.9 2.0
* Includes Dynamic Load Allowance (IM) and 0.054 Distribution Factor.
Table 5.7.1.7
Shear Summary – Load Combinations
Span SERVICE I STRENGTH I
Point (kips) (kips)
1.0 9.1 13.6
1.1 7.0 10.6
1.2 5.0 7.7
1.3 3.0 5.0
1.4 2.7 4.3
1.5 4.4 6.8
1.6 6.3 9.4
1.7 8.4 12.3
1.8 10.3 15.0
1.9 12.4 17.9
2.0 15.0 21.4
2.1 11.5 16.8
2.2 9.1 13.4
2.3 6.7 10.0
2.4 4.3 6.7
2.5 2.0 3.4
I. Live Load To prevent serviceability problems, a limit is placed on the maximum live
Deflection load deflections. The limit is:
[2.5.2.6] Span
∆ LL + I =
800
44 ⋅ 12
Spans 1 and 3 = = 0.66 in
800
55 ⋅ 12
Span 2 = = 0.83 in
800
[3.6.1.3.2] Use the design truck alone or design lane load plus 25% of truck load.
Using the Table 5.7.1.1 live load deflection values, the following
maximum live load deflections were obtained:
Midspans 1 and 3
Truck: 0.475 in < 0.66 in
Lane + 25% Truck: 0.141 + 0.25 (0.475) = 0.260 in < 0.66 in
Midspan 2
Truck: 0.653 in < 0.83 in
Lane + 25% Truck: 0.178 + 0.25 (0.653) = 0.341 in < 0.66 in
J. Shear in Slab Vr = φ ⋅ Vn = 0.9 Vn

[5.13.3.6] Check the one-way shear capacity of the slab.
[5.8.2.9] Critical Section

Shear should be checked at all sections. In many cases the governing
location is at the abutment, a pier, or at the start of the haunch.
Calculations for the shear check at the start of the linear haunch for the
side span (Span Point 1.81) follow.
The effective shear depth dv is the distance between the internal tension
and compression force components to resist flexure, which is unkown at
this point in the design.
But the shear depth need not be less than

0.9 ⋅ de = 0.9 ⋅ (17.0) = 15.30 in
or
0.72 ⋅ h = 0.72 ⋅ (19.0) = 13.68 in
Use dv = 15.30 in
The shear loads at adjacent span points are interpolated to determine the
shear at Span Point 1.81:
⎛ 1.81 − 1.8 ⎞
VU = 15.0 kips + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ (17.9 kips − 15.0 kips) = 15.3 kips
⎝ 1.9 − 1.8 ⎠
[5.8.3.3] Nominal Shear Resistance

The nominal shear resistance is the sum of the contributions from the
concrete and steel.
Vn = Vc + Vs
It can be no more than:
Vn ≤ 0.25 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b v ⋅ dv = 0.25 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 15.30 = 183.6 kips
To simplify the calculation for the concrete contribution, assume β = 2.0 .

If shear reinforcement is found necessary, the designer should first try
thickening the slab to eliminate the need for shear reinforcement. If
shear reinforcement must be used, the appropriate β and θ values
should be used for the shear design.
Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b v ⋅ dv = 0.0316 ⋅ 2.0 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 15.30 = 23.2 kips
Without shear reinforcement:

A v ⋅ fy ⋅ dv ⋅ (cot θ + cot α ) ⋅ sin α
Vs = =0
s
The nominal shear capacity of the slab is:
Vn = 23.2 + 0 = 23.2 kips < 183.6 kips OK
Check if the shear resistance is greater than the shear demand:
Vr = φ ⋅ Vn = 0.90 ⋅ (23.2) = 20.9 kips > 15.3 kips OK

K. Design Positive Determine the required area of flexural reinforcement to satisfy the
Moment Strength I Load Combination.
Reinforcement
[5.7.2.2] Flexural Resistance
[5.7.3.2] Assume a rectangular stress distribution and solve for the required area
of reinforcing based on Mu and d.
For fc′ = 4.0 ksi , β1 = 0.85

⎛ a⎞
Mu = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
A s ⋅ fy
a=
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b
⎛ A s ⋅ fy ⎞
Mu = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b ⎟⎠
⎛ A s ⋅ 60 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Mu = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ (60) ⋅ ⎜⎜ d − ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 .7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
3.309 ⋅ A s2 − 4.5 ⋅ d ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.236 ⋅ Mu

As =
6.618
The “d” value used in positive moment regions does not include the
2 inch wearing course.
d int = 21 − 2 − 1.5 − 0.5 ⋅ (1.0) = 17.00 in

d ext = 21 − 2 − 1.5 − 0.5 ⋅ (1.128) = 16.94 in
Trial reinforcement information for Span Points 1.4 and 2.5 are provided
in the following table. After evaluating the areas of steel required, a
layout based on a 5 inch base dimension was selected.
Trial Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement

Interior Strip Exterior Strip
Span
Point As Trial As As Trial As
Mu d Mu d
(req) Bars (prov) (req) Bars (prov)
1.4 133 17.00 1.89 #25 @ 5 1.90 163 16.94 2.38 #29 @ 5 2.40
2.5 119 17.00 1.68 #25 @ 5 1.90 145 16.94 2.09 #29 @ 5 2.40
[5.7.3.4] Crack Control

To ensure that cracking is limited to small cracks that are well
distributed, a limit is placed on the service load stress in the reinforcing
steel. LRFD Equation 5.7.3.4-1 defines the maximum stress permitted:
z
fs ≤ fsa = ≤ 0.6 ⋅ fy
3
dc ⋅ A
At Span Point 1.4 the Service I positive moment is 86 kip-ft.
The stress in the reinforcement is found using a cracked section analysis

with the trial reinforcement. To simplify the calculations, the section is
assumed to be singly reinforced.
[5.4.2.4 & 5.7.1] Es 29,000

n= = = 7.96 Use n = 8
Ec 33,000 ⋅ (0.145)1.5 ⋅ 4.0
n ⋅ A s = 8 ⋅ (1.90) = 15.2 in2
Determine the location of the neutral axis:
x
b⋅x⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x )
2
(12) ⋅ x2 = 15.2 ⋅ (17.0 − x ) solving, x = 5.42 in
2
Determine the lever arm between service load flexural force components.
x 5.42
j ⋅ d = d − = 17.0 − = 15.2 in
3 3
Compute the stress in the reinforcement.

M 86 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 35.7 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (15.2)
For z = 130 kips/in, dc = 2.00 in (1.5 in + 1/2 of #25 bar) and #25 bars
spaced at 5 inches.
2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5
A= = = 2.0 in2
N 1
z 130
fsa = = = 38.0 ksi > 0.6 ⋅ fy = 36 ksi > 35.7 ksi OK
3 3
dc ⋅ A 2 ⋅ 20.0
[5.5.3] Fatigue
The stress range in the reinforcement is computed and compared against
code limits to ensure adequate fatigue resistance is provided.
[Table 3.4.1-1] U = 0.75 (LL + IM)

IM = 15%
[3.6.2.1]
At Span Point 1.4 the one lane fatigue moments are:
Maximum positive moment = 301 kip-ft
Maximum negative moment = -98 kip-ft
Multiplying the one lane moments by the appropriate load factor,

dynamic load allowance, and distribution factor results in the following
fatigue moments:
Fatigue LL Mmax = 301 ⋅ (0.75) ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 0.052 = 13.5 kip-ft

Fatigue LL Mmin = −98 ⋅ (0.75) ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 0.052 = −4.4 kip-ft
The unfactored dead load moment at Span Point 1.4 is 34.3 kip-ft.
The moments on the cross section when fatigue loading is applied are:
Maximum moment = 34.3 + 13.5 = 47.8 kip-ft
Minimum moment = 34.3 – 4.4 = 29.9 kip-ft
Plugging these moments into the equation used to compute the stress in
the reinforcement for crack control results in:
For the maximum moment:

M 47.8 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 19.9 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (15.2)
For the minimum moment:

M 29.9 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 12.4 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (15.2)
The stress range in the reinforcement ( ff ) is the difference between the

two stresses
ff = (19.9 − 12.4) = 7.5 ksi
[5.5.3.2] The maximum stress range permitted is based on the minimum stress in
the bar and the deformation pattern of the reinforcement.
r
ff (max) = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ fmin + 8 ⋅ = 21 − 033 ⋅ (12.4) + 8 ⋅ (0.3) = 19.3 ksi
h
= 19.3 > 7.5 ksi OK
[5.7.3.3.1] Check Maximum Reinforcement

To ensure the cross section isn’t over-reinforced, the depth of the section
in compression is compared to the distance to the tension reinforcement.
If the ratio of these dimensions is less than 0.42 the check is satisfied.
The depth of the Whitney stress block is:

A s ⋅ fy 1.90 ⋅ 60
a= = = 2.79 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12
The depth of the section in compression is:
a 2.79
c= = = 3.28 in
β1 0.85
c 3.28
= = 0.19 < 0.42 OK
d 17.0
[5.7.3.3.2] Check Minimum Reinforcement

To prevent a brittle failure, adequate flexural reinforcement needs to be
placed in the cross section. For this check, the thickness of the slab
including the wearing course is used to be conservative.
fr = 0.24 ⋅ fc′ = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi
t = 21.0 in
1 1
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (21)3 = 9261 in 4
12 12
y t = 10.5 in
fr ⋅ Ig 0.48 ⋅ 9261
Mcr = = = 35.3 kip-ft
γt 10.5 ⋅ (12)
1.2 Mcr = 42.4 kip-ft

⎛ a⎞
Mr = φ A s fy ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2.79 ⎞ 1
Mr = 0.9 ⋅ (1.90) ⋅ (60) ⋅ ⎜17.0 − ⎟⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ 12
Mr = 133.4 kip-ft > 1.2 Mcr = 42.4 kip-ft OK
Use #25 bars at 5 inches at Span Point 1.4
[5.11.1.2.1] Bar Cutoff Location

[5.11.1.2.2] Determine the location where the 5 inch spacing can be increased to
10 inches. Assume that the bars will be dropped in non-haunched
regions of the span. The moment capacity of #25 bars at 10 inches
( A s = 0.95 in2 ) for positive flexure is:
⎛ a⎞
Mr = φ A s fy ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0.95 ⋅ (60) ⎞ 1
Mr = 0.9 ⋅ (0.95) ⋅ (60) ⋅ ⎜⎜17.0 − ⎟⎟ ⋅ = 69.7 kip-ft
⎝ 2 ⋅ (0 .85 ) ⋅ (4 ) ⋅ (12 ) ⎠ 12
For the interior strip, the positive bending moments are:

Span Point MStrength I (kip-ft)/ft MService I (kip-ft)/ft
1.6 99 62
1.7 58 32
2.2 17 8
2.3 74 44
Knowing that span points are 4.4 feet apart in Span 1 and 5.5 feet apart
in Span 2, the drop point locations which meet the positive Strength I
bending moment of 69.7 kip-ft can be found.
For Span 1, interpolate between Span Points 1.6 and 1.7:
⎛ 99 − 69.7 ⎞
1.6 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.1 = 1.67 or 14.5 ft from Pier 1 centerline.
⎝ 99 − 58 ⎠
⎛ 69.7 − 17 ⎞
⎝ 74 − 17 ⎠
The reinforcement must also meet the serviceability requirements at the

theoretical drop point. Determine the drip point location based on the
crack control requirements and compare with the drop points based on
strength to see which ones govern.
[5.7.3.4] For #25 bars @ 10", ( A s = 0.95 in2 ), z = 130 kips/in, and dc = 2.00 in ,
compute the allowable stress:
2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 2.00 ⋅ 10
A= = = 40.0 in2
N 1
z 130
fsa = = = 30.2 ksi
3 3
dc ⋅ A 2.00 ⋅ 40.0
Next, determine neutral axis:
n ⋅ A s = 8 ⋅ 0.95 = 7.60 in2

x
b ⋅ x ⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x )
2
12 ⋅ x 2
= 7.60 ⋅ (17.00 − x ) solving, x=4.05 in
2
x 4.05
Then j ⋅ d = d − = 17.00 − = 15.65 in
3 3
Mdrop
Actual stress at drop point fs =
As ⋅ j ⋅ d
Set actual stress fs equal to the allowable stress fsa and solve for the
moment Mdrop at the drop point:
Mdrop
= fsa
As ⋅ j ⋅ d
1
Mdrop = fsa ⋅ A s ⋅ j ⋅ d = 30.2 ⋅ 0.95 ⋅ 15.65 ⋅ = 37.4 kip-ft
12
Interpolate to determine span point location of drop point:
For Span 1:
⎛ 62 − 37.4 ⎞
⎝ 62 − 32 ⎠
For Span 2:
⎛ 37.4 − 8 ⎞
⎝ 44 − 8 ⎠
Therefore, the drop point locations based on crack control govern the bar
cutoff locations.
By inspection, the fatigue stress range check and the minimum

reinforcement check are satisfied.
Due to the uncertainty associated with the design moments, the

reinforcement cannot be terminated at the theoretical drop point. It
must be carried beyond the theoretical point by the greater of: the depth
of the member, 15 times the nominal diameter of the bar, or 1/20 of the
clear span.
The required extension L ext1 for Span 1 is:
L ext1 = d = 17.0 in
or
L ext1 = 15 ⋅ db = 15 ⋅ 1.00 = 15.0 in
or
1
L ext1 = ⋅ (44 ⋅ 12) = 26.4 in GOVERNS
20

1
L ext2 = ⋅ (55 ⋅ 12) = 33.0 in
20
Adding the extension length to the theoretical distance from the pier at
which the bars can be dropped results in the following cutoff locations:
26.4
For Span 1: 14.1 − = 11.9 ft Use 11'-6"
12
33.0
For Span 2: 15.4 − = 12.7 ft Use 12'-6"
12
By continuing half of the reinforcement for the entire length of the

bridge, LRFD Article 5.11.1.2.2 is satisfied.
[5.8.3.5] Check Longitudinal Reinforcement

Check the minimum longitudinal reinforcement requirements at the
abutments, assuming that a diagonal crack would start at the inside edge
of the bearing area.
The slab sits on a 2'-10" wide integral abutment.

For θ = 45° determine the length from the end of the slab, L crack , at
which a diagonal crack will intersect the bottom longitudinal
reinforcement (#25 bars @ 5"):
⎛ 2.00 ⎞
L crack = 2.83 + ⎜ ⎟ cot(45°) = 3.00 ft = 36.00 in
⎝ 12 ⎠
From Figure 5.2.2.2 of this manual, the development length for #25 bars
@ 5" with 1.5" cover is:
l d25 = 3'-9" = 45"
Then the tensile resistance of the longitudinal bars at the crack location
L c − (end cover )
Tr = fy ⋅ A s =
l d 25
⎛ 36.0 − (~ 3.5) ⎞
= 60 ⋅ 1.90 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 82.3 kips
⎝ 45.0 ⎠
The force to be resisted is:
⎛V ⎞
T = ⎜⎜ u − 0.5Vs − Vp ⎟⎟ cot θ
⎝ φ ⎠
⎛ 13.6 ⎞
=⎜ − 0.5 ⋅ 0 − 0 ⎟ cot 45°
⎝ 0.9 ⎠
= 15.1 kips < 82.3 kips OK
Note that LRFD C5.8.3.5 states that Vu may be taken at 0.5 dv cot θ or
dv away from the face of support. For simplicity, the value for Vu at the
abutment centerline of bearing was used in the equation above.
L. Design Negative Determine the required area of flexural reinforcement to satisfy the
Moment Strength I Load Combination.
Reinforcement
of reinforcing based on Mu and d.
Use the same general equation developed for the positive moment
reinforcement.
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.23 ⋅ Mu

As =
6.618
dint = 36 − 3 − 0.5 ⋅ (1.0) = 32.50 in
dext = 36 − 3 − 0.5 ⋅ (1.128) = 32.44 in
The required area of steel and trial reinforcement is presented in the

following table.
Trial Top Longitudinal Reinforcement

Interior Strip Exterior Strip
Span Point As Trial As As Trial As

Mu d Mu d
(req) Bars (prov) (req) Bars (prov)
2.0 -215 32.50 1.52 #25 @ 5 1.90 -258 32.44 1.84 #29 @ 5 2.40

At Span Point 2.0 the Service I moment is –149 kip-ft
Similar to the positive moment sections, the stress in the reinforcement

is found using a cracked section analysis with the trial reinforcement. For
this check, the section is assumed to be singly reinforced.
n ⋅ A s = 8 ⋅ (1.90) = 15.2 in2

x
b ⋅ x ⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x )
2
(12) ⋅ x2 = 15.2 ⋅ (32.5 − x ) solving, x=7.90 in
2
x 7.90
j ⋅ d = d − = 32.5 − = 29.9 in
3 3

M 149 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 31.5 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (29.9)
For z = 130 kips/in, dc = 2.50 in (2.0 in maximum + 1/2 of #25 bar) and
#25 bars spaced at 5 inches, compute the allowable stress:
2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ 5
As = = = 25.0 in2
N 1
z 130
fsa = = = 32.8 ksi < 0.6 ⋅ fy = 36 ksi
3 3
dc ⋅ A 2.5 ⋅ 25.0
fsa = 32.8 > 31.5 ksi OK
[5.5.3] Fatigue
code limits to ensure adequate fatigue resistance is provided.
[Table 3.4.1-1] U = 0.75 (LL + IM)

IM = 15%
[3.6.2.1]
At Span Point 2.0 the one lane fatigue moments are:
Maximum positive moment = 70 kip-ft
Maximum negative moment = -382 kip-ft
Multiplying the one lane moments by the appropriate load factor,

dynamic load allowance, and distribution factor results in the following
fatigue moments:
Fatigue LL Mmax = 70 ⋅ (0.75) ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 0.052 = 3.1 kip-ft
Fatigue LL Mmin = −382 ⋅ (0.75) ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 0.052 = −17.1 kip-ft
The unfactored dead load moment at Span Point 2.0 is –90.9 kip-ft.
The moments on the cross section when fatigue loading is applied are:
Maximum moment = -90.9 + 3.1 = -87.8 kip-ft
Minimum moment = -90.9 – 17.1 = -108.0 kip-ft

M 87.8 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 18.6 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (29.9)

M 108.0 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 22.8 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 1.90 ⋅ (29.9)
The stress range in the reinforcement (ff ) is the difference between the
two stresses.
ff = (22.8 − 18.6 ) = 4.2 ksi
r
ff(max) = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ fmin + 8 ⋅ = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ (18.6 ) + 8 ⋅ (0.3)
h
= 17.3 ksi > 4.2 ksi OK

A s ⋅ fy 1.90 ⋅ 60
a= = = 2.79 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12
a 2.79
c= = = 3.28 in
β1 0.85
c 3.28
= = 0.10 < 0.42 OK
d 32.5

To prevent a brittle failure, adequate flexural reinforcement needs to be
placed in the cross section.
fr = 0.48 ksi
1 1
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (36 )3 = 46,656 in 4
12 12
y t = 18.0 in
fr ⋅ Ig 0.48 ⋅ 46,656
Mcr = = = 103.7 kip-ft
yt 18.0 ⋅ (12)
1.2 Mcr = 124.4 kip-ft
⎛ a⎞
Mr = φ A s fy ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2.79 ⎞ 1
Mr = 0.9 ⋅ (1.90) ⋅ (60) ⋅ ⎜ 32.5 − ⎟⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠ 12
= 265.9 kip-ft > 1.2 Mcr = 124.4 kip-ft OK

Use #25 bars at 5 inches at Span Point 2.0
[5.11.1.2.1] Bar Cutoff Location

[5.11.1.2.3] Determine the location where the 5 inch spacing can be increased to
10 inches. Assume that the bars will be dropped in non-haunched
regions of the span. The moment capacity of #25 bars at 10 inches
( )
A s = 0.95 in2 for negative flexure is:
⎛ a⎞
Mr = φ A s fy ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎡ 0.95 ⋅ (60) ⎤ 1
= 0.9 ⋅ (0.95) ⋅ (60) ⋅ ⎢32.50 − ⋅ = 136.0 kip-ft
⎣ 2 ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (4) ⋅ (12)⎥⎦ 12
For the interior strip, the negative bending moments are:

Span Point MStrength I (kip-ft)/ft MService I (kip-ft)/ft
1.8 -98 -63
1.9 -148 -100
2.0 -215 -149
2.1 -128 -87
2.2 -73 -46
Knowing that span points are 4.4 feet apart in Span 1 and 5.5 feet apart
in Span 2, the drop point locations which meet the Strength I negative
bending moment of 136.0 kip-ft can be found.
⎛ 136.0 − 98 ⎞
⎝ 148 − 98 ⎠
⎛ 215 − 136.0 ⎞
⎝ 215 − 128 ⎠
The reinforcement must also meet the serviceability requirements at the

theoretical drop point. Determine the drip point location based on the
crack control requirements and compare with the drop points based on
strength to see which ones govern.
[5.7.3.4] For #25 bars @ 10", ( A s = 0.95 in2 ), z = 130 kips/in, and dc = 2.50 in ,
compute the allowable stress:
2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 2.50 ⋅ 10
A= = = 50.0 in2
N 1
z 130
fsa = = = 26.0 ksi
3 3
dc ⋅ A 2.50 ⋅ 50.0
Next, determine neutral axis:
n ⋅ A s = 8 ⋅ 0.95 = 7.60 in2

x
b ⋅ x ⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x )
2
12 ⋅ x 2
= 7.60 ⋅ (32.50 − x ) solving, x=5.81 in
2
x 5.81
Then j ⋅ d = d − = 32.50 − = 30.56 in
3 3
Mdrop
Actual stress at drop point fs =
As ⋅ j ⋅ d
Set actual stress fs equal to the allowable stress fsa and solve for the
moment Mdrop at the drop point:
Mdrop
= fsa
As ⋅ j ⋅ d
1
Mdrop = fsa ⋅ A s ⋅ j ⋅ d = 26.0 ⋅ 0.95 ⋅ 30.56 ⋅ = 62.9 kip-ft
12
Interpolate to determine span point location of drop point:
For Span 1:
Mdrop = 62.9 kip-ft ≅ 63 kip-ft, which is at Span Point 1.8 or 8.8 ft

from Pier 1 centerline.
For Span 2:
⎛ 87 − 62.9 ⎞
⎝ 87 − 46 ⎠
Therefore, the drop point locations based on crack control govern the bar
cutoff locations.
By inspection, the fatigue stress range check and the minimum

reinforcement check are satisfied.
Due to the uncertainty associated with the design moments, the

reinforcement cannot be terminated at the theoretical drop point. It
must be carried beyond the theoretical point by the greater of: the depth
of the member, 15 times the nominal diameter of the bar, or 1/20 of the
clear span.
L ext1 = d = 21 − 3 − 0.5 ⋅ (1.0) = 17.5 in
or
L ext1 = 15 ⋅ db = 15 ⋅ 1.00 = 15.0 in
or
1
L ext1 = ⋅ (44 ⋅ 12) = 26.4 in GOVERNS
20

1
L ext2 = ⋅ (55 ⋅ 12) = 33.0 in
20
Adding the extension length to the theoretical distance from the pier at
which the bars can be dropped results in the following cutoff locations:
26.4
For Span 1: 8.8 + = 11.0 ft Use 11'-0"
12
33.0
For Span 2: 8.8 + = 11.55 ft Use 12'-0"
12
By continuing half of the reinforcement for the entire length of the

bridge, LRFD Article 5.11.1.2.3 is satisfied.
M. Distribution The amount of transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of

Reinforcement the main reinforcement required:
[5.14.4.1] 100
≤ 50%
L
100
= 15.1%
44
For the interior strip, the maximum reinforcement is #25 bars at 5 inches
(1.90 in 2 /ft). The required transverse reinforcement for load distribution
is:
0.151 ⋅ (1.90) = 0.29 in2 /ft
Use #16 @ 12", A s = 0.31 in2 /ft for bottom transverse reinforcement.
N. Shrinkage and Adequate reinforcement needs to be provided in the slab to ensure that
Temperature cracks from shrinkage and temperature changes are small and well
Reinforcement distributed.
[5.10.8] Ag ⎡ (12) ⋅ (21) ⎤ 2
Temperature A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅ = 0.11 ⋅ ⎢ ⎥ = 0.46 in /ft
fy ⎣ 60 ⎦
(total in each direction, distributed to both faces)
1
For each face, Min A s = ⋅ (0.46 ) = 0.23 in2 /ft
2
Use #16 @ 12", A s = 0.31 in2 /ft for transverse reinforcement.
O. Dead Load The total weight of the superstructure is used for dead load deflections.
Camber The gross moment of inertia is used and a computer analysis is used to
obtain instantaneous deflections. A longtime deflection multiplier of 4.0
[5.7.3.6.2] is used in conjunction with the gross moment of inertia. The slab is
cambered upward an amount equal to the immediate deflection + 1/2 of
the long-term deflection. A camber diagram for the interior strip is
shown below:
Instantaneous +
1
/2 Long-term Camber
P. Final Figure 5.7.1.3 contains a plan view and Figure 5.7.1.4 contains a cross
Reinforcement section that illustrates the reinforcement for the slab. As one would
Layout expect, the figures show that the exterior strips contain more reinforcing
steel than the interior of the slab.
Figure 5.7.1.3
Figure 5.7.1.4

5.7.2 Prestressed This example illustrates the design of a pretensioned I-Beam for a two
I-Beam Design span bridge without skew. The 130'-0" spans are supported with
Example Mn/DOT 72" beams. Mn/DOT standard details and drawings for
diaphragms (B406, B812), railings (Fig. 5-397.117), and beams (Fig. 5-
397.517) are to be used with this example. This example contains the
design of a typical interior beam at the critical sections in positive flexure,
shear, and deflection. The superstructure consists of six beams spaced
at 9'-0" centers. A typical transverse superstructure section is provided
in Figure 5.7.2.1. A framing plan is provided in Figure 5.7.2.2. The
roadway section is composed of two 12' traffic lanes and two 12'
shoulders. A Type F railing is provided on each side of the bridge and a
9" composite concrete deck is used. End diaphragms (B812) are used at
each end of the bridge and interior diaphragms (B406) are used at the
interior third points and at the pier.
Figure 5.7.2.1
Figure 5.7.2.2
A. Materials The modulus of elasticity for high strength concrete suggested by ACI
Committee 363 is used for the beam concrete. The composite deck is
assumed to have a unit weight of 0.150 kcf for dead load computations
and 0.145 kcf for elastic modulus computations. The beam concrete is
assumed to have a unit weight of 0.155 kcf for dead load computations.
The material and geometric parameters used in the example are shown
in Table 5.7.2.1:
Table 5.7.2.1
Material Properties
Material Parameter Prestressed Beam Deck
′ at transfer
fci 7 ksi ---
fc at 28 days 8.0 ksi 4 ksi
(1265 ⋅ )
Concrete
′ + 1000
fci
Eci at transfer ---
= 4347 ksi
Ec at 28 days
(1265 ⋅ fc′ ) + 1000 33,000 ⋅ (0.145)1.5⋅ fc′
= 4578 ksi = 3644 ksi
fy for rebar 60 ksi 60 ksi
fpu for strand 270 ksi ---
Es for rebar 29,000 ksi 29,000 ksi

Steel
Ep for strand 28,500 ksi ---
0.6 inch diameter

Strand type ---
270 ksi, low relaxation
B. Determine The beams are designed to act compositely with the deck on simple
Cross-Section spans. The deck consists of a 7 inch thick concrete slab with a 2 inch
Properties for a wearing course. For simplicity and in order to be conservative, the
Typical Interior beams are designed assuming the full 9 inches of thickness is placed in a
Beam single pour. A 1/2 inch of wear is assumed. A thickness of 81/2 inches is
used for composite section properties. The haunch or stool is assumed to
have an average thickness of 21/2 inches for dead load computations and
11/2 inches for section property computations.
[4.6.2.6.1] The effective flange width, b e , is the smallest of:

1
1) 1/4 x Effective Span Length = ⋅ 130 ⋅ 12 = 390.0 in
4
2) 12 x Slab Thickness + 1/2 Top Flange Width
30
= 12 ⋅ 8.5 + = 117.0 in
2
3) Average Beam Spacing = 108.0 in GOVERNS
The modular ratio of the deck concrete to the beam concrete is:
E cdeck 3644
n= = = 0.796
E cbeam 4578
This results in a transformed effective flange width of:
b etrans = 0.796 ⋅ (108.0) = 86.0 in
Properties for an interior beam are given in Table 5.7.2.2.
Table 5.7.2.2
Cross-Section Properties
Parameter Non-composite Section Composite Section
Height of section, h 72 in 82.0 in
Deck thickness --- 8.5 in
1.5 in (section properties)

Average stool thickness ---
2.5 in (dead load)
108.0 in (deck concrete)

Effective flange width, be ---
86.0 in (beam concrete)
Area, A 786 in 2 1553 in 2
Moment of inertia, I 547,920 in 4 1,235,000 in 4
Centroidal axis height, y 35.60 in 56.29 in
Bottom section modulus, Sb 15,390 in 3 21,940 in 3
48,040 in 3 (beam concrete)

Top section modulus, St 15,050 in 3
60,350 in 3 (deck concrete)
Top of prestressed beam 15,050 in 3 78,610 in 3
C. Shear Forces Three load combinations will be considered; Strength I, Service I, and
and Bending Service III. As a result of the simple span configuration, only maximum
Moments γ p values need to be considered.
Load effects related to settlement, thermal effects, water load, or stream

pressure will not be considered.
Assume that traffic can be positioned anywhere between the barriers.
distance between barriers 48

Number of design lanes = = =4
design lane width 12
[3.6.2] Dynamic load allowance IM = 33%
[4.6.2.2] 1. Determine Live Load Distribution Factors

Designers should note that the approximate distribution factor equations
include the multiple presence factors.
[4.6.2.2.2] Distribution Factor for Moment – Interior Beams

LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1 lists the common deck superstructure types for
which approximate live load distribution equations have been assembled.
The cross section for this design example is Type (k). To ensure that the
approximate distribution equations can be used, several parameters need
to be checked.
1) 3.5 ft ≤ beam spacing = 9.0 ft ≤ 16.0 ft OK

2) 3.5 in ≤ slab thickness = 8.5 in ≤ 12.0 in OK
3) 20 ft ≤ span length = 130 ft ≤ 240 ft OK
4) 4 ≤ number of beams = 6 OK
The distribution factor equations use a Kg factor that is defined in LRFD

Article 4.6.2.2.1.
Ec beam 4578
η= = = 1.256
Ec deck 3644
e g = ( deck centroid ) − ( beam centroid ) = 77.75 − 35.60 = 42.15 in
[ ( ) ] [
K g = η ⋅ I + A ⋅ e g 2 = 1.256 ⋅ 547,920 + 786 ⋅ (42.15)2 = 2.442 x 10 6 ]
One design lane loaded:
0.4 0.3 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ K ⎞
gM = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ t ⎟
3
⎝ s ⎠
0.4 0.3 0.1

⎛ 9.0 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞ ⎛ 2.442 x 106 ⎞
gM = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 130 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 130 ⋅ 8.53 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
gM = 0.473 lanes/beam
Two or more design lanes loaded:

0.6 0.2 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
gM = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ t 3 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
0.6 0.2 0.1

⎛ 9.0 ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞ ⎛ 2.442 x 106 ⎞
gM = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 130 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 130 ⋅ 8.53 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
[4.6.2.2.2d] Distribution Factor for Moment - Exterior Beams

LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1 contains the approximate distribution factor
equations for exterior beams. Type (k) cross-sections have a deck
dimension check to ensure that the approximate equations are valid.
The distance from the inside face of barrier to the centerline of the fascia
beam is defined as de . For the example this distance is:
de = 24 − (2.5 − 9.0) = 1.50 ft
The check to use the approximate equations is:
−1.0 ft ≤ de = 1.50 ft ≤ 5.5 ft OK
Figure 5.7.2.3
Use the lever rule to determine the live load distribution factor for one
lane.
The exterior beam live load distribution factor is found by determining the
exterior beam reaction:
W1 = W2 = 0.5 lanes
⎛ W ⋅ L + W2 ⋅ L 2 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⋅ 8.5 + 0.5 ⋅ 2.5 ⎞

gM = 1.2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 1 ⎟ = 1.2 ⋅ ⎜
⎟ ⎟
⎝ S ⎠ ⎝ 9.0 ⎠

The distribution factor is equal to the factor “e” multiplied by the interior
girder distribution factor for two or more lanes
de = 24.0 − 22.5 = 1.5 ft
⎛d ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
e = 0.77 + ⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ = 0.77 + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.935
⎝ 9.1 ⎠ ⎝ 9.1 ⎠
gM = e ⋅ gint = 0.935 ⋅ 0.698 = 0.653 lanes/beam
[4.6.2.2.2e] Skew Factor

No correction is necessary for a skew angle of zero.
[4.6.2.2.3] Distribution Factor for Shear – Interior Beams

[4.6.2.2.3a] LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a-1 can be used.
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ 9.0 ⎞
gV = 0.36 + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.36 + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.720 lanes/beam
⎝ 25.0 ⎠ ⎝ 25.0 ⎠

2 2
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ 9.0 ⎞ ⎛ 9.0 ⎞
gV = 0.2 + ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ = 0.2 + ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ = 0.884 lanes/beam
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 35 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 35 ⎠
[4.6.2.2.3b] Distribution Factor for Shear – Exterior Beams

One Design Lane Loaded:
Use the lever rule, which results in the same factor that was computed
for flexure and is equal to 0.733 lanes/beam

⎛d ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 ⎞
e = 0.6 + ⎜ e ⎟ = 0.6 + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.750
⎜ 10 ⎟ ⎝ 10 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
The exterior beam shear distribution factor for two or more design lanes
is determined by modifying the interior distribution factor:
gV = e ⋅ gint = 0.750 ⋅ 0.884 = 0.663 lanes/beam
[4.6.2.2.3c] Skew Factor

No correction is necessary for a skew angle of zero.
[2.5.2.6.2] Distribution Factor for Deflection

[Table 3.6.1.1.2-1] The distribution factor for checking live load deflections assumes that the
entire cross section participates in resisting the live load. The minimum
Multiple Presence Factor (MPF) used by Mn/DOT when checking live load
deflection is 0.85. The deflection distribution factor is:
gD =
(# of lanes) ⋅ (MPF ) = 4 ⋅ 0.85
= 0.567 lanes/beam
(# of beam lines ) 6
Table 5.7.2.3 contains a summary of the live load distribution factors.
Table 5.7.2.3
Distribution Factor Summary (lanes per beam)
Loading Flexure Shear
One Design Lane 0.473 0.720

Interior
Beam
Two or More Design Lanes 0.698 0.884
Deflection 0.567 -
One Design Lane 0.733 0.733

Exterior
Beam
Two or More Design Lanes 0.653 0.663
Deflection 0.567 -
[1.3.3 – 1.3.5] 2. Load Modifiers

The following load modifiers will be used for this example:
η = ηD ⋅ ηR ⋅ ηI 1.0 1.0 1.0

3. Dead and Live Load Summary
( )
Beam Selfweight = (786 / 144) ⋅ 0.155 kip/ft 3 = 0.846 kip/ft
( )
Stool Weight = (2.5 ft ) ⋅ (0.208 ft ) ⋅ 0.150 kip/ft 3 = 0.078 kip/ft
( )
Deck Weight = (9.0 ft ) ⋅ (0.75 ft ) ⋅ 0.150 kip/ft 3 = 1.013 kip/ft
( )
Future Wearing Surface = 0.020 kip/ft 2 ⋅ (48 ft ) ⋅ (1 / 6 ) = 0.160 kip/ft
Barrier Weight = 2 ⋅ (0.439 kip/ft ) ⋅ (1 / 6 ) = 0.146 kip/ft
Diaphragm Weight ≅ (9.0) ⋅ [(2) ⋅ (0.0103) + 0.0149]
⎛ 17 ⎞ ⎛ 0.5 ⎞
+ 2 ⋅ (4.17) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅ (0.490) = 0.561 kip
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
The bending moments and shears for the dead and live loads were
obtained with a line girder model of the bridge. They are summarized in
Tables 5.7.2.4 and 5.7.2.5.
Table 5.7.2.4
Shear Force Summary (kips/beam)
Critical 0.1 Strand 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Brg Brg Trans Shear Span Dev Span Span Span Span
Load Type/Combination
CL Face Point Point Point Point Point Point Point Point
(0.0') (0.63') (2.38') (5.8') (13.0') (13.6') (26.0') (39.0') (52.0') (65.0')
Selfweight 55 54 53 50 44 44 33 22 11 0
Stool 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 2 1 0
Dead Loads
Deck 66 65 63 60 53 52 40 26 13 0
FWS 10 10 10 9 8 8 6 4 2 0
Barrier 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 4 2 0
Diaphragms 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Total 146 144 141 134 118 113 89 59 29 0
Uniform Lane 37 36 35 34 30 30 24 18 13 9
Live Loads
Truck with DLA 79 78 77 75 70 70 62 53 45 36
Total 116 114 112 109 100 100 86 71 58 45
Strength I Load Comb

386 380 372 358 323 316 262 198 138 79
(1.25 ⋅ DL + 1.75 ⋅ LL)
Service I Load Comb

262 258 253 243 218 213 175 130 87 45
(1.00 ⋅ DL + 1.00 ⋅ LL)
Service III Load Comb

239 235 231 221 198 193 158 116 75 36
(1.00 ⋅ DL + 0.80 ⋅ LL)
Table 5.7.2.5
Bending Moment Summary (kip-ft/beam)
Critical 0.1 Strand 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Brg Brg Trans Shear Span Dev Span Span Span Span
Load Type/Combination
CL Face Point Point Point Point Point Point Point* Point
(0.0') (0.63') (2.38') (5.8') (13.0') (13.6') (26.0') (39.0') (52.0') (65.0')
Selfweight 0 34 128 305 643 670 1144 1501 1716 1787
Stool 0 3 12 28 59 62 105 138 158 165
DC1
Deck 0 41 154 365 770 802 1370 1798 2054 2140

Dead Loads
Diaphragms 0 0 1 3 7 8 15 22 24 24
Total DC1 0 78 297 701 1479 1542 2634 3459 3952 4116
Barrier 0 6 22 53 111 116 197 259 296 308
DC2
FWS 0 7 24 58 122 127 216 284 324 338

Total DC2 0 13 46 111 233 243 413 543 620 646
Total (DC1+DC2) 0 91 343 812 1712 1785 3047 4002 4572 4762
Uniform Lane 0 18 68 161 340 354 604 793 906 944

Live Loads
Truck with DLA 0 39 145 343 719 749 1265 1638 1857 1912
Total 0 57 213 504 1059 1103 1869 2431 2763 2856
Strength I - Load Comb

0 214 802 1897 3993 4162 7080 9257 10,550 10,951
(1.25 ⋅ DL + 1.75 ⋅ LL)
Service I - Load Comb

0 148 556 1316 2771 2888 4916 6433 7335 7618
(1.00 ⋅ DL + 1.00 ⋅ LL)
Service III – Load Comb

0 137 513 1215 2559 2667 4542 5947 6782 7047
(1.00 ⋅ DL + 0.80 ⋅ LL )
* Drape point for strands.
D. Design Typically the tension at the bottom of the beam at midspan dictates the
Prestressing required level of prestressing.
1. Estimate Required Prestress

Use the Service III load combination
Bottom of beam stress:

⎛M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞ ⎛ MLL ⋅ 0.8 ⎞
= ⎜ DC1 ⎟ + ⎜⎜ DC2 ⎟+⎜
⎟ ⎜ S
⎟
⎟
⎜ S gb ⎟ ⎝ S cb ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ cb
⎛ 4116 ⋅ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 646 ⋅ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 2856 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.8 ⎞

= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.81 ksi
⎝ 15,390 ⎠ ⎝ 21,940 ⎠ ⎝ 21,940 ⎠
As a starting point, the total prestress losses will be assumed to be 30%.

This results in an effective prestress of
fpe = 0.75 ⋅ fpu ⋅ (1 − 0.30) = 0.75 ⋅ 270 ⋅ 0.70 = 141.8 ksi
Strands are typically placed on a 2" grid. The bottom flange of a 72"
beam can hold a maximum of 48 strands. The centroid of a 48 strand
pattern would be
⎡ Σ (# of strands) ⋅ (γ of strands) ⎤
y str = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (total # of strands) ⎦
⎡10 ⋅ (2 + 4 + 6 ) + (4 ⋅ 8) + 2 ⋅ (3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15) ⎤
=⎢ ⎥ = 5.79 in
⎣ 48 ⎦
Using the centroid of this group as an estimate of the strand pattern

eccentricity results in
e 48 = y g − 5.79 = 35.60 − 5.79 = 29.81 in
The area of a 0.6" diameter 7-wire strand is 0.217 in2
The axial compression produced by the prestressing strands is
P = A s ⋅ fpe = (# of strands) ⋅ (0.217) ⋅ (141.8)
The internal moment produced by the prestressing strands is
Mp / s = A s ⋅ fpe ⋅ e 48 = (# of strands) ⋅ 0.217 ⋅ 141.8 ⋅ 29.81
The allowable tension after losses = 0.19 ⋅ fc′ = 0.19 ⋅ 8 = 0.54 ksi
This moment and the axial compression from the prestress must reduce
the bottom flange tension from 4.81 ksi tension to a tension of 0.54 ksi
or
Required fpe = 4.81 − 0.54 = 4.27 ksi
P M
Using the fact that fpe = +
A S
One can estimate the required number of strands:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4.27 ⎥ ⎢ 4.27 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ 1 29.81 ⎞⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎛⎜ 1 29.81 ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎢⎜ A + S ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜ 786 + 15,390 ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ g gb ⎠ ⎦
= ⎣⎝ ⎠⎦
= 43.2 strands
(0.217 ⋅ 141.8) (0.217 ⋅ 141.8)
Try a strand pattern with 44 strands.
After reviewing Bridge Details Part II Figure 5-397.517, a 44 strand

draped strand pattern was selected. Also, the drape points were chosen
to be at 0.40L = 52.0 ft from the centerline of bearing locations. The
trial strand pattern is shown in Figure 5.7.2.4.
The properties of this strand pattern at midspan are:
⎡10 ⋅ (2 + 4 + 6 ) + 2 ⋅ (3 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 11 + 13) ⎤
y strand = ⎢ ⎥ = 5.27 in
⎣ 44 ⎦
e strand = y b − y strand = 35.60 − 5.27 = 30.33 in
Section Modulus at the strand pattern centroid is

Ig 547,920
S gps = = = 18,065 in3
e strand 30.33
Figure 5.7.2.4
[5.9.5] 2. Prestress Losses

Prestress losses are computed using the refined method.
[5.9.5.4.4b] Initial Relaxation Loss

Assume that the prestress is transferred 18 hours after stressing
18
t= = 0.75 days
24
fpj = 0.75 ⋅ fpu = 0.75 ⋅ 270 = 202.50 ksi
log (24 ⋅ t ) ⎛⎜ fpj ⎞

∆fpR1 = ⋅ − 0.55 ⎟ ⋅ fpj
40 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ fpγ ⎠
log (24 ⋅ 0.75) ⎛ 202.50 ⎞

∆fpR1 = ⋅⎜ − 0.55 ⎟ ⋅ 202.50 = 1.80 ksi
40 ⎝ 0.9 ⋅ 270 ⎠
[5.9.5.2.3] Elastic Shortening Loss

Use the alternative equation presented in the LRFD C5.9.5.2.3a.
∆fpES =
( )
A ps fpbt ⋅ Ig + em2 A g − em Mg A g
( )
A ps Ig + em2 A g +
A g Ig Eci
Ep
A ps = (# of strands) ⋅ (strand area) = 44 ⋅ 0.217 = 9.55 in2
fpbt = fpj − ∆fpR1 = 202.50 − 1.80 = 200.70 ksi
em = e strand = 30.33 in
A g Ig E ci 786 (547,920)(4347)
= = 65,687,764 in6
Ep 28,500
( )
A ps Ig + em2 A g = 9.55 [547,920 + (30.33)2 (786 )] = 12,137,748 in6
200.70 ⋅ (12,137,748) − 30.33 (1787 ) (12) (786 )

∆fpES = = 24.73 ksi
12,137,748 + 65,687,764
[5.9.5.4.2] Shrinkage Loss

Use an average humidity for Minnesota of 73%.
∆fpSR = 17.0 − (0.150 ⋅ H) = 17.0 − (0.150 ⋅ 73) = 6.05 ksi
[5.9.5.4.3] Creep Loss

Non-composite dead load moment excluding selfweight
MDC 1 − SW = (4116 − 1787 ) = 2329 kip-ft

Composite dead load moment, MDC 2 = 646 kip-ft

⎛ e ⎞ ⎛ y cg − y g + e strand ⎞
∆fcdp = ⎜ MDC 1 − SW ⋅ strand ⎟ + ⎜ MDC 2 ⋅ ⎟
⎜ Ig ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ Icg ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 30.33 ⎞ ⎛ 56.29 − 35.60 + 30.33 ⎞

= ⎜⎜ 2329.12 ⋅ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ 646.12 ⋅ ⎟⎟
⎝ 547,920 ⎠ ⎝ 1,235,000 ⎠
= 1.87 ksi
Pi P ⋅e M
fcgp = + i strand − sw
Ag S gps S gps
( )
Pi = fpj − ∆fpR1 − ∆fpES A ps = (202.50 − 1.80 − 24.73) (9.55) = 1681 kips
1681 1681 (30.33) 1787 (12)

fcgp = + − = 3.77 ksi
786 18,065 18065
∆fpCR = 12 ⋅ fcgp − 7 ⋅ ∆fcdp = (12 ⋅ 3.77) − (7 ⋅ 1.87) = 32.15 ksi
[5.9.5.4.4c] Relaxation Loss After Transfer
[ (
∆fpR2 = 0.30 ⋅ 20 − 0.4 ⋅ ∆fpES − 0.2 ⋅ ∆fpSR + ∆fpCR )]
= 0.30 ⋅ [20 − 0.4 ⋅ 24.73 − 0.2 ⋅ (6.05 + 32.15)] = 0.74 ksi
[5.9.5.1] Total Losses
∆TL = ∆fpES + ∆fpSR + ∆fpCR + ∆fpR2 = 24.73 + 6.05 + 32.15 + 0.74 = 63.67 ksi
fpe = fpj − ∆TL = 202.50 − 63.67 = 138.83 ksi
∆TL 63.67
prestress loss percentage = ⋅ 100 = ⋅ 100 = 31.4%
fpj 202.50
[5.9.4.1] 3. Stresses at Transfer (compression +, tension -)

Stress Limits for P/S Concrete at Release
Compression in the concrete is limited to:
′ = 0.60 ⋅ 7.0 = 4.20 ksi

0.60 ⋅ fci
Tension in the concrete is limited to:

The minimum of − 0.0948 ⋅ fci ′ = −0.0948 ⋅ 7.0 = −0.25 ksi
or −0.20 ksi
Tension limit = -0.20 ksi
Check Release Stresses at Drape Point (0.40 Point of Span)
Pi ⋅ e strand = 1681 ⋅ 30.33 = 50,985 kip-in

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛P ⋅ e ⎞ ⎛ 1681 ⎞ ⎛ 50,985 ⎞
Top stress due to P/S = ⎜ i ⎟ − ⎜ i strand ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟ ⎜ S gt ⎟ ⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 15,050 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= −1.25 ksi
⎛ P P ⋅e ⎞ ⎛ 1681 ⎞ ⎛ 50,985 ⎞
Bottom Stress due to P/S = ⎜ i + i strand ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag S gb ⎟ ⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 15,390 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
= 5.45 ksi
Selfweight moment at drape point = Msw0.40 = 1716 kip-ft
⎛M ⎞ ⎛ 1716 ⋅ 12 ⎞
Top stress due to selfweight = ⎜ sw0.40 ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 1.37 ksi
⎜ S gt ⎟ ⎜⎝ 15,050 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛M ⎞ ⎛ 1716 ⋅ 12 ⎞
Bottom stress due to selfweight = ⎜ sw0.40 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ = −1.34 ksi
⎜ S gb ⎟ ⎝ 15,390 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
Top stress at drape point = −1.25 + 1.37 = 0.12 ksi < −0.20 ksi OK
Bottom stress at drape point = 5.45 − 1.34 = 4.11 ksi < 4.20 ksi OK
Check Release Stresses at End of Beam

The strands need to be draped to raise the eccentricity of the prestress
force and limit the potential for cracking the top of the beams.
Centroid of strand pattern at the end of the beams:
⎡10 ⋅ (2 + 4 + 6 ) + 2 ⋅ (8 + 57 + 59 + 61 + 63 + 65 + 67) ⎤
y strand = ⎢ ⎥ = 20.0 in
⎣ 44 ⎦
The eccentricity of the strand pattern is:
e strand = y b − y strand = 35.60 − 20.00 = 15.60 in
The internal prestress moment is:
Pi ⋅ e strand = 1681 ⋅ 15.60 = 26,224 kip-in
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛P ⋅ e ⎞ ⎛ 1681 ⎞ ⎛ 26,224 ⎞
Top stress at end = ⎜ i ⎟ − ⎜ i strand ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟ ⎜ S gt ⎟ ⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 15,050 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 0.40 ksi < −0.20 ksi OK

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛P ⋅ e ⎞ ⎛ 1681 ⎞ ⎛ 26,224 ⎞
Bottom stress at end = ⎜ i ⎟ − ⎜ i strand ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟ ⎜ Sgb ⎟ ⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 15,390 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 3.84 ksi < 4.20 ksi OK
For simplicity, the stresses were checked at the end of the beam
assuming the full prestress force was effective. The check could have
been made at the transfer point (60 strand diameters away from the end
of the beam).
[5.9.4.2] 4. Stresses at Service Loads (compression +, tension -)

Stress Limits for P/S Concrete After All Losses
Compression in the concrete is limited to (Service I Load Combination):
0.45 ⋅ fc′ = 0.45 ⋅ 8.0 = 3.60 ksi

(for prestress and permanent loads)
Check the bottom stress at end of beam and the top stress at
midspan against this limit.
0.40 ⋅ fc′ = 0.40 ⋅ 8.0 = 3.20 ksi

(for live load and 1/2 of prestress and permanent loads)
Check the top stress at midspan against this limit.
0.60 ⋅ Q w ⋅ fc′ = 0.60 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 8.0 = 4.80 ksi

(for live load, prestress, permanent loads, and transient loads)
Check the top stress at midspan against this limit.
Tension in the concrete is limited to (Service III Load Combination):

− 0.19 ⋅ fc′ = −0.19 ⋅ 8.0 = −0.54 ksi
Check the bottom stress at midspan against this limit.
Check Stresses at Midspan After Losses:

Let Pe = A ps ⋅ fpe = 9.55 ⋅ 138.83 = 1326 kips
Bottom stress
⎛ MDC 1 ⎞ ⎛ MDC 2 ⎞ ⎛ MLL ⋅ 0.8 ⎞ ⎛ Pe ⎞ ⎛ Pe ⋅ e strand ⎞
=⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
⎜ S gb ⎟ ⎜ S cb ⎟ ⎜⎝ S cb ⎟⎠ ⎜ A g ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ gb ⎠
⎛ 4116 ⋅ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 646 ⋅ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 2856 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.8 ⎞ ⎛ 1326 ⎞ ⎛ 1326 ⋅ 30.33 ⎞

= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 15,390 ⎠ ⎝ 21,940 ⎠ ⎝ 21,940 ⎠ ⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎝ 15,390 ⎠
= −0.51 ksi < −0.54 ksi OK
Top stress due to all loads

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛P ⋅ e ⎞ ⎛ MDC 1 ⎞ ⎛ MDC 2 + MLL ⎞
= ⎜ e ⎟ − ⎜ e strand ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟ ⎜ S gt ⎟ ⎜ S gt ⎟ ⎜ S gtc ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1326 ⎞ ⎛ 1326 ⋅ 30.33 ⎞ ⎛ 4116 ⋅ 12 ⎞ ⎡ (646 + 2856 ) ⋅ 12 ⎤

=⎜ ⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎢ ⎥
⎝ 786 ⎠ ⎝ 15,050 ⎠ ⎝ 15,050 ⎠ ⎣ 78,610 ⎦
= 2.83 ksi < 4.80 ksi OK
By inspection, top stress due to prestress and permanent loads is less

than 3.60 ksi. Also by inspection, top stress due to live load plus
1
/2 prestress and permanent loads is less than 3.20 ksi.
Check the Compression Stresses at End of Beam After Losses

Bottom flange stress due to prestress and permanent loads
Pe P ⋅e 1326 1326 ⋅ 15.60

+ e strand = + = 3.03 ksi < 3.60 ksi OK
Ag S 786 15,390
[5.5.4] 5. Flexure – Strength Limit State

Resistance factors at the strength limit state are:
φ = 1.00 for flexure and tension
φ = 0.90 for shear and torsion
φ = 1.00 for tension in steel in anchorage zones
Strength I design moment is 10,951 kip-ft at midspan.
Check for rectangular beam behavior by comparing the tensile capacity of

the strands and the compression capacity of the deck.
Tensile strength of 44 strands is: 44 ⋅ 0.217 ⋅ 270 = 2578 kips
Maximum compressive force generated by the deck is

0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b ⋅ t s = 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 108 ⋅ 8.5 = 3121 kips
The strands have less capacity than the deck, so assume a rectangular
cross section.
From previous calculations, distance to strand centroid from bottom of

the beam is:
y strand = 5.27 in
⎛ fpy ⎞
[5.7.3.1.1]
k = 2 ⋅ ⎜1.04 − ⎟ = 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜1.04 − 243 ⎞⎟ = 0.280
⎜ f ⎟ ⎝ 270 ⎠
⎝ pu ⎠
dp = ( beam height ) + stool + deck − y strand
= 72 + 1.5 + 8.5 − 5.27 = 76.73 in
[5.7.3.1.1-4] ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (
A ps ⋅ fpu ) ⎥
c=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ fpu ⎞ ⎥
⎟
⎢ ⎜ 0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ β1 ⋅ b ⋅ k ⋅ A ps ⋅ d ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ p ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
9 .55 ⋅ 270
=⎜ ⎟ = 8.02 in
⎜ 270 ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 108 + 0.28 ⋅ 9.55 ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 76.73 ⎠
⎛ c ⎞⎟ ⎛ 8.02 ⎞
fps = fpu = ⎜1 − k ⋅ = 270 ⋅ ⎜1 − 0.28 ⋅ ⎟ = 262.10 ksi
⎜ dp ⎟⎠ ⎝ 76.73 ⎠
⎝
a = β1 ⋅ c = 0.85 ⋅ 8.02 = 6.82 in
Internal lever arm between compression and tension flexural force

components:
a 6.82
dp − = 76.73 − = 73.32 in
2 2
Mn = A ps ⋅ fps ⋅ 73.32 = 9.55 ⋅ 262.10 ⋅ 73.32 = 18,524 kip-in
= 15,294 kip-ft
φ Mn = 1.0 ⋅ 15,294 = 15,294 kip-ft > Mu = 10,951 kip-ft OK
[5.7.3.3.1] 6. Limits of Reinforcement

Maximum Reinforcement
The depth of the flexural compressive block is compared to the depth of
the steel centroid to verify adequate ductility.
c 8.02
= = 0.10 < 0.42 OK
dp 76.73
[5.7.3.3.2] Minimum Reinforcement
fr = 0.24 ⋅ fc′ = 0.24 ⋅ 8.0 = 0.68 ksi
Pe P ⋅e
fpeb = + e strand
Ag S gb
1326 1326 ⋅ 30.33
= + = 4.30 ksi
786 15,390
⎛ S cgb ⎞
( )
Mcr = fr + fpeb ⋅ S cgb − MDC 1 ⋅ ⎜
⎜ S gb
− 1⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 21,940 ⎞
= (0.68 + 4.30) ⋅ 21,940 − (4116 ⋅ 12) ⋅ ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ = 88,240 kip-in
⎝ 15,390 ⎠
= 7353 kip-ft
1.2 ⋅ Mcr = 1.2 ⋅ 7353 = 8824 < 15,294 kip-ft provided OK
E. Design 1. Vertical Shear Design

Reinforcement for Determine d v and Critical Section for Shear
Shear Begin by assuming a theta angle of 26 degrees. If the theta angle ends
up flatter, the critical section will move towards midspan and the shear
[5.8] demand will reduce.
Begin by determining the effective shear depth dv at the critical section

for shear.
a
dv = dp −
2
The effective shear depth is no less than:
dv ≥ 0.72 ⋅ h = 0.72 ⋅ (72 + 1.5 + 8.5) = 59.04 in
The internal face is assumed to be at the inside edge of the 15 inch sole
plate. The critical section will be at least 66.54 inches (59.04 + 15 / 2) or
5.55 feet away from the centerline of bearing. Find the centroid of the
prestressing strands at this location:
The centroid of the prestressing strands is at:
⎛ 5.55 ft. ⎞
y str @ dv = y end − ⎜⎜ (
⎟⎟ ⋅ y end − y drape )
⎝ 0.40 ⋅ span ⎠
⎛ 5.55 ⎞
= 20 − ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ (20 − 5.27) = 18.43 in
⎝ 0.40 ⋅ 130 ⎠
With this approximation to the strand centroid, dp can be computed:
dp = h − y str @ dv = (72 + 1.5 + 8.5) − 18.43 = 63.57 in
From the flexural strength computations, a = 6.82 in

a 6.82
dv = dp − = 63.57 − = 60.16 in
2 2
But the effective shear depth dv need not be less than

dv ≥ 0.72 ⋅ h = 59.04 in
or
dv ≥ 0.9 de = 0.9 dp = 0.9 (63.57) = 57.21 in
Therefore take dv = 60.16 in
Based on the assumed θ , the critical section location is:

dcritv = 7.5 + 0.5 ⋅ dv ⋅ cot (θ) = 7.5 + 0.5 ⋅ (60.16 ) ⋅ cot (26 )
= 69.17 in = 5.8 ft GOVERNS
or
dcritv = 7.5 + dv = 7.5 + 60.16 = 67.63 in
Determine Shear Stress

From Table 5.7.2.4 the Strength I design shear at 5.8 ft is
Vu = 358 kips
The amount of force carried by the draped strands at their effective

prestress level is:
P12d = 12 ⋅ 0.217 ⋅ 138.83 = 361.5 kips
The inclination of the draped strands is:
⎡ (62 − 8) / 12 ⎤
φ = arctan ⎢ ⎥ = 4.887 deg rees
⎣ 52.63 ⎦
The vertical prestress component is:
Vp = P12d ⋅ sin (φ) = 361.5 ⋅ sin (4.887) = 30.8 kips
Compute maximum shear capacity of the section
Vn = 0.25 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ dv ⋅ b v + Vp = 0.25 ⋅ 8.0 ⋅ 60.16 ⋅ 6.0 + 30.8 = 752.7 kips

The maximum design shear the section can have is:
φ v ⋅ Vn = 0.90 ⋅ 752.7 = 677.4 kips >> 358 kips
Compute the shear stress on the section:

⎛ Vu − φ v − Vp ⎞ ⎛ 358 − 0.90 ⋅ 30.8 ⎞
v = ⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜
⎟ ⎝ 0.90 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 60.16 ⎟⎠ = 1.017 ksi
⎝ φ v ⋅ b v ⋅ dv ⎠
The ratio of the shear stress to the compressive strength is:
v 1.017
= = 0.127
fc′ 8.0
Determine Longitudinal Strain ε x

Assume that minimum transverse reinforcement will be provided in the
cross section.
First, determine A ps . Note that A ps computed here is different than the

A ps computed earlier. This A ps includes only the area of prestressing
steel found on the flexural tension side of the member. Near the end of
the beam, A ps must also be reduced for development.
Development length l d is:
⎛ 2 ⎞
l d = K ⎜ fps − fpe ⎟ db
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎡ 2 ⎤
= 1.6 ⎢262.10 − (138.83)⎥ (0.6 ) = 162.8 in
⎣ 3 ⎦
Transfer length l tr is:
l tr = 60 ⋅ db = 60 (0.6) = 36.0 in
At the critical section dcritv = 69.14 in from the beam end, the strand
development fraction
fpe dcritv − l tr ⎛ f ⎞
Fdev = + ⎜1 − pe ⎟
fpu l d − l tr ⎜ fpu ⎟⎠
⎝
138.83 69.14 − 36.0 ⎛ 138.83 ⎞

= + ⎜1 − ⎟ = 0.641
270 162.8 − 36.0 ⎝ 270 ⎠
The flexural tension side of the member is defined as:

hcomp 82.0
= = 41.0 in
2 2
At dcritv none of the draped strands fall on the flexural tension side.
Therefore, A ps = (# straight str.)(strand area)( Fdev )
= (32)(0.217)(0.641) = 4.451 in2
[5.8.3.4.3] Use equation 5.8.3.4.2-1 to compute the strain:

⎡ Mu
( ) ⎤
⎢ d + 0.5 ⋅ Vu − Vp ⋅ cot (θ) − A ps ⋅ fpo ⎥
εx =⎢ v ⎥
⎢ (
2 ⋅ Ep ⋅ A ps ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1897.12 ⎤
⎢ 60.16 + 0.5 ⋅ (358 − 30.8) ⋅ cot (26 ) − (4.451 ⋅ 0.70 ⋅ 270) ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ (28,500 ⋅ 4.451) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎛ − 127.4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −0.000502
⎝ 253,707 ⎠
Because the value is negative, equation three should be investigated with

the additional concrete term:
From Figure 5.4.6.1, A c = 431 in2
⎡ Mu
( ) ⎤
⎢ d + 0.5 ⋅ Vu − Vp ⋅ cot (θ) − A ps ⋅ fpo ⎥
εx =⎢ v ⎥
⎢ (
2 ⋅ Ec ⋅ Ac + Ep ⋅ A ps ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1897.12 ⎤
⎢ 60.16 + 0.5 ⋅ (358 − 30.8) ⋅ cot (26 ) − (4.451 ⋅ 0.70 ⋅ 270) ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ (4578 ⋅ 431 + 28,500 ⋅ 4.451) ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎛ − 127.4 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −0.000030
⎝ 4,199,943 ⎠
With the strain and shear stress to fc′ ratio determined, interpolate to
find β and θ in LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1.
θ = 23.2 degrees
β = 2.90
Since the original assumption for θ (26 degrees) does not match the
computed angle, do an iteration assuming θ = 23.2 degrees. Because
new angle is flatter than original assumption, do not revise location of
critical section for shear (conservative).
For θ = 23.2 degrees, ε x = −0.000019
v
Then with = 0.126 and ε x = −0.000019 , interpolate to get:
fc′
θ = 23.4 degrees (close enough to assumed angle)
β = 2.89
Compute the concrete contribution:
Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b v ⋅ dv = 0.0316 ⋅ 2.896 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 60.16 = 93.2 kips
The required steel contribution is:
Vu 358
Vs = Vn − Vc − Vp = − Vc − Vp = − 93.2 − 30.8 = 273.8 kips
φv 0.90
Find the required spacing of double leg #13 stirrups:

A v ⋅ fy ⋅ dv ⋅ cot (θ) 2 ⋅ 0.20 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60.16 ⋅ cot (23.4)
s= = = 12.2 in
Vs 273.8
Provide double leg stirrups at a 12 inch spacing at the end of the beam.
A v = 040 in2 / ft Vs = 277.9 kips
Other sections are investigated similarly.
[5.8.4] 2. Interface Shear Transfer

Top flange width b v = 30 in
The Strength I vertical shear at the critical shear section due to all
superimposed loads is:
Vu = 1.25 (9 + 9) + 1.75 (109 ) = 213.3
Interface shear force is:
Vu Vu 213.3
Vh = = = = 3.55 kip/in
de a 60.16
dp −
2
Required nominal interface design shear is:
Vh 3.55
Vn = = = 3.94 kip/in
φv 0.90
The interface area per 1 inch length of beam is:
A cv = 30 ⋅ 1 = 30.0 in2 /in
The upper limits on nominal interface shear are:
0.2 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ A cv = 0.2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 30.0 = 24.0 kip/in > 3.94 kip/in OK
and
0.8 ⋅ A cv = 0.8 ⋅ 30.0 = 24.0 kip/in > 3.94 kip/in OK
Determine the amount of interface shear carried by cohesion. A note on

the Bridge Details II Fig. 5-397.517 requires the top flanges of the beam
to be roughened. Consequently use a cohesion (c) of 0.100 ksi and a
friction factor ( µ ) of 1.0.
The nominal interface shear resistance is:
Vn = c A cv + µ (A vf fγ + Pc )
Pc = 0.0 kip
Substitute and solve for required interface shear steel:
V − c A cv 3.94 − 0.1 (30.0)

A vf = = = 0.016 in2 /in = 0.19 in2 /ft
µ ⋅ fy 1.0 ⋅ 60
[Eng. 5.8.4.1-4] The minimum shear steel that needs to be provided is:
0.05 ⋅ b v 0.05 ⋅ 30
A vf min = = = 0.025 in2 /in = 0.30 in2 /ft
fy 60
The minimum requirement controls.
Vertical shear reinforcement A v = 0.40 in2 /ft > 0.30 in2 /ft at the critical
section for shear. Therefore, no additional reinforcement is required for
interface shear.
Other sections are investigated similarly.

[5.8.3.5] 3. Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement

Check a diagonal section with a crack starting at the inside edge of the
bearing sole plate.
Straight strands cross the crack at:
sole plate + y 32 ⋅ cot (θ) = 15 + 4.25 ⋅ cot (23.4) = 24.82 in
The transfer length for 0.6" strands is:
60 ⋅ ds = 60 ⋅ 0.6 = 36 in
Interpolate to find the tensile capacity of the straight strands at the

crack:
length to crack 24.82

Tr = fpe ⋅ A ps ⋅ = 138.83 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 0.217 ⋅ = 664.6 kips
transfer length 36
The force to carry is:

⎛V ⎞
T = ⎜⎜ u − 0.5 ⋅ Vs − Vp ⎟⎟ ⋅ cot (θ)
⎝ ϕv ⎠
⎛ 358 ⎞
=⎜ − 0.5 ⋅ 277.9 − 30.8 ⎟ ⋅ cot (23.4)
⎝ 0.90 ⎠
= 526.9 kips < 664.6 kips OK
F. Design Bursting Reinforcement

Pretensioned To prevent cracking in the beam end due to the transfer of the
Anchorage Zone prestressing force from the strands to the concrete, bursting steel needs
Reinforcement to be provided in the anchorage zone.
[5.10.10.1]
Use a load factor of 1.0 and lateral force component of 4% to determine
the required amount of steel.
The factored design bursting force is:
Pb = 1.0 ⋅ 0.04 ⋅ Pi = 1.0 ⋅ 0.04 ⋅ 1681 = 67.2 kips
The amount of resisting reinforcement is determined using a steel stress

fs of 20 ksi:
Pb 67.2
As = = = 3.36 in2
fs 20
This steel should be located at the end of the beam within a distance of:
h 72
= = 18.0 in
4 4
The number of #16 double legged stirrups necessary to provide this area
is:
As 3.36
= = 5.4
2 ⋅ Ab 2 ⋅ 0.31
The first set of stirrups is located 2 inches from the end of the beam.
Provide six sets of #16 stirrups spaced at 3 inch centers.
( 2 + 5 ⋅ 3 = 17 in < 18 in)
[5.10.10.2] Confinement Reinforcement

Reinforcement is required at the ends of the beam to confine the
prestressing steel in the bottom flange. G1303E and G1607E bars (see
Figure 5.7.2.5) will be placed at a maximum spacing of 6 inches out to
1.5d from the ends of the beam. For simplicity in detailing and ease of
tying the reinforcement, space the vertical shear reinforcement with the
confinement reinforcement in this area.
1.5 d = 1.5 (72) = 108.0 in
G. Determine Camber Due to Prestressing and Dead Load Deflection

Camber and Using the PCI handbook (Figure 4.10.13 of the 3rd Edition), the camber
Deflection due to prestress can be found. The centroid of the prestressing has an
[2.5.2.6.2] eccentricity emid of 30.33 inches at midspan. At the end of the beams
[3.6.1.3.2] the eccentricity e e is 15.60 inches. E is the initial concrete modulus
[5.7.3.6.2] (4347 ksi), Po equals the prestress force just after transfer (1681 kips).
The drape points are at 0.4 of the span. The span length is 130.0 feet.
Using the equation for the two point depressed strand pattern:
e′ = emid − e e = 30.33 − 15.60 = 14.73 in
Po e e L2 Po e′ ⎛ L2 a2 ⎞
∆ ps = + ⎜ − ⎟
8 EI EI ⎜⎝ 8 6 ⎟
⎠
1681(15.60)(130 ⋅ 12)2 1681(14.73) ⎡ (130 ⋅ 12)2 (0.4 ⋅ 130 ⋅ 12)2 ⎤

= + ⎢ − ⎥
8 (4347)(547,920) 4347(547,920) ⎢ 8 6 ⎥⎦
⎣
= 5.84 in
Downward deflection due to selfweight

0.846
5 ⋅ w ⋅ L4
5⋅ (130 ⋅ 12)4
∆ sw = = 12 = 2.28 in
384 ⋅ E ⋅ I 384 ⋅ 4347 ⋅ 547,920
Camber at release ∆ rel = ∆ ps − ∆ sw = 5.84 − 2.28 = 3.56 in
To estimate camber at the time of erection the deflection components are

multiplied by standard PCI handbook multipliers. (See Figure 4.6.3 of
the 3rd Edition.) They are:
Release to Erection Multipliers:
Prestress = 1.80
Selfweight = 1.85
Camber and selfweight deflection values at erection are:

Prestress: 1.80 ⋅ 5.84 = 10.51 in
Selfweight: 1.85 ⋅ (− 2.28) = −4.22 in
Diaphragm DL: −0.03 in
Deck and stool DL: −2.84 in
Parapet: −0.17 in
The values to be placed in the camber diagram on the beam plan sheet
are arrived at by combining the values above.
“Initial Total Camber”
10.51 − 4.22 − 0.03 = 6.26 in say 61/4 in
“Est. Dead Load Deflection”
2.84 + 0.17 = 3.01 in say 3 in
“Est. Residual Camber”
61/4 – 3 = 31/4 in
Live Load Deflection

The deflection of the bridge is checked when subjected to live load and
compared against the limiting values of L/800 for vehicle only bridges and
L
/1000 for bridges with bicycle or pedestrian traffic.
Deflection due to lane load is:
⎡ 0.64 4 ⎤
⎛ 5 ⋅ w ⋅ L4 ⎞ ⎢ 5 ⋅ 12 ⋅ (130 ⋅ 12) ⎥
∆ lane =⎜ ⎟=⎢ ⎥ = 0.73 in
⎜ 384 ⋅ E ⋅ I ⎟ ⎢ 384 ⋅ 4578 ⋅ 1,235,000 ⎥
⎝ ⎠
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
Deflection due to a truck with dynamic load allowance is found using

hand computations or computer tools to be:
∆ truck = 1.46 in
Two deflections are computed and compared to the limiting values; that
of the truck alone and that of the lane load plus 25% of the truck. Both
deflections need to be adjusted with the distribution factor for deflection.
∆1 = DF∆ ⋅ ∆ truck = 0.567 ⋅ 1.46 = 0.83 in
∆ 2 = DF∆ ⋅ (∆ lane + 0.25 ⋅ ∆ truck ) = 0.567 ⋅ (0.73 + 0.25 ⋅ 1.46 ) = 0.62 in
There is no bicycle or pedestrian traffic on the bridge, the deflection limit

is:
L 130 ⋅ 12
= = 1.95 in >> than ∆1 or ∆ 2 OK
800 800
H. Detailing Items Approximate weight of each beam is:
786 in2 0.155 kips 1 ton

L ⋅ A ⋅ y = 131.25 ft ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 55.5 tons
2 2 3 2 kips
144 in /ft ft
Initial prestress force at jacking is:
44 ⋅ 0.217 ⋅ 0.75 ⋅ 270 = 1933 kips
Figure 5.7.2.5 shows the detailed beam sheet for the bridge.
Figure 5.7.2.5

5.7.3 Three-Span This example illustrates the design of a haunched post-tensioned

Haunched Post- concrete slab bridge. The three continuous spans are 55'-0", 70'-0", and
Tensioned Concrete 55'-0" in length. The roadway width is 44'-0" with Mn/DOT Type F
Slab Design barrier railings for a total out-to-out width of 47'-4". A plan view and
Example typical sections of the bridge are shown in Figures 5.7.3.1 and 5.7.3.2.
After computing the dead and live loads, a preliminary tendon profile is
developed. Prestress losses for the preliminary layout are computed for
anchor set, friction, elastic shortening, creep, shrinkage, and relaxation.
Subsequently, the load combinations are assembled (with the secondary
post-tensioning force effects included). Flexural and shear strength
checks are performed, after which deflection and camber calculations are
assembled. Lastly, the design of the anchorage zone is performed.
Single ended jacking is assumed for the design. The construction

documents will require that the jacked end and the dead ends alternate.
With the tendons stressed at alternating ends, the results for the friction
losses and anchor set losses for tendons stressed at opposite ends will be
averaged to obtain losses for a “typical” tendon.
A. Material and The following material and design parameters are used in this example:
Design Parameters
Table 5.7.3.1
Design Parameters
Material Parameter Value
[5.4.2.4]
′
Compressive Strength at Transfer, fci 4.5 ksi
Concrete
Compressive Strength at 28 days, f′c 5.0 ksi
[Table 5.4.4.1-1] Modulus of Elasticity at Transfer, Eci 3865 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity at 28 days, Ec 4074 ksi
7-wire Strand 0.60 in dia., low-lax

[5.4.4.2]
0.217 in 2
Prestressing
Area of one Strand

Steel Reinforcement
Tensile Strength, fpu 270.0 ksi

[5.4.3.2] Yield Strength, fpy 243.0 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity, Ep 28,500 ksi
Yield Strength, Fy 60 ksi

Rebar
Modulus of Elasticity, Es 29,000 ksi
Additional Dead Loads

Future Wearing Surface = 0.020 ksf
Type F Barriers, w = 0.439 kip/ft/barrier
Figure 5.7.3.1
Bridge Layout
Figure 5.7.3.2
Transverse and Longitudinal Sections
B. Haunch Length MnDOT’s standard design practice is to use linear haunches, with a
and Minimum haunch length of 15% of the length of the longest span in the continuous
Recommended Slab system.
Depth
Haunch Length:
0.15 ⋅ 70 = 10.5 ft Use 10.5 ft
[2.5.2.6.3] The depth of the slab at midspan can be estimated with:
0.95 ⋅ (0.027 ⋅ L ) = 0.95 ⋅ (0.027 ⋅ 70) = 1.80 ft Use 1.83 ft
A trial depth of the slab at the piers can be found with:
4 4
⋅ (midspan slab depth) = ⋅ (1.80) = 2.39 ft Use 2.50 ft
3 3
C. Live Load Strip The equations in the LRFD Specifications are arranged to determine the
Widths and width of slab that resists a particular live load. To simplify the design
Distribution Factors process (which is based on a 1 foot wide design strip) the resultant
[4.6.2.3] widths are rearranged to determine the fraction of lane load carried by a
[3.6.1.1.1] 1 foot wide strip of slab.
Distribution Factor for Flexure – One Lane Loaded

The equation used to find the width of slab resisting one lane of live
loading is:
E = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ L 1 ⋅ W1
Where:
L 1 is the modified span length (the smaller of the actual span length
and 60 feet)
W1 is the modified bridge width (the smaller of the actual width and
30 feet)
Substituting in values for the side and main spans produces:

55 ft Spans:
Es = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 30 = 213.1 in/lane
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.056 lanes/ft
Es ⎝ 213.1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
70 ft Span:
Es = 10.0 + 5.0 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 30 = 222.1 in/lane
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.054 lanes/ft
Es ⎝ 222.1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
Distribution Factor for Flexure – Multiple Lanes Loaded

A similar procedure is used to determine the width of slab that carries
multiple lanes of live load. The general equation is:
12.0 ⋅ W
E = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ L 1 ⋅ W1 ≤
NL
Where:
L 1 is the modified span length (smaller of the span length and

60 ft)
W1 is the modified bridge width (smaller of the bridge width and
60 ft)
W is the physical edge-to-edge width of the bridge (47.33 ft)
NL is the number of design lanes:
44
NL = = 3.7 Use 3
12
Substituting values into the equations for the side and main spans
produces:
55 ft Spans:
12.0 ⋅ 47.33
Em = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ 55 ⋅ 47.33 = 157.5 ≤ = 189.3 in/lane
3
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.076 lanes/ft
Em ⎝ 157.5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
70 ft Span:
12.0 ⋅ 47.33
Em = 84.0 + 1.44 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 47.33 = 160.7 ≤ = 189.3 in/lane
3
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.075 lanes/ft
Em ⎝ 160.7 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
Distribution Factor for Shear

The shear check is performed with a single distribution factor where all
design lanes are loaded and the entire slab is assumed to participate in
carrying the load.
⎛ MPF ⎞ ⎛ 0.85 ⎞
E v = (# of lanes) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 3⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.054 lanes/ft
⎝ deck width ⎠ ⎝ 47.33 ⎠
[2.5.2.6.2] Distribution Factor for Deflection

Deflection computations should be based on the same distribution factor
calculated for shear forces:
E ∆ = E v = 0.054 lanes/ft
D. Edge Beam The exterior strip is assumed to carry one wheel line and a tributary
Width and portion of lane live load.
Distribution Factor
[4.6.2.1.4] Check if the equivalent strip is less than the maximum width of
72 inches.
E = (edge of slab to inside face of barrier ) + 12.0 +

(strip width)
2
157.4
E = 20 + 12 + = 110.7 in > 72.0 in Use 72.0 in
2
Compute the distribution factor associated with one truck wheel line:
⎡ 1 wheel line ⋅ ( MPF ) ⎤

LLDFEXTT = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ( 2 wheel lines/lane ) ⋅ (E / 12 ) ⎦
⎡ 1 ⋅ (1.2) ⎤
=⎢ ⎥ = 0.100 lanes/ft
⎣ 2 ⋅ (72 / 12) ⎦
Compute the distribution factor associated with lane load on a 72 inch

wide exterior strip. Subtract the gutter line to edge of deck distance to
obtain the deck width loaded:
⎡ ⎛ deck width loaded ⎞ ⎤

⎢⎜ ⎟ ⋅ MPF ⎥
⎝ 10 ft. load width ⎠
LLDFEXTL =⎢ ⎥
⎢ (exterior strip width) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ 72 / 12 − 20 / 12 ⎞ ⎤
⎢⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 1.2 ⎥
10
LLDFEXTL = ⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎥ lanes/ft
⎢ 72 / 12 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
For simplicity, the larger value (0.100 lanes/ft) is used for both load
types when assembling design forces for the exterior strip.
Table 5.7.3.2 summarizes the distribution factors for the different force
components.
Table 5.7.3.2
Distribution Factor Summary
Span Distribution Factor
Force Component Width Type of Loading
(ft) (lanes/ft)
55 0.056
One Lane
70 0.054
Interior Strip
Flexure 55 0.076
Multiple Lanes
70 0.075
Exterior Strip One Lane 55 & 70 0.100
Shear Slab Width Multiple Lanes 55 & 70 0.054
Deflections Slab Width Multiple Lanes 55 & 70 0.054
The following load modifiers will be used for this example:

η = ηD ⋅ ηR ⋅ ηI 1.0 1.0 1.0
E. Load The load combinations considered for the design example are identified
Combinations, Load below:
Factors, and Load
Modifiers STRENGTH I – Used to ensure adequate strength under normal vehicular
[3.4.1] use.
[1.3.3-1.3.5]
U = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.25 ⋅ DW + 1.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)]
SERVICE I – Used for compression checks in prestressed concrete.
U = 1.0 ⋅ (DC + DW ) + 1.0 ⋅ (LL + IM)
SERVICE III – Used for tension checks in prestressed concrete for crack
control purposes.
U = 1.0 ⋅ (DC + DW ) + 0.8 ⋅ (LL + IM)
[5.5.3.1] FATIGUE – No fatigue check is necessary for fully prestressed sections.

F. Live Loads The HL-93 live load components used for this example are:
[3.6.1] Design Truck
Design Lane
Design Tandem
Truck Train
The live load components are combined in the following manner:

Design Truck + Design Lane
Design Tandem + Design Lane
0.90 (Truck Train + Design Lane) (Neg. Moment Regions)
[3.6.2] Dynamic Load Allowance

The dynamic load allowance, (IM) for truck and tandem live loads is
33% for all applicable limit states and load combinations.
G. Dead Loads Interior Strip (1'-0" Width)

The 2 inch wearing course is included in the slab depth (h) used to
determine the dead loads (wDC ) . It is not considered part of the
structural section resisting loads.
⎛ 2 ⋅ wbarrier ⎞
wDC = (width) ⋅ w c ⋅ h + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ deck width ⎠
⎛ 2 ⋅ 0.439 ⎞
= (1.0) ⋅ 0.150 ⋅ h + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.019 kip/ft
⎝ 47.33 ⎠
For design simplicity the dead load associated with the future wearing
surface (0.020 ksf) is combined with the other DC loads.
wDC = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.019 + 0.020 = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.039 kip/ft
Edge Strip (1'-0" Width)

For the design of the edge strip, it is conservatively assumed that the
dead load of one barrier is carried by each edge strip.
⎛ 0.439 ⎞
wDC = 0.150 ⋅ h + ⎜ ⎟ = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.073 kip/ft
⎝ 6.0 ⎠
The future wearing surface load is:
⎛ 6.0 − 1.67 ⎞
wDW = 0.120 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.014 kip/ft
⎝ 6.0 ⎠
The combined dead load is:
wDC = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.073 + wDW = 0.150 ⋅ h + 0.087 kip/ft
H. Structural The dead and live loads were applied to a continuous beam model with
Analysis Model and gross section properties. Nonprismatic properties were used to account
Resultant Loads for the presence of the linear haunches near the piers. The results of the
analysis are presented in Tables 5.7.3.3 and 5.7.3.4.
Table 5.7.3.3
Moment Load Components (kip-ft)
Dead Load (per ft) Live Load (per lane)*
Span
Interior Strip Exterior Strip Lane Truck Tandem Truck Train
Point
MDC MDC Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Min.
1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
1.1 31 35 78 -20 263 -47 227 -36 -
1.2 51 59 136 -39 433 -94 384 -71 -
1.3 62 71 175 -59 519 -140 475 -107 -
1.4 62 71 195 -78 552 -187 507 -142 -
1.5 52 59 196 -98 534 -234 492 -178 -
1.6 31 36 177 -118 476 -281 437 -213 -
1.7 1 1 138 -137 359 -327 345 -249 -286
1.8 -40 -46 83 -159 204 -374 228 -284 -380
1.9 -92 -105 52 -225 116 -421 97 -320 -516
2.0 -155 -177 46 -335 129 -468 102 -355 -698
2.1 -78 -89 42 -190 77 -335 118 -265 -483
2.2 -20 -23 71 -109 246 -284 268 -224 -303
2.3 22 25 133 -93 416 -232 392 -183 -
2.4 47 53 181 -93 520 -180 472 -143 -
2.5 55 63 196 -93 545 -129 496 -102 -
* Values do not include dynamic load allowance.
Table 5.7.3.4
Shear Load Components (kips)
Live Load (per lane)*
Span Dead Load
Lane Truck Tandem
Point (per ft)
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1.0 6.5 15.9 -3.6 56.7 -8.5 47.7 -6.5
1.1 4.7 12.6 -3.8 47.8 -8.5 41.2 -6.5
1.2 2.8 9.8 -4.5 39.4 -8.5 34.9 -10.5
1.3 0.9 7.4 -5.6 31.4 -14.1 28.8 -16.8
1.4 -0.9 5.4 -7.1 24.1 -22.0 23.0 -22.8
1.5 -2.8 3.8 -9.1 17.4 -29.6 17.7 -28.5
1.6 -4.6 2.6 -11.4 11.6 -37.6 12.8 -33.7
1.7 -6.5 1.8 -14.1 6.5 -45.2 8.5 -38.5
1.8 -8.3 1.2 -17.0 2.3 -52.1 4.9 -42.6
1.9 -10.4 0.9 -20.3 2.3 -58.2 1.9 -46.0
2.0 12.4 25.1 -2.7 64 -63.6 49 -49
2.1 9.6 20.7 -2.8 57.4 -7.4 45.2 -5.8
2.2 7.1 16.8 -3.3 49.9 -7.4 40.7 -6.6
2.3 4.7 13.2 -4.3 41.7 -10.2 35.3 -11.6
2.4 2.4 10.2 -5.7 33.3 -17.1 29.4 -17.2
2.5 0.0 7.7 -7.7 24.9 -24.9 23.3 -23.3
* Values do not include dynamic load allowance.

I. Develop Begin by determining the eccentricity of the tendon at primary locations

Preliminary Tendon and calculating the dead load and live load moments. Preliminary runs
Profile with assumed prestress losses are used to determine an appropriate
tendon area or tendon force per foot. The prestress needs to provide
zero tension stress in the slab at the service limit state. For this
example, a 12 strand (0.6 inch diameter) tendon is found to be
appropriate when spaced at 2'-5".
A handful of suppliers provide post-tensioning products in the U.S.

Catalogs from the suppliers should be reviewed to ensure that standard
tendons and ducts are used. LRFD Article 5.4.6.2 places maximum and
minimum limits on the size of ducts based on the size of the tendon and
the least concrete dimension of the member.
The tendon low points for the side spans will be placed at Span Points 1.4
and 3.6 (22 ft away from the abutment end of the span). The tendon low
point for the center span will be placed at midspan (Span Point 2.5). The
tendon high points will be located over the piers at Span Points 2.0 and
3.0. The tendon will be at the centroid of the gross cross section at each
end of the structure (Span Points 1.0 and 4.0). See Figure 5.7.3.3 for a
sketch of the proposed tendon profile and tendon centroid locations at
high and low points of the tendon profile.
Critical points of the tendon geometry are calculated as:

dtop at Span Point 1.0 = 11.00 in
dtop at Span Points 1.4 and 2.5 = 22 - 1.5 - 0.625 - 2.25 = 17.63 in
dtop at Span Points 2.0 = 3 + 0.625 + 2.25 = 5.88 in
Figure 5.7.3.3
Tendon Profile and Centroid Locations
Tendon Equations
The tendon profile can be defined with a series of parabolas where for
each parabola:
y = a ⋅ x2 + b ⋅ x + c
With the section depth varying along the slab, use the top of the slab as
the datum for defining the parabolic curves. The tendon profile is
described with three parabolas; one describing the positive moment
region of the side spans, a second describing the negative moment
regions over the piers, and lastly a third parabola describing the positive
moment region of the center span. Using the constraints:
y= 11.00 inches at x = 0 feet

y = 17.63 inches at x = 22 feet
Slope = 0 at x = 22 feet
The equation for the parabola for the positive moment regions of the side
spans is found to be:
y = (− 0.01369 ) ⋅ x 2 + (0.6023) ⋅ x + 11.00 (x in feet, y in inches)
Knowing that the y-coordinate and the slope for the tendon profile needs
to be consistent at the location where parabolas meet, the second and
third parabolas can be found.
Set the origin for the second parabola to be at Span Point 2.0. The
following constraints can be used to determine the constants for the
parabola:

y at the end of the curve matches that of the 1st parabola
Slope at the end of the curve matches that of the 1st parabola
The location where the 1st and 2nd parabolas meet was found by changing
the length of the 2nd parabola until the y value and slope matched that of
the 1st parabola. The parabolas satisfy the criteria if they meet at a point
7.00 feet away from the pier (Span Point 1.873). The equation for the
2nd parabola is:
y = (0.05092 ) ⋅ x 2 + (0) ⋅ x + 5.875 (x in feet, y in inches)

With the 2nd parabola defined, the same procedure can be used to
determine the constants for the 3rd parabola. With x = 0 at Span Point
2.5, the constants are:

y at the end of the curve matches that of the 2nd parabola
Slope at the end of the curve matches that of the 2nd parabola
After iterating the length of the 3rd parabola, the location where the y
values and slopes match for the 2nd and 3rd parabolas is at a location
7.00 feet away from the pier (Span Point 2.1). The equation for the 2nd
parabola is:
y = (− 0.0118) ⋅ x 2 + (0) ⋅ x + 17.625 (x in feet, y in inches)
Tendon Geometry
The tendon profile information for different points along the bridge are
presented in Table 5.7.3.5. The equations presented above are in mixed
units with the y values in inches and the x values in feet. To arrive at the
tendon slopes in radians, the equation constants were divided by 12.
Table 5.7.3.5
Tendon Geometry
Tendon Eccentricity (in)
Tendon Slope (radians)

* Tendon Centroid (in)
Cumulative Length of
Depth of Section (in)
Section Centroid (in)
Cumulative Angle
Change (radians)
Tendon (ft)
Span Point
1.0/4.0 22.00 11.00 11.00 0.00 +/- 0.050 0.000/180.094 0.000/0.559

1.1/3.9 22.00 11.00 13.90 -2.90 +/- 0.038 5.505/174.588 0.013/0.546
1.2/3.8 22.00 11.00 15.97 -4.97 +/- 0.025 11.008/169.086 0.025/0.534
1.3/3.7 22.00 11.00 17.21 -6.21 +/- 0.013 16.509/163.585 0.038/0.521
1.4/3.6 22.00 11.00 17.63 -6.63 0.000 22.009/158.084 0.050/0.508
1.5/3.5 22.00 11.00 17.21 -6.21 -/+ 0.013 27.509/152.584 0.063/0.496
1.6/3.4 22.00 11.00 15.97 -4.97 -/+ 0.025 33.010/147.083 0.075/0.483
1.7/3.3 22.00 11.00 13.90 -2.90 -/+ 0.038 38.513/141.581 0.088/0.471
1.8/3.2 22.96 11.48 11.00 0.48 -/+ 0.050 44.018/136.075 0.100/0.458
1.873/3.127 25.52 12.76 8.37 4.39 -/+ 0.059 48.024/132.069 0.110/0.449
1.9/3.1 26.48 13.24 7.42 5.82 -/+ 0.047 49.527/130.567 0.122/0.436
2.0/3.0 30.00 15.00 5.88 9.13 0.000 55.029/125.065 0.169/0.390
2.1/2.9 25.52 12.76 8.37 4.39 +/- 0.059 62.033/118.061 0.224/0.334
2.2/2.8 22.00 11.00 12.42 -1.42 +/- 0.041 69.041/111.053 0.238/0.321
2.3/2.7 22.00 11.00 15.31 -4.31 +/- 0.028 76.045/104.049 0.252/0.307
2.4/2.6 22.00 11.00 17.05 -6.05 +/- 0.014 83.047/97.047 0.266/0.293
2.5 22.00 11.00 17.63 -6.63 0.000 90.047 0.279
* Measured from top of structural slab.

J. Initial Prestress Calculate the prestress losses due to friction, anchor set, and elastic
Losses shortening.
[5.9.5.2.2] Friction Losses

An exponential equation is used to determine the friction losses at
different tendon locations.
[
∆fpF = fpj ⋅ 1 − e − (K ⋅ x + µ ⋅ α ) ]
where:
fpj = stress in prestressing steel at jacking (ksi)
x = length of prestressing tendon between any two points (ft)
K = wobble coefficient from LRFD Table 5.9.5.2.2b-1 Use 0.0002
µ = coefficient of friction from LRFD Table 5.9.5.2.2b-1 Use 0.25
α = absolute value of angular change of prestressing path

between two points (radians)
The friction coefficients assume that the strands are installed in rigid
galvanized ducts.
The ratio of the force in the tendon to the force at any location after
friction losses (Friction Factor) is summarized in Table 5.7.3.6.
[5.9.5.2.1] Anchor Set Losses

The release of the tensioning jack from the PT tendon is accomplished by
engaging strand wedges in the permanent anchor plate. A small
shortening displacement in the tendon is necessary to seat the wedges.
During construction, the tendon displacement is dependent on the jacking
equipment used (some jacks can power seat wedges, others cannot).
For design, a typical seating displacement is assumed (a standard value
is 0.375 inches). The effective tension in the post-tensioning tendons at
the jacking end is reduced due to the shortening of the tendon. This
localized loss in tendon stress is called anchor set. The effect of anchor
set is represented in Figure 5.7.3.4.
Figure 5.7.3.4
Assume the anchor set is 0.375 inches and use the friction losses at the
dead end of the tendon to compute “d”. Assume the tendons are
stressed to 80% of GUTS (Guaranteed Ultimate Tensile Strength):
f jack = 0.80 ⋅ fpu = 0.80 ⋅ 270.0 = 216.0 ksi
The jacking stress at the dead end after friction losses is:
fL = f jack ⋅ (friction factor ) = 216.0 ⋅ 0.839 = 181.2 ksi
“d” represents the friction loss between the two end points:
d = f jack − fL = 216.0 − 181.2 = 34.8 ksi
With “L” and “d” determined, the slope of the friction loss line is known.
The increase in stress in the tendon as one moves away from the jacking
end is assumed to have the same slope. With that assumption, the
relationship between stress loss at the anchor and the location where the
anchor loss dissipates can be found:
⎛∆ ⎞ ⎛L ⎞
X = ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ d⎠
The change in stress due to anchor set is found with Hooke’s law:
∆f ⎛ ∆L ⎞
σ= = E ⋅ ε = E ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 12 ⋅ X ⎠
Which can be substituted into the earlier equation:
⎛ ∆L ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞
X = ⎜⎜ E ⋅ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 12 ⋅ X ⎟⎠ ⎝ d ⎠
Which leads to:
E ⋅ ∆ L ⋅ L 28,500 ⋅ 0.375 ⋅ 180.094

X2 = = = 4609
12 ⋅ d 12 ⋅ 34.8
and
X = 67.9 ft
Which, when put into the Hooke’s law, determines the change in stress
due to anchor set:
⎛ E ⋅ ∆L ⎞ ⎛ E ⋅ ∆L ⎞ 28,500 ⋅ 0.375
∆ f = 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = = 26.2 ksi
⎝ 12 ⋅ X ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⋅ X ⎠ 6 ⋅ 67.9
The stress at the anchor is:
fanchor = f jack − ∆ f = 216.0 − 26.2 = 189.8 ksi
The stress in the tendon between the anchor and point “X” can be found
with interpolation.
[5.9.5.2.3] Elastic Shortening Losses

Elastic shortening losses for post-tensioned structures vary with the
number of tendons used and the jacking processes followed. The LRFD
Specifications provide a straightforward equation to estimate the
prestress losses associated with elastic shortening for design.
Ep
∆fpES = 0.25 ⋅ ⋅ fcgp
Eci
The concrete stress at the height of the tendon when the slab is
subjected to only dead load and prestress forces is computed for Span
Point 2.5 in Section N and found to be:
PT PT ⋅ e2 MDL ⋅ e
fcgp = + −
A I I
211.1 211.1 ⋅ 6.632 (52 + 19.8) ⋅ 12 ⋅ 6.63
= + − = 1.1 ksi
264 10,650 10,650
28,500
∆fpES = 0.25 ⋅ ⋅ 1.1 = 2.0 ksi
3865
Table 5.7.3.6 summarizes the stresses in the tendon at tenth point span
point locations. Losses associated with friction, anchor set, elastic
shortening, shrinkage, creep, and relaxation (see Part N of this example
for calculation of Shrinkage, Creep, and Relaxation losses) are presented.
Initial and final tendon stresses are also presented.
Table 5.7.3.6
Tendon Stresses (ksi)
Reversed Net
Final Tendon
Anchor Set
Creep Loss
Shortening
Span Point
Relaxation
Net Stress
Shrinkage
Average
Jacking
Friction
Tendon
Tendon
Elastic
Stress
Stress
Stress
Stress
Stress
Factor
Initial
Loss
Loss
Loss
Loss
1.0 1.000 216.0 26.2 189.8 181.2 185.5 2.0 183.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 161.3
1.1 0.996 215.1 24.1 191.0 182.0 186.5 2.0 184.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 162.3
1.2 0.992 214.2 22.0 192.2 182.7 187.5 2.0 185.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 163.3
1.3 0.987 213.3 19.8 193.4 183.5 188.5 2.0 186.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 164.3
1.4 0.983 212.4 17.7 194.7 184.3 189.5 2.0 187.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 165.3
1.5 0.979 211.5 15.6 195.9 185.1 190.5 2.0 188.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 166.3
1.6 0.975 210.6 13.5 197.1 185.9 191.5 2.0 189.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 167.3
1.7 0.971 209.7 11.3 198.3 186.7 192.5 2.0 190.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 168.3
1.8 0.967 208.8 9.2 199.6 187.5 193.5 2.0 191.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 169.3
1.9 0.960 207.4 7.1 200.3 188.7 194.5 2.0 192.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 170.3
2.0 0.948 204.8 5.0 199.8 191.1 195.5 2.0 193.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 171.3
2.1 0.934 201.7 2.3 199.4 194.0 196.7 2.0 194.7 4.5 13.0 4.7 172.5
2.2 0.929 200.7 0.0 200.7 195.0 197.9 2.0 195.9 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.7
2.3 0.925 199.8 0.0 199.8 195.9 197.8 2.0 195.8 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.6
2.4 0.920 198.8 0.0 198.8 196.9 197.8 2.0 195.8 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.6
2.5 0.916 197.8 0.0 197.8 197.8 197.8 2.0 195.8 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.6
2.6 0.911 196.9 0.0 196.9 198.8 197.8 2.0 195.8 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.6
2.7 0.907 195.9 0.0 195.9 199.8 197.8 2.0 195.8 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.6
2.8 0.903 195.0 0.0 195.0 200.7 197.9 2.0 195.9 4.5 13.0 4.7 173.7
2.9 0.898 194.0 0.0 194.0 199.4 196.7 2.0 194.7 4.5 13.0 4.7 172.5
3.0 0.885 191.1 0.0 191.1 199.8 195.5 2.0 193.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 171.3
3.1 0.874 188.7 0.0 188.7 200.3 194.5 2.0 192.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 170.3
3.2 0.868 187.4 0.0 187.4 199.6 193.5 2.0 191.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 169.3
3.3 0.864 186.7 0.0 186.7 198.3 192.5 2.0 190.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 168.3
3.4 0.860 185.9 0.0 185.9 197.1 191.5 2.0 189.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 167.3
3.5 0.857 185.1 0.0 185.1 195.9 190.5 2.0 188.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 166.3
3.6 0.853 184.3 0.0 184.3 194.7 189.5 2.0 187.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 165.3
3.7 0.850 183.5 0.0 183.5 193.4 188.5 2.0 186.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 164.3
3.8 0.846 182.7 0.0 182.7 192.2 187.5 2.0 185.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 163.3
3.9 0.842 182.0 0.0 182.0 191.0 186.5 2.0 184.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 162.3
4.0 0.839 181.2 0.0 181.2 189.8 185.5 2.0 183.5 4.5 13.0 4.7 161.3
K. Check Stress Stress Limits for Prestressing Strands:

Limits on Prior to seating fs ≤ 0.90 ⋅ fpy = 218.7 ksi
Prestressing At anchorages after anchor set fs ≤ 0.70 ⋅ fpu = 189.0 ksi
Strands End of seating zone after anchor set fs ≤ 0.74 ⋅ fpu = 199.8 ksi
[Table 5.9.3-1] At service limit after losses fs ≤ 0.80 ⋅ fpy = 194.4 ksi
A review of the values in Table 5.7.3.6 indicates that none of the stress
limits are exceeded.
L. Summary of From this point forward, the design of an interior strip at points of
Analysis Results maximum positive and negative moment subject to dead and live loads
will be presented. The design procedure for the edge strip is similar. A
summary of bending moments obtained at different locations along the
superstructure for a 1 foot wide design strip is presented in
Table 5.7.3.7. The analysis results are symmetric about midspan of the
center span.
Secondary Post-Tensioning Forces

The linear haunches complicate the analysis of the slab superstructure.
The nonprismatic section, combined with the parabolic tendon profiles
prevent an easy hand method from being used to determine the
secondary moments associated with post-tensioning a continuous
superstructure. Therefore, a beam analysis program was used to
determine secondary post-tensioning forces.
The tensioning of the tendon redistributes the dead load reactions of the
superstructure. For the design example the redistribution was an
increase in the abutment reaction of 0.87 kips and a corresponding
reduction in the pier reactions of 0.87 kips. This implies that the positive
moment regions of the tendon profile introduced slightly more curvature
into the superstructure than the negative moment regions. The
secondary moments associated with the redistribution amount to a
linearly increasing positive moment in the side spans (0.0 kip-ft at the
abutments and 47.9 kip-ft at the piers). The secondary moment in the
center span is a constant positive value of 47.9 kip-ft.
Table 5.7.3.7
Interior Strip Moment Summary (per foot)
* Truck
PT Secondary * 0.9 (Truck Tr
Span MDC + Lane * Tandem + Lane
Moments + Lane)
Point (kip-ft) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
(kip-ft) (kip-ft)
Max. Min. Max. Min.
1.0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 -
1.1 31 4.8 32.5 -6.3 28.9 -5.2 -
1.2 51 9.6 54.1 -12.5 49.2 -10.1 -
1.3 62 14.4 65.8 -18.6 61.3 -15.3 -
1.4 62 19.1 70.6 -24.8 66.1 -20.3 -
1.5 52 23.9 68.9 -31.1 64.6 -25.4 -
1.6 31 28.7 61.6 -37.4 57.6 -30.5 -
1.7 1 33.5 46.8 -43.5 45.4 -35.6 -35.4
1.8 -40 38.3 26.9 -49.9 29.4 -40.8 -45.4
1.9 -92 43.1 15.7 -59.7 13.8 -49.5 -62.3
2.0 -155 47.9 16.5 -72.8 13.8 -61.3 -86.4
2.1 -78 47.9 11.0 -48.3 15.1 -41.2 -56.9
2.2 -20 47.9 30.3 -37.0 32.5 -30.9 -35.0
2.3 22 47.9 52.2 -30.5 49.7 -25.6 -
2.4 47 47.9 66.3 -25.3 61.5 -21.5 -
2.5 55 47.9 70.0 -20.1 65.0 -17.4 -
* Includes dynamic load allowance.

M. Check Stress The service limit state stresses at each of the critical locations are
Limits on Concrete evaluated using the general equation (compression +, tension -):
P MP MS
f = + +
A S S
where MP is the total prestress moment and MS is the service moment.
The stress limits are:
[5.9.4] At Transfer
Tension ft = 0 ksi
Compression ′ = 2.7 ksi
fc ≤ 0.60 fci
At Final
Tension ft = 0 ksi
Compression
DC + PT + LL + IM fc ≤ 0.60 fc′ = 3.0 ksi
DC + PT fc ≤ 0.45 fc′ = 2.25 ksi
1
/2 ( DC + PT ) + LL + IM fc ≤ 0.40 fc′ = 2.0 ksi
Check Location 1.0 (Interior Strip)

Unfactored DC and PT Secondary Moment = 0 kip-ft
Tendon stress at transfer = 183.5 ksi
Tendon stress at final = 183.5 − 0.11 ⋅ (0.80 ⋅ 270) = 159.7 ksi
(assumes 11% long term losses)
12 (0.217)
Area of strand per foot = = 1.078 in2 /ft
2.42
Prestress force at transfer: Pi = 183.5 ⋅ 1.078 = 197.8 kips
Prestress force at final: Pf = 159.7 ⋅ 1.078 = 172.2 kips
Prestress eccentricity: e = 0 in
Concrete area: A = 12 ⋅ 22 = 264 in2
12 ⋅ 222
Concrete section modulus: S = = 968 in3
6
Check the stress in the concrete. Because the dead and live load
moment and the prestress eccentricity are all equal to zero, the top and
bottom fiber concrete stress is the same:
P 197.8
At transfer: fb = ft = i = = 0.75 ksi < 2.7 ksi OK
A 264
Pf 172.2
At final: fb = ft = = = 0.65 ksi < 2.0 ksi OK
A 264

Unfactored DC and PT Secondary Moment:
MDC + PT = 62 + 19.1 = 81.1 kip-ft
Service I Moment: MSI = 62 + 19.1 + 70.6 = 151.7 kip-ft
Service III Moment: MSIII = 62 + 19.1 + 0.8 ⋅ (70.6 ) = 137.6 kip-ft
12 (0.217)
2.42
Prestress eccentricity: e = 6.63 in
12 ⋅ 222
6
Check the bottom fiber stress at transfer:
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 202.1 202.1 ⋅ 6.63 81.1 ⋅ 12

fb = + − = + −
A S S 264 968 968
= 1.14 ksi < 2.7 ksi OK
Check the bottom fiber stress at final:
Pf Pf ⋅ e MSIII 176.5 176.5 ⋅ 6.63 137.6 ⋅ 12

fb = + − = + −
A S S 264 968 968
= 0.17 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Check the top fiber stress at transfer:
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 202.1 202.1 ⋅ 6.63 81.1 ⋅ 12

ft = − + = − +
A S S 264 968 968
= 0.39 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Check the top fiber compressive stress at final:

For DC + PT + LL + IM,
Pf Pf ⋅ e MSI 176.5 176.5 ⋅ 6.63 151.7 ⋅ 12

ft = + + = − +
A S S 264 968 968
= 1.34 ksi < 3.0 ksi OK
By inspection, the compressive stresses due to DC + PT and

1
/2 (DC + PT) + LL + IM are less than the allowables.

MDC + PT = −155 + 47.9 = −107.1 kip-ft
Service I Moment: MSI = −155 + 47.9 − 86.4 = −193.5 kip-ft
Service III Moment: MSIII = −155 + 47.9 + 0.8 ⋅ (− 86.4) = −176.2 kip-ft
12 (0.217)
2.42
12 ⋅ 302
6
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 208.6 208.6 ⋅ 9.13 107.1 ⋅ 12

ft = + − = + −
A S S 360 1800 1800
= 0.92 ksi < 2.7 ksi OK
Check the top fiber stress at final:
Pf Pf ⋅ e MSIII 182.9 182.9 ⋅ 9.13 176.2 ⋅ 12

ft = + − = + −
A S S 360 1800 1800
= 0.26 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 208.6 208.6 ⋅ 8.13 107.1 ⋅ 12

fb = − + = − +
A S S 360 1800 1800
= 0.23 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Check the bottom fiber compressive stress at final:

Pf Pf ⋅ e MSI 182.9 182.9 ⋅ 9.13 193.5 ⋅ 12

fb = + + = − +
A S S 360 1800 1800
= 0.87 ksi < 3.0 ksi OK

1

MDC + PT = 55 + 47.9 = 102.9 kip-ft
Service I Moment: MSI = 55 + 47.9 + 70.0 = 172.9 kip-ft
Service III Moment: MSIII = 55 + 47.9 + 0.8 ⋅ (70.0) = 158.9 kip-ft
12 (0.217)
2.42
12 ⋅ 222
6
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 211.1 211.1 ⋅ 6.63 102.9 ⋅ 12

fb = + − = + −
A S S 264 968 968
= 0.97 ksi < 2.7 ksi OK
Check the bottom fiber stress at final:
Pf Pf ⋅ e MSIII 185.4 185.4 ⋅ 6.63 158.9 ⋅ 12

fb = + − = + −
A S S 264 968 968
= 0.002 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Pi Pi ⋅ e MDC + PT 211.1 211.1 ⋅ 6.63 102.9 ⋅ 12

ft = − + = − +
A S S 264 968 968
= 0.63 ksi > 0 ksi OK
Check the top fiber compressive stress at final:

Pf Pf ⋅ e MSI 185.4 185.4 ⋅ 6.63 172.9 ⋅ 12

ft = + + = − +
A S S 264 968 968
= 1.58 ksi < 3.0 ksi OK

1
N. Time- Use Location 2.5 to calculate losses due to shrinkage, creep and
Dependent Losses relaxation because the highest effective prestressing force occurs at this
(Refined Method) location. This will result in conservative values for creep and relaxation
[5.9.5.4] losses.
Shrinkage
[5.9.5.4.2]
fpSR = (13.5 − 0.125 ⋅ H)
H = relative humidity (use 73%)
fpSR = [13.5 − 0.125 ⋅ (73)] = 4.5 ksi
Creep
[5.9.5.4.3] The moment associated with the wear course and barriers for a 1 foot
wide section of slab is 4 kip-ft.
∆fpCR = 12.0 ⋅ fcgp − 7.0 ⋅ ∆fcdp
fcgp = 1.1 ksi (calculated earlier in Part J)
MDW ⋅ e 4 ⋅ (12) ⋅ 6.63

∆fcdp = = = 0.030 ksi
I 10,650
∆fpCR = 12.0 ⋅ (1.1) − 7.0 ⋅ (0.030) = 13.0 ksi
Relaxation
[5.9.5.4.4] For low-relaxation strands:
(
0.30 ⋅ ∆fpR2 = 0.30 ⋅ [20.0 − 0.3 ⋅ ∆fpF − 0.4 ⋅ ∆fpES − 0.2 ⋅ ∆fpSR + ∆fpCR )]
If the friction losses are such that the tendon stresses after jacking are
above 0.70 ⋅ fpu , then ∆fpF is assumed equal to zero.
= 0.30 ⋅ [20.0 − 0.3 ⋅ (0) − 0.4 ⋅ (2.0) − 0.2 ⋅ (4.5 + 13.0)]
= 4.7 ksi
Total Losses
Total time-dependent losses = 4.5 + 13.0 + 4.7 = 22.2 ksi
(10.3% of 0.80 ⋅ fpu )
The computed losses of 10.3% are approximately the same as those

assumed in the stress checks (11%). If the computed losses are
significantly different from the assumed, designers will need to
recalculate the stresses based on a new assumed loss and iterate until
the computed and assumed losses converge.
O. Investigate The flexural strength of the slab needs to be sufficient to carry factored
Strength Limit loads associated with the strength limit state and also satisfy the
State – Flexure maximum and minimum reinforcement checks.
[5.7.3.3.2]
Compute the Strength I design moment for a 1 foot wide strip of slab:
Mu = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (62) + 1.00 ⋅ (19.1) + 1.75 ⋅ (70.6 )] = 220 kip-ft
Determine the theoretical cracking moment for the cross section ( Mcr ).
To compute the maximum cracking moment, use the prestress force at

transfer (202.1 kips).
Solve for the moment that produces fr at the bottom of the section:
Mcr = (fr + fPTS ) ⋅ S
[5.4.2.6] The assumed rupture or cracking stress for concrete is:
fr = 0.24 ⋅ fc′ = 0.24 ⋅ 5.0 = 0.537 ksi
The stress due to prestressing (including secondary moments) is:
P P ⋅ e Msec ondary
fPTS = + −
A S S
202.1 202.1 ⋅ 6.63 19.1 ⋅ 12
= + − = 1.913 ksi
264 968 968
The cracking moment is:
Mcr = 2372 kip-in = 198 kip-ft
1.2 M cr = 238 kip-ft
[5.7.3.2] Compute the capacity neglecting any benefit from mild steel. Use the
[5.7.3.1.1] equations for bonded tendons:
k = 0.28 (LRFD Table C5.7.3.1.1-1)
dp = 11.00 + 6.625 = 17.625 in
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ A ps ⋅ fpu ⎟
c=⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ f ′ ⋅ β ⋅ b + k ⋅ A ⋅ fpu ⎟
⎜ c 1 ps
⎝ dp ⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
10 .78 ⋅ 270
=⎜ ⎟ = 6.41 in
⎜ 270 ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 0.80 ⋅ 12 + 0.28 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 17.625 ⎠
⎛ c ⎞⎟ ⎛ 6.41 ⎞
fps = fpu ⋅ ⎜1 − k ⋅ = 270 ⋅ ⎜1 − 0.28 ⋅ ⎟ = 242.5 ksi
⎜ d ⎟ ⎝ 17 .625 ⎠
⎝ p⎠
a = β1 ⋅ c = 0.80 ⋅ 6.41 = 5.13 in
The flexural resistance can be computed as:
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 5.13 ⎞
φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A ps ⋅ fps ⋅ ⎜ dp − ⎟ = 1.0 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ 242.5 ⋅ ⎜17.625 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 3937 kip-in = 328 kip-ft
which is greater than 1.2 ⋅ Mcr (238 kip-ft) and Mu (220 kip-ft)

Using the moments given in Table 5.7.3.7:
Mu = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (155) + 1.00 ⋅ (47.9) + 1.75 ⋅ (86.4)] = 393 kip-ft
P P ⋅ e Msec ondary Mcr

fb = fr = + + −
A S S S
208.6 208.6 ⋅ 9.13 47.9 ⋅ 12 Mcr
− 0.537 = + + −
360 1800 1800 1800
1.2 ⋅ Mcr = 449 kip-ft
[5.7.3.2] Compute the capacity neglecting any benefit from mild steel.
k = 0.28 (LRFD Table C5.7.3.1-1)
dp = 15.00 + 9.13 = 24.13 in
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
c=⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ f ′ ⋅ β ⋅ b + k ⋅ A ⋅ fpu ⎟
⎜ c 1 ps ⎟
⎝ dp ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 .078 ⋅ 270
=⎜ ⎟ = 6.59 in
⎜ 270 ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 0.80 ⋅ 12 + 0.28 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 24.13 ⎠
⎛ c ⎞⎟ ⎛ 6.59 ⎞
fps = fpu ⋅ ⎜1 − k ⋅ = 270 ⋅ ⎜1 − 0.28 ⋅ ⎟ = 249.4 ksi
⎜ dp ⎠⎟ ⎝ 24.13 ⎠
⎝
a = β1 ⋅ c = 0.80 ⋅ 6.59 = 5.27 in
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 5.27 ⎞
φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A ps ⋅ fps ⋅ ⎜ dp − ⎟ = 1.0 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ 249.4 ⋅ ⎜ 24.13 − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 5779 kip-in = 482 kip-ft
which is greater than 1.2 ⋅ Mcr (449 kip-ft) and Mu (393 kip-ft).

Using the moments given in Table 5.7.3.7:
Mu = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (55) + 1.00 ⋅ (47.9) + 1.75 ⋅ (70)] = 239 kip-ft
P P ⋅ e Msec ondary Mcr

fb = fr = + + −
A S S S
211.1 211.1 ⋅ 6.63 47.9 ⋅ 12 Mcr
− 0.537 = + + −
264 968 968 968
1.2 ⋅ Mcr = 212 kip-ft
[5.7.3.2] Compute the capacity neglecting any benefit from mild steel.
k = 0.28 (LRFD Table C5.7.3.1-1)
dp = 11.00 + 6.625 = 17.625 in
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
c=⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ f ′ ⋅ β ⋅ b + k ⋅ A ⋅ fpu ⎟
⎜ c 1 ps
⎝ dp ⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 .078 ⋅ 270
=⎜ ⎟ = 6.41 in
⎜ 270 ⎟
⎜ 0.85 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 0.80 ⋅ 12 + 0.28 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ ⎟
⎝ 17.625 ⎠
⎛ c ⎞⎟ ⎛ 6.41 ⎞
fps = fpu ⋅ ⎜1 − k ⋅ = 270 ⋅ ⎜1 − 0.28 ⋅ ⎟ = 242.5 ksi
⎜ d ⎟ ⎝ 17 .625 ⎠
⎝ p⎠
a = β1 ⋅ c = 0.80 ⋅ 6.41 = 5.13 in

⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 5.13 ⎞
φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A ps ⋅ fps ⋅ ⎜ dp − ⎟ = 1.0 ⋅ 1.078 ⋅ 242.5 ⋅ ⎜17.625 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 3937 kip-in = 328 kip-ft
which is greater than Mu (239 kip-ft) and 1.2 ⋅ Mcr (212 kip-ft).
Check Principal Stresses

[Future manual content]

The maximum amount of reinforcement permitted in a section is based
on the ratio of the depth of the section in compression compared to the
depth of the distance to the tension reinforcement from the compression
side of the section. The ratio can be no more than 0.42. When
calculating “d”, do not include the wearing course.
For Span Point 1.4:
c 6.41
= = 0.36 OK
d 17.625
For Span Point 2.0:
c 6.59
= = 0.27 OK
d 24.13
For Span Point 2.5:
c 6.41
= = 0.36 OK
d 17.625
P. Shear The shear force components for a typical 1 foot wide strip of slab are
[5.13.3.6] summarized in Table 5.7.3.8.
Table 5.7.3.8
Shear Summary (per foot)
* Truck + Lane * Tandem + Lane
Span VDC PT Secondary Shear (kips) (kips)
Point (kips) (kips)
Max Min Max Min
1.0 6.5 0.87 4.9 -0.8 4.3 -0.7

1.1 4.7 0.87 4.1 -0.8 3.6 -0.7
1.2 2.8 0.87 3.4 -0.8 3.0 -1.0
1.3 0.9 0.87 2.7 -1.3 2.5 -1.5
1.4 -0.9 0.87 2.0 -2.0 1.9 -2.0
1.5 -2.8 0.87 1.5 -2.6 1.5 -2.5
1.6 -4.6 0.87 1.0 -3.3 1.1 -3.0
1.7 -6.5 0.87 0.6 -4.0 0.7 -3.5
1.8 -8.3 0.87 0.2 -4.7 0.4 -4.0
1.9 -10.4 0.87 0.2 -5.3 0.2 -4.4
2.0 12.4 0.0 6.0 -4.7 4.9 -3.7
2.1 9.6 0.0 5.2 -0.7 4.4 -0.6
2.2 7.1 0.0 4.5 -0.7 3.8 -0.7
2.3 4.7 0.0 3.7 -1.0 3.3 -1.1
2.4 2.4 0.0 2.9 -1.5 2.7 -1.5
2.5 0.0 0.0 2.2 -2.2 2.1 -2.1
* Includes dynamic load allowance.
The LRFD Specifications do not require that a shear check be performed,

however Mn/DOT design practice is to do so.
To minimize the effort associated with the shear check, conservatively

check the largest design shear force on a non-haunch portion of the slab.
If the check is satisfied, all sections of the slab can be considered
adequate. If the check is not satisfied additional investigation is
necessary.
The Strength I design shear at Span Point 2.0 is:
Vu = 1.25 ⋅ (12.4) + 1.00 ⋅ (0.0) + 1.75 ⋅ (6.0) = 26.0 kips
Investigate LRFD Equation 5.8.3.4.2-2. No axial load is applied. Neglect

any mild flexural reinforcement and any beneficial vertical prestressing
effect. As a starting point, assume θ is equal to 30 degrees.
⎡ Mu
( ) ⎤
⎢ d + 0.5 ⋅ Nu + 0.5 ⋅ Vu − Vp ⋅ cot θ − A ps ⋅ fpo ⎥
εx = ⎢ v ⎥
⎢ E s ⋅ A s + Ep ⋅ A ps ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Use the Mu and dv from Span Point 1.4
220 ⋅ 12
+ 0.5 ⋅ 0 + 0.5 ⋅ 26 ⋅ (cot 30°) − 1.078 ⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 270
ε x = 15.84
29,000 ⋅ 0 + 28,500 ⋅ 1.078
= −0.000244
Determine the crack spacing parameter next. Use dv for s x

[Eqn. 5.8.3.4.2-4]
1.38 1.38
s xe = s x ⋅ = 15.84 ⋅ = 10.3
ag + 0.63 1.5 + 0.63
With the strain and crack parameters determined, refer to Table

5.8.3.4.2-2 to determine the appropriate β and θ values for use in
computing the shear capacity of the concrete. Use the values in the cell
for s xe < 15 and ε x < −0.20 ( β = 5.34 and θ = 29.5° ).
The required nominal shear capacity is:
Vu 26.0
Vn = = = 28.9 kips
φv 0.9
The shear capacity of the concrete is:
Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b v ⋅ dv = 0.0316 ⋅ 5.34 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 15.84
= 0.0316 ⋅ 5.34 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 15.84 = 71.7 >> 28.9 kips
Q. Minimum [Future manual content]

Longitudinal
Reinforcement
[5.8.3.5]
R. Distribution The minimum amount of transverse reinforcement in a horizontal plane

Reinforcement shall be taken as a percentage of the main reinforcement:
[5.14.4.1]
100 fpe
⋅ ≤ 50%
L 60
For Spans 1 and 3
100 170.3
⋅ = 38%
55 60
Interior Strip: Maximum positive moment

Positive moment prestressing = 1.078 in2 /ft
Transverse reinforcement = 0.38 ⋅ (1.078) = 0.41 in2 /ft
Use #19 @ 12", A s = 0.44 in2 /ft
S. Shrinkage and Using an average thickness of 26 inches, the required temperature steel
Temperature is:
Reinforcement Ag ⎛ 12 ⋅ 26 ⎞
A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅ = 0.11 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.57 in2 /ft each direction, both faces
[5.10.8.2] fy ⎝ 60 ⎠
Half should be placed in each face:

1
A s = ⋅ (0.57) = 0.29 in2 /ft each direction
2
Use #16 @ 12", A s = 0.31 in2 /ft
T. Deformations Dead Load Deflection Plus Prestress Camber

[2.5.2.6] The total weight of the superstructure is used for dead load deflections.
The gross moment of inertias are used and a computer analysis is run to
obtain instantaneous deflections. The results of the computer analysis,
(dead load deflections and camber due to prestress) are presented below.
Using the long-term multipliers (from Section 4.6 of the PCI Handbook
with composite topping), the long-term deflections are calculated as:
∆ at release ∆ at release ∆ final ∆ final

(Spans 1 and 3) (Span 2) Multiplier (Spans 1 and 3) (Span 2)
(in) (in) (in) (in)
Prestress +0.92 0.73 2.20 2.02 1.61
WDC -0.46 -0.50 2.40 -1.10 -1.20
Total 0.46 0.23 0.92 0.41
With a net upward deflection in all spans, the slab is cambered

downward. The camber is equal to the camber at release plus 1/2 of the
long-term camber.
Spans 1 and 3:
1
0.46 + ⋅ (0.92) = 0.92 in Round down and use 7/8 in
2
Span 2:
1
0.23 + ⋅ (0.41) = 0.43 in Round down and use 3/8 in
2
Total Camber
[2.5.2.6.2] Live Load Deflections
Span
Allowable ∆ LL + I =
800
55 ⋅ 12
= = 0.83 in (Span 1 and 3)
800
70 ⋅ 12
= = 1.05 in (Span 2)
800
[3.6.1.3.2] Two live load cases are evaluated as part of the live load deflection
check. One is the design truck alone. The other is lane load combined
with 25% of the truck load deflection.
A computer analysis (based on gross nonprismatic section properties)

had the following deflections for a full lane of live load:
Spans 1 and 3:
Truck deflection: 6.24 in/lane
Lane deflection: 2.59 in/lane
Truck check:
= (1 + IM) ⋅ (∆ truck ) ⋅ (distribution factor)
= 1.33 ⋅ 6.24 ⋅ 0.054 = 0.45 < 0.83 in OK
Lane/truck check:
= 0.25 ⋅ (1 + IM) ⋅ (∆ truck + ∆ lane ) ⋅ (distribution factor)
= 0.25 ⋅ 1.33 ⋅ (6.24 + 2.59) ⋅ (0.054) = 0.25 < 0.83 in OK
Span 2:
Truck deflection: 8.83 in/lane
Lane deflection: 3.60 in/lane
Truck check:
= (1 + IM) ⋅ (∆ truck ) ⋅ (distribution factor)
= 1.33 ⋅ 8.83 ⋅ 0.054 = 0.63 < 1.05 in OK
Lane/truck check:
= 0.25 ⋅ (1 + IM) ⋅ (∆ truck + ∆ lane ) ⋅ (distribution factor)
= 0.25 ⋅ 1.33 ⋅ (8.83 + 3.60) ⋅ (0.054) = 0.35 < 1.05 in OK
U. Anchorage Zone Anchorages are designed at the strength limit state for the factored
[5.10.9] jacking force.
Due to the simplicity of the geometry of the anchorage and the lack of
substantial deviation in the force flow path, the approximate procedure
described in LRFD Article 5.10.9.6 is used.
For a 12- 0.6" diameter strand tendon, use a square anchorage plate
with a side dimension of 12.875 inches (a and b). Assume a duct outer
diameter of 6.25 inches.
[5.10.9.6.2] General Zone Compressive Stresses

Determine the allowable concrete compressive stress from:
0.6 ⋅ Pu ⋅ K
fca =
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
A b ⋅ ⎢1 + l c ⋅ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ b eff t ⎠⎦⎥
Figure 5.7.3.5
Anchorage Dimensions
Determine the value for K based on the spacing of the tendons and the
size of the anchorage plate.
s = 29 > 2 ⋅ a = 25.75 Use K = 1
The jacking force is:
Pjack = (jacking stress) ⋅ (# of strands) ⋅ A strand
= 216 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.217 = 562 kips
[3.4.3.2] The factored tendon force for anchorage design is:
Pu = 1.2 ⋅ (562) = 674.4 kips
b eff = 12.875 in
l c = 1.15 ⋅ b eff = 1.15 ⋅ (12.875) = 14.81 in
t = 22 in
π ⋅ D2 π ⋅ 6.252
A b = (a ⋅ b eff ) − = (12.875)2 − = 135.1 in2
4 4
0.6 ⋅ 674.4 ⋅ 1.0
fca = = 2.03 ksi
⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
135.1 ⋅ ⎢1 + 14.81 ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 12.875 22 ⎠⎦
[5.10.9.3.1] The factored concrete compressive strength for the general zone shall not
′ .
exceed 0.7 ⋅ φ ⋅ fci
φ = 0.80 for compression in anchorage zones
′ = 0.7 ⋅ (0.8) ⋅ 4.5 = 2.52 ksi
fca ≤ 0.7 ⋅ φ ⋅ fci
Therefore, use fca = 2.03 ksi
Determine the compressive stress at a distance equal to the plate’s

smaller dimension. Assume the load distributes at an angle of 30°.
π ⋅ D2
A e = (a + 2 ⋅ tan 30° ⋅ a)2 −
4
π ⋅ 6.252
= (12.875 + 2 ⋅ 0.577 ⋅ 12.875)2 − = 739 in2
4
Pu 674.4
fe = = = 0.90 ksi < fca = 2.03 ksi OK
Ae 739
[5.10.9.6.3] General Zone Bursting Force

The tendon slope at the ends of the superstructure from Table 5.7.3.5 is
0.050 radians (3 degrees).
The bursting forces in the anchorage is calculated as:
⎛ a⎞
Tburst = 0.25 ⋅ Pu ⋅ ⎜1 − ⎟ + 0.5 ⋅ Pu ⋅ sin α
⎝ h ⎠
⎛ 12.875 ⎞
= 0.25 ⋅ (674.4) ⋅ ⎜1 − ⎟ + 0.5 ⋅ (674.4) ⋅ 0.052 = 87.5 kips
⎝ 22 ⎠
dburst = 0.5 ⋅ (h − 2 ⋅ e) + 5 ⋅ e ⋅ (sin α ) (for this example, e = 0)
= 0.5 ⋅ (22) = 11 in
Using φ = 1.00 for tension in steel in anchorage zones, then

φ ⋅ f γ = 1.0 ⋅ (60) = 60 ksi :
87.5
A s req’d = = 1.46 in2 (spaced within 2.5 ⋅ dburst = 27.5 in )
60
Use 4 - #16 closed stirrups spaced at 6 inches (refer to Figure 5.7.3.6).
A s = 4 ⋅ (0.31) ⋅ 2 legs/stirrup = 2.48 > 1.46 in2 OK
Figure 5.7.3.6
Bursting Force Reinforcing
[5.10.9.3.2] General Zone Edge Tension Forces

Edge tension forces are the tensile forces in the anchorage zone acting
close to the transverse edge (spalling forces) and longitudinal edges
(longitudinal edge tension forces). For the case of a concentrically loaded
anchorage zone, the longitudinal edge tension forces are insignificant,
and the magnitude of the design spalling force may be taken as 2% of
the total post-tensioning force.
Spalling Force = 0.02 ⋅ (674.4) = 13.5 kips
Using φ ⋅ fy = 1.0 ⋅ (60) = 60 ksi :
13.5
A s req’d = = 0.22 in2
60
Use 2- #16 bars, A s = 0.62 in2
V. Summary of A summary of the primary reinforcement for the slab is provided in Figure
Final Design 5.7.3.7. A typical transverse half section is illustrated for the midspan
section and for the section over the piers.
Figure 5.7.3.7

JUNE 2008 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 6-1
6. STEEL Structural steel, in the form of rolled steel beams or welded plate girders,
STRUCTURES is used for bridge superstructures. In rare instances integral pier caps or
substructures will be designed using steel. This section is intended to
provide general design guidance and information on detailing practices.
In addition, a design example for a two-span plate girder superstructure
is included.
6.1 Materials Structural Steels

Steel bridges are fabricated and constructed with steel elements that are
produced at two different types of steel mills; shape mills and plate mills.
In addition to different products, the grades of steel available from each
type of mill differ slightly.
Shape mills produce bars, angles, tubes, pipes, channels, “W” sections
(wide flange), “S” sections (American Standard), and piling that satisfy a
variety of material specifications. Standard mill lengths available for
these sections range from 30 to 60 feet. With sufficient quantities and
sufficient lead time, longer lengths may be available. AISC’s Modern
Steel Construction yearly January issue provides information on different
shapes available domestically from various mills. The designer shall
check the availability of shapes before specifying their use in a structure.
Plate mills produce flat sections that are used to fabricate plate girders,
connections, gusset plates, etc. Plate steel is also produced in a number
of different material specifications. Larger plate mills have a width
limitation of 150 inches. The maximum available plate length varies by
mill and cross sectional dimensions of the plate.
The LRFD Specifications identify a number of steels that can be

incorporated into bridge structures. They are identified in Tables 6.4.1-1
and 6.4.2-1 of the LRFD Specifications with both AASHTO and ASTM
designations. Weathering steels have a “W” appended to the grade
designation (e.g. 50W, 70W, 100W). Note that the AASHTO and ASTM
designations are not identical.
Use weathering steel (Mn/DOT 3309, 3316, or 3317) for rolled beams,
plate girders, and diaphragms on all steel bridges.
The AASHTO Specifications require additional tests (Charpy testing) to

verify the toughness of the material. Mn/DOT Spec. 3308 requires this
testing be conducted for steel incorporated into major structural
components. Mn/DOT Spec. 2471.2 lists the specification numbers for
standard structural metals used in bridge projects. Structural steel of

primary members shall satisfy the toughness requirements for Zone 3.
Shape sections, other than pipe and tubing, are typically available in 36,
50, or 50W grades. Steel plate is available in 36, 50, and 50W grades.
High Performance Steel (HPS) is available in Grades HPS50W and
HPS70W. The typical steels for Mn/DOT bridge designs are Grade 50W
and HPS70W. Hybrid sections may be the most cost effective, with the
bottom flange in positive moment regions and both flanges near piers
consisting of HPS70W, and all other steel 50W.
Additional information regarding steel shapes and plates may be found in

Properties of Bridge Steels, Vol. I, Chapter 3, Highway Structures Design
Handbook, May 1994.
The unit weight of steel is 0.490 kcf.
The coefficient of thermal expansion for steel is 6.5 × 10 −6 in/in-°F.
[6.4.3] Bolts, Nuts, and Washers

For most steel bridge applications ASTM A325 high strength bolts per
Mn/DOT 3391.2B are to be used. The LRFD specifications also include
ASTM A490 high strength bolts. Due to reduced availability and higher
cost, A490 bolts should not be used without first consulting the Bridge
Design Engineer. A490 bolts cannot be sold with plating, galvanizing, or
mechanical zinc coating, so their use as field bolts is problematic.
For applications where strength is not the primary design consideration,

ASTM A307 bolts per Mn/DOT Spec. 3391.2A may be used. See Mn/DOT
Spec. 3391 for additional information on fasteners.
Additional fastener information may be found in Mechanical Fasteners for

Steel Bridges, Vol. I, Chapter 4A, Highway Structures Design Handbook,
April 1996.
Dimensional and weight information for bolts, nuts, and washers is

provided in Appendix Figures 6-A1 through 6-A5.
Shear Connectors (Stud Welded Fasteners)

The material requirements for shear connectors are listed in Mn/DOT
Spec. 3391. They shall satisfy ASTM material requirements, have a yield
strength of 50 ksi, and an ultimate tensile strength of 60 ksi.
Welds
A variety of welding processes and materials are available to fabricators
for different weld types. In most cases, designers need not concern
themselves with the welding process selected by the fabricator.
Typically, only fillet welds and full penetration welds are permitted.
Designs using partial penetration weld details can only be used with
approval from the Fabrication Methods Engineer. Base weld designs on
E70 filler material.
With the exception of pile splices, shear connectors, and railroad ballast
plate splices, field welding is not used or permitted. Additional
information on welding can be obtained from the Structural Metals Unit or
Fabrication Methods Unit of the Bridge Office.
Additional references are the ANSI/AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Code -

D1.5, and Welding of Steel Bridges, Vol. I, Chap 15, Highway Structures
Design Handbook.
Appendix Figures 6-A6 through 6-A8 contain information on the proper

construction of weld symbols and the proper application of the symbols to
different types of details.
Bearings
Steel plates used in the fabrication of bearings shall meet Mn/DOT
Spec. 3306, 3309, or 3310. Bearings made from castings shall satisfy
ASTM A148, GR. 80-40.
Paint Systems
Use of weathering steel in Minnesota bridges has proven effective against
continuous corrosion and section loss. Therefore, painting of weathering
steel will only be considered under the following conditions:
• Near expansion joints (within 7 feet of the joint).
• Low level water crossings.
• Wide grade separations that may create tunnel-like conditions
with persistent high humidity.
• Where warranted as an aesthetic treatment (limited to the outside
surface and bottom flange of fascia beams).
All steel bridges will be reviewed during the preliminary design process to
identify whether painting is required.
Preferred practice for painting is to have the primer applied in the

fabrication shop and the intermediate and top or finish coat applied in the
field. Use the inorganic zinc-rich paint system (Mn/DOT Spec. 2479) for
new steel designs.
For maintenance painting projects, use the organic zinc-rich paint system
(Mn/DOT Spec.2478).
6.2 General As a rule-of-thumb for the preliminary design of continuous structures,

Dimensions and try a steel section depth of 0.033L , where L is the span length. In no
Details case should the steel section be less than 0.0285L , unless approved by
the Bridge Design Engineer. Typically a member taller than the minimum
[2.5.2.6.3] will be the most efficient. The most efficient depth of girder will vary with
span and girder spacing. For large structures, perform a web depth
study to arrive at the optimal girder height.
Locate field splices at or near points of dead load contraflexure.
Provide adequate spacing (2'-0" minimum) between field splices and

diaphragm connection plates and stiffeners.
Identify “Area A” on the beam or girder plan sheets. “Area A” is the

portion of the top flange that is in tension due to total dead load.
Identifying the tension flange is important for a number of reasons:
• For complex bridge types or curved girders where a grid or 3-D
analysis is needed, a bolted tab plate connection must be used to
connect connection plates to tension flanges. A fillet weld is used
for the connection to the compression flange. See Details B402
(bolted diaphragms), B407 (cross frame diaphragms), B408 (cross
frame diaphragms for curved beams), and B410 (bolted stiffener
to flange detail).
• During fabrication, identification of the tension flange is needed to
complete the nondestructive testing requirements of MN/DOT
Spec. 2471.
• During construction, the contractor is allowed per Mn/DOT Spec.
2402.3D to weld screed rail supports to the top flange of steel
girders, except in “Area A”.
For straight girders and those with slight curvature that meet the criteria
given in LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.4b, connection plates may be connected to
both the tension and compression flange using a fillet weld. Note that
Standard Detail B407 allows for the use of either a welded or bolted
connection. Because of its lower cost, the welded connection is preferred.
The designer should first check the fatigue limit state at the diaphragm
stiffener connections to determine if a welded detail is acceptable. If
stresses in the flange are too high to permit the welded detail, the
designer should consider increasing the flange thickness to lower the
stress range for fatigue or moving the diaphragm. Compare costs
between the bolted option with initial flange thickness and the welded
option with a thicker flange to determine the most economical option to
show on the plan.
[C6.7.4.1] The LRFD Specifications do not explicitly give a maximum diaphragm

spacing as was previously given in the Standard Specifications.
Diaphragms are used for bracing the compression flange and the
diaphragm spacing is used to determine allowable compressive stresses.
Choose the diaphragm spacing in the positive moment area based on the
maximum allowed for the bracing of the top compression flange during
construction of the deck (typically 25 to 30 feet). In the negative
moment area, the resistance of the bottom compression flange is based
on the diaphragm spacing. The spacing in negative moment regions is
usually 15 to 20 feet.
When choosing the distance from the centerline of bearing to the end of
beam, use a minimum of nine times the web thickness.
For a steel superstructure, identify the following items on the framing

plan:
• beam spacing
• staging
• distance between diaphragms along each beam
• type of diaphragms used in different locations
• centerline of bearing at piers and abutments
• Working Line and Working Points
• beam marks (B1, B2, etc.)
• type and location of bearings
• the location of intermediate stiffeners
The plate girder details shall identify plate sizes, length of plate
segments, location of “Area A”, spacing of shear studs, sole plate size,
bearing and intermediate stiffener size, connection plate size, splice
location and type, a table showing top of field splice elevations, and all
pertinent notes. Standard notes are contained in Appendix 2-H of
Section 2.
Structural steel plans and details must clearly describe the material to be
used for each structural steel component. Even for projects where
structural steel is paid for on a lump sum basis, provide informational
quantities in the plan set to quantify the amounts of different steels to be

used. This is particularly true for projects with fracture critical members.
Fracture critical members are fabricated to a higher quality standard to
reduce the potential for defects and thus are more expensive. Do not
specify members as fracture critical unless necessary and appropriate.
Structural steel quantities are computed by finding the weight of steel

beams or girders, diaphragms, cross frames, and all other plates
(e.g., sole and gusset plates). Increase the calculated weight by 11/2%
to account for the weight of steel for welds and bolt stick-through when
computing structural steel quantities.
Designers should provide simple details that are easily fabricated and do
not sacrifice the integrity of the bridge. Details that trap water or
produce an environment that is conducive to corrosion should be avoided.
In addition, details with inadequate clearances are difficult to fabricate
and erect.
[AISC Steel The equipment used to weld and bolt steel pieces together requires room
Construction to operate. The AISC Manual of Steel Construction contains tables with
Manual, 13th minimum clearances for bolted connections. Figure 6.2.1 describes
Edition, Table minimum clearances that must be provided for welded components.
7-16]
Figure 6.2.1
Show the type of weld to be used for each connection in the plans. The
welding code (AWS-D1.5) specifies the minimum size of fillet welds.
Identify the required weld size only if the minimum weld size does not
have adequate capacity.
All connection details for lateral wind bracing systems shall be bolted.
For box pier caps and tub girders, make access holes and manholes
through diaphragms as large as possible and locate for ease of passage.
The minimum opening is 2'-0" x 2'-6". Provide an access door near each
end of box piers for inspection purposes. Locate the door for ladder
access off the roadway, if possible, and hinge the door to swing away
from traffic. Place access doors in the side of the box where protected
from superstructure runoff and in the bottom of the box where exposed.
Use Mn/DOT Detail B942 for the door. Door frames shall be bolted to
box.
Where single conduits pass through steel diaphragms and require a

passage hole with a diameter greater than 3 inches, reinforce the
opening with a section of pipe or curved steel plate.
6.3 General Design In general, structural steel superstructures are shallower and lighter than
Philosophy concrete superstructures. In addition to long span and specialty
structures, steel superstructures should be considered where foundations
are expensive or where a change in superstructure height has significant
cost implications on the approaches.
Design girders to be composite with the concrete deck throughout the

entire girder length. Provide shear connectors, in the form of shear
studs, in both positive and negative moment areas and over field splices.
Stools are used with steel superstructures to provide a construction

tolerance for the profile of the deck. The stools shall have vertical edges
that are flush with the edges of the top flange. For plate girders the stool
is defined as the distance between the bottom of the deck and the top of
the web. For rolled beams the stool height is defined as the distance
between the bottom of the deck and the bottom of the top flange. Stool
heights are to be given at the centerline of the beam. The minimum
height for the concrete portion of the stool is 1½ inches. This minimum
is measured at the edge of the flange taking into account the cross slope
of the deck. At field splices check that the top plates do not penetrate
the bottom of the deck.
During design, it may be assumed that the dead load of the steel beam
or girder is 15% larger than that computed using only the flanges and
web. This is a reasonable estimate for the weight of stiffeners,
diaphragms or cross frames, and connections.
Use of the moment redistribution provisions of LRFD Appendix B is not

allowed.
The maximum nominal flexural resistance Fn allowed by Mn/DOT for

design of steel beams is equal to Fy. Do not exceed the moment at first
yield.
Use a limited number of thicknesses when sizing stiffeners and

connection plates. To permit two lines of bolts, connection plates must
be a minimum of 7" in width.
For steel superstructures with uplift at the abutments, the end

diaphragms and/or counterweight shall be cast prior to deck construction
and the deck shall be cast beginning at the abutment with the greatest
uplift. Temporary tie-downs at the abutments may be necessary for the
deck pour.
Provide bent plate diaphragms (Mn/DOT Detail B402) for the following
cases:
• rolled beam superstructures
• plate girders with depths less than 40 inches
• beam depth to lateral spacing ratio less than 0.40
In other cases, use cross frame diaphragms (Mn/DOT Detail B407).
Railroad bridges designed in accordance with the AREMA Specifications

may have slightly different criteria than AASHTO for high strength bolts,
pin bolts, and welding. Check with the railroad in question for specific
criteria.
6.3.1 Shear Provide 7/8 inch diameter stud connectors that extend a minimum of 2
Connectors inches above the bottom of the deck and a maximum of 3 inches below
[6.10.7.4.1] the top of the deck. Studs must be applied in the field after girder
erection.
6.3.2 Fatigue Fatigue cracks are generally classified as either load induced or
displacement induced. Load and stress limits are placed on members to
minimize load induced fatigue cracks from forming. Proper detailing
practices are used to prevent displacement induced fatigue cracks.
Designers must check connections for fatigue resistance. For all Trunk
Highway bridges, check details for an infinite fatigue life level regardless
of ADT level.
Figure 6.3.2.1 identifies the appropriate fatigue category to be used for

typical plate girder connections. Check all fatigue categories that apply.
For discussion of “Area A” and welding vs. bolting connection plates to
the tension flange, see Article 6.2 of this manual.
Figure 6.3.2.1
[6.10.8.1.1] Detailing practices that prevent displacement induced fatigue cracks from
forming include coping stiffeners and terminating welds slightly before
reaching the end of an element. Tops and bottoms of transverse
stiffeners and connection plates are typically coped 11/2 inches from face
of web and 21/2 inches from face of flange. (See Mn/DOT Detail B411.)
6.3.3 Deflections To ensure that bridges are constructed with a proper vertical profile, the
deflections associated with selfweight, deck placement, and composite
superstructure dead loads shall be presented in the plan set. Split the
dead load deflection into two categories: selfweight (including
diaphragms), and dead load due to deck and all superimposed loads
(excluding future wearing course). Display deflections in feet with a
precision of three decimal places.
Live load deflection shall be limited to L / 800 for typical bridges and
L / 1000 for bridges carrying pedestrians. Calculate the live load
distribution for deflection by taking the number of lanes times the
multiple presence factor and divide by the number of beams. The
multiple presence factor used with this calculation shall not be less than
0.85.
6.3.4 Camber For most steel bridges, camber is fabricated into the beam to match the
profile grade and offset the deflections due to applied dead loads. In
some cases, residual camber (extra camber added for architectural
reasons) is also added to eliminate the possible appearance of a sag in a
span.
For rolled beams introducing camber can be a relatively expensive

operation. It is usually accomplished with cold bending and/or with heat
straightening techniques. Camber rolled beams for bridges only if the
dead load deflection exceeds the maximum mill tolerance for camber,
which is equal to 1/8 inch per 10 feet of length. If the deflection is less,
state that the beam shall be placed “natural camber up”.
Plate girders shall always be cambered. Vertical cambers are introduced

by cutting the web plates into the desired profile. Horizontal curvature is
introduced (if necessary) by cutting flange plates with the proper
horizontal shape. During fabrication, the web and flanges are attached to
each other to produce a member with the proper geometric
characteristics.
Camber for vertical curvature, anticipated dead load deflections, and

residual camber (if required). Do not include the deflection due to future
wearing course (FWC). Provide residual camber only in girders with
straight grades with lengths in excess of 100 feet. Use approximately
11/2 inches of residual camber for a 100 foot span. Increase the residual
camber by 1/8 inch for each 10 foot change in span length. Use a
maximum residual camber of 21/2 inches.
Choose a stool height that will be constant throughout the length of the
girder for girders without residual camber. For girders where residual
camber is used, the stool height will vary. For these situations, the stool
height will have its largest value at substructure locations and smaller
values near midspan. In no case is the thickness of concrete in the stool
to be less than 11/2 inches.
The following procedure may be used to develop a camber diagram:

1) The camber curve, a line located at the bottom of top flange for rolled
beams and at the top of web for plate girders, defines the cambered
shape of the member. Geometric camber, dead load camber, and
residual camber (if required) are the components that make up the
camber curve. Start by determining the geometric camber profile due
to the vertical geometry of the roadway. To do this:
• Calculate profile grade elevations at tenth points along the
member as well as at field splice and/or point of contraflexure
locations.
• Calculate top of deck elevations at centerline of member by
adjusting for cross slopes and offset from profile grade.
• Calculate geometric camber profile by subtracting the deck
thickness and stool height.
2) Determine total dead load (minus future wearing course) deflections
for the member. Downward deflections are considered negative and
upward deflections are considered positive. The dead load camber
profile is the opposite sign (downward +, upward -) of the total dead
load deflections.
3) If there is no residual camber, add the dead load camber profile to
the geometric camber profile to get the final camber curve.
4) If residual camber is required, calculate residual camber profile
assuming a maximum value at midspan and parabolic distribution
over the rest of the span. Then, add the residual camber profile and
the dead load camber profile to the geometric profile to get the final
camber curve.
5) Establish a horizontal line at the substructure centerline of bearing
with the lowest camber curve elevation.
6) Establish chord lines, which are defined as straight lines between the
end of each beam segment at the camber curve.
7) Determine all vertical and horizontal dimensions to be entered on
camber diagram to the nearest 1/8 inch. These include:
• Dimensions from horizontal line to camber curve at all support
points, field splices, and contraflexure points.
• Dimensions from horizontal line to camber curve for at least three
points intermediate to those in the first bullet for each curved
section. Locate one of these points at the point of maximum
camber within the curved section.
• Maximum camber dimensions from chord line to camber curve for
each curved section.
• Span lengths, segment lengths, and dimensions from supports to
field splices and contraflexure points.
• Locations of camber dimensions along the member.
Refer to Figure 6.3.4.1 for a sample camber diagram.

Figure 6.3.4.1
Sample Camber Diagram and Table
6.4 Rolled Beams Rolled beams may be difficult to obtain in lengths over 90 feet. Check
with the Fabrication Methods Unit prior to incorporating beams with
lengths over 90 feet into a design.
Use rolled beam sections with a minimum flange width of 14 inches. This
will allow four lines of bolts to be used in the field splice design.
6.5 Plate Girders For shipping purposes, limit the length between field splices to 145 feet.
Select plate thickness in 1/16 inch increments for thicknesses up to

1 inch. For thicknesses between 1 and 2 1/2 inches, use 1/8 inch
increments. Use 1/4 inch increments for thicknesses between 2 1/2 and 4
inches.
In general, additional web thickness increases shear capacity. An

increase in web height or flange area increases moment capacity and
reduces live load deflections.
In general, follow these guidelines in plate size selection for plate girders:
Flanges
[C6.10.3.4] For plate girder flanges, the minimum size is 3/4" x 14". The 14 inch
flange permits four lines of bolts for field splices. Limit the ratio of
segment length to top flange width to 85 for stability during shipping and
erection.
The change in flange area at butt weld splices shall not exceed 100%. In
general, it is economical to provide a butt splice if 1000 to 1200 pounds
or more of steel can be saved. Further discussion on this issue can be
found in Article 1.5.2 of G12.1 - 2003 Guidelines for Design for
Constructibility.
Where practical, keep the bottom flange at a constant width over the
entire girder length. Top flanges should be kept at a constant width
within each field piece. Use a 24 inch radius for the taper detail where
flanges need to be tapered in width. When changing the flange width
and thickness at a butt splice, first taper the width and then taper the
thickness. If changing the top flange width at a field splice, do not taper
the flange width.
[6.13.6.1.5] When thick fill plates are required at field splices, additional rows of bolts
will be required to transfer the force to the member.
Web
For web plates the minimum thickness is 1/2 inch. The 1/2 inch web
reduces the potential for warping during fabrication. Select maximum
web height while still meeting clearance requirements.
When choosing a web thickness, first determine the thickness at which no

intermediate stiffeners are required for shear. Reduce the web thickness
in 1/16 inch increments and calculate the weight of web steel saved per
stiffener added. Generally, it is economical to reduce the web thickness
when the weight of web steel saved per stiffener added is greater than
1000 pounds.
Web thickness changes are allowed at field splices. For a thickness

change of 1/16 inch, detail the web splice with a 16 gauge fill plate on one
side of the web only.
Longitudinal stiffeners should only be considered for girders over

84 inches deep. Terminate longitudinal stiffeners at a low stress point
with a fatigue resistant detail. Generally, detail longitudinal stiffeners as
continuous through transverse and bearing stiffeners.
6.5.1 High Use of High Performance Steel (HPS) Grade HPS 70W
Performance Steel ( Fy = 70 ksi) may be an economical alternative to 50 ksi steel. Typically,
Girders a hybrid design that utilizes HPS steel for the bottom flange in positive
moment areas and both flanges in negative moment areas is most
economical.
6.6 Horizontally The 2005 Interim Specifications unified Section 6 to include both straight
Curved Steel and horizontally curved steel bridges. This article highlights some of the
Girders issues particular to curved steel design.
[6.10.6-6.10.8] Flexure
The preliminary depth and girder spacing shown in the Preliminary Plan is
determined using a straight line girder analysis with a maximum bending
stress limit of 0.85Fy. Use the Preliminary Plan to develop a framing plan
for review with the Design Unit Leader and Bridge Design Engineer. Once
the framing plan has been approved, analyze the bridge as a system
using an appropriate structural analysis program.
Design considerations unique to horizontally curved steel girders include:

[4.6.1.2.4b] • The span, radius, and skew of the girder determine whether the
curvature must be considered in the analysis.
• Curved steel girders are always considered noncompact in the
positive moment region. Therefore the maximum nominal
bending stress is Fy.
• Use of Appendix A or Appendix B is not allowed.
• Lateral flange bending stresses due to torsion must be taken into
account. As a result, curved steel plate girder bridges usually
have wider flanges than straight steel bridges.
• Horizontal curvature causes a variable load distribution that
increases from inside to outside of the curve. Theoretically, flange
and web sizes could be different for each girder. The designer
must consider the economic benefits associated with grouping
plate sizes. In other words, consider grouping the girders, using
identical flange sizes for the fascia and first interior beam, the
second and third interior beam, etc. Also consider carefully
whether to incrementally increase the web depth from inside to
outside of the curve. This practice may cause the outside beams
to become too stiff, drawing too much moment to the outside
fascia beam.
[6.10.9] Shear
Web shear capacity is treated the same for both straight and horizontally
curved steel girders.
[6.7.4] Diaphragms
Diaphragms are considered primary structural members in curved
bridges. Intermediate diaphragms may be either cross frame or bent
plate type (Detail B408 or B402).
Use the following guidance for design and detailing of diaphragms:
• Maximum diaphragm spacing given in the LRFD Bridge Design

Specifications is the lesser of R/10 or 30 feet for curved steel
girders. Mn/DOT more conservatively limits the diaphragm
spacing to 25 feet.
[6.13.1] • Design diaphragms and their connections for the factored forces
and moments determined by analysis. Unlike beam splices,
design for higher loads is not required. If the analysis software
allows, include the deck in the analysis model to reduce
diaphragm stresses.
• Generally, provide radial lines of diaphragms which extend across

the entire width of the bridge. Diaphragms may be discontinued
near the obtuse corner of skewed abutments or over skewed piers
to provide flexibility between supports and adjacent members.
• Place cross frame members such that their lines of action intersect
at the center of gravity of the bolt group or produce the smallest
possible moment on the bolt group that connects the gusset plate
to the connection plate. If the lines of action must move, balance
the forces such that moments on the connection are minimized.
• Due to the high cost of WT shapes, use angles for all cross frame
members. Place all angles with the vertical leg projection down to
prevent debris from collecting in the angle.
• Due to the high cost of bolting, connect angle members to the

gusset plate with welds. Also, use a connection at the intersection
of cross frame diaphragm diagonals. Use all-around welds to
prevent moisture and debris from collecting between members.
Consider weld details for diaphragms as Fatigue Category E, but
allow a fatigue overstress of 15% per Mn/DOT policy.
• Design welds for the shear force and moment (caused by the
member eccentricity) in the plane of the weld. Neglect the out-of-
plane moment caused by the vertical eccentricity of the angle.
When designing welds, check if the minimum weld size is
adequate and increase as needed. The weld length may also be
increased depending on the connection geometry.
• Design the gusset plate for the moment induced by the connected
members. A reduction in the height of the gusset plate may be
required as the full gusset plate may not aid in resisting the
applied forces. Also, check the axial stress induced in the gusset
plate by the connected members.
• Design cross frame members for factored axial forces. When in

compression, slenderness of the members shall be computed
[4.6.2.5] using an effective length factor K = 1.0.
Miscellaneous
[6.10.10] The design of shear connectors in horizontally curved steel beams
accounts for shear forces produced in the longitudinal direction by beam
bending, and shear forces produced in the radial direction by the cross
frames. The available curved girder analysis programs do not clearly
specify the direction of cross frame forces under fatigue loadings. Since
this makes it difficult to obtain an accurate net fatigue force range, cross
frame forces can conservatively be added for simplicity.
Design curved steel girder splices for vertical bending, lateral bending
and shear. Composite section properties shall be used.
Calculate camber based on dead load deflection, vertical curvature, and

residual camber (if required). Compute deflections assuming the deck is
poured in a 7 inch lift followed by a 2 inch wearing course.
For shipping purposes, limit the length between field splices to 100 feet
when the offset from the chord connecting the ends is between 3 and 6
feet. A shipping length of 145 feet can be used when the offset is less
than 3 feet. Check with the Fabrication Methods Engineer for specific
situations.
For unusual circumstances, consider requiring the contractor to use

erection shoring. Prior to using this design assumption, discuss the
project with the Bridge Design Engineer and the Regional Bridge
Construction Engineer.
Full assembly should be considered for curved steel superstructures.

Discuss use of full assembly vs. special assembly with the Fabrication
Methods Engineer or Structural Metals Engineer before specifying on the
Plan.
6.7 Box or Tub Box or tub girders have rarely been used in Minnesota, but may be an
Girders economical choice for longer span bridges. Typically, they are trapezoidal
in shape, with two top flanges, two webs, and a single wide bottom
flange. The top flanges have shear connectors attached to them that are
used to develop composite action with a cast-in-place deck. Once the
deck is in place the closed shape of the cross section is effective in
carrying torsional loads in addition to flexural loads.
Ensure that the structure has adequate capacity prior to the development
of composite action with the deck. The lateral bracing system for the top
flanges must be considered during construction.
6.8 Bolted Bolted connections are used mainly in field splices, diaphragms, and
Connections and metal railings.
Splices
Check details to ensure that there are no bolting access or assembly
problems.
Splices
Use 7/8 inch diameter ASTM A325 bolts. The standard bolt pattern is a
3 inch grid with edge distances of 11/2 inch.
Use a maximum gap equal to 3/8 inch between the ends of spliced beams.
Provide a minimum of 3 inches from the inside of the inside flange splice
plates to the center of the first row of bolts in the web splice.
The change in flange area at bolted splices shall not exceed 100%. The
splice plates must be of the same steel as the elements being connected.
The minimum thickness of splice plates is 5/16 inches.
Design bolted field splices as slip-critical connections. Assume that a

Class B surface coating or condition is available for slip resistance (Slip
Coefficient 0.50).
Include the standard plan note concerning field splice elevations on the
detailed drawings.
Where splice plates are 3/8 inch thick or greater, connections may be
designed assuming threads are excluded from the shear plane.
6.9 Two-Span This example illustrates the design of a two-span welded plate girder
Plate Girder Design bridge with a 20 degree skew. The bridge is on a constant grade of 1.5%
Example and has two equal spans of 175'-0". Mn/DOT standard details and
drawings for diaphragms (B402 and B407) and railings (Fig. 5-397.117)
should be referenced when reviewing this example. This example
includes the detail design of a typical interior girder at the critical sections
in flexure and shear for AASHTO HL-93 loading. Design of the stiffeners,
end diaphragm, shear connectors, and field splice is also included.
Fatigue is checked at critical locations.
The superstructure consists of five girders spaced at 11'-4" centers.

Girders are designed to act compositely with a 91/2 inch deck. A 1/2 inch
of wear is assumed and a deck thickness of 9 inches is used for
composite section properties.
A. Materials and The following material and geometric parameters are used in this
Geometry example:
Concrete (deck and overlay)

Dead load unit weight w c = 0.150 kcf
Compressive strength fc′ = 4 ksi
Elastic modulus Ec = 3644 ksi
Steel
Dead load unit weight w st = 0.490 kcf
Yield strength Fy = 50 ksi
Tensile strength Fu = 70 ksi
Elastic modulus Es = 29,000 ksi
[6.10.1.1.1b] Composite Section Properties

Short-term modular ratio = n = 8
Long-term modular ratio = 3 n = 24
Average Daily Truck Traffic 2000 per day
The overall geometry for the example is presented in Figures 6.9.1 and
6.9.2. Girder geometry is presented in the next section (see Figures
6.9.3 and 6.9.4) where section properties are assembled.
A typical section for the bridge is shown in Figure 6.9.1. The deck is
supported on five lines of girders. The girders are spaced on 11'-4"
centers and the roadway is 48'-0" wide (two 12'-0" traffic lanes and two
12'-0" shoulders). A Type F-rail is provided on each side of the bridge.
The framing of the superstructure is presented in Figure 6.9.2. The

structure has a 20 degree skew. Due to the symmetric span
arrangement, only a half-framing plan is provided. Rolled beam end
diaphragms are located at the abutments. Cross frames are used for
interior diaphragms.
Figure 6.9.1
Figure 6.9.2
Partial Framing Plan
B. Determine Cross Non-Composite Section Properties

Section Properties The minimum depth of the steel girder (see Section 6.2 of this manual) in
a continuous span is 0.0285 L . Mn/DOT typically considers a preliminary
depth of 0.033 L .
For L = 175 ft:

0.0285 ⋅ L = 59.9 in
0.033 ⋅ L = 69.3 in
A member deeper than the minimum is usually the most economical.

Adequate clearance is assumed available for the example, so try a
70 inch deep web.
[6.10.2.1.1] Webs without longitudinal stiffeners must be proportioned such that:
D
≤ 150
tw
Then, the minimum web thickness t w is:
D 70
tw ≥ = = 0.47 in
150 150
Section 6.5 of this manual requires a minimum web thickness of 1/2 inch.
Try a web thickness of 5/8 inch.
[6.10.2.2] The minimum flange width b f and flange thickness t f is:
D 70
bf ≥ = = 11.7 in
6 6
t f ≥ 1.1 t w = 1.1 (0.625) = 0.6875 in
The minimum flange size specified by Section 6.5 of this manual is

3
/4" x 14".
[C6.10.3.4] For stability during shipping and erection the minimum compression
flange width b fc is:
L 121 ⋅ (12)
b fc ≥ = = 17.1 in
85 85
Based on experience and the minimum proportions given above,

preliminary web and flange plate sizes were chosen and are shown in
Figure 6.9.3. The girder is symmetric about the pier with a 1" x 20" top
flange and a 11/4" x 22" bottom flange in the positive moment region. In
the negative moment region, the top flange is 13/4" x 20" near the field
splice and 31/4" x 20" over the pier. The bottom flange is 13/4" x 22"
near the field splice and 31/4" x 22" over the pier. For the web, a 5/8" x
70" plate is used throughout.
[6.10.2.2] Two additional flange proportion checks are required:
bf I
yc
≤ 12.0 and 0.1 ≤ ≤ 10.0
2t I
f yt
Make each check using the most critical section:
bf 20
For 1" x 20" flange, = = 10.0 < 12.0 OK
2t 2 ⋅ (1.0)
f
For Design Section 1,
1.00 ⋅ (20)
3
I = = 666.7 in 4
yc 12
1.25 ⋅ (22)
3
I = = 1109.2 in 4
yt 12
I 666.7
yc
= = 0.60 0.1 < 0.60 < 10.0 OK
I 1109.2
yt
The non-composite section properties of the girder are provided in

Table 6.9.1.
Figure 6.9.3
Preliminary Beam Layout – Half Elevation
Table 6.9.1
Non-Composite Section Properties
Design Design Design
Parameter
Section 1 * Section 2 ** Section 3 ***
d nc (in) 72.25 73.50 76.50
A (in 2 ) 91.25 117.25 180.25
I (in 4 ) 77,179 112,345 200,770
y t (in) 38.96 37.82 39.57
y b (in) 33.29 35.68 36.93
3
St (in ) 1981 2970 5074
Sb (in 3 ) 2318 3149 5437
* Design Section 1 is from abutment to field splice

** Design Section 2 is from field splice to flange butt splice
*** Design Section 3 is section over pier
Effective Flange Width

For simplicity, and in order to be conservative, the beams are designed
assuming the full 91/2 inches of deck thickness is placed in a single pour
instead of the actual two pours.
For section property computations the deck thickness is reduced by

1
/2 inch to account for wear.
[4.6.2.6] The width of deck b eff assumed to act compositely with the girder and
resist external loads is the smallest of three values:
b eff = 0.25 ⋅ (Effective span length) = 0.25 ⋅ (0.7 ⋅ 175) ⋅ 12 = 368 in
or
b eff = 12 ⋅ (Deck thickness) + 0.5 ⋅ (Top flange width)

= 12 ⋅ 9 + 0.5 ⋅ 20 = 118 in GOVERNS
or
b eff = Average beam spacing = 136 in
Positive Moment Region Composite Section Properties

Using the modular ratios provided earlier ( n = 8 , 3 n = 24 ) results in:
[6.10.1.1.1b] Transformed b eff for transient, short-term loads

n
118
b eff = = 14.75 in
n 8
Transformed b eff for permanent, long-term loads

3n
118
b = = 4.92 in
eff3n 24
Choose a stool height for the girder, which is defined as the distance from
the bottom of the deck to the top of the web. Because the top flange
thickness varies along the girder length, the concrete portion of the stool
will vary. The minimum required thickness of the concrete portion of the
stool is 11/2" at the edge of the flange. Therefore, the stool height is
dependent on the thickest top flange plate, which is located at the pier.
The largest top flange plate is 31/4" x 20" and the deck cross slope is 2%.
Then, the minimum required concrete portion of the stool height along
the girder centerline is:
stoolmin conc = 1.50 + 0.02 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 20 = 1.70 in Use = 1.75 in
The minimum required total stool height along the girder centerline at the
pier is:
stool = 3.25 + 1.75 = 5.0 in

min pier
This bridge is on a straight grade, so residual camber is required, which

“eats” into the stool at midspan. Therefore, check the minimum required
stool height at midspan also to see if it governs.
The required residual camber is:
⎛ 175 − 100 ⎞
camber = 1.50 + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.125 = 2.44 in
res
⎝ 10 ⎠
Use camberres = 2.50 in
The top flange plate at midspan is 1" x 20". Then, the minimum required
total stool height along the girder centerline at midspan is:
stoolmin midspan = 1.00 + 1.75 + 2.50 = 5.25 in GOVERNS

Choose a stool height of 5.25 inches.
For calculation of the girder section properties, use the minimum

concrete stool height t cstool equal to 1.75 inches.
See Figure 6.9.4 and Table 6.9.2 for the composite sections and
computed properties used for design in the positive moment region.
Note that only Design Sections 1 and 2 fall in the positive moment
region.
Negative Moment Region Composite Section Properties

[6.10.1.1.1c] For negative moment regions, the section assumed effective in resisting
external loads is the steel girder section plus the reinforcement within an
effective width of the slab.
[6.10.1.7] In negative moment regions, the longitudinal reinforcing steel in the deck
is approximately 1% of the area of the deck. Two thirds of this steel is to
be placed in the top mat of reinforcement. Referring to Figure 9.2.1.7,
the area of steel within the effective flange width is:
Top mat: #16 bars @ 18" with 2- #19 bars in between
⎛ 118 ⎞
A = (0.31 + 2 ⋅ 0.44 ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 7.80 in
2
stop
⎝ 18 ⎠
Bottom mat: #13 bars @ 6"
⎛ 118 ⎞ 2
A = 0.20 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 3.93 in
sbot
⎝ 6 ⎠
The top mat is located 3.50 inches from the top of the deck (based on
3 inches clear, 1/2 inch wear, and #16 transverse bars) and the bottom
mat is located 1.88 inches from the bottom (based on 1 inch clear, and
#16 transverse bars). See Figure 6.9.4 and Table 6.9.2 for the
composite sections and computed properties used for design in the
negative moment region.
Figure 6.9.4
Table 6.9.2
Composite Section Properties for Design
Design Section 1 Design Design Section 2 Design Design

for Positive Moment Section 1 for Positive Moment Section 2 Section 3
* for ** for for
Parameter
Negative Negative Negative
Moment Moment Moment
* ** ***
n 3n n 3n
A c (in 2 ) 228.38 136.96 102.98 254.38 162.96 128.98 191.98
I c (in 4 ) 189,316 139,281 98,220 235,171 176,064 132,855 223,679
Y (in) 22.67 34.68 44.58 24.91 36.26 44.58 47.53

slabc
Ytc (in) 11.92 23.93 33.83 14.16 25.51 33.83 36.78
Ybc (in) 60.33 48.32 38.42 59.34 47.99 39.67 39.72
S tc (in )
3
15,882 5820 2903 16,608 6902 3927 6082
Sbc (in )
3
3138 2882 2556 3963 3669 3349 5631

C. Select Applicable The following load multipliers will be used for this example.
Load Combinations ηD = 1.00
and Load Factors ηR = 1.00
[1.3.3-1.3.5] ηI = 1.00
[3.4.1]
Standard HL-93 loading will be used. The load combinations considered
applicable to the design example are identified below:
STRENGTH I: 1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.75 ⋅ LL

Primary applications include:
• maximum bottom flange stress in positive moment location
• maximum top and bottom flange stress in negative moment
locations
STRENGTH IV: 1.5 ⋅ DC

Primary applications include:
• maximum bottom flange stress in positive moment location
• maximum top and bottom flange stress in negative moment
locations
SERVICE II: 1.0 ⋅ DC + 1.3 ⋅ LL

Corresponds to the overload provisions in the AASHTO Standard
Specifications pertaining to yield control and to slip-critical connections.
FATIGUE: 0.75 ⋅ LL range

Checks to limit the potential for fatigue cracks to form in a structure.
[3.4.2] CONSTRUCTION LOAD COMBINATION: 1.25 ⋅ DC temp + 1.5 ⋅ LL temp

During erection, the girder will need to resist stresses associated with the
steel section alone. In addition, the need for diaphragms or cross frames
will be determined at this stage.
Due to the continuous configuration, maximum and minimum ( γ p ) load

factor values will be used.
IM = 15% when evaluating fatigue and fracture

IM = 33% when evaluating all other limit states
D. Live Load 1. Interior Beam Moment LLDFs

Distribution Factors For LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1, a Type (a) superstructure describes the
(LLDF) for Moment structural system used in this example. Per LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1, the
[4.6.2.2.2b] approximate distribution equations can be used if these geometric
[C4.6.2.2.1-1] constraints are met:
Type (a) Cross Section Range of Applicability Limits for Flexure

Parameter Design Example Minimum Maximum
Beam Spacing (S) 11.33' 3.5' 16.0'

Slab Thickness ( t s ) 9.0" 4.5" 12"
Number of Beams ( Nb ) 5 4 -
Span Length (L) 175' 20' 240'
[4.6.2.2.1] In addition to S, t s , and L, the distribution equations for live load

moment area also based on K g , a longitudinal stiffness parameter
defined as:
(
K g = n ⋅ I + A ⋅ eg
2
)
where n is the modular ratio, I is the non-composite girder moment of
inertia, A is the non-composite area of the girder, and e g is the distance
between the centers of gravity of the non-composite girder and the deck.
Positive Moment Region

For the positive moment region,
I = 77,179 in 4
A = 91.25 in 2
t s = 9.0 in
y = 38.96 in
t
ts 9.0
e g = concrete stool + + y t = 1.75 + + 38.96 = 45.21 in
2 2
(
K = 8 ⋅ 77,179 + 91.25 ⋅ 45.212 = 2.11 × 10 6 in 4
g
)
Moment LLDF for one design lane loaded:

0 .4 0.3 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
[Table gM = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ (t )3 ⎟
4.6.2.2.2b-1] ⎝ s ⎠
0 .4 0.3 0.1
⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 2.11 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞
= 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 175 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 0.477 lanes/girder
Moment LLDF for two or more design lanes loaded:

0.6 0.2 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
gM = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ (t )3 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
0 .6 0.2 0.1
⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 2.11 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞
= 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 175 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 0.739 lanes/girder GOVERNS
Moment LLDF for fatigue:

[3.6.1.1.2] The design fatigue truck is a single lane vehicle that does not include the
[3.6.1.4] multiple presence factor. The tabulated approximate distribution factor
equations for moment include the multiple presence factors. Therefore,
remove the single lane multiple presence factor (1.2) from the LLDF for
one lane loaded to get the fatigue LLDF.
0.477
gMf = = 0.398 lanes/girder
1.2
Negative Moment Region

For the negative moment region (defined as between the dead load
contraflexure points) use a single LLDF based on the largest negative
moment section (located over the pier).
I = 200,770 in 4
A = 180.25 in 2
t s = 9.0 in
y = 39.57 in
t
ts 9.0
e = concrete stool + + y = 1.75 + + 39.57 = 45.82 in
g 2 t 2
(
K = 8 ⋅ 200,770 + 180.25 ⋅ 45.822 = 4.634 × 106 in 4
g
)

0.4 0.3 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
[Table gM = 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ (t ) ⎟
3
4.6.2.2.2b-1] ⎝ s ⎠
0 .4 0.3 0.1
⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 4.634 ⋅ 106 ⎞
= 0.06 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎝ 175 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

0.6 0.2 0.1
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛S⎞ ⎛ Kg ⎞
[Table gM = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝L ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ (t )3 ⎟
4.6.2.2.2b-1] ⎝ s ⎠
0 .6 0.2 0.1
⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 11.33 ⎞ ⎛ 4.634 ⋅ 106 ⎞
= 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9.5 ⎠ ⎝ 175 ⎠ ⎜ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 0.793 lanes/girder GOVERNS
Moment LLDF for fatigue:
0.512
gM = = 0.426 lanes/girder
f 1.2
2. Exterior Beam Moment LLDFs

[4.6.2.2.2d] Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1 contains the approximate distribution factor equations
for exterior beams. Check the value of de to ensure they are valid.
de = 3.00 − 1.67 = 1.33 ft (see Figure 6.9.5)
−1.0 ft < 1.33 ft < 5.5 ft OK


Use the lever rule and refer to Figure 6.9.5.
Exterior beam reaction or distribution factor is:
W1 = W2 = 0.5 lanes
⎡ 0.5 ⋅ (11.33 − 0.67) + 0.5 ⋅ (11.33 − 6.67) ⎤

gM = ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ 1.2
⎣ 11.33 ⎦
Figure 6.9.5
de 1.33
[Table e = 0.77 + = 0.77 + = 0.916
9.1 9.1
4.6.2.2.2d-1]
gM = e ⋅ gM = 0.916 ⋅ 0.739 = 0.677 lanes/girder for pos. moment
int
gM = e ⋅ gM = 0.916 ⋅ 0.793 = 0.726 lanes/girder for neg. moment

int
Moment LLDFs for fatigue:
0.811
gMf = = 0.676 lanes/girder
1.2
3. Skew Reduction Factor for Moment

[4.6.2.2.2e] The framing plan is skewed 20 degrees. Although there is no
modification to the moments for skew until the skew angle is 30 degrees
or greater, note that Mn/DOT has set this factor to 1.0 for all steel
bridges in order to boost the load rating.
E. Live Load 1. Interior Beam Shear LLDFs

Distribution Factors Check range of applicability for use of the simplified distribution
(LLDF) for Shear equations.
[Table Type (a) Cross Section Range of Applicability Limits for Shear
4.6.2.2.3a-1] Parameter Design Example Minimum Maximum
Beam Spacing (S) 11.33' 3.5' 16.0'
Slab Thickness ( t s ) 9.0" 4.5" 12"
Span Length (L) 175' 20' 240'
Pos. Mom. Long.

2.110 x 10 6 10,000 7.0 x 106
Stiffness ( K g )
Neg. Mom. Long.

4.634 x 10 6 10,000 7.0 x 106
Stiffness ( K g )
[4.6.2.2.3a] All parameters for the design example are within permissible limits.
[Table Shear LLDF for one design lane loaded:

4.6.2.2.3a-1]
S 11.33
gV = 0.36 + = 0.36 + = 0.813 lanes/girder
25 25
Shear LLDF for two or more design lanes loaded:

2 2
S ⎛ S ⎞ 11.33 ⎛ 11.33 ⎞
gV = 0.2 + −⎜ ⎟ = 0.2 + −⎜ ⎟ = 1.039 lanes/girder
12 ⎝ 35 ⎠ 12 ⎝ 35 ⎠
[4.6.2.2.3b] 2. Exterior Beam Shear LLDFs

Shear LLDF for one design lane loaded:
Use the lever rule, which results in the same factor that was computed
for flexure.
gV = 0.811 lanes/girder
Shear LLDF for two or more design lanes loaded:
de 1.33
e = 0.6 + = 0.6 + = 0.733
10 10
gV = e ⋅ gVint = 0.733 ⋅ 1.039 = 0.762 lanes/girder
[4.6.2.2.3c] 3. Skew Correction Factor for Shear

There is a modification to the shear at the obtuse corners for bridges with
skewed lines of support. This example has a skew angle of 20 degrees.
[Table Type (a) Cross Sections Range of Applicability Limits for Skew
4.6.2.2.3c-1] Correction (Shear)
Parameter Design Example Minimum Maximum
Skew Angle ( θ ) 20 degrees 0 degrees 60 degrees
Beam Spacing (S) 11.33' 3.5' 16.0'
Span Length (L) 175' 20' 240'
0 .3
⎛ 12 ⋅ L ⋅ (t s )3 ⎞
CF = 1.0 + 0.2 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ tan (θ )
⎜ Kg ⎟
⎝ ⎠
0 .3
⎛ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎞
= 1.0 + 0.2 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ tan (20 )
⎜ 2.110 ⋅ 10 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 1.07 lanes/girder at the abutment
0 .3
⎛ 12 ⋅ 175 ⋅ (9)3 ⎞
CF = 1.0 + 0.2 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ tan (20 )
⎜ 4.634 ⋅ 10 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 1.05 lanes/girder at the pier
For simplicity, only the larger correction factor will be used to modify the
live load distribution factors for shear. The adjusted shear distribution
factors are:
Interior Girders
For one lane loaded:
gV = 0.813 ⋅ 1.07 = 0.870 lanes/girder

For two or more design lanes loaded:
gV = 1.039 ⋅ 1.07 = 1.112 lanes/girder
For fatigue:
0.870
gVf = = 0.725 lanes/girder
1.2
Exterior Girders
For one lane loaded:
gV = 0.811 ⋅ 1.07 = 0.868 lanes/girder
For two or more design lanes loaded:
gV = 0.762 ⋅ 1.07 = 0.815 lanes/girder
For fatigue:
0.868
gVf = = 0.723 lanes/girder
1.2
Table 6.9.3
Distribution Factor Summary (Lanes/Girder)
One Lane Multiple Lane Governing
Girder/Force Component
LLDF LLDF LLDF
+ Moment 0.477 0.739 0.739

- Moment 0.512 0.793 0.793
Interior Shear 0.870 1.112 1.112
Girder + Fatigue Moment 0.398 0.398
- Fatigue Moment 0.426 0.426
Fatigue Shear 0.725 0.725
+ Moment 0.811 0.677 0.811
- Moment 0.811 0.726 0.811
Exterior Shear 0.868 0.815 0.868
Girder + Fatigue Moment 0.676 0.676
- Fatigue Moment 0.676 0.676
Fatigue Shear 0.723 0.723
F. Calculate Force Axial loads generated as a result of creep, shrinkage, and thermal
Effects movements will not be considered for the design of the girders. These
loads are considered in the bearing and substructure design examples.
From this point forward only the design of an interior girder subject to
dead load and HL-93 live loads will be presented.
[6.10.1.5] Unfactored bending moments, shears, and reactions at different locations

along the girder are presented in Tables 6.9.5 through 6.9.12. They are
based on applying the loads as follows:
• DC1 loads are applied to a continuous beam model with varying
non-composite section properties (see Table 6.9.1).
• DC2 loads are applied to a composite continuous beam model
consisting of the steel girder plus the concrete deck where a
modular ratio of 3 n is used for the section properties.
• Live loads are applied to a composite continuous beam model
consisting of the steel girder plus the concrete deck with a
modular ratio of n.
Table 6.9.4 presents the areas and moments of inertia used for analysis.
Table 6.9.4
Composite Section Properties for Analysis
Design Section 1 Design Section 2 Design Section 3

Parameter * ** ***
n 3n n 3n n 3n
2
A c (in ) 228.38 136.96 254.38 162.96 317.38 225.96
I c (in 4 ) 189,316 139,281 235,171 176,064 364,078 277,092

DC1 consists of the following loads: girder selfweight, concrete deck and
wearing course, stool, and form loads. Note that Mn/DOT includes the
wearing course load with DC1 loads (not DW). A 15% detail factor
(based on the selfweight of the girder) is used to account for the dead
load of connection and cross frame elements. A 0.010 ksf load is
considered during construction to account for the weight of deck
formwork.
⎛ 0.357 k/ft - Section 1 ⎞
A ⎜ ⎟
w = beam
⋅ 0.490 ⋅ (1.15) = ⎜ 0.459 k/ft - Section 2 ⎟
beam 144 ⎜ 0.705 k/ft - Section 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
w deck = (Area Deck + Area Stool) ⋅ 0.150
⎛ 9.5 5.25 − top flange 20 ⎞

= ⎜11.33 ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟ ⋅ 0.15
⎝ 12 12 12 ⎠
⎛1.434k / ft − Section 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= ⎜1.418k / ft − Section 2 ⎟
⎜1.387k / ft − Section 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
w forms = 0.010 ⋅ 11.33 = 0.113 k/ft
A 0.020 ksf temporary construction live loading is also considered. It is

assumed to be acting full length on a single span concurrent with wet
concrete placement. In Table 6.9.6, DCconst consists of girder selfweight,
form load, and one span of concrete. LLconst consists of one span of
construction liveload.
DC2 consists of long-term dead loads, barrier, and future wearing course
(FWC). Note that Mn/DOT uses a FWC of 0.020 ksf and includes the FWC
load with DC2 loads (not DW).
2 barriers
wbarrier = 0.439 k/ft ⋅ = 0.176 k/ft
5 girders
48
w = 0.020 ksf ⋅ = 0.192 k/ft
fwc 5
The field splice is located 121 feet from the abutment bearing,
approximately 0.69 of the span. This location was chosen as the nearest
even foot along the span to the noncomposite dead load inflection point
during the initial sizing.
All of the DC1 loads presented in the example include the 0.010 ksf load
associated with the formwork. This increases the strength design loads
by 2% but greatly simplifies the calculations. In reality, the load is
applied to the non-composite section but is removed from the composite
section. The actual stresses are also dependent on the pour sequence for
the deck.
In the following tables, Girder Point 0.0 is the centerline of bearing at the
abutment. Girder Point 1.0 is centerline of bearing at the pier. Due to
the symmetry of the span arrangement, only data for Girder Points 0.0 to
1.0 is provided for most loads. However, due to the asymmetric loading
considered during construction, values are provided for both spans in

Tables 6.9.6 and 6.9.13.
Table 6.9.5
Dead Load Bending Moments (Unfactored)
DC1 Moment (k-ft) DC2 Moment (k-ft)
Girder
Point Slab and
Girder Forms Total Barrier FWC Total
Stool
0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 329 1297 102 1728 163 178 341
0.2 549 2154 170 2873 273 297 570
0.3 659 2573 202 3434 328 357 685
0.4 659 2552 202 3413 329 359 688
0.5 550 2092 165 2807 277 302 579
0.6 331 1194 94 1619 170 186 356
0.691(1) 32 -13 -1 18 26 28 54
0.7 -2 -145 -11 -158 10 11 21
(2)
0.742 -186 -853 -67 -1106 -75 -82 -157
0.8 -470 -1922 -152 -2544 -204 -222 -426
0.807(3) -510 -2066 -163 -2738 -221 -242 -463
0.860(4) -819 -3197 -252 -4268 -358 -391 -749
0.871(5) -894 -3458 -272 -4624 -390 -425 -815
0.9 -1092 -4134 -326 -5552 -472 -515 -987
(6)
0.936 -1364 -5029 -396 -6790 -581 -633 -1214
1.0 -1918 -6778 -535 -9231 -794 -866 -1660
(1)
Field splice
(2)
Second diaphragm away from pier
(3)
Midway point between first and second diaphragms away from pier
(4)
Flange butt splice
(5)
First diaphragm away from pier
(6)
Midway point between centerline of pier and first diaphragm away from pier
For this design example, the LRFD 6.10.3.2 constructibility checks use
the values provided in Table 6.9.6.
Table 6.9.6
Construction Load Bending Moments (Unfactored)
DCconst Moment (kip-ft) LLconst
Girder Point Slab and Moment
Girder Forms Total
Stool (kip-ft)
0.0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 329 1677 102 2108 259
0.2 549 2902 170 3621 448
0.297(1) 657 3663 202 4522 566
0.3 659 3679 202 4540 568
0.365(2) 670 3957 205 4832 612
0.4 659 4003 202 4864 618
(3)
0.446 623 4003 189 4815 618
0.5 550 3879 165 4594 599
0.6 331 3305 94 3730 511
0.691(4) 32 2385 -1 2416 369
0.7 -2 2279 -11 2266 353
0.8 -470 808 -152 186 126
0.860(5) -819 -289 -252 -1360 -43
0.9 -1092 -1109 -326 -2527 -170
1.0 -1918 -3471 -535 -5924 -538
1.1 -1092 -3124 -326 -4542 -483
1.2 -470 -2777 -152 -3399 -429
1.3 -2 -2430 -11 -2443 -376
1.309(4) 32 -2400 -1 -2369 -371
1.4 331 -2082 94 -1657 -322
1.5 550 -1736 165 -1021 -268
1.6 659 -1390 202 -529 -215
1.7 659 -1041 202 -180 -162
1.8 549 -695 170 24 -108
1.9 329 -347 102 84 -54
2.0 0 0 0 0 0
(1)
Second diaphragm away from abutment
(2)
Midway point between second and third diaphragm away from abutment
(3)
Third diaphragm away from abutment
(4)
Field splice
(5)
Flange butt splice
The truck train generated the controlling negative bending moment over
the pier. The distance between trucks in the train is variable but can be
no less than 50 feet. The largest moment was obtained when the
distance between the last axle of the first truck and the first axle of the
second truck was 119 feet. The truck train multiplier was increased from
0.90 to 1.05 based on the Memo to Designers (2005-01).
Table 6.9.7 contains positive and negative live load moments due to
truck, lane, and truck train loading.
Table 6.9.7
Live Load Design Moments per Lane (Unfactored)
Girder Pos. M.* Neg. M.** Governing LL Type

Point (kip-ft) (kip-ft) for Negative Moment
0.0 0 0 (Truck +IM) +Lane

0.1 2064 -329 (Truck +IM) +Lane
0.2 3510 -658 (Truck +IM) +Lane
0.3 4428 -987 (Truck +IM) +Lane
0.4 4783 -1316 (Truck +IM) +Lane
0.5 4648 -1645 (Truck +IM) +Lane
0.6 4073 -1973 (Truck +IM) +Lane
(1)
0.691 3182 -3113 (Truck Train +IM) +Lane
(2)
0.807(3) 1696 -3694 (Truck Train +IM) +Lane
(6)
* Positive M = (1.33 x Truck) + Lane
[( )
** Negative M = maximum of (1.33 × Truck ) + Lane or 1.05 × 1.33 × Truck Train + Lane ]
(1)
Field splice
(2)
(3)
Midway point between first and second diaphragms away from pier
(4)
Flange butt splice
(5)
(6)
Midway point between centerline of pier and first diaphragm away from pier
Table 6.9.8 lists the fatigue moment range at various girder points when
the fixed axle fatigue truck is run across the structural model.
Table 6.9.8
Live Load Fatigue Moments per Lane (Unfactored)
Fatigue Moment
Girder Point
Range (kip-ft) *
0.0 0
0.1 1248
0.2 2136
0.3 2691
0.4 2978
0.5 3053
0.6 2959
(1)
0.691 2691
0.7 2659
0.8 2209
(2)
0.860 1908
0.9 1759
1.0 1567
* Fatigue Moment Range = 1.15 · (Fatigue Truck Positive M - Fatigue Truck Neg. M)
(1)
Field Splice
(2)
Flange Butt Splice
Table 6.9.9 presents the unfactored dead load shear forces at different
girder locations for different load components.
Table 6.9.9
Dead Load Shear (Unfactored)
DC1 Shear (kips) DC2 Shear (kips)
Girder
Point Slab and
Girder Forms Total Barrier FWC Total
Stool
0.0 22 87 7 115 11 12 23
0.1 16 62 5 82 8 8 16
0.2 9 36 3 49 5 5 10
0.3 3 11 1 15 1 2 3
0.4 -3 -14 -1 -18 -1 -2 -3
0.5 -9 -39 -3 -51 -4 -5 -9
0.6 -16 -64 -5 -85 -8 -8 -16
(1)
0.691 -22 -87 -7 -116 -11 -11 -22
0.7 -23 -89 -7 -119 -11 -11 -22
(2)
0.742 -26 -100 -8 -134 -12 -13 -25
0.8 -31 -114 -9 -154 -14 -15 -29
(3)
0.860 -37 -129 -10 -176 -16 -17 -33
(4)
0.871 -38 -132 -10 -180 -16 -17 -33
0.9 -41 -139 -11 -191 -17 -18 -35
1.0 -53 -163 -13 -230 -20 -22 -42
(1)
Field splice
(2)
(3)
Flange butt splice
(4)
Table 6.9.10 contains the dead load reactions at Abutment, (Girder

Point 0.0) and Pier (Girder Point 1.0). The reactions at Girder Point 1.0
are larger than the shear at Girder Point 0.0 because the reaction
includes the load from both spans.
Table 6.9.10
Dead Load Reactions (Unfactored)
Girder Point DC1 Reaction (kips) DC2 Reaction (kips)
0.0 115 23
1.0 459 83
Table 6.9.11 contains the live load shear extremes for the various live
load components. Per LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.1, truck train loading is not to
be used for shear.
Table 6.9.11
Live Load Design Shear per Lane and Fatigue Shear (Unfactored)
Truck + Lane Truck + Lane Fatigue Truck

Girder Point Positive Shear* Negative Shear* Shear Range**
(kips) (kips) (kips)
0.0 137 -19 78

0.1 116 -20 67
0.2 95 -31 57
0.3 75 -47 56
0.4 58 -63 58
0.5 43 -80 60
0.6 30 -98 62
0.691(1) 20 -114 64
0.7 19 -115 65
(2)
0.742 15 -122 66
0.8 10 -132 69
(3)
0.860 6 -142 71
0.871(4) 5 -144 71
0.9 4 -149 72
1.0 0 -166 76
* = (1.33 · (Truck Shear)) + Lane Shear

** = 1.15 · (Fatigue Truck Positive V - Fatigue Truck Negative V)
(1)
Field splice
(2)
(3)
Flange butt splice
(4)
Table 6.9.12 presents the live load reactions at the abutment (Girder
Point 0.0) and the pier (Girder Point 1.0). Similar to the dead load
reactions presented in Table 6.9.10, the reactions at Girder Point 1.0 are
larger than the shear at Girder Point 0.0 because the reaction includes
the load from both spans. Per LRFD Article 3.6.1.3.1 the truck train
loading needs to be considered for reactions at interior supports.
Table 6.9.12
Live Load Reactions per Lane (Unfactored)
LL + IM Reaction LL Only Reaction
Girder Point
(kips) (kips)
0.0 137 115

1.0 341* 294
* HL-93 Truck Train + Lane Reaction governs

Table 6.9.13 presents shear values due to construction loads.
Table 6.9.13
Construction Load Shear (Unfactored)
DCconst Shear (kips)
LLconst
Girder Point Girder Slab+Stool Forms Total Shear
(kips)
0.0 22 108 7 137 18
0.1 16 82 5 103 13
0.2 9 57 3 69 9
0.3 3 32 1 36 4
0.4 -3 6 -1 2 1
0.5 -9 -20 -3 -32 -3
0.6 -16 -45 -5 -66 -8
0.691(1) -22 -69 -7 -98 -11
0.7 -23 -71 -7 -101 -11
0.8 -31 -97 -9 -137 -15
0.860(2) -37 -112 -10 -159 -18
0.9 -41 -122 -11 -174 -19
1.0 Left -53 -148 -13 -214 -23
1.0 Right 53 20 13 86 3
1.1 41 20 11 72 3
1.140(2) 37 20 10 67 3
1.2 31 20 9 60 3
1.3 23 20 7 50 3
(1)
1.309 22 20 7 49 3
1.4 16 19 5 40 3
1.5 9 20 3 32 3
1.6 3 20 1 24 3
1.7 -3 20 -1 16 3
1.8 -9 20 -3 8 3
1.9 -16 20 -5 -1 3
2.0 -22 20 -7 -9 3
(1)
Field splice
(2)
Flange butt splice
The checks in this example begin with the strength checks on the
preliminary layout. Designers should be aware that deflections may
control the design. The deflection checks for this example are presented
in Section M.
G. Flexure – At the strength limit state the girder is designed to carry factored dead
Investigate and live loads. The resisting section in the positive moment regions is the
Strength Limit girder plus deck composite section. In the negative moment regions,
State resistance is provided by the girder plus deck reinforcement composite
section.
G.1 Design The maximum factored positive moment Mu is at 0.4 L = 70.0 ft from
Section 1 – each abutment.
Positive Moment
M = 1.25 ⋅ (3413 + 688 ) + 1.75 ⋅ (4783 ) ⋅ 0.739
u
= 5126 + 6186 = 11312 kip-ft
The maximum factored stresses are at 0.4L for top and bottom flanges.
Refer back to Tables 6.9.1 and 6.9.2 for section properties and
Tables 6.9.5 & 6.9.7 for moments.
For top flange:
⎛M M ⎞ ⎛ MLL +I ⎞
fbuc = 1.25 ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⎜ ⎟ (LLDF )
⎜ St S tc(3n) ⎟ ⎜ S tc(n) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3413 688 ⎞ ⎛ 4783 ⎞

= 1.25⎜ + ⎟(12) + 1.75⎜ ⎟(12)(0.739)
⎝ 1981 5820 ⎠ ⎝ 15882 ⎠
= 32.3 ksi
For bottom flange:
⎛M M ⎞ ⎛ MLL +I ⎞
fbut = 1.25 ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⎜ ⎟ (LLDF )
⎜ Sb S bc(3n) ⎟ ⎜ S bc(n) ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3413 688 ⎞ ⎛ 4783 ⎞

= 1.25⎜ + ⎟ (12) + (1.75) ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.739)
⎝ 2318 2882 ⎠ ⎝ 3138 ⎠
= 49.3 ksi
Since the bridge only has a minor skew, and the beam is an interior
beam, lateral bending does not need to be considered.
fl = 0.0
The procedure for evaluating the flexural strength of a girder in

accordance with the LRFD Specifications is quite involved. To clarify the
steps involved, flow charts are included in LRFD Appendix C, Article C6.4.
Follow the procedure shown in LRFD Figures C6.4.4-1 and C6.4.5-1.
The span under consideration is continuous, but Mn/DOT does not allow
design using the moment redistribution provisions of LRFD Appendix B. In
addition, Mn/DOT does not permit exceeding the moment at first yield for
all sections at positive moment region. Therefore, there is no need to
check section compactness criteria and the check will be made in
accordance with LRFD 6.10.7.2 (see LRFD Figure C6.4.5-1).
Compression Flange in Positive Flexure

[6.10.7.2.2] The nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange shall be taken
as:
Fnc = R bR hFyc
[6.10.1.10.2] First determine R b :
D 70
[6.10.2.1.1] = = 112 < 150 OK
t 0.625
w
The section is composite in positive flexure. Therefore web load-shedding

factor Rb = 1.0.
[6.10.1.10.1] The section is homogenous. Therefore hybrid factor Rh = 1.0.
Fyc = 50 ksi
Then, Fnc = (1.0) (1.0) (50.0) = 50 ksi
Compression flange shall satisfy:
[6.10.7.2.1] fbuc ≤ φ f Fnc φ = 1.0

f
fbuc = 32.3 ksi < (1.0) (50.0) = 50.0 ksi OK

Tension Flange in Positive Flexure

[6.10.7.2.2] The nominal flexure resistance of tension flange shall be taken as:
Fnt = R h Fyt
The section is homogenous, so Rh = 1.0
Fyt = 50.0 ksi
Fnt = (1.0) (50.0) = 50.0 ksi
Tension flange shall satisfy:
1
[6.10.7.2.1] f + f ≤φF
but 3 l f nt
fbut = 49.3 ksi fl = 0.0 ksi φ f = 1.0
1
fbut + f = 49.3 + 0.0 = 49.3 ksi < (1.0) (50.0) = 50.0 ksi OK
3 l
The positive moment section has adequate flexural strength.
[6.10.7.3] Check ductility of the section:
[D6.1] To determine D use Appendix D from Section 6. The figure for load
p
components for positive bending sections is presented in Figure 6.9.6.
Figure 6.9.6
To simplify computations neglect the Prt and Prb terms.
Pc = Force in the top flange = 50 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 20 = 1000 kips

Pw = Force in the web = 50 ⋅ 0.625 ⋅ 70 = 2188 kips
Pt = Force in the bottom flange = 50 ⋅ 1.25 ⋅ 22 = 1375 kips
Ps = Force in the slab = 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ (9 ⋅ 118 + 1.75 ⋅ 20 ) = 3730 kips
Begin by checking Case I (PNA in the web of the girder).
P + P = 1375 + 2188 = 3563 kips

t w
P + P = 1000 + 3730 = 4730 > 3563

c s
Therefore, the PNA is not in the web.
Try Case II (PNA in the top flange)
P + P + P = 1375 + 2188 + 1000 = 4563 kips

t w c
P = 3730 < 4563 kips

s
Therefore, the PNA is in the top flange. Use the equation in LRFD
Table D6.1-1 to locate the position of the PNA in the top flange.
t c ⎛ Pw + Pt − Ps ⎞ 1.0 ⎛ 2188 + 1375 − 3730 ⎞

ytfl = ⋅⎜ + 1⎟ = ⋅⎜ + 1⎟ = 0.42 in
2 ⎜ Pc ⎟ 2 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Dt = t s + t cstool + dnc = 9 + 1.75 + 72.25 in = 83.0 in
D =t +t + y tfl = 9 + 1.75 + 0.42 = 11.17 in

p s cstool
0.42 ⋅ Dt = 0.42 ⋅ 83.0 = 34.86 in
Dp = 11.17 in < 34.86 in OK

G.2 Design First, determine the maximum factored stresses at pier for the top and
Section 3 – bottom flange. Referring back to Tables 6.9.1 and 6.9.2 for section
Negative Moment properties and Tables 6.9.5 and 6.9.7 for moments:
For top flange:

⎛M M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
f = 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ LL +I ⎟ ⋅ (LLDF )
but ⎜ S S tc ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ tc ⎠
⎛ 9231 1660 ⎞ ⎛ 6905 ⎞
= 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ ⋅ 12 + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.793 = 50.3 ksi
⎝ 5074 6082 ⎠ ⎝ 6082 ⎠
For bottom flange:
⎛M M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
f = 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ LL +I ⎟ ⋅ (LLDF )
buc ⎜ S Sbc ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠
⎛ 9231 1660 ⎞ ⎛ 6905 ⎞
= 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ ⋅ 12 + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.793 = 50.3 ksi
⎝ 5437 5631 ⎠ ⎝ 5631 ⎠
Since bridge only has minor skew, and it is an interior beam, no lateral
bending needs to be considered
fl = 0.0 ksi
Next, determine flexural resistance of top and bottom flanges. Refer to

the flow chart shown in LRFD Figure C6.4.4.-1. Mn/DOT does not use the
optional provisions of Appendix A, so there is no need to check the web
slenderness ratio and flange inertia ratio of LRFD Article 6.10.6.2.3. Our
check will be made in accordance with LRFD 6.10.8. (See LRFD
Figure C6.4.6-1.) Begin with the compression (bottom) flange, which is
discretely braced. The flexural resistance of the compression flange Fnc is
the smaller of the local buckling resistance Fnc (FLB ) and the lateral
torsional buckling resistance Fnc (LTB ) . First, check local buckling
resistance.
b 22
fc
[6.10.8.2.2] λf = = = 3.38
2 t fc 2 ⋅ (3.25)
[C6.10.8.2.2] For Fyc = 50 ksi, λ pf = 9.2
Then, λ < λ and compression flange is compact.

f pf
For a compact compression flange, flexural resistance Fnc is
F ( ) =R R F
nc FLB b h yc
[6.10.1.10.2] For a negative moment section, R b is dependent on the web slenderness

2 ⋅ Dc
ratio .
tw
[D6.3.1] For composite negative moment sections, Dc is based on the section

consisting of the steel girder plus the longitudinal reinforcement.
Then, D = y − t = 39.72 − 3.25 = 36.47 in

c bc fc
2 ⋅ Dc 2 ⋅ (36.47)
= = 116.7
t 0.625
w
[C6.10.1.10.2] For Fy = 50 ksi, λ rw = 137 . Therefore,
2 ⋅ Dc
< λ rw and R b = 1.0 .
tw
The girder is homogeneous (not a hybrid), so R h = 1.0
The flange local buckling resistance is:
Fnc (FLB ) = 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi
[6.10.8.2.3] Now, determine the lateral torsional buckling resistance.
At the pier, the unbraced length L b is:
L b = 22.5 ft = 270 in
This is to be compared with the compact bracing limit L p .
E
L p = 1.0 ⋅ rt ⋅
Fyc
b 22
rt = fc
= = 6.04 in
⎛ Dc t w ⎞ ⎛ 36.47 ⋅ 0.625 ⎞
12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ 12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜ 3b t ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 3.25 ⎠
⎝ fc fc ⎠
29,000
Then, L = 1.0 ⋅ (6.04) ⋅ = 145.5 in < 270 in
p 50
Therefore, L b > L p , so check noncompact bracing limit L r .
E
L = π ⋅r ⋅
r t Fyr
Fyr = 0.7 ⋅ Fyc = 0.7 ⋅ (50.0) = 35.0 ksi
29,000
Then, L = π ⋅ (6.04) ⋅ = 546.2 in > 270 in
r 35.0
Therefore, L < L < L

p b r
⎡ ⎛ Fyr ⎞⎛ L b − L p ⎞⎤
And, Fnc (LTB ) = Cb ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ R b ⋅ R h ⋅ Fyc
⎢⎣ ⎜ R h ⋅ Fyc ⎟⎜ L r − L p ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦
Cb, moment gradient modifier, can be calculated as follows (refer to

Figure 6.9.7 and LRFD C6.4.10):
Figure 6.9.7
f2 is the compression stress at centerline of pier diaphragm:
f2 = 50.3 ksi
fo is the compression stress at first brace point (diaphragm) away from

pier:
⎛ 4624 815 ⎞ ⎛ 4174 ⎞

fo = 1.25 ⎜ + ⎟ (12) + (1.75) ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793)
⎝ 5437 5631 ⎠ ⎝ 5631 ⎠
= 27.3 ksi
fmid is the compression stress at the point midway between the centerline
of pier and first brace point away from pier:
⎛ 6790 1214 ⎞ ⎛ 5254 ⎞

f = 1.25 ⎜ + ⎟ (12) + (1.75) ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793)
mid
⎝ 5437 5631 ⎠ ⎝ 5631 ⎠
= 37.5 ksi
Check if moment envelope is concave between f2 and fo. The stress at

'
the middle of the unbraced length, fmid , assuming a linear variation
between f2 and fo is:
f2 + fo 50.3 + 27.3
f' = = = 38.8 ksi > 37.5 ksi
mid 2 2
Therefore, moment envelope is concave and f1 = fo = 27.3 ksi
f1 27.3
= = 0.54
f 50.3
2
2
⎛f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
C = 1.75 − 1.05 ⎜ 1 ⎟ + 0.3 ⎜ 1 ⎟
b ⎜f ⎟ ⎜f ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= 1.75 − (1.05) (0.54) + (0.3) (0.54)

2
= 1.27 < 2.3 OK
Then,
⎡ ⎛ 35 ⎞⎛ 270 − 145.5 ⎞⎤
Fnc (LTB ) = 1.27 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0
⎣ ⎝ 1.0 ⋅ 50 ⎠⎝ 546.2 − 145.5 ⎠⎦
= 57.6 ksi > 50 ksi
Therefore,
Fnc(LTB) = 50.0 ksi
The compression flange flexural resistance Fnc is the smaller of Fnc (FLB )
and Fnc (LTB ) .
Fnc = Fnc (LTB ) = 50.0 ksi
Then, φ Fnc = 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi

1
fbuc + fl = 50.3 + 0.0 = 50.3 ksi ≈ 50.0 ksi OK
3
[6.10.8.1.3] Now, consider the tension (top) flange, which is continuously braced by
the deck in its final state.
Then, φ Fnt = φ ⋅ (R h ⋅ Fyt ) = 1.0 ⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 50.0) = 50.0 ksi
fbut = 50.3 ≈ 50.0 ksi OK
G.3 Design First, determine the maximum factored stresses at 0.860 L (flange butt
Section 2 – splice location) for the top and bottom flange. Referring back to Tables
Negative Moment 6.9.1 and 6.9.2 for section properties and Tables 6.9.5 and 6.9.7 for
moments:
For top flange:

⎛M M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
fbut = 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ LL +I ⎟ ⋅ (LLDF )
⎜ S S ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ t tc ⎠ ⎝ tc ⎠
⎛ 4268 749 ⎞ ⎛ 4041 ⎞
= 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ ⋅ 12 + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.793 = 41.6 ksi
⎝ 2970 3927 ⎠ ⎝ 3927 ⎠
For bottom flange:

⎛M M ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
f = 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ DC1 + DC2 ⎟ + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ LL +I ⎟ ⋅ (LLDF )
buc ⎜ S Sbc ⎟ ⎜ S ⎟
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠
⎛ 4268 749 ⎞ ⎛ 4041 ⎞
= 1.25 ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ ⋅ 12 + 1.75 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 12 ⋅ 0.793 = 43.8 ksi
⎝ 3149 3349 ⎠ ⎝ 3349 ⎠
Since bridge only has minor skew, and it is an interior beam, no lateral
bending needs to be considered:
fl = 0.0 ksi
Next, determine the flexural resistance of top and bottom flanges. Refer
to the flow chart shown in LRFD Figure C6.4.4.-1. Mn/DOT does not use
the optional provisions of Appendix A, so there is no need to check the
web slenderness ratio and flange inertia ratio of LRFD Article 6.10.6.2.3.
The check will be made in accordance with LRFD 6.10.8. (See LRFD
Figure C6.4.6-1) Begin with the compression (bottom) flange, which is
discretely braced. The flexural resistance of the compression flange Fnc is
the smaller of the local buckling resistance Fnc (FLB ) and the lateral
torsional buckling resistance Fnc (LTB ) .
First, check local buckling resistance.

b fc 22
[6.10.8.2.2] λf = = = 6.29
2t 2 ⋅ (1.75)
fc
[C6.10.8.2.2] For Fyc = 50 ksi, λ pf = 9.2
Then, λ f < λ pf and compression flange is compact.
For a compact compression flange, flexural resistance Fnc is
Fnc (FLB ) = R b R h Fyc
For a negative moment section, R b is dependent on the web slenderness

[6.10.1.10.2]
2 ⋅D
ratio, c
.
tw
[D6.3.1] For composite negative moment sections, Dc is based on the section

consisting of the steel girder plus the longitudinal reinforcement.
D c = y bc − t fc = 39.67 − 1.75 = 37.92 in
2 ⋅ Dc 2 ⋅ (37.92)
= = 121.34
t 0.625
w
[C6.10.1.10.2] For Fy = 50 ksi, λ rw = 137 . Therefore,
2 ⋅ Dc
< λ rw and R b = 1.0 .
tw
The girder is homogeneous so R h = 1.0
The flange local buckling resistance is:
Fnc (FLB ) = 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi
[6.10.8.2.3] Now, determine the lateral torsional buckling resistance.

At the flange butt splice, the unbraced length L b is:
L b = 22.5 ft = 270 in
This is to be compared with the compact bracing limit L p .
E
[6.10.8.2.3-4] L p = 1.0 ⋅ rt ⋅
Fyc
[6.10.8.2.3]
b 22
rt = fc
= = 5.79 in
⎛ Dc t w ⎞ ⎛ 37.92 ⋅ 0.625 ⎞
12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ 12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜ 3b t ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 1.75 ⎠
⎝ fc fc ⎠
29,000
Then, L p = 1.0 ⋅ (5.79) ⋅ = 139.4 in < 270 in
50
Therefore, L b > L p , so check noncompact bracing limit L r .
E
L r = π ⋅ rt ⋅
Fyr
Fyr = 0.7 ⋅ Fy = 0.7 ⋅ (50.0) = 35.0 ksi
29,000
Then, L = π ⋅ (5.79) ⋅ = 523.6 in > 270 in
r 35.0
Therefore, L p < L b < L r
⎡ ⎛ Fyr ⎞⎛ L b − L p ⎞⎤
And, Fnc (LTB ) = Cb ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ R ⋅ R h ⋅ Fyc
⎜ R h ⋅ Fyc ⎟⎜ L r − L p ⎟⎥ b
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦
C b , moment gradient modifier, can be calculated as follows:
f2 is the compression stress at first brace point (diaphragm) off the pier:
f2 = 27.3 ksi
fo is the compression stress at second diaphragm away from pier:
⎛ 1106 157 ⎞ ⎛ 3358 ⎞

f = 1.25⎜ + ⎟ (12) + 1.75 ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793)
o
⎝ 3149 3349 ⎠ ⎝ 3349 ⎠
= 22.7 ksi
fmid is the compression stress at the point midway between the first and
second diaphragm away from pier:
⎛ 2738 463 ⎞ ⎛ 3694 ⎞

fmid = 1.25 ⎜ + ⎟ (12) + 1.75 ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793)
⎝ 3149 3349 ⎠ ⎝ 3349 ⎠
= 33.5 ksi
f 33.5
mid
= = 1.23 > 1 Therefore, Cb = 1.0
f2 27.3
⎡ ⎛ 35 ⎞⎛ 270 − 139.4 ⎞⎤
Fnc (LTB ) = 1.0 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0
⎣ ⎝ 1.0 ⋅ 50 ⎠⎝ 523.6 − 139.4 ⎠⎦
= 44.90 ksi
The compression flange flexural resistance Fnc is the smaller of Fnc (FLB )
and Fnc (LTB ) .
F = F ( ) = 44.90 ksi
nc nc LTB
Then, φ Fnc = 1.0 ⋅ 44.90 = 44.90 ksi
1
fbuc + ⋅ f = 43.8 < 44.9 ksi OK
3 l
[6.10.8.1.3] Now consider the tension (top) flange, which is continuously braced by
the deck in its final state.
Then
φF
nt
(
= φ ⋅ R ⋅F
h yt
) = 1.0 ⋅ (1.0 ⋅ 50.0) = 50.0 ksi > 41.6 ksi OK
G.4 Design Design Section 1 was checked for negative moment following the same
Section 1 - Negative procedure used for Design Section 2 and found to be adequate.
Moment
G.5 Design Design Section 2 was checked for positive moment following the same
Section 2 - Positive procedure used for Design Section 1 and found to be adequate.
Moment
H. Flexure – The capacity of the girders must be evaluated during construction, prior
Investigate to composite action carrying the loads. For this example, the check
Constructibility consists of placing selfweight and formwork on both spans, while deck
dead loads and a 20 psf construction live load is placed on one span.
H.1 Design Load factors for this check are based on the values provided in LRFD
Section 1 -Positive Article 3.4.2, where 1.25 is used on dead loads and 1.5 is used on live
Moment loads. The maximum factored construction moment for Section 1 occurs
at 0.4L:
Mu temp = 1.25 ⋅ DC temp + 1.5 ⋅ LL temp
= 1.25 ⋅ (4864 ) + 1.5 ⋅ (618 ) = 7007 k-ft
For top flange:
fbuc =
Mutemp
=
(7007) ⋅ 12 = 42.4 ksi
S 1981
t
For bottom flange:
fbut =
Mutemp
=
(7007) ⋅ (12) = 36.3 ksi
S 2318
b
The flange lateral bending stress, fl , is assumed equal to 0.0 ksi.
The flow chart to evaluate the constructibility of the girder is shown in

Appendix C6.4, Figure C6.4.1-1.
Begin by checking compression (top) flange. During construction, the top

flange is discretely braced.
[6.10.3.2.1] Check flange nominal yielding:
f + f ≤ φ ⋅R ⋅F
buc l f h yc
φ f = 1.0 R h = 1.0 Fyc = 50.0 ksi
φ f ⋅ R h ⋅ Fyc = 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi
fbuc + fl = 42.4 + 0.0 = 42.4 ksi < 50.0 ksi OK
Check flexural resistance:
1
f + ⋅ f ≤ φ ⋅F
buc 3 l f nc
φ f = 1.0
Fnc shall be taken as the smaller of the local buckling resistance and the
lateral torsional buckling resistance.
[6.10.8.2.2] Local buckling resistance:
b fc 20
λf = = = 10.0
2 ⋅ t fc 2 ⋅ (1.0)
[C6.10.8.2.2] λ pf = 9.2 , for Fyc = 50.0 ksi
Then, λ f > λ pf and compression flange is noncompact.
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ λ − λ ⎞⎤
Fnc (FLB) = ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ f
yr pf ⎟ ⎥
⋅ R ⋅ R h ⋅ Fyc
⎢ ⎜ R h ⋅ Fyc ⎟⎜ λ − λ ⎟⎥ b
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎝ rf pf ⎠⎦
⎧0.7 ⋅ Fyc = 0.7 ⋅ (50.0) = 35.0 ksi

⎪
Fyr = smaller of ⎨
⎪⎩Fyw = 50.0 ksi
But minimum Fyr = 0.5 ⋅ Fyc = 25.0 ksi
Therefore, Fyr = 35.0 ksi
E 29,000
λ rf = 0.56 ⋅ = 0.56 ⋅ = 16.1
Fyr 35
When checking constructability, R = 1.0

b
The girder is homogeneous, so R h = 1.0
⎡ ⎛ 35 ⎞⎛ 10.0 − 9.2 ⎞⎤
Fnc (FLB) = ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 48.3 ksi
⎣ ⎝ 1.0 ⋅ 50 ⎠⎝ 16.1 − 9.2 ⎠⎦
[6.10.8.2.3] Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance:
L b = 26 ft = 312 in
E
L p = 1.0 ⋅ rt ⋅
Fyc
Dc = y t − t fc = 38.96 − 1.0 = 37.96 in
b 20
rt = fc
= = 4.89 in
⎛ Dc t w ⎞ ⎛ 37.96 ⋅ 0.625 ⎞
12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ 12 ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟
⎜ 3b t ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 1.0 ⎠
⎝ fc fc ⎠
29,000
L = 1.0 ⋅ (4.89) ⋅ = 117.8 in
p 50.0
E 29,000
L = π⋅ r ⋅ =π ⋅ (4.89) ⋅ = 442.2 in
r t F 35.0
yr
Therefore, L p < L b < L r
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞⎛ L − L ⎞⎤
Then F = C ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − yr ⎟⎜ b p ⎟⎥
⋅ R ⋅ R h ⋅ Fyc
nc (LTB) b ⎢ ⎜ R h ⋅ Fyc ⎟⎜ L − L ⎟⎥ b
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎝ r p ⎠⎦
First determine Cb :
f2 is the compression stress at the third diaphragm away from the

abutment:
f2 =
[(1.25) (4815) + 1.5 (618)] (12) = 42.1 ksi
1981
fo is the compression stress at the second diaphragm away from the

abutment:
f0 =
[(1.25) (4522) + (1.5) (566)] ⋅ 12 = 39.4 ksi
1981
fmid is the compression stress at the midway point between the second
and third diaphragm away from the abutment:
fmid =
[(1.25) (4832) + (1.5) (612)] ⋅ 12 = 42.1 ksi
1981
fmid = f2
Therefore, Cb = 1.0
⎡ ⎛ 35.0 ⎞⎛ 312 − 117.8 ⎞⎤

Fnc (LTB)) = 1.0 ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0
⎣ ⎝ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 ⎠⎝ 442.2 − 117.8 ⎠⎦
= 41.0 ksi
Then, Fnc = 41.0 ksi
φ f ⋅ Fnc = 1 ⋅ 41.0 = 41.0 ksi < 42.4 ksi (3.4% overstress)
The top flange compression stress is greater than 3% over the factored
resistance. The 20 psf construction live load was placed over the entire
first span for simplicity and to be conservative. Since this is an unlikely
loading case and the overstress is only at 3.4%, by engineering
judgement the flexural resistance is considered adequate.
Check web bend buckling. First, determine the nominal elastic web bend
buckling resistance.
0.9 ⋅ E ⋅ k Fyw
[6.10.1.9.1] Fcrw = not to exceed the smaller of R h Fyc and .
2 0.7
⎛D ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ tw ⎠
2
⎛D ⎞ 2
k = 9.0 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 9.0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ 70 ⎞⎟ = 30.6

⎜D ⎟ ⎝ 37.96 ⎠
⎝ c ⎠
Substituting values into Equation 6.10.1.9.1-1 results in
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
0.9 ⋅ 29,000 ⋅ 30.6 ⎥
F =⎢ = 63.7 ksi
crw ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛ 70 ⎞ ⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ 0.625 ⎠ ⎥⎦
R h Fyc = 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi
Fyw 50.0
= = 71.4 ksi
0.7 0.7
Set limit at Fcrw = 50.0 ksi
[6.10.3.2.1] φ F = 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi > 42.4 ksi OK

f crw
[6.10.3.2.2] Now check tension (bottom) flange:
fbu + fl ≤ φ f R h Fyt
φ f = 1.0 R h = 1.0 Fyt = 50.0 ksi
φ f R h Fyt = 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 50.0 = 50.0 ksi
Assuming fl = 0.0 ksi for constructibility check
fbut + fl = 36.3 ksi < 50.0 ksi OK
H.2 Design The sections for negative moment were checked following the same
Sections 2 & 3 - procedure and found to be adequate.
Negative Moment
I. Investigate the Overload provisions control the amount of permanent deflection. Refer to
Service Limit State the flow chart shown in LRFD Figure C6.4.2-1. The Service II load
[6.10.4] combination shall apply.
Flange Stress Limitations

Mn/DOT limits the maximum flange stress to Fy under the Strength Limit
State. LRFD Article 6.10.4.2.2 limits the maximum flange stress to
0.95 Fy under the Service II load combination:
1.0 fDC + 1.3 fLL ≤ 0.95 Fy
Dividing through by 0.95,
1.05 f + 1.37 f ≤F
DC LL y
Compare the load factors above with those of the Strength Limit State.
By inspection, you can see that the flanges will pass this check due to the
smaller load factors associated with the Service II load combination.
Bend Buckling Resistance

For the composite section in positive flexure,
[6.10.2.1.1] D 70
= = 112 < 150 no checking of bend buckling required
t 0.625
w
For the composite section in negative flexure, the compression flange

stress due to the Service II Loads, fc , shall satisfy LRFD Equation
6.10.4.2.2-4.
Compression stress of bottom flange at Section 3:
⎛ 9231 1660 ⎞ ⎛ 6905 ⎞

fc = (1.0) ⎜ + ⎟ (12) + (1.3) ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793) = 39.1 ksi
⎝ 5437 5631 ⎠ ⎝ 5631 ⎠
Compression stress of bottom flange at Section 2:
⎛ 4268 749 ⎞ ⎛ 4041 ⎞

f = (1.0) ⎜ + ⎟ (12 ) + (1.3) ⎜ ⎟ (12) (0.793) = 33.9 ksi
c
⎝ 3149 3349 ⎠ ⎝ 3349 ⎠
[6.10.1.9.1]
0.9 ⋅ E ⋅ k
Fcrw = 2
⎛D ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ tw ⎠
For Section 3:
2
⎛D ⎞ 2
k = 9.0 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 9.0 ⋅ ⎛⎜ 70 ⎞⎟ = 33.2

⎜D ⎟ ⎝ 36.47 ⎠
⎝ c ⎠
Substituting values to arrive at the limiting stress results in
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.9 ⋅ 29,000 ⋅ 33.2 ⎥ = 69.1 ksi
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎡ 70 ⎤ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎢ 0.625 ⎥ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
For Section 2:
0.9 ⋅ E ⋅ k
k = 30.7 and 2
= 63.9 ksi
⎛D⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜t ⎟
⎝ w⎠
The upper limit is capped by the smaller of

F
R F = 50.0 and yw = 71.4 .ksi. So, Fcrw = 50.0 ksi.
h yc 0.7
For Section 3:
fc = 39.1 ksi < Fcrw = 50.0 ksi OK
For Section 2:
fc = 33.9 ksi < Fcrw = 50.0 ksi OK
The web bend-buckling resistance is adequate.
J. Investigate the Although LRFD 6.6.1.2.3 states that only details with fatigue resistance
Fatigue Limit State Category C or lower resistance need to be evaluated during design,
[6.10.5] details that are classified as Category B′ and above should be checked.
J.1 Fatigue The HL-93 truck is used to generate the fatigue loads that are used to
Loading evaluate different components of a design. For fatigue, the HL-93 truck
[3.6.1.4] has a fixed rear axle spacing of 30 feet. In addition, a load factor of 0.75
is applied to calibrate the stresses to those observed in field studies. The
dynamic load allowance for fatigue loading is 15%. Distribution for
fatigue is equal to the one design lane loaded distribution, with the
multiple presence factor removed (if approximate equations are used for
one lane loaded).
[6.6.1.2.2]
γ ⋅ (Δf ) ≤ (ΔF ) n
γ = load factor for fatigue = 0.75
(Δf ) = live load stress range
(Δ F ) n = nominal fatigue resistance

J.2 Check Largest The unfactored fatigue moments in Table 6.9.8 are multiplied by the
Stress Range fatigue load factor (0.75) and the appropriate distribution factor to arrive
Location at the design moment ranges for fatigue. In Table 6.9.14 the stresses at
the positive flexure section are computed by dividing the design moment
range by the composite (n) section modulus assuming the deck is
effective for both positive and negative moment.
Designers should note that the fatigue distribution factor for the exterior
girder is significantly larger (0.676 versus 0.398/0.426) than that of the
interior girders.
Table 6.9.14
Fatigue Range
Fatigue
**
Girder Factored Top Bottom
* Design Stress Stress
Point
Fatigue Moment Moment Range Range
Range Per Lane Range (kip) (kip)
(kip-ft) (kip-ft)
0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00
0.1 1248 373 0.28 1.42
0.2 2136 638 0.48 2.44
0.3 2691 803 0.61 3.07
0.4 2978 889 0.67 3.40
0.5 3053 911 0.69 3.48
0.6 2959 883 0.67 3.38
(1)
0.691 2691 860 0.65 3.29
0.7 2659 850 0.61 2.57
0.8 2209 706 0.51 2.14
(2)
0.860 1908 610 0.44 1.85
0.9 1759 562 0.37 1.05
1.0 1567 501 0.33 0.94
* Includes 15% Dynamic Load Allowance

** Girder Point 0.1 − 0.691 : (Fatigue Moment Range ) × 0.75 × 0.398
Girder Point 0.691 − 1.0 : (Fatigue Moment Range ) × 0.75 × 0.426
(1)
Field Splice
(2)
Flange butt splice
J.3 Check Fatigue For this example, the details that should be investigated for fatigue are:
Details the welded flange butt splices, the web to flange welds, the toe of
[6.6.1.2] stiffener to web welds, the toe of stiffener to flange welds, and the shear
[Table 6.6.1.2.3-1] stud to top flange welds. Fatigue at the bolted field splice should also be
[Table 6.6.1.2.5-3]
investigated and will be considered later. Details subject to stress ranges

less than 1/2 the infinite life fatigue threshold are assumed to have infinite
life. The 1/2 factor accounts for the probability that some vehicles larger
than the HL-93 fatigue truck will cross the bridge.
The worst case detail for fatigue is the shear stud to top flange weld
which is a Category C detail. Category C details have a constant
amplitude fatigue threshold (∆F)TH of 10.0 ksi. From Table 6.9.14 the
largest flange stress range is 3.48 ksi. This value is below 1/2 of the
constant amplitude fatigue threshold (5.0 ksi). Therefore, all of the
details have an infinite fatigue life.
J.4 Fatigue To control out-of-plane flexing of the web under repeated live loading the
Requirements for following constraints are placed on webs.
Web
[6.10.5.3] Interior panels of webs with transverse stiffeners, with or without
longitudinal stiffeners, shall satisfy V ≤ V , where Vu is the maximum
u cr
elastic shear stress in the web due to unfactored permanent load and
factored fatigue load.
The live load used for this check is twice that presented in LRFD
Table 3.4.1-1.
The computations for the shear buckling resistance of the web in shear is
based on the following equation:
[6.10.9.3.3] Vcr = CVp
V = 0.58 ⋅ F
p yw
(D)(t w ) = 0.58 ⋅ (50.0) ⋅ (70)(0.625) = 1268.8 kip
C is the ratio of shear buckling stress to shear yield strength.
Since the transverse stiffener spacing exceeds 3D=17.5 ft, the web is
unstiffened.
D 70
= = 112
tw 0.625
k =5
[6.10.9.2]
E⋅k 29,000 ⋅ 5.0 D

1.40 ⋅ = 1.40 ⋅ = 75.4 <
F 50.0 t
yw w
Then,
1.57 ⎛E ⋅k ⎞
C= ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.57 ⋅ ⎛ 29,000 ⋅ 5.0 ⎞⎟ = 0.363
[Eqn. 6.10.9.3.2-6] 2 ⎜ F ⎟ (112 )2 ⎜⎝ 50.0 ⎠
⎛ D ⎞ ⎝ yw ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎜t ⎟
⎝ w⎠
V = CV = 0.363 ⋅ (1268 .8) = 460.6 kip

cr p
Table 6.9.15
Shear Fatigue
Fatigue
DC1 DC2 (per lane, no impact) *
Girder
Shear Shear Minimum Maximum Vu
Point
(kips) (kips) Shear Shear (kips)
(ksi) (ksi)
0.0 115 23 69 224

0.1 82 16 58 171
0.2 49 10 48 119
0.3 15 3 39 67
0.4 -18 -3 -30 -59
0.5 -51 -9 -38 -108
0.6 -85 -16 -47 -160
(1)
0.691 -116 -22 -54 -206
0.7 -119 -22 -56 -211
0.8 -154 -29 -64 -263
0.860(2) -176 -33 -68 -294
0.9 -191 -35 -70 -314
1.0 -230 -42 -76 -367
* DC1 + DC2 + (Maximum Shear or Minimum Shear ) × 0.725 × 0.75 × 2.0 × 1.15
(1)
Field Splice
(2)
Flange butt splice
The shear stresses at all girder points are well below the 460.6 kip
permitted. The web satisfies the shear fatigue checks.
K. Strength Limit Within the commentary to LRFD Article 6.10.9.1 a flow chart identifies
State Shear the steps for the shear design of I-sections. A copy of the flow chart is
Resistance provided below in Figure 6.9.8.
[6.10.9]
[C6.10.9.1]
Figure 6.9.8
Determine the maximum shear capacity of the section with an

unstiffened web and compare that to the required shear resistance.
[6.10.9.2] Vn = C Vp
V = 0.58 ⋅ F
p yw
( ) = 0.58 ⋅ (50.0) ⋅ (70)(0.625) = 1268.8 kips
⋅ (D) t
w
C is dependent on the web depth to thickness ratio.
D 70
= = 112
tw 0.625
[6.10.9.3.2] The appropriate equation for C is selected based on how slender the web
is:
for unstiffened web, k = 5.0

E⋅k 29,000 ⋅ 5.0 D

1.40 ⋅ = 1.40 ⋅ = 75.4 <
F 50.0 t
yw w
Then,
1.57 ⎛E ⋅k ⎞
C= ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.57 ⋅ ⎛ 29,000 ⋅ 5.0 ⎞⎟ = 0.363
2 ⎜ F ⎟ (112 )2 ⎜⎝ 50.0 ⎠
⎛ D ⎞ ⎝ yw ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎜t ⎟
⎝ w⎠
The capacity of the unstiffened web is:
Vn = 0.363 ⋅ 1268 .8 = 460 .6 kips
[6.5.4.2] φ v = 1.0
Vr = φ v Vn = (1.0) (460 .6 ) = 460 .6 kips
K.1 Pier Region Assume the critical section for shear is at Girder Point 1.0. Based on
Tables 6.9.3, 6.9.9, and 6.9.11, the factored shear force over the pier is:
V = 1.25 ⋅ (230 + 42 ) + 1.75 ⋅ 166 ⋅ 1.112 = 663 kips > φ Vn

u (1.0)
The resistance of an unstiffened web is less than the demand of 663 kips;
therefore, transverse stiffeners are required near the pier.
[6.10.9.1] In order to qualify as a stiffened web, the maximum spacing for

transverse stiffeners is three times the depth of the web:
3 D = 3 ⋅ (70 ) = 210 in = 17.5 ft
The diaphragms in the region of the pier are spaced at 22.5 feet. The
diaphragm connection plates act as web stiffeners. Try adding a stiffener
midway between the pier and the first diaphragm away from the pier.
Then do = 11.25 ft = 135 in
[6.10.9.3.2] Compute k:
5 5
k =5+ 2
=5+ 2
= 6 .3
⎡ do ⎤ ⎡135 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 70 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ D ⎦⎥
E⋅k 29,000 ⋅ 6.3

1.40 ⋅ = 1.40 ⋅ = 84.6 < 112
F 50.0
yw
1.57 ⎛E ⋅k ⎞ 1.57 ⎛ 29,000 ⋅ 6.3 ⎞

C= ⋅⎜ ⎟= ⋅⎜ ⎟ = 0.457
⎜F ⎟
2 2
50.0
⎛ D ⎞ ⎝ yw ⎠ ⎛ 70 ⎞ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜t ⎟ ⎝ 0 .625 ⎠
⎝ w⎠
For an interior panel at Girder Point 1.0,
2D ⋅ tw 2 (70 )(0.625)
= = 0.64 < 2.5
(b fc ⋅ t fc ) + (b ft ⋅ t ft ) (22)(3.25) + (20)(3.25)
Then,
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0.87 ⋅ (1 − C ) ⎥
V = V ⋅ ⎢C +
n p ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛ do ⎞ ⎥
⎢ 1+⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎜D⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.87 ⋅ (1 − 0.457 ) ⎥
= 1268 .8 ⋅ ⎢0.457 +
2
⎥ = 855.8 kips
⎢ ⎛ 135 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ 1+⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ 70 ⎠ ⎦⎥
Vr = φ v Vn = (1.0) ⋅ (855.8) = 855 .8 kips > 663 kips OK
Check if an additional stiffener is required midway between the first and

second diaphragm away from the pier by checking the shear at the first
diaphragm (0.871 girder point).
Vu(0.871) = 1.25 ⋅ (180 + 33) + 1.75 ⋅ 144 ⋅ 1.112 = 546.5 kips > 460.6 kips
Therefore an additional stiffener is needed.
Check if another stiffener is needed between the second and third

diaphragm by checking the shear at the second diaphragm (0.742 girder
point).
V = 1.25 ⋅ (134 + 25) + 1.75 ⋅ (122 ) ⋅ 1.112

u(0.742)
= 436.2 kips < 460.6 kips OK
Therefore, stiffeners are not required between the second and third
diaphragms away from the pier.
K.2 Abutment From previous calculations, the capacity of the unstiffened web is
Region V = 460.6 kips
r
[6.10.9.2-1] At Girder Point 0.0 the shear demand is:
V = 1.25 ⋅ (115 + 23) + 1.75 ⋅ (137 ) ⋅ 1.112 = 439.1 < 460.6 kips
u ( 0 .0 )
The web has adequate capacity at the abutment without stiffeners.
K.3 Transverse Ideally the size of the stiffener should be coordinated with the cross
Stiffener Design frame connection plates. Fabrication of the girder will be simplified if
[6.10.11.1] only one plate size and thickness is welded to the web at non-bearing
locations. In addition, transverse stiffeners and diaphragm connection
plates should be detailed with widths that are in 1/4 inch increments. This
provides the fabricator additional flexibility. They can either cut the
stiffeners and connection plates out of large mill plate or utilize standard
flat bar stock.
Transverse stiffeners are required near the pier. Mn/DOT Detail B411
(Stiffener Details) addresses the constraints placed on stiffeners in LRFD
Article 6.10.11.1.1.
The dimensions of transverse stiffeners are required to fall within

geometric constraints based on section depth, flange width, and
projecting element thickness.
[6.10.11.1.2] Begin with the projecting width constraint:
D 70
b ≥ 2.0 + = 2.0 + = 4.33 in
t 30 30
Try a single 8" x 1/2" stiffener.
b = 8 in tp = 0.50 in
t
Check flange width constraint:
16.0 ⋅ t p = 16.0 ⋅ 0.50 = 8.0 in OK
0.25 ⋅ b f = 0.25 ⋅ (22 ) = 5.5 in < 8.0 in OK
[6.10.11.1.3] In addition to good aspect ratios, stiffeners must also have an adequate
moment of inertia.
2
⎛D ⎞ 2
J = 2.5 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − 2.0 = 2.5 ⋅ ⎛⎜ 70 ⎞⎟ − 2.0 = −1.33 < 0.5

⎜d ⎟ ⎝ 135 ⎠
⎝ o ⎠
Therefore, J = 0.5 .
For a transverse stiffener spacing of 135 inches, the shear buckling

resistance of the web Vcr is:
V = CV = 0.457 ⋅ 1268.8 = 579.8 kips < 663 kips

cr p
Because the factored shear force Vu (1.0) is greater than Vcr, the required
stiffness It of the stiffeners shall satisfy:
1.3 1.5
⎛ Fyw ⎞
D4 ρ t
Min. I ≥ ⋅⎜ ⎟
t 40 ⎜ E ⎟
⎝ ⎠
F F
⎧ yw crs
ρ t = larger of ⎨
⎩1.0
0.31 ⋅ E 0.31 ⋅ 29,000
F = 2
≤F = 2
= 35.1 ksi < Fys = 50 ksi
crs ys
⎛b ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
⎜ t ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜t ⎟ ⎝ 0.5 ⎠
⎝ p ⎠
Fyw 50
= = 1.42
F 35.1
crs
ρ t = 1.42
Min. I ≥
(70.0)4 ⋅ (1.42)1.3 ⎛ 50.0 ⎞
⋅ ⎜⎜
1.5
⎟⎟ = 67.8 in 4
t 40.0 ⎝ 29,000 ⎠
The stiffener moment of inertia taken about the edge in contact with the
web is:
1
Actual I = ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 83 = 85.3 > 67.8 in 4 OK
t 3
K.4 Bearing For welded plate girders, bearing stiffeners are needed at both the
Stiffener Design abutments and piers.
[6.10.11.2.1]
Abutment Bearing
The reaction to be carried by the bearing stiffeners is:
R = 1.25 ⋅ (115 + 23) + 1.75 ⋅ (137 ) ⋅ 1.112 = 439 kips

u
Similar to transverse stiffeners, there are constraints on the geometry of

bearing stiffeners.
The bearing stiffeners should extend close to the outside edges of the
narrower flange, which is 20 inches in width. Try a 1" x 9" wide bearing
stiffener on each side of the web.
Begin by checking the projecting width.
E 29,000
[6.10.11.2.2] 0.48 ⋅ t p ⋅ = 0.48 ⋅ (1.0) ⋅ = 11.56 in > 9.00 in OK
F 50
ys
The bearing resistance check is based on the net area of steel in contact
with the flange. Assume a 11/2 inch cope at the bottom of the stiffener in
accordance with Mn/DOT Detail B411.
[6.10.11.2.3] (R ) sb n
= 1.4 ⋅ A pn ⋅ Fys = 1.4 ⋅ [1.00 ⋅ (9.0 − 1.5) ⋅ 2] ⋅ (50.0) = 1050 kips
φ ⋅R
b
( ) = 1.0 ⋅ (1050) = 1050
sb
kips > 439 kips OK
[6.10.11.2.4] Now check the axial resistance of the bearing stiffeners.
The stiffeners will act like a column while supporting the bearing reaction.
[6.10.11.2.4b] The effective section consists of the stiffeners, plus 9 t w (thickness of the
girder web) on each side of the stiffeners (see Figure 6.9.9).
The area for this column is:
A = 1.0 ⋅ 9.0 ⋅ 2 + 11.25 ⋅ 0.625 = 25.03 in 2

The moment of inertia about the girder web is:
1 1
I= ⋅ (11.25 − 1.0) ⋅ 0.6253 + ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 18.6253 = 538.6 in4
12 12
The radius of gyration is:
I 538.6
r= = = 4.64 in
A 25.03
Check the width/thickness limits of Article 6.9.4.2
[6.9.4.2]
E 29,000
k⋅ = 0.45 ⋅ = 10.84
F 50.0
y
b 9.0
= = 9.0 < 10.84 OK
t 1.0
Figure 6.9.9
“Column” for Bearing Stiffener at Abutment
[6.9.3] Check slenderness ratio:

[6.10.11.2.4a] The effective length ( Kl ) of the column is 0.75 D = 0.75 ⋅ (70 ) = 52.5 in
Kl 52.5
= = 11.3 < 120 OK
r 4.64
[6.9.4.1] Determine factored axial resistance:
⎛ Kl ⎞ Fys ⎛ 52.5 ⎞
2 2
50.0
λ=⎜ ⎟ ⋅ =⎜ ⎟ ⋅ = 0.02
⎝r ⋅ π⎠ E ⎝ 4.64 ⋅ π ⎠ 29,000
Since λ < 2.25 ,
P = 0.66 λ ⋅ F ⋅ A = 0.66 0.02 ⋅ (50.0) ⋅ (25.03) = 1241 kips

n y s
[6.9.2.1] P = φ P = (0.90 ) ⋅ (1241) = 1117 kips > 439 kips OK

r c n
Therefore, use a pair of 1" x 9" bearing stiffeners at the abutments.

Using the same design procedure, a pair of 11/2" x 9" bearing stiffeners
were found adequate to carry the factored pier reaction of 1341 kips.
K.5 Shear The web is to be investigated for the sum of factored permanent loads
Resistance During and factored construction loads applied to the non-composite section
Construction during construction. The web shall satisfy V < φ V . The normal shear
u v cr
[6.10.3.3] resistance for this check is limited to the shear yielding or shear buckling
resistance per Article 6.10.9.3.3. Using the same procedure used above,
calculations show that the web has adequate capacity during
construction.
L. Design Shear Shear connectors are to be placed along the full length of the girder,
Connectors including negative moment regions, because the girder is designed as
[6.10.10] composite for negative moment.
Shear connectors are designed to satisfy fatigue constraints after which a

strength check is performed. Assume that 7/8 inch diameter shear
connectors will be used.
The minimum transverse spacing for connectors is 4.0 stud diameters.

For 7/8 inch diameter studs, this translates into a minimum spacing of
31/2 inches. The minimum clear distance from a stud to the edge of a
flange is 1.0 inch. With a 20 inch top flange width, the maximum
number of stud spaces placed in a line across the flange is:
20 − 2 ⋅ (1) − 0.875
= 4.9 spaces
3.5
Five studs across the flange is permissible, but use four shear studs at
each location.
The studs must extend a minimum of 2 inches into the deck and have a
minimum of 3 inches of cover. At midspan, the amount of concrete stool
is 1.75 inches. At the pier, the amount of concrete stool is 2 inches.
Choose a stud height of 5 inches.
L.1 Fatigue Limit The pitch P (longitudinal spacing) of each set of studs shall satisfy:
State
n ⋅ Zr
[6.10.10.1.2] Max p ≤
Vsr
[6.10.10.2] The shear fatigue resistance of an individual connector is based on the

5.5 2
number of fatigue cycles anticipated: Zr = αd2 ≥ d .
2
where α = 34.5 – 4.28·log N
The lower bound corresponds to the resistance for a stud subjected to

approximately 26,200,000 cycles.
For sections near pier:
ADTT = 2000 Design Life = 75 years
From LRFD Table 6.6.12.5-2, use 1.5 cycles per truck passage.
Then
N = 1.5 ⋅ 2000 ⋅ 365 ⋅ 75 = 82,125,000 cycles > 26,200,000 cycles
The lower bound governs:
5.5 2 5.5
Z = ⋅d = ⋅ 0.8752 = 2.11 kips
r 2 2
For sections away from pier:

From Table 6.6.12.5-2, 1.0 cycles per truck passage shall be used.
N = 1.0 ⋅ 2000 ⋅ 365 ⋅ 75 = 54,750,000 cycles > 26,200,000 cycles
The lower bound governs:
Z = 2.11 kips
r
Vsr is to be computed as follows:
Vsr = (Vfat )2 + (Ffat )2
For a straight span, Ffat may be taken as 0.
Vf Q
Then Vsr = Vfat =
I
The inertia values are taken from Table 6.9.2:
For the positive moment region, I = 189,316 in 4 .
For the negative moment region, I = 132,855 in 4 (value for the smaller
negative moment section).
Now compute the “Q” values. For the positive moment region:
1 ⎛ t ⎞ 1 ⎛ 9⎞
Q= ⋅b ⋅ t ⋅ ⎜y + t + s ⎟ = ⋅ 118 ⋅ 9 ⋅ ⎜11.92 + 1.75 + ⎟ = 2412 in 3
n eff s ⎜ tc cstool 2 ⎟ 8 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
For the negative moment region, only the area of steel in the concrete
deck is considered.
d =
(7.80) (5.5) + (3.93) (1.88) = 4.29 inches from bottom of deck
r_avg (7.80 + 3.93)
Q= A +A ( rt rb
) (y tc
+t
cstool
+d
r_avg
) = (7.80 + 3.93) (33.83 + 1.75 + 4.29)
= 468 in 3
Knowing n, Zr , I, and Q leaves the pitch to be a function of the fatigue

shear force range Vf. For the positive moment region
n ⋅ Zr ⋅ I 4 ⋅ 2.11 ⋅ 189,316 662

Max p ≤ = =
Vf ⋅ Q Vf ⋅ 2412 Vf
For the negative moment region the required pitch is
n⋅Z ⋅I 4 ⋅ 2.11 ⋅ 132,855 2396

Max p ≤ r
= =
V ⋅Q V ⋅ 468 V
f f f
Table 6.9.16
Shear Connector Spacing For Fatigue
**
* Factored ***
Max p Max p
Girder Fatigue Fatigue Max p
(Positive) (Negative)
Point Shear Shear Limit
(in) (in)
LLDF Range Vf (in)
(kips)
0.0 0.725 42 16 24
0.1 0.725 36 18 24
0.2 0.725 31 21 24
0.3 0.725 31 22 24
0.4 0.725 31 21 24
0.5 0.725 33 20 24
0.6 0.725 34 20 24
0.7 0.725 35 19 24
0.8 0.725 37 64 24
0.9 0.725 39 61 24
1.0 0.725 41 58 24
* See Table 6.9.3

** 0.75 · LLDF · Fatigue Truck Shear Range from Table 6.9.11
*** Per LRFD 6.10.10.1.2, the maximum limit for spacing of shear connectors is 24 inches
and minimum limit is 6d = 6 ⋅ 0.875 = 5.25 in
By inspection, the negative moment fatigue requirements are satisfied if

2 studs are placed on a 20 inch spacing.
L.2 Strength Limit In addition to fatigue, adequate studs are needed to ensure that the
State cross sections can generate the flexural resistance computed earlier.
[6.10.10.4]
The factored shear resistance of a single shear connector Qr , shall be
taken as:
Qr = φ sc Qn
[6.5.4.2] φ sc = resistance factor = 0.85
[6.10.10.4.3] The nominal resistance of a shear connector Qn is:
Q = 0.5 ⋅ A ⋅ f ′ ⋅ E = 0.5 ⋅ 0.60 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3644 = 36.2 kips

n sc c c
But, Qn ≤ A sc ⋅ Fu = 0.60 ⋅ 60 = 36 kips
Qr = φ Qn = 0.85 ⋅ 36 = 30.6 kips
The minimum number of shear connectors, n , shall be taken as:
P
[6.10.10.4.1] n=
Qr
where, P = total nominal shear force (Article 6.10.10.4.2).
[6.10.10.4.2] For the region between the point of maximum positive LL + I moment
and the abutment:
2 2
P = Pp + Fp
Fp may taken as 0.0 for straight spans.
Pp is taken as the lesser of the capacity of the deck or the capacity of the
steel section.
The capacity of the deck is:
P = 0.85 ⋅ f ′ ⋅ b ⋅ t = 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 118 ⋅ 9 = 3611 kips

1P c s s
The capacity of the steel section is:
P =F ⋅D⋅ t + F ⋅b ⋅ t + F ⋅b ⋅ t
2P yw w yt ft ft yc fc fc
= 50 ⋅ (70 ⋅ 0.625 + 22 ⋅ 1.25 + 20 ⋅ 1.0) = 4563 kips
So, P = P = 3611 kips

P 1P
P = P = 3611 kip
P
P 3611
n= = = 118 studs
Q 30.6
r
For the region between the point of maximum positive LL + I moment

and the centerline of an adjacent interior support:
2 2
P = PT + FT
FT may taken as 0.0 for straight spans.
PT = PP + Pn
Pn is total longitudinal shear force in the concrete deck over an interior

support taken as the lesser of either:
P1n = Fyw ⋅ D ⋅ t w + Fyt ⋅ b ft ⋅ t ft + Fyc ⋅ b fc ⋅ t fc
= 50 ⋅ (70 ⋅ 0.625 + 20 ⋅ 3.25 + 22 ⋅ 3.25) = 9013 kips
or
P2n = 0.45 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ bs ⋅ t s = 0.45 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 118 ⋅ 9.0 = 1912 kips
So, P = P = 1912 kips

n 2n
PT = Pn + PP = 1912 + 3611 = 5523 kips
P = PT = 5523 kips
P 5523
n= = = 180 studs
Q 30.6
r
The final details for the shear studs need to satisfy the constraints of
both the fatigue design and the strength design. After reviewing the
constraints, the layout provided in Figure 6.9.16 was chosen.
M. Investigate the Several items need to be considered when locating and designing field
Field Splice Design splices for steel girders. Typically, splices are located near inflection
[6.13] points to minimize the flexural resistance required of the connection. In
addition, designers need to ensure that adequate clearance is provided to
transverse stiffeners, cross frame connection plates, etc.
As a general rule, designers should limit the number of plate thicknesses

used in a splice. The splice used for this example has four plate
thicknesses (3/8", 1/2", 5/8", and 3/4") used for the splice and fill plates.
The number of limit states and loading conditions to consider in the

design of a splice is significant. Construction, Service II (permanent
deflection), Fatigue, and Strength limit states should all be evaluated. In
most cases, the Strength limit state will dictate the plate sizes and the
number of bolts. The bolted connections used in the splice are Category
B details.
Typically, three splice plates are used for each flange and two splice
plates are used for the web. This permits all of the bolts to function in
double shear and minimizes the number of bolts required.
As the size of splice plates are considered, it is prudent to look at the

change in plate sizes on both sides of the splice. The thickness of fill
plates can be determined prior to any design of the connection. For this
example, the top flange on the left is 1" x 20" and on the right is
13/4 x 20". The fill plate for the top flange splice will have a thickness of
3
/4". The web on both sides of the splice is 5/8". No fill plate will be
necessary for the web. The bottom flange on the left is 11/4" x 22". The
bottom flange on the right is 13/4" x 22". A 1/2" fill plate will be required
for the bottom flange splice. Using splice plates with a 3/4" or 1/2"
thickness will minimize the number of plate thicknesses required for the
splice.
The splice will be designed as a slip-critical connection. The bolted

connections will be proportioned:
1) to provide shear and bearing resistance under the governing strength
limit state
2) to prevent slip at the Service II limit state
3) to have adequate fatigue resistance
The resistance of the bolts will be designed based on threads excluded

from the shear plane for plates which are 3/8 inch thick or greater.
The loads at the location of the splice are shown in Table 6.9.17.
Table 6.9.17
Loads at Girder Point 0.69 (Unfactored)
Component Moment (k-ft) Shear (k)
DC1 18 -116
DC2 54 -22
Pos. M LL + I 2351 22
Neg. M LL + I -2469 -126
Pos. M DCCONST 2416 -98
Neg. M DCCONST -2369 49
Pos. M LLCONST 369 -11
Neg. M LLCONST -371 3
Fatigue LL + I Range 2691 64
The loads are applied to the non-composite, short-term composite (n),

and long-term composite ( 3 n ) cross sections. Table 6.9.18 shows the
section properties used for the splice design.
To arrive at design stresses for the splice plates, the loads are applied to
the appropriate section. The stresses from the load components are then
factored to arrive at design stresses. Table 6.9.19 lists the unfactored
component stresses and the factored design stresses for the flanges and
the web. Flange splices are based on mid-flange stresses. Web splices
can conservatively be based on mid-flange stresses or can use the
stresses at the top and bottom of the web. The strength of the splice is
based on the capacity of the smaller girder framing into the connection.
For this example, the positive moment section is the smaller capacity
member.
Table 6.9.18
Section Properties for Splice Design
Design Section 1
Positive Moment
Parameter Non- Neg.
Long-Term Short-Term
composite Composite Composite Moment
(3 ⋅ n) (n)
Moment of Inertia (in 4 ) 77,179 139,281 189,316 98,220
yt 38.96 23.93 11.92 33.83
yb 33.29 48.32 60.33 38.42
Top Flange Thickness (in) 1 1 1 1
Bottom Flange Thickness

1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
(in)
Smid top flange 2007 5945 16,578 2947
Stop web 2033 6074 17,337 2992
Sbottom web 2409 2959 3204 2642
Smid bottom flange 2363 2920 3171 2599

Table 6.9.19
Flexural Stress Components at Splice
(1) (1)
Stress at Mid-depth of Stress at Mid-depth of
Loading Top Flange Bottom Flange
(ksi) (ksi)
DC1 -0.11 0.09

DC2 -0.11 0.22
Pos. M (LL + I) -1.70 8.90
Neg. M (LL + I) 10.05 -11.40
Pos. M DCconst -14.45 12.27
Neg. M DCconst 14.16 -12.03
Pos. M LLconst -2.21 1.87
Neg. M LLconst 2.22 -1.88
Pos. M Strength I -3.25 15.96
Neg. M Strength I 17.39 -19.67
Pos. M Service II -2.43 11.88
Neg. M Service II 12.85 -14.51
Pos. M Service II Const. -17.32 14.70
Neg. M Service II Const. 17.05 -14.47
Fatigue LL + I Range(2) 0.65 3.29
(1)
Positive number denotes tension stress.
(2)
Factored stress range.
M.1 Controlling Flange At the strength limit state, the controlling flange is defined as the flange
[C6.13.6.1.4c] with the maximum ratio of factored flexure stress to factored resistance.
Table 6.9.19 indicates that the bottom flange is the controlling flange for
both positive and negative live load of the Strength I Limit State. The
splice must be capable of resisting both positive and negative live load
moment conditions.
Bottom Flange Splice Plates

When the combined area of the inner splice plates is within 10 percent of
the area of the outer splice plate, both the inner and outer splice plate
may be designed for one-half the flange design force. In addition, the
area of the outer plate and the sum area of the inner plates each need to
have a cross sectional area which is approximately half that of the flange.
Try an outer splice plate that is 5/8" x 22". Try inner splice plates that are
3
/4 " x 10".
Gross area of inner splice plates:
Ag _ in = 2 ⋅ 0.75 ⋅ 10 = 15.00 in2

Gross area of outer splice plate:
Ag _ out = 0.625 ⋅ 22 = 13.75 in2
The difference in area is 8%. Therefore equal distribution of the flange

force to the splice plates can be assumed. Note that if the areas of the
inner and outer splice plates had differed by more than 10%, the splice
plate design force would be calculated by multiplying the flange design
force by the ratio of the area of the splice plate under consideration to
the total area of the splice plates.
[6.13.6.1.4c] Load Case I - Positive Live Load for Strength I Limit State
Bottom Flange is in tension.
The flange splice shall be designed to provide a minimum design
resistance equal to the greater of:
⎡f ⎤
⎢ cf + α ⋅ φ ⋅ F ⎥
⎢ Rh f yf
⎥
F = ⎣ ⎦
cf 2
or
F = 0.75 ⋅ α ⋅ φ ⋅ F
cf f yf
From Table 6.9.19
fcf = 15.96 ksi
⎡ 15.96 ⎤
⎢ + 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 50⎥
Fcf = ⎣ 1 ⎦ = 33.0 ksi
2
or
Fcf = 0.75 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 50 = 37.50 ksi GOVERNS
Design force, Ttcfdes = Fcf ⋅ A e
Bottom flange is a tension flange under positive live load moment.
⎛φF ⎞
Ae = ⎜ u u ⎟A
⎜φ F ⎟ n
⎝ y yt ⎠
where,
φu = 0.8
Fu = 70.0 ksi
φ y = 0.95
F = 50 ksi
y
7/8" diameter bolts will be used for the splice design. For An calculation,
assume 6 bolts per row with a 1" diameter.
A = (1.25)(22 − 6 ⋅ 1) = 20.00 in2

n
Ae =
(0.8) (70) (20.00) = 23.58 in2 < A g = 27.5 in2
(0.95) (50)
Ttcfdes = (37.50) (23.58) = 884.3 kips
Maximum Tension Design force for inner plates and outer plate:
884.3
T =T = = 442.2 kips
in _ tcfdes out _ tcfdes 2
[6.8.2.2] The factored tensile resistance, Pr, shall be taken as the lesser of the
following:
Yield on the gross section: P =φ FA

r1 y y g
[6.13.5.2] Fracture on the net section: P = φ F A U where A < 0.85 A and U = 1

r2 u u n n g
For Outer Splice Plate:
A g = (22) (0.625) = 13.75 in2
Assuming 6 holes per row with a 1" diameter:
A n = [22 − (6 ) (1)] (0.625) = 10.00 in2 < 0.85 ⋅ A g = 11.69 in2
P = φ ⋅ F ⋅ A = (0.95) (50) (13.75) = 653.1 kips

r1 y y g
Pr2 = φu ⋅ Fu ⋅ A n ⋅ U = (0.8) (70) (10.00) (1) = 560.0 kips GOVERNS
Pr = 560.0 kips > 442.2 kips OK

For Inner Splice Plates:
A g = (2) (10 ) (0.75) = 15.00 in2
A n = (2) [10 − (3) (1)] (0.75) = 10.50 in2 < 0.85 ⋅ A g = 12.75 in2
Pr1 = φ y ⋅ Fy ⋅ A g = (0.95) (50 ) (15) = 712.5 kips
Pr2 = φu ⋅ Fu ⋅ A n ⋅ U = (0.8) (70) (10.50) (1) = 588.0 kips GOVERNS
P = 588.0 kips > 442.2 kips

r
OK
[6.13.6.1.4c] Load Case 2 - Negative Live Load at Strength I Limit State
Bottom Flange is in compression.
The flange splice shall be designed to provide a minimum design

resistance equal to the greater of:
⎡f ⎤
⎢ cf + α φ F ⎥
⎢ Rn f yf
⎥
F = ⎣ ⎦
cf 2
or
Fc f = 0.75 ⋅ α ⋅ φ f ⋅ Fy f
From Table 6.9.19, fcf = -19.67 ksi
− 19.67
+ (1.0) (1.0) (50.0)
1.0
F = = 34.8 ksi
cf 2
or
Fc f = (0.75) (1.0) (1.0) (50.0) = 37.5 ksi GOVERNS
Design force: Tccfdes = Fcf ⋅ A e
A e = A g for compression flange
Tccfdes = (37.5) (22 ) (1.25) = 1031.3 kips

Since the combined area of the inner splice plates is within 10% of the
area of the outer splice plate, both the inner and outer splice plate can be
designed for one-half the flange design force.
Maximum Compression design force for inner plate and outer plate is
taken as:
1031.3
T =T = = 515.7 kips
in _ ccfdes out _ ccfdes 2
The factored resistance of splice plates subjected to compression, Rr,

shall be taken as:
R r = φ c Fy A s
Where:
A s = gross area of the splice plate
φc = 0.9
For Outer Splice Plate:

R = (0.9) (50 ) (22 ) (0.625) = 618.8 kips > 515.7 kips OK
r
For Inner Splice Plate:

R = (0.9) (50 ) (10.0) (0.75) (2) = 675.0 kips > 515.7 kips OK
r
Load Case 3 - Fatigue
The fatigue detail category for a bolted connection is Category B. The

splice is to be designed for infinite fatigue life and the Category B
constant amplitude fatigue threshold (∆F)TH is 16 ksi.
Then ΔF = 0.5 ⋅ (ΔF )TH = 0.5 ⋅ 16 = 8.0 ksi

n
Actual range γ ⋅ (Δf ) = 3.29 ksi < 8.0 ksi OK
Bolt Shear Resistance

Now compute the resistance of a 7/8" diameter A325 bolt and determine
[6.13.6.1.5] the number of bolts for the bottom flange splice plate. The fill plate for
the bottom flange is 1/2 inch. Consequently, the fillers need to be
extended or the capacity of the bolts reduced. For this example, the
capacity of the bolts will be reduced (using LRFD Equation 6.13.6.1.5-1).
Use a filler plate that is as wide as the flange. A p is the smaller of:
A = (1.25) (22 ) = 27.5 in 2 GOVERNS

p
or
A = (2) (10 ) (0.75) + (22 ) (0.625) = 28.75 in2

p
Fill plate reduction factor:
γ=
Af
=
(22) ⋅ (0.5) = 0.40
Ap 27.5
⎡ (1 + γ ) ⎤ ⎡ (1 + 0.40 ) ⎤
R =⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ = 0.78
⎣ (1 + 2 ⋅ γ ) ⎦ ⎣ (1 + 2 ⋅ 0.40 ) ⎦
[6.13.2.7] The shear resistance of a 7/8" diameter A325 bolt without threads in the
shear plane with reduction of a filler is:
R = 0.48 ⋅ A ⋅ F ⋅ N ⋅ R = 0.48 ⋅ 0.601 ⋅ 120 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0.78 = 54.0 kips

n b ub s
φsR n = 0.80 ⋅ 54.0 = 43.2 kips
The maximum design force for Strength I, Tccfdes = 1031.3 kips
The number of bolts, N, required on the fill plate side of the

connection is:
T 1031 .3
N= ccfdes
= = 23.9 bolts
φs ⋅ R n 43.2
Use 4 rows of 6 bolts on each side of the splice.
[6.13.2.9] Bolt Bearing Resistance

Check the bearing on the smaller flange plate (element carrying the
double shear load).
1031 .3
Average design force of each bolt = = 43.0 kips
24
Bolts will be spaced at 3 inches with an edge distance of 1.5 inches.

Clear distance between holes = 3 · 1 = 2.0 inches
Clear end distance = 1.5 - 0.5 = 1.0 in < 2.0d
⎛ 1 .0 ⎞
R = 1.2 ⋅ L ⋅ t ⋅ F = 1.2 ⋅ ⎜1.5 − ⎟ ⋅ 1.25 ⋅ 70 = 105.0 kips
n c u
⎝ 2 ⎠
R =φ ⋅ R = 0.8 ⋅ 105.0 = 84.0 kips > 43.0 kips OK

r bb n
[6.13.2.8] Bolt Slip Resistance

Slip resistance of bolts in a slip-critical connection shall be taken as:
R n = K h K s Ns Pt
where:
Kh = 1.0 K s = 0.5 Ns = 2 Pt = 39.0 kips
R n = 1.0 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 39.0 = 39.0 kips/bolt
[6.13.2.2] R r = R n = 39.0 kips/bolt
LRFD 6.13.6.1.4a requires that connections be proportioned to prevent

slip during construction as well as under service loads.
Based on Table 6.9.19, maximum design force on gross section of

Service II load combination shall be taken as:
F = (14.70) (22) (1.25) = 404.3 kips

II
Average design force of each bolt:
404.3
= = 16.8 kips < 39.0 kips OK
24
[6.13.4] Block Shear Rupture Resistance

All tension connections must be investigated to ensure that adequate
connection material is provided to develop the factored resistance of the
connection.
Check block shear on a transverse section through the smaller flange

plate with the design force for the flange.
Possible block shear failure mode 1 on the inner and outer splice plates is
shown below in Figure 6.9.10.
Figure 6.9.10
Block Shear Failure Mode 1 – Bottom Flange Splice Plates
Check Outer Splice Plate
A tn is the net area along the planes resisting the tensile stress:
A tn = 2 ⋅ [1.5 + 2 ⋅ 3 − (2.5)(1.00)] ⋅ 0.625 = 6.25 in 2
A vn is the net area along the planes resisting the shear stress:
A = 2 ⋅ [1.5 + 3 ⋅ 3 − 3.5 (1.00)] ⋅ 0.625 = 8.75 in 2

vn
A tn 6.25
= = 0.71 > 0.58
A vn 8.75
(
R r = φbs ⋅ 0.58 ⋅ Fy A vg + Fu A tn )
where:
φbs = 0.8
A vg is the gross area along the plane resisting shear stress:

A vg = 2 (1.5 + 3 ⋅ 3) (0.625) = 13.13 in2
R = 0.8 ⋅ (0.58 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 13.13 + 70 ⋅ 6.25) = 654.6 kips > 442.2 kips OK

r
Check inner splice plates
A tn = 2 ⋅ [1.5 + (2) (3) − (2.5)(1.0)] ⋅ 0.75 = 7.50 in 2
A = 2 ⋅ [1.5 + (3)(3) − 3.5 (1.0)] ⋅ 0.75 = 10.50 in 2

vn
A 7.50
tn
= = 0.71 > 0.58
A 10.50
vn
A = 2 ⋅ (1.5 + 3 ⋅ 3) ⋅ 0.75 = 15.75 in 2

vg
(
R r = φbs ⋅ 0.58 ⋅ Fy A vg + Fu A tn )
= 0.8 ⋅ (0.58 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 15.75 + 70 ⋅ 7.50) = 785.4 kips > 442.2 kips OK
The possible block shear failure mode 2 on the outer splice plate is shown
below in Figure 6.9.11. Since the outer splice plate controlled for block
shear failure mode 1, it can be seen that it will control for failure mode 2
also.
Figure 6.9.11
Block Shear Failure Mode 2 - Bottom Flange Splice Plates
For the outer splice plate,
A tn = [1.5 + (4)(3) + (7) − (5.5)(1)] (0.625)
= 9.38 in2
A vn = [1.5 + (3)(3) − (3.5)(1)] (0.625)
= 4.38 in2
A 9.38
tn
= = 2.14 > 0.58
A vn 4.38
A vg = (1.5 + 3 ⋅ 3) (0.625) = 6.56 in2
R r = φ bs (0.58 Fy A vg + Fu A tn )
= (0.8) [(0.58) (50.0) (6.56 ) + (70) (9.38)] = 677.5 kips > 442.2 kips OK
M.2 Noncontrolling Table 6.9.19 indicates that the top flange is the noncontrolling flange for
Flange both positive and negative live load for the Strength I Limit State.
[6.13.6.1.4c]
The noncontrolling flange at the strength limit state shall be proportioned
to provide a minimum design resistance for both positive and negative
live load moments equal to the greater of:
fncf
F =R or 0.75 αφ F
ncf cf Rh yf
where:
Fcf
R cf =
fcf
Load Case 1 - Positive Live Load for Strength I Limit State

Top flange is in compression
From Table 6.9.19:
fcf = 15.96 ksi fncf = −3.25 ksi Fcf = 37.5 ksi
Fcf 37.5
R cf = = = 2.35
f 15.96
cf
− 3.25
Fncf = (2.35) ⋅ = 7.64 ksi
1.0
or
Fncf = (0.75) (1.0) (1.0) (50) = 37.5 ksi GOVERNS

Maximum compression design force in top flange is:
Tcncfdes = Fncf ⋅ A e , where A e = A g for compression flange

= (37.5) (20) (1.0) = 750.0 kips
Load Case 2 - Negative Live Load for Strength I Limit State

Top flange is in tension.
From Table 6.9.19:
fcf = −19.67 ksi
fncf = 17.39 ksi
Fcf = 37.5 ksi
Fcf 37.5
R cf = = = 1.91
f 19.67
cf
fncf 17.39
F ncf = R cf = (1.91) = 33.20 ksi
R 1.0
n
or
Fncf = (0.75) (1.0) (1.0) (50) = 37.5 ksi GOVERNS
Effective area of top flange:
⎛ φ F ⎞
Ae = ⎜ u u ⎟ An
⎜ φ y Fyt ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ (0.8) (70) ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1.0) (20 − (4)(1.0))
⎝ (0.95) (50) ⎠
= 18.86 in2 < A g = 20 in2
Maximum tension design force of top flange at splice location:
Ttncfdes = (37.5) (18.86 ) = 707.3 kips
The design of the top flange splice is not included in this design example
for brevity. However, the top flange splice is designed using the same
procedures and methods presented in this example for the bottom flange
splice. The size of the resulting top flange splice plates are as follows.
The outer plate is 1/2" x 20" (area = 10.00 in2) and the inner plates are
5
/8" x 9" (area = 5.625 in2 per plate).
M.3 Web Splice The web is designed to carry the entire factored vertical shear force. In
addition, it must carry the moment due to the eccentricity of the shear
[6.13.6.1.4b] force and the flexural moment which the web was assumed to carry. The
flexural stresses in the web are resolved into flexural and axial
(horizontal) components about mid-depth of the web. This allows the
bolt group on each side of the splice to be designed for the vertical shear,
the moment associated with the eccentricity of the vertical shear, the
web flexural moment, and the resultant horizontal force in the web.
In this example, Muw and Huw are computed by conservatively using the
stresses at the midthickness of the flanges. By utilizing the stresses at
the midthickness of the flanges, the same stress values can be used for
the design of both the flange and web splices, which simplifies the
calculations. The design forces will be computed under the Strength I
Limit State and Service II Limit State.
Strength I Limit State:
From Tables 6.9.9 and 6.9.11, the vertical shear force to be carried is:
For positive live load shear:
Vu = 0.9 ⋅ [(− 116 ) + (− 22)] + 1.75 ⋅ 1.112 (20 ) = 85.3 kips
For negative live load shear:
V = (1.25)
u
[ (− 116) + (− 22) ] + 1.75 ⋅ 1.112 (− 114) = 394.3 kips GOVERNS
The nominal shear resistance of the unstiffened web, Vn, is 460.6 kips.
Then
0.5φ V = 230 .3 kips < 394 .3 kips

v n
Therefore, the design shear force is taken as:
V =
(V
u
+ φ v Vn ) kips
uw 2
=
(394.3 + (460.6)(1.0)) = 427.5 kips
2
Next, determine the design moment and the design horizontal force
resultant.
Load Case 1 - Strength I Limit State With Positive Live Load
[C6.13.6.1.4b] t D2
M = w
R F −R f
uw 12 h cf cf ncf
where:
t w = 0.625 in
D = 70 in
R h = 1.0
Fcf = 37.5 ksi
R cf = 2.35
fncf = −3.25 ksi
Muw =
(0.625) (70) 2 (1.0) (37.5) − (2.35) (− 3.25) (112)
12
= 960.0 k-ft
tw D
Huw = (R h Fcf + R cf fncf )
2
=
(0.625) (70) [ (1.0) (37.5) + (2.35) (− 3.25)]
2
= 653.2 kips
Assume a horizontal bolt pitch of 3 inches and two vertical rows of bolts
on each side of the splice. The eccentricity of the shear is the distance
from the center of the bolt pattern to the center of the splice:
3 3.5
ev = + = 3.25 in
2 2
The moment associated with the vertical shear is:
M = e ⋅V
v v uw
= 3.25 ⋅ 427.5 1
12
( )
= 115.8 k-ft
Total design moment:
Muw _ pos = 960.0 + 115.8 = 1075.8 k-ft

The design forces for the web splice under positive live load condition
are:
V = 427.5 kips
uw
H = 653.2 kips
uw
M = 1075 .8 k-ft
uw _ pos
Load Case 2 - Strength I Limit State With Negative Live Load
t w = 0.625 in
D = 70 in
R h = 1.0
Fcf = −37.5 ksi (compression)
R cf = 1.91
fncf = 17.39 ksi
t w D2
Muw = R h Fcf − R cf fncf
12
=
(0.625) (70)2 (1.0) (− 37.5) − (1.91) (17.39) 1 ( )
12 12
= 1503.9 k-ft
H
uw
=
t wD
2
(
R F +R f
h cf cf ncf
)
=
(0.625) (70)
[ (1.0) (− 37.5) + (1.91) (17.39) ]
2
= −93.7 kips
Mv = 115.8 k-ft
Total design moment
Muw −neg = 1503.9 + 115.8 = 1619.7 k-ft
The design forces for the web splice under negative live load condition
are:
Vuw = 427.5 kips

Huw = −93.7 kips
M = 1619.7 k-ft
uw −neg
Load Case 3 - Service II Limit State With Positive Live Load
From Tables 6.9.9 and 6.9.11, the factored shear with positive live load
is:
Vpos = (1.0) [ (− 116) + (− 22) ] + (1.3) (1.112) (20) = −109.1 kips
Determine the design moment and the design horizontal force resultant.
From Table 6.9.19:
[C6.13.6.1.4b] fs = 11.88 ksi

fos = −2.43 ksi
t wD2
Mser − w = 1.0 fs − 1.0 fos
12
=
(0.625) (70)2 1 ⋅ (11.88) − 1 ⋅ (− 2.43) (112) = 304.3 k − ft
12
Hser − w =
t wD
2
(1.0 f s
+ 1.0 fos )
=
(0.625) (70) [ 1 ⋅ (11.88) + 1 ⋅ (− 2.43) ] = 206.7 k
2
The moment from eccentricity of the shear:
Mv = Vser −w ⋅ e v = (109.1) (3.25) 1

12
( )
= 29.5 k-ft
Total design moment:
Mser −w = 304.3 + 29.5 = 333.8 k − ft
The design force for the web splice under Service II Limit State with
Positive Live Load is:
Vser _ w = 109.1 kips

Hser _ w = 206.7 kips (compression)
Mser _ w = 333.8 k-ft
The design force values for the other Service II load cases are shown in
Table 6.9.20.
Load Case 4 - Fatigue
The fatigue detail category for a bolted connection is Category B. The

splice is to be designed for infinite fatigue life and the Category B
constant amplitude fatigue threshold (∆F)TH is 16 ksi.
Then ΔF = 0.5 ⋅ (ΔF )TH = 0.5 ⋅ 16 = 8.0 ksi

n
Max Actual range γ ⋅ (Δf ) = 3.29 ksi < 8.0 ksi OK
Bolt Shear Resistance

The vertical shear and the horizontal force are assumed to be resisted
equally by all bolts in the fastener group. The force carried by each of
the bolts to resist flexure is assumed to be proportional to its distance
from the center of the fastener group.
The force in each of the bolts can be found with the following equations:
Px M ⋅ yA Py M⋅x
A
R =R +R = + R =R +R = +
xA xp xm nm I yA yp ym nm I
p p
2 2
R A = R xA + R yA
I =
p
nm
12
[ s (n 2 2
)
− 1 + g2 m2 − 1 ( )]
where:
Px = Huw P =V M = Muw
y uw
x = x coordinate of bolt
A
y = y coordinate of bolt
A
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the bolt group

n = number of bolts per row
m = number of vertical rows of bolts
s = vertical pitch
g = horizontal pitch
[C6.13.6.1.4b] Assume two vertical rows of 22 bolts on each side of the splice, a
horizontal pitch g of 3 inches and a vertical pitch s of 3 inches. The bolts
at the corners of the fastener group will be subject to the largest forces.
Conservatively, the corner bolts will be checked only. The coordinates at
the corners are x = ± 11/2 and y = ± 31.5 inches.
Substituting values in the above equations, Table 6.19.20 shows the

design force in the corner bolts under the Strength I Limit State and
Service II Limit State.
Table 6.9.20
Design Force of the Corner Bolts
Parameter Strength I Service II Service II Const.
M(+) M(-) M(+) M(-) M(+) M(-)

Muw (k-ft) 1075.8 1619.7 333.9 663.9 710.5 684.4
Huw (kip) * 653.2 -93.7 206.7 -36.3 -57.3 56.4
Vuw (kip) 427.5 427.5 109.1 302.8 109.0 52.0
n 22 22 22 22 22 22
m 2 2 2 2 2 2
s (in) 3 3 3 3 3 3
g (in) 3 3 3 3 3 3
y (in) 31.5 -31.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
x (in) 1.5 1.5 31.5 -31.5 -31.5 31.5
2
lp (in ) 16038 16038 16038 16038 16038 16038
Rx (kip) 40.2 -40.3 12.6 -16.5 -18.0 17.4
Ry (kip) 10.9 11.5 2.9 7.6 3.3 1.9
R (kip) 41.7 41.9 12.9 18.2 18.3 17.5

* Huw is a signed quantity, positive for tension and negative for compression.
The nominal shear resistance of a 7/8"diameter A325 bolt without threads

in the shear plane and without fill plates used is:
[6.13.2.7] R n = 0.48 A b Fub Ns

= (0.48) (0.601) (120 ) (2)
= 69.2 kips
Rr = φ Rn
= (0.8) (69.2)
= 55.4 kips
From Table 6.9.20, the maximum design force on the bolt at Strength I
Limit State
R STRI = 41.9 kips < 55.4 kips OK

Bolt Slip Resistance

The nominal slip resistance of a 7/8" diameter A325 bolt is:
[6.13.2.8] R n = Kh K s Ns Pt
= (1.0) (0.5) (2) (39.0)
= 39.0 kips
R r = Rn = 39.0 kips
From Table 6.9.20, the maximum design force on the bolt at Service II
Limit State is:
R SII = 18.3 kips < 39.0 kips OK
Bolt Bearing Resistance

Nominal bearing resistance of interior or end bolt holes at the Strength I
Limit State depends on the clear distance between the holes or clear end
distance.
Clear distance between holes = 3 − 1 = 2" > 2d = 1.75"
Clear end distance = 1.75 − 0.5 = 1.25" < 2d = 1.75"
[6.13.2.9-2] Rn = 1.2 L c tFu

L c1 = 3.0 − 1.0 = 2.0" for interior bolts
L c2 = 1.75 − 0.5 = 1.25" for end bolts
R n _ int = (1.2) (2.0) (0.625) (70) = 105 kips

R n _ end = (1.2) (1.25) (0.625) (70) = 65.6 kips GOVERNS
R r = φbb R n _ end
= (0.8) (65.6 )
= 52.5 kips
From Table 6.9.20, maximum design force at Strength I Limit State
R STRI = 41.9 kips < 52.5 kips OK
The plates used in the web splice must have adequate resistance to carry
the vertical shear. Two 3/8" thick plates are being used for the splice.
Assume the plates are 66 inches tall ( 21 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 11/2)
Gross area of the plates:
A g = 66 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0.375 = 49.50 in 2
Assumed vertical shear resistance:
[6.13.5.3-2] R n = 0.58 ⋅ Fy ⋅ A g = 0.58 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 49.50 = 1435.5 kips
[6.13.5.3-1] R r = φ v R n = (1.0) (1435.5) = 1435.5 kips > Vuw = 427.5 kips OK
Block Shear Rupture Resistance

[6.13.4] Check block shear failure mode shown in Figure 6.9.12 for web splice
plates.
Figure 6.9.12
Net area along the plane resisting shear:
A = (2 ) (66 − 1.5 − (21.5) (1.0)) (0.375) = 32.25 in2

vn
Net area along the plane resisting tension:
A tn = (2) (1.5 + 3.0 − (1.5) (1.0)) (0.375) = 2.25 in2
A 2.25
tn
= = 0.07 < 0.58
A 32.25
vn
(
R r = φbs 0.58 Fu A vn + Fy A tg )
A = (2) (1.5 + 3.0) (0.375) = 3.38 in2
tg
R r = (0.8) [ (0.58) (70) (32.25) + (50) (3.38)]

= 1182.7 kip s > Vuw = 427.5 kips OK
At Strength I Limit State the flexure stress in the web splice plates shall
[6.13.6.1.4b] not exceed φ f Fy :
Huw Muw
σ= + ≤ φ f Fy
Ag Spl
Section modulus of the web splice plates is:

3 2
t w ⋅ Dsp 1 t ⋅ Dsp 0.375 ⋅ 662
Spl = 2 ⋅ ⋅ = w = = 544.5 in 3
12 Dsp / 2 3 3
φ f = 1.0
For positive liveload moment of Strength I limit State:
Huw = 653.2 kips

Muw = 1075.8 k-ft
653.2 (1075.8) (12)

σ= + = 36.9 ksi < 50 ksi OK
49.50 544.5
For negative liveload moment of Strength I limit State:
Huw = −93.7 kips

Muw = 1619.7 k − ft
σ=
93.7
+
(1619.7) (12) = 37.6 ksi < 50 ksi OK
49.50 544.5
The assumed web splice details have adequate capacity. The field splice
is detailed in Figure 6.9.13.
Figure 6.9.13
N. Investigate Consider with the Service I load combination. No sidewalk or bicycle

Deflection path is provided on the bridge. In accordance with Mn/DOT policy, the
live load deflection limit is L / 800 . The maximum deflection permitted
for this example is:
L / 800 = 175 ⋅ (12 ) / 800 = 2.63 in
Two live loads are applied to the bridge and evaluated for the deflection
check. Take the larger of:
[3.6.1.3.2] • Design Truck alone
• 25% of Design Truck + Lane Loading
When computing deflections a separate distribution factor is used. It is

simply the number of design lanes divided by the number of girders.
Mn/DOT practice is to use a multiple presence factor for deflections of no
less than 0.85 (See Section 3.4.2). For this example, the distribution
factor is:
Number of Design Lanes 4

[2.5.2.6.2] g = ⋅Δ = ⋅ 0.85 = 0.68
Δ Number of Girders MPF 5
The maximum deflections (like the moments) are based on the composite
section, including the deck in the negative regions. Including dynamic
load allowance, the maximum deflections for a full lane or truck are:
Δ = 1.45 inches at 0.45 of span < 2.63 in OK

max + I
O. Camber To ensure that steel bridges have the proper profile after construction,
steel girders are fabricated with camber. Camber is an adjustment to the
vertical profile of a girder. Camber in the girder is made up of geometric
camber, dead load camber, and residual camber (if required).
This bridge is on a straight grade, so it will not require any geometric

camber.
The girders for this example will deflect 1.18 inches downward at the 0.4
Span Point due to their own weight. When the other DC1 dead loads
(deck, stool) are added to the bridge, an additional 5.61 inches of
downward deflection is estimated for the 0.4 Span Point. The addition of
barriers will add an additional deflection of 0.61 inches downward at the
same location. Summing these values results in an anticipated deflection
of 7.40 inches. Deflections at 10th points along the span are provided for
selfweight, other DC1 loads, and DC2 loads in Figure 6.9.14.
As previously calculated, a residual camber of 2.5 inches is also provided.

The residual camber is provided to prevent the appearance of a sag in
the span.
Figure 6.9.14
By following the procedure in 6.3.4, the camber diagram is developed

and shown on Figure 6.9.15.
Figure 6.9.16 contains a half elevation of the girder that summarizes the
design.
Figure 6.9.15
Figure 6.9.16
Half Elevation
P. End Diaphragm The end diaphragm is used to support the end of the deck and to transfer
Design wind load to the supports. It also is required to carry jacking loads if the
bearings are replaced. Compared to the jacking loads and the dead and
live loads, the wind loads for this example are relatively modest. The
end diaphragm will be designed for two load combinations: Strength I
where dead and live loads are carried on a simple non-composite span,
and Strength I where dead loads and jacking loads are carried on simple
span as well.
The design simple span length will be the distance between girders
increased for the skew. See Figure 6.9.16.
Figure 6.9.17
Length of End Diaphragm
Assume that the end diaphragm carries its own selfweight, the weight of
a 2 foot strip of deck, and the additional weight of the thickened deck at
the joint. For dead load purposes, assume the additional thickness is
4 inches and that it is 14 inches wide.
Assume 50 pounds per lineal foot for the weight of the beam and steel
connections.
The assumed dead load per foot is:
⎛ 9.5 14 4 ⎞
w = 0.050 + 0.150 ⋅ ⎜ 2 ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟ = 0.346 kips/ft
d
⎝ 12 12 12 ⎠
Dead load shear is:
wd ⋅ L 0.346 ⋅ 12.06
= = 2.1 kips
2 2
Dead load moment is
w ⋅ L2 0.346 ⋅ 12.062
d
= = 6.3 kips-ft
8 8
Consider two live load cases, one where the lane of traffic is centered
between the girders and a second one where one of the truck wheels is
placed at the center of the diaphragm. The two cases are presented in
Figure 6.9.18. This assumes two feet of lane load and includes dynamic
load allowance on the wheel load. For Case 1, the live load is centered
between the girders and the shear force is:
10
V = 21.3 + 0.064 ⋅ 2 ⋅ = 21.9 kips
2
The moment at mid span for this case is:
0.064 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 12.06 2
M ≈ 21.3 ⋅ 2.67 + = 59.2 k-ft
8
For Case 2, assume that the left wheel is just to the right of the interior
girder. This will produce a conservative design shear. The shear force
for this case is:
6.06 8.06
V = 21.3 + ⋅ 21.3 + ⋅ [8 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 0.064] = 32.7 kips
12.06 12.06
The moment at mid span for this case is:
M≈
6.06
⋅ 21.3 ⋅ 6.03 +
8.06
⋅ [0.064 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 8] ⋅ 6.03 − [0.064 ⋅ 2] ⋅
(6.03)
2
12.06 12.06 2
= 71.0 k − ft
[3.4.3.1] Assuming lane closed during jacking operation, the shear force in the end
diaphragms during jacking can be estimated from the abutment reactions
for the DC1 and DC2 loads. Jacking forces have a 1.3 load factor.
Assume that two jacks are used to lift each interior girder and that they
are placed two feet away from the center of the girder to clear the
bearings.
1.3 ⋅ (DC1 + DC2) 1.3 ⋅ (115 + 23)

1.3Vjack = = = 89.7 kips
2 2
Figure 6.9.18
Live Load Placement on End Diaphragm
With each jack positioned two feet from the girder the moment at mid
span in the end diaphragm is:
1.3Mjack = 89.7 ⋅ 2 = 179.4 k-ft
By inspection, the jacking operation governs the design of the end

[6.10.9.2-2]
diaphragm. Begin by sizing a rolled beam based on shear capacity.
Assume the rolled section will satisfy the slenderness ratio to permit that
Vp equals 58% of the yield stress to be used.
V = V = 1.25 V + 1.3 V
r u DL jack
= (1.25) (2.1) + 89.7

= 92.3 kips
Vr = φ v Vn = φ v CVp
where:
φ v = 1.0
C = 1.0
Therefore,
V = (1.0) (1.0) (0.58 ) F A

r y w
Vr 92.3
Aw = = = 3.18 in 2 web area required
0.58 Fy 0.58 ⋅ 50
Assume that the rolled beam can reach My . The required section
modulus for the beam is:
(1.25) MDL + (1.3) Mjack (1.25 ⋅ 6.3 + 179.4) ⋅ 12

S = = = 44.9 in 3
required F 50
y
Based on review of section properties in the AISC Manual of Steel

Construction, try a W12x40 section:
Area A = 11.8 in2

Depth D = 12.0 in
5
Web Thickness tw = /16 in
Flange Width bf = 8 in
1
Flange Thickness tf = /2 in
Section Modulus S = 51.9 in3
Radius of Gyration rt = 1.9 in
Determine the nominal shear capacity with LRFD Article 6.10.9.2.
D 12 − 2 ⋅ (0.5)
= = 35.5
tw 0.31
E⋅k 29,000 ⋅ 5
1.12 ⋅ = 1.12 ⋅ = 60.3 > 35.5
F 50
y
Therefore, C = 1.0 and the shear capacity of the beam is:
[6.10.9.2-1] Vn = C ⋅ Vp = 1 ⋅ 0.58 ⋅ 50 ⋅ [12 − 2 ⋅ 0.5] ⋅ 0.31 = 98.9 kips
Vu = 1.3 Vjack + (1.25) VDL

= 92.3 kips < φv Vn = (1.0) (98.9) = 98.9 kips OK
[6.10.8.2] Check Compression flange flexural resistance
Local Buckling
bf 8
λ = = = 8 ≤ λ = 9.2
f 2 ⋅ tf 2 ⋅ 0.5 pf
F =F = 50.0 ksi
nc yc
Section is subject to compact section.
Lateral Torsional Buckling
E ⎛ 29,000 ⎞
L p = 1.0 rt = (1.0) (1.93) ⎜ ⎟ = 46.5 in
F ⎜ 50 ⎟⎠
yc ⎝
E ⎛ 29,000 ⎞
Lr = π r = (3.14) (1.93) ⎜ ⎟ = 174.0 in
u Fyr ⎜ 35 ⎟
t
⎝ ⎠
The distance between gusset plates is approximately 60 inches.

L b = 60 in
Lp < Lb < Lr
⎡ ⎛ Fyr ⎞ ⎛ L b − L p ⎞⎤
F nc = C b ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ R R F
⎢⎣ ⎜ R h Fyc ⎟ ⎜ L r − L p ⎟⎥ b h yc
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
R = 1.0
h
F = 0.7 F = 35 ksi
yr yc
⎡ ⎛ 35 ⎞ ⎛ 60 − 46.5 ⎞⎤
Fnc = (1.0) ⎢1 − ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ (1.0) (1.0) (50)
⎣ ⎝ 50 ⎠ ⎝ 174 − 46.5 ⎠⎦
= 48.4 ksi
[6.10.8.2.3-6] f2 = 0 Therefore, C b = 1.0
[6.10.1.10.2-4] E
λrw = 5.7 = 137
Fyc
In order to determine web load-shedding factor, Rb, the web shall satisfy:
[6.10.1.10.2-2] 2Dc 2 (12 − (0.5) (2))

= = 71 < λrw
tw 0.31
R b = 1.0
Flexural Resistance
Mn = Fy ⋅ S = (48.4) (51.9) = 2512 k − in = 209.3 k-ft

Mr = φMn = (0.9) (209.3) = 188.4 k-ft
Mu = 1.25 MDL + 1.3 Mjack
= (1.25) (6.3) + 179.4
= 187.3 k − ft < Mr OK
Therefore, use a W12x40 for the end diaphragm.


APPENDIX 6-A
Figure 6-A1
Dimensions of Common Heavy Hex Structural Bolts
Mn/DOT 3391.2A (ASTM A307)
APPENDIX 6-A (Continued)
Figure 6-A2
Washers for High Strength Structural Bolts
Mn/DOT 3391.2B (ASTM A325)
Figure 6-A3
High Strength Heavy Hex Structural Bolts and Nuts
Mn/DOT 3391.2B (ASTM A325)
Figure 6-A4
Dimensions of Common Heavy Hex Nuts and Heavy Hex Jam Nuts
Mn/DOT 3391.2A (ASTM A307)
Figure 6-A5
Hardware Details
Figure 6-A6
Welding symbols and Notes
Figure 6-A7
Welding Notes and Joints
Figure 6-A8
Welding Joints
8. WOOD Timber is used for several bridge applications. It is used as a primary

STRUCTURES structural material on secondary roads (E.g., timber decks, pile caps,
and piles) and is often used for formwork and falsework on bridges with
cast-in-place concrete elements. This section provides general design
and detailing guidance for the LRFD design of timber decks and pile
caps. It concludes with two design examples; a spike-laminated timber
deck and a timber pile cap. Information on timber piles is provided in
Section 10 – Foundations. Design guidance for timber railings can be
found in Section 13. Information on timber incorporated into the design
of formwork and falsework can be found in the Mn/DOT Bridge
Construction Manual. The construction of timber bridges is governed by
Mn/DOT Spec. 2403, Timber Bridge Construction.
8.1 Materials A variety of materials are incorporated into timber bridges, ranging from
treated solid and laminated wood members to steel fasteners and
hardware.
8.1.1 Wood Structural timbers shall be visually graded West Coast Douglas Fir or
Products Southern (Yellow) Pine satisfying Mn/DOT Spec. 3426. Designs should
be based on Douglas Fir-Larch resistance values.
The LRFD nominal resistance values assume wet-use conditions and

treatment with preservatives. Table 8.1.1.1 lists typical base resistance
values.
[Table 8.4.1.1.4-1] Table 8.1.1.1 – Base Resistance and Modulus of Elasticity Values
Visually-Graded Sawn Lumber
Structural Component Member Base Resistance (KSI)
Species/Grade Size Fbo Fto Fvo Fcpo Fco Eo
Douglas Fir-Larch
b= 2-4 in
No.1 & Better 3.20 2.30 0.30 1.10 2.95 1.60
d ≥ 2 in
Select Structural B&S* 4.50 2.80 0.25 1.10 2.40 1.60
Select Structural P&T** 4.20 2.95 0.25 1.10 2.45 1.60
*
Beam and Stringer Sizes
**
Post and Timber Sizes
All timber members, that become part of the permanent bridge

structure, should be treated with a preservative. Preservatives protect
the timber against decay, insects and fire. Treatment also retards
weathering and checking.
For rough–sawn, full-sawn, or special sizes, the actual dimensions and

moisture content used in the design should be indicated in the contract
documents.
The design unit weight of timber components is 0.050 kcf.
[9.9.3.4] The coefficient of thermal expansion of wood parallel to its fibers is

0.000002 inch/inch/°F. in LRFD Article 9.9.3.4.
8.1.2 Fasteners Structural steel elements incorporated into timber bridges must satisfy
and Hardware the strength and stability checks contained in Section 6 of the LRFD
Specifications. For durability, almost all steel elements incorporated into
timber bridges are galvanized.
8.1.3 Wood Wood preservatives are broadly classified as oil-type or waterborne

Preservatives preservatives.
Oil-Type Preservatives
The three oil-type preservatives used in bridge applications are creosote,
pentachlorophenol, and copper naphthenate. For bridge applications,
oil-type preservatives are used almost exclusively for treating structural
components. They provide good protection from decay. Because most
oil-type treatments can cause skin irritations, they should not be used
for applications that require repeated human or animal contact, such as
handrails.
Creosote
It is commonly used in bridge applications. The high level of
insoluables can result in excessive bleeding of the treatment from
the timber surface, which has raised environmental concerns. The
use of creosote is expected to decline because of the expense to
meet EPA requirements.
Pentachlorophenol
As a wood preservative penta is a highly effective biocide. Penta is
not paintable and should not be used in applications subject to
human or animal contact. Although penta is still widely used, the
presence of trace dioxins has led to increased pressure to ban this
preservative.
Copper Naphthenate
Its primary advantage is that it is considered an environmentally
safe preservative. The use of copper naphthenate has been limited
in the past because of its high cost.
Waterborne Preservatives
Waterborne preservatives are used most frequently for railings and
floors on pedestrian sidewalks or other areas that may receive human
contact. After drying, wood surfaces treated with these preservatives
can also be painted or stained. Of the numerous waterborne
preservatives, CCA, ACA, and CA are most commonly used in bridge
applications. Each of these preservatives is strongly bound to the wood,
thereby reducing the risk of chemical leaching.
CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate)

Generally used to treat Southern Pine, and other (easier to treat)
wood species. This product will eventually be phased out because of
the environmental concerns with arsenic.
ACA (Ammonialal Copper Arsenate)

Similar to CCA but used for refractory (difficult to treat) wood
species, such as Douglas Fir-Larch.
CA (Copper Azole)
This is a water based treatment without arsenic. Some timber
bridge suppliers are phasing out the use of CCA and ACA and using
CA waterborne preservatives.
8.2 Timber Bridge Timber decks can be incorporated into a bridge in a number of different
Decks ways. They can be the primary structural element that spans from
substructure unit to substructure unit or they can be secondary
members used to carry vehicle or pedestrian loads to other primary
members. The use of timber decks with other primary members is quite
limited but they may be used with timber trusses or with steel stringers.
8.2.1 General Section 9 of the LRFD Specifications (Decks and Deck Systems) provides
information on the design and detailing of decks. Information specific to
wood decks is covered in Article 9.9.
Three types of timber decks are used in Minnesota; glulam panels,

stress-laminated decks, and nail or spike laminated decks. To prevent
movement of the deck panels in the completed structure, positive
attachment is required between the panels and the supporting

component.
Glue Laminated Decks

Glulam timber deck panels consist of a series of panels, prefabricated
with water-resistant adhesives, which are tightly abutted along their
edges. Spreader beams are used to ensure load distribution between
panels.
Stress Laminated Decks

Stress laminated decks consist of a series of wood laminations that are
placed edgewise and post-tensioned together, normal to the direction of
the lamination.
In stress laminated decks, with skew angles less than 25°, stressing bars
should be detailed parallel to the skew. For skew angles between 25°
and 45°, the bars should be detailed perpendicular to the laminations,
and in the end zones, the transverse prestressing bars should be fanned
in plan or arranged in a step pattern. Stress laminated decks should not
be used for skew angles exceeding 45º.
Nail or Spike Laminated Decks

Spike laminated decks consist of a series of lumber laminations that are
placed edgewise between supports and spiked together on their wide
face. The laminated deck is prefabricated at a plant and shipped to the
site. The connection between adjacent panels is a ship-lap joint. In
addition to ship-lap joints, spreader beams are used to ensure proper
load distribution between panels. Laminates are treated prior to panel
fabrication.
Spreader Beams
[9.9.4.3.1] Spreader or transverse stiffener beams are attached to the underside of
glulam and spike laminated decks. This guidance is based on research
conducted by the University of Minnesota on “The Effect of Transverse
Stiffener Beams”. The distance between beams can not exceed 8.0 feet,
and the rigidity, EI, of each stiffener beam can not be less than 80,000
2
kip⋅in . The spreader beams must be attached to each deck panel near
the panel edges and at intervals not exceeding 15.0 inches. Mn/DOT’s
standard spreader beam is a 6x12 member.
Bituminous Wearing Surface

The bituminous wearing course should have a minimum compacted
depth of 4 inches. For proper drainage, a cross slope of at least
0.02 ft/ft should be detailed.
8.2.2 Geometry Timber decks should be laid out with panel widths that are multiples of 4
inches (typical deck laminate plan dimension). To facilitate shipping,
deck panels should be detailed with plan widths less than 7’-6”.
8.2.3 Design / Designs should be based on wet use conditions (>16% moisture content
Analysis for glulam and >19% for other members).
[4.6.2.1.3] The LRFD Specifications provide equations that define the width of deck
assumed to carry one lane of traffic (equivalent strip widths). Mn/DOT
designs are performed on a unit strip one foot wide. Manipulate the
code values (invert and multiply by 12) to determine distribution factors
on a per foot basis.
The span length is the clear distance between pile caps plus one-half the
width of one pile cap. The span length can not exceed the clear span
length plus the thickness of the deck.
The maximum span length for a given deck thickness is dependent on

several factors including: superstructure type, wood type, and live load
intensity. Table 8.2.3.1 provides typical deck thickness and span length
values for various superstructure configurations. Table 8.2.3.2 contains
typical span lengths for deck thicknesses ranging from 10 to 16 inches.
Table 8.2.3.1 – Typical Spans for Different Timber Deck Systems

Deck Span
Superstructure Type
Thickness (IN) Length (FT)
Sawn Lumber Deck Systems
Spike-Laminated 8-16 10-34
Stress-Laminated 8-16 10-34
Glulam Deck Systems
Longitudinal Panel 8-16 12-38
Stress-Laminated 9-24 10-60
Table 8.2.3.2 – Typical Span Lengths for Standard Deck

Thicknesses
Deck Thickness (IN) Effective Span Length (FT)
10 L ≤ 17
12 17 < L ≤ 25
14 25 < L ≤ 30
16 30 < L ≤ 36
For stress-laminated and glulam decks made continuous over more than
150 feet, the effects of thermal expansion and contraction should be
investigated.
Shear effects can be neglected for the design of wood decks.
Load Distribution and Modeling

All spans are designed as simple spans. Check bending of deck using
size factor, if applicable. Also check horizontal shear and compression
perpendicular to the grain. Calculate the required spacing of drive
spikes at the ship-lap joint and check shear transfer between each
lamination.
Dead Load
The bituminous wearing surface dead load is assumed to have a unit
weight of 0.150 kcf. A 0.020 ksf dead load is to be included in all
designs in order to accommodate a possible future wearing surface.
Live Load
For timber structures with longitudinal flooring, the live load shall be
considered a point loading in the direction of the span. Normal to the
direction of the span, the wheel load shall be distributed over the width
of the tire plus twice the thickness of the floor. The width of the contact
area of a standard tire is defined in LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.5.
8.2.4 Detailing Metal plate connectors are used to attach deck panels to pile caps.
Detail no less than two metal tie-down plates per panel. The spacing of
the tie-downs along each support shall not exceed 3.0 ft.
8.2.5 Camber / Mn/DOT does not require wood decks to be fabricated with specific
Deflections camber values. During construction, the natural camber of the deck is
placed up to reduce the appearance of sag in a span.
8.3 Timber Pile Timber pile caps are used for timber deck bridges supported on cast-in-
Caps place piles or timber piles.
8.3.1 Geometry The standard timber size for pile caps is 14x14. The largest pile cap
timbers available are 16x16. Designers should use a maximum length
of 25 feet for cap timbers. This constraint will often require a splice in
the pile cap. If a splice is necessary, it should be located over an
internal pile.
8.3.2 Design / Design for a wet use condition (moisture content 19%+).
Analysis
For design of the cap, assume that the railing weight is uniformly
distributed across the cap.
Use a horizontal shear modification factor (Ch) equal to 1.33.
When analyzing pile caps use three different models. Use a:

1) a simply supported span in determining the positive bending
moment,
2) a fixed-fixed span in determining the negative bending moment,
3) a continuous beam (with a hinge to represent a splice) in
determining the shear forces and reactions.
The third model requires the live load to be placed at various locations
along the span to determine the critical member forces.
8.3.3 Detailing To prevent uplift and movements, pile caps must have positive
attachment to the piles (steel or timber).
8.3.4 Camber / Timber pile caps are not cambered.

Deflections
8.4 Additional Additional design information is available in the following references:

References 1) National Design Specifications – Wood Construction (NDS)
2) Timber Construction Manual (AITC)
3) Ritter, M.A., Timber Bridges, Design, Construction, Inspection
and Maintenance, EM7700-B. Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 1990
4) National Conference on Wood Transportation Structures (NCWTS)
8.5 Design
Examples
8.5.1 This example demonstrates the design of a longitudinally spike-

Longitudinally laminated timber bridge deck. There are no longitudinal girders in the
Laminated Timber bridge, and it is noted that these bridge decks are usually reserved for
Deck Design secondary roads with low truck traffic volumes. The deck panel span
Example under investigation is an “interior” strip of an intermediate span, which
spans from one pile cap to another pile cap - refer to Figure 8.5.1.1 for
general dimensions. In addition, Example 8.5.2 of this manual contains
the design of the accompanying timber pile cap.
A. Material and Design Parameters

[Figure 8.3.1] The dimension annotations used throughout this design example are as
follows. The vertical thickness, or length, of a member is considered its
depth. The transverse and longitudinal measurements of a member are
considered its width and length, respectively. These dimension
annotations are not consistent with Figure 8.3.1 of the 2000 AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
[8.4.1.1] 1. Pile Cap

Assumed width of pile cap member = bcap = 16 in
Assumed depth of pile cap member = dcap = 16 in
Mn/DOT uses these dimensions as actual, not nominal. The pile cap
dimension validity is checked in Example 8.2.3 of this manual.
[9.9.8] 2. Bituminous Wearing Course

Average depth of wearing course = davg = 4 in
[3.4.1] Depth of wearing course = dws = (1.5 / 1.25) x davg = 4.8 in ≈ 5.0 in
(Use 5-inches.)
Notice that the wearing course depth has been factored such that it can
be considered a DC load, instead of DW.
3. Curb and Railing [Glulam Rail (Type 1)]

Assumed width of timber curb = bcurb = 12 in
Assumed depth of timber curb = dcurb = 12 in
Assumed width of timber rail post = bpost = 8 in
Assumed length of timber rail post = Lpost = 12 in
Assumed depth of timber rail post = dpost = 34 in
Assumed width of timber rail = brail = 12 in
Assumed depth of timber rail = drail = 10.5 in
Spacing between barrier posts = spost = 6 ft = 72 in (maximum)
The timber barrier design is not a part of this design example, but the
dimensions are used for weight considerations.
[8.4.1.1, 9.9.2] 4. Deck Laminates / Planks

Assumed depth of timber deck panel laminates = dplank = 12 in
Assumed width of timber deck panel laminates or planks = bplank = 4 in
[8.4.1.1.2] The standard Mn/DOT dimensions for visually-graded deck panel lumber
is 4 in X 12 in. These dimensions are used for dead loads and section
properties.
5. Span Lengths
Actual longitudinal length of deck panels, which is also the distance
between the centerlines of adjacent pile caps = L = 24.0 ft
Clear span length between pile caps = Lclr

16
L clr = L − b cap = 24.0 − = 22.67 ft
12
Effective longitudinal span length of deck panels = Le

1 1 16
L e = L clr + ⋅ b cap = 22.67 + ⋅ = 23.11 ft
2 2 12
Maximum effective longitudinal span length of deck panels = Lmax

12
L max = L clr + dplank = 22.67 + = 23.67 ft
12
Le = 23.11 ft ≤ Lmax = 23.67 ft (OK)
6. Unit Weights and Moisture Content

[Table 8.4.1.1.4-1] Type of deck panel wood material = Douglas Fir-Larch (No.1 & Better)
Unit weight of soft-wood = γDFL = 0.050 kcf
Unit weight of bituminous wearing course = γws = 0.150 kcf
[8.4.1.1.3] Moisture content of timber = MC = 19.0%

Mn/DOT designs for wet-use only - typically with a MC of 19%.
7. Douglas Fir-Larch Deck (No.1 & Better) Strength Properties

Base resistance of wood in flexure = Fbo = 3.20 ksi
Base resistance in compression perpendicular to grain = Fcpo =1.10 ksi
Modulus of elasticity = Eo = 1600 ksi
Figure 8.5.1.1 – Timber Deck Layout
For clarity, the timber curb/railing on the near side and the bituminous
wearing course have been excluded from Figure 8.5.1.1.
Select the Basic The bridge deck consists of 5 interconnected deck panels, which are
Configuration oriented parallel to traffic. The laminate planks of each panel will be
connected using horizontal spikes. The panels are attached to each other
using vertical spikes through ship lap joints and transverse stiffener
beams also called spreader beams. The deck panel depth and spreader
beam sizes are based on deflection limits as well as strength
considerations. The spreader beams enable the deck to act as a single
unit under deflection. In addition, each deck panel span is designed as a
simply supported unit.
1. Deck Panel Widths

The deck panel sizes are given to clarify the sketches contained
throughout this example.
Width of bridge deck panel #1 = b1 = 7.33 ft

Overall width of bridge deck = bbridge = ∑(b#) = 34.0 ft
Width of each timber barrier = bbarrier = 1 ft
Width of roadway = brd = bbridge – 2 x bbarrier = 34.0 – 2 x 1 = 32.0 ft
[9.9.6.3] 2. Spreader Beam Dimensions

Assumed width of spreader beams = bspdr = 6 in
Assumed depth of spreader beams = dspdr = 12 in
[9.9.4.3.1] The standard size of the visually-graded spreader beam dimension

lumber is 6” X 12”, which gives the required rigidity. The spreader
beams will be investigated later in this example.
Determine Dead A. Dead Loads per Unit Strip (1 ft)

and Live Load The units for the dead load results are given in kips per longitudinal foot
Bending Moments per foot transverse strip (klf/ft). These units could also be given as kips
per square foot.
Weight. of deck = wdeck = γDFL ⋅ dplank = 0.050 x 12/12 = 0.050 klf/ft
Weight of wearing course = wws = γws⋅dws = 0.150x5/12 = 0.0625 klf/ft
2
Area of spreader beam = Aspdr = dspdr ⋅ bspdr = (12 x 6/12)/144= 0.5 ft
Spreader beam load = Pspdr = γDFL⋅Aspdr = 0.050x0.5 = 0.025 kips/ft
3
Volume of timber curb per foot of bridge length = υcurb = 1728 in /ft
Volume of rail post per foot of bridge length = υpost

υpost = [bpost x Lpost x dpost] / spost
3
υpost = [8 x 12 x 34] / 72 = 544 in /ft
3
Volume of timber rail per foot of bridge length = υrail = 1512 in /ft
Volume of timber railing per longitudinal foot of bridge length = υbarrier

υbarrier = υcurb + υpost + υrail
3 3
υbarrier = 1728 + 544 + 1512 = 3784 in /ft = 2.19 ft /ft
Linear weight of combined timber curbs/railings = wbarrier

2 ⋅ γ DFL ⋅ υ barrier 2 ⋅ 0.050 ⋅ 2.19
wbarrier = = = 0.00644 klf
bbridge 34
This linear weight result assumes that the curb/railing weight acts
uniformly over the entire deck.
B. Dead Load Bending Moments per Unit Strip (1 ft)

nd
[AISC 2 4-190] Maximum bending moment due to deck weight = Mdeck
w deck ⋅ (L e )2 50 ⋅ 23.112 kip− ft
Mdeck = = = 3.34
8 8 ft
Maximum bending moment due to wearing surface weight = Mws

w ws ⋅ (L e )2 0.0625 ⋅ 23.112 kip− ft
Mws = = = 4.17
8 8 ft
Maximum bending moment due to spreader beam weight = Mspdr

Pspdr ⋅ L e 25 ⋅ 23.11 kip− ft
Mspdr = = = 0.20
3 3 ft
Maximum bending moment due to curb/railing weight = Mbarrier

wbarrier ⋅ (L e )2 6.44 ⋅ 23.112 kip− ft
Mbarrier = = = 0.43
8 8 ft
Maximum bending moment due to bridge component dead loads = Mdc

Mdc = Mdeck + Mws + Mspdr + Mbarrier = 8.14 kip⋅ft/ft
[3.6.1.2] C. Live Load Moments per Lane (12 ft)

The live load bending moment will be calculated per lane (12 ft) and
later converted to a per unit strip (1 ft) format.
1. Design Truck Axle Loads

[3.6.1.2.2] Point load of design truck axle = Ptruck = 32 kips
Ptruck = 32 kips
½Le
Le = 23.11 ft
R1 R2
[AISC 2nd 4-192] Maximum bending moment due to design truck axle load = Mtruck
P ⋅ Le 32 ⋅ 23.11 kip− ft
Mtruck = truck = = 184.9
4 4 lane
2. Design Tandem Axle Loads

[3.6.1.2.3] Point load of design tandem axle = Ptandem = 25 kips
Ptandem Ptandem
a = 9.56 ft 4 ft b = 9.56 ft
[AISC 2nd 4-192] Maximum bending moment due to design tandem axle loads = Mtandem
kip− ft
Mtan dem = Ptan dem ⋅ a = 25 ⋅ 9.56 = 239
ft
3. Design Lane Loads

[3.6.1.2.4] Uniform design lane load = wlane = 0.64 klf
wlane = 0.64 klf
Le = 23.11 ft
R2
R1
Maximum bending moment due to design lane load = Mlane

wlane ⋅ (L e )2 0.64 ⋅ 23.112 kip− ft
Mlane = = = 42.8
8 8 ft
[4.6.2.3] D. Live Load Equivalent Lane Strip Width

The live load bending moments, calculated above, will now be
distributed over the transverse equivalent lane distance (Em or Es).
CL of Bridge
Lane 1 = 12 ft Lane 2 = 12 ft
4 ft 4 ft
4 ft 6 ft 2 ft 2 ft 6 ft 4 ft
P P P P
Em = equivalent strip
id hmultiple lanes
for
l d d
Es = equivalent strip width for single lane
Physical edge-to-edge bridge deck width = W = bbridge = 34.0 ft
Le = 23.11 ft ≤ 60 ft
Therefore, modified span length = L1 = Le = 23.11 ft
[3.6.1.1.1] Number of traffic lanes on the deck = NL

brd 32
NL = = = 2.67 ≅ 2 lanes
ft 12
12
lane
[4.6.2.3-1] 1. Single Lane Loaded

W = bbridge = 34.0 ft > 30 ft
Therefore, the modified edge-to-edge bridge width for single lane load
case = W1 = 30 ft
Equivalent lane strip width for single lane loaded = Es

in ft
E s = 10 + 5.0 ⋅ W1 ⋅ L 1 = 10 + 5 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 23.11 = 141.65 = 11.80
[4.6.2.3-2] lane lane
2. Multiple Lanes Loaded

W = bbridge = 34.0 ft ≤ 60 ft
Therefore, the modified edge-to-edge bridge width for multiple lanes

loaded case = W1 = 34.0 ft
Equivalent lane strip width for multiple lanes loaded = Em = lesser of

W 34.0 in ft
Em = 12 ⋅ = 12 ⋅ = 204.0 = 17
NL 2 lane lane
OR
in ft
Em = 84 +1.44⋅ W1 ⋅L 1 = 84 +1.44⋅ 34.0⋅23.11 = 124.4 = 10.36
lane lane
Use Em = 124.4 in/lane = 10.36 ft/lane
E. Modification of Live Bending Moment and Reactions

[3.6.1.1.2, 4.6.2.3] 1. Multiple Presence Factors
The multiple presence factors cannot be used in conjunction with the
equivalent lane strip widths of 4.6.2.3. The multiple presence factors
have already been included in these equations.
2. Convert Live Load Bending Moments to Per Unit Strip

a. Single Lane Loaded Case
Es = 11.80 ft/lane
Maximum moment from one lane of design truck loads = Mtruck(s)

1 1 kip− ft
Mtruck(s) = Mtruck ⋅ = 184.9 ⋅ = 15.7
Es 11.80 ft
Maximum moment from one lane of design tandem loads = Mtandem(s)

1 1 kip− ft
Mtan dem(s) = Mtan dem ⋅ = 239.0 ⋅ = 20.25
Es 11.80 ft
Maximum moment from one design lane load case = Mlane(s)

1 1 kip− ft
Mlane(s) = Mlane ⋅ = 42.8 ⋅ = 3.63
Es 11.80 ft
b. Multiple Lanes Loaded Case

Em = 10.36 ft/lane
Maximum moment from two lanes of design truck loads = Mtruck(m)

1 1 kip− ft
Mtruck(m) = Mtruck ⋅ = 184.9 ⋅ = 17.85
Em 10.36 ft
Maximum moment from two lanes of design tandem loads = Mtandem(m)

1 1 kip− ft
Mtan dem(m) = Mtan dem ⋅ = 239.0 ⋅ = 23.1
Em 10.36 ft
Maximum moment from two design lane loads = Mlane(m)

1 1 kip− ft
Mlane(m) = Mlane ⋅ = 42.8 ⋅ = 4.13
Em 10.36 ft
F. Summary of Unfactored Dead and Live Load Bending Moments

for a Unit Strip (1 ft) of Deck
Table 8.5.1.1 - Applied Bending Moments

Maximum Positive Bending Moment
Unfactored Load Case (kip⋅ft/ft)
Dead Loads
Bridge Components (Mdc) 7.86
Live Loads (Single Lane Loaded)
Design Truck 15.67
Design Tandem 20.25
Design Lane 3.63
Live Loads (Two Lanes Loaded)
Design Truck 17.85
Design Tandem 23.07
Design Lane 4.13
G. Load and Resistance Factors

[3.6.2.3] 1. Load Factors and Load Limit States
[Table 3.6.2.1-1] Impact factor for timber components (reduced due to wood damping
1
properties) = IM = ( /2) x 33% = 16.5% = 0.165
[1.3.2] Importance, redundancy, and ductility factors = η = 1.0

[4.6.2.3] Skew factor (bridge is not skewed thus 1.0) = ζ = 1.0
Use the Strength I Limit State to determine the required resistance for
the deck panels.
[8.5.2.2] 2. Resistance Factors

Flexural resistance factor = φf = 0.85
Compression perpendicular to grain resistance factor = φcperp = 0.90
Investigate A. Strength I Limit State Bending Moment per Unit Strip (1 ft)
Flexural Strength The earlier analysis showed that the tandem axle load controls the
Requirements bending moment of the deck panels. Additionally, the previous results
[8.5.2] indicate that the live loads per unit strip are largest for the two lanes
loaded case. Therefore, use the two lanes loaded case of the tandem
axle loads with the uniform lane load in determining the critical live load
bending moment acting on the deck panels.
[Table 3.4.1-1] Factored bending moment for two lanes loaded case = Mu(m)
Mu(m) = η ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ Mdc + 1.75 ⋅ ζ ⋅ [Mtan dem(m) ⋅ (1 + IM) + Mlane(m) ]]
kip− ft
Mu(m) = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25⋅8.14 + 1.75⋅1.0⋅[23.07⋅(1.165) + 4.13]] = 64.4
ft
B. Deck Modification Factors

[8.4.4.3] Moisture content factor for mechanically laminated deck lumber = Cm
Cm = 1.0
[8.4.4.2] Size effect factor for sawn dimension lumber in flexure (Fbo) = Cf
dplank = 12 in
bplank = 4 in
[Table 8.4.4.2-1] Cf = 1.10
[8.4.4.4] Deck factor for a mechanically laminated deck in flexure (Fbo) = Cd

bplank = 4 in
[Table 8.4.4.4-1] Cd = 1.15
[8.6.2]
Stability factor for sawn dimension lumber in flexure = Cs
Laminated deck planks are fully braced. Cs = 1.0
[8.4.4.1-1] Flexural deck resistance = Fb = Fbo ⋅ Cm ⋅ Cf ⋅ Cd

Fb = 3.20 x 1.0 x 1.10 x 1.15 = 4.05 ksi = 583.2 ksf
C. Deck Flexural Resistance

Required deck flexural resistance = Mn(req)
Mu(m) 64.4 kip− ft
Mn(req) = = = 75.8
φf 0.85 ft
Required section modulus of one foot of deck width = Sreq

Required depth of deck laminates (planks) = dreq
1 ft ⋅ dreq2
Sreq =
6
Mn(req) = Fb · Sreq
Substituting terms gives

6 ⋅ Mn(req) 6 ⋅ 75.8
dreq = = = 0.88 ft = 10.6 in ≤ 12.0 in (OK)
Fb 583.2
The required deck panel depth (10.6 inches) indicates that the originally
assumed deck depth (12 inches) can be used. However, it is not
uncommon that a deeper section will be required to satisfy the deflection
limit.
Investigate A. Deck Deflection with Current Deck Parameters

Deflection The midspan deflections are estimated with the design truck or 25% of
Requirements the design truck applied in conjunction with the design lane load.
[3.6.1.3.2] Design for deflections using a per foot width approach.
[2.5.2.6.2]
Deflections are to be calculated using Service I Limit State. The impact
factor is to be included in determining the design truck deflection.
1. Deck Strengths
Moment of inertia of one foot width of deck panels = Iprov
1 1
Iprov = ⋅ b ⋅ dplank 3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (12)3 = 1728 in4
12 12
[8.4.4.1-2] Deck Panel modulus of elasticity with moisture considerations = E

E= Eo x Cm E = 1600 ksi x 1.0 = 1600 ksi
2. Loads per Unit Strip Width (1 ft)

Design truck load used for deflection calculations = P∆truck
P∆truck = [2 lanes of load x (1 + IM)] / bbridge
P∆truck = [(2 x 32 kips) x 1.165] / 34.0 ft = 2.19 kips/ft
Design lane load used for deflection calculations = w∆lane

w∆lane = 2 lanes of load / bbridge = 2 x 0.64 klf / 34.0 ft
= 0.0376 klf/ft
[3.6.1.3.2] 3. Deflection Calculations

[AISC 2nd 4-192] Deflection at deck midspan due to the design truck load = ∆truck
Ptruck ⋅ L e3 2.19 ⋅ (23.11 ⋅ 12)3
∆ truck = = = 0.35 in
48 ⋅ E ⋅ Iprov 48 ⋅ 1600 ⋅ 1728
Deflection at deck midspan due to the design lane load = ∆lane
0.0376 4
4 5⋅ ⋅ (23.11 ⋅ 12)
5 ⋅ wlane ⋅ L e 12
∆ lane = = = 0.087 in
384 ⋅ E ⋅ Iprov 384 ⋅ 1600 ⋅ 1728
Deflection at deck midspan due to a combination of truck (25%) and

design lane loads = ∆combined
∆combined = 0.25 x ∆truck + ∆lane = 0.25 x (0.35) + 0.087
∆combined = 0.175 in ≤ ∆truck = 0.35 in
Therefore, the maximum deflection between the combination load

deflection and the truck load deflection = ∆ = ∆truck = 0.35 in
[2.5.2.6.2] Live load deflection limit at deck midspan = ∆max

∆max = Le / 425 = 23.11/ 425 = 0.0544 ft = 0.63 in
[9.9.3.3] ∆ = 0.35 in ≤ ∆max = 0.63 in (OK)
Deflections are okay. Thus, the initial 12-inch deck panel depth and
grade are adequate for deflection
Investigate Shear Shear need not be considered in the design of wood decks.
Resistance
Requirements
[8.7, 9.9.3.2]
Investigate A. Spreader Beam Parameters

Spreader Beam Maximum spreader beam spacing = smax = 8.0 ft
Requirements
[9.9.6.3] Actual longitudinal spreader beam spacing = sspdr = L / 3 = 24 / 3 = 8.0
ft
sspdr = 8 ft ≤ smax = 8 ft (OK)
[9.9.4] Minimum allowable rigidity (EI) of the spreader beams = rmin

2
rmin= 80,000 kip⋅in
The spreader beams shall be attached to each deck panel near the panel
edges at intervals less than or equal to 15 inches. The spreader beams
reduce the relative panel deflection, thus decreasing wearing surface
cracking.
Required moment of inertia of spreader beams to accommodate the

specified rigidity = Imin
rmin = E ⋅ Imin
rmin 80000
Imin = = = 50 in4
E 1600
Required depth of spreader beam = dmin

1
Imin = ⋅ b ⋅ d3
12
12 ⋅ Imin 12 ⋅ 50
dmin = 3 = 3 = 4.64 in ≤ dspdr = 12 in (OK)
b spdr 6
Mn/DOT standard practice is to use 6 in X 12 in spreader beams.
[9.9.6.1] B. Spike Lamination Deck Pattern

Spike-laminated decks shall consist of a series of lumber laminations
that are placed edgewise between supports and spiked together on their
wide face with deformed spikes of sufficient length to fully penetrate
four laminations. The spikes shall be placed in lead holes that are bored
through pairs of laminations at each end and at intervals not greater
than 12.0 inches in an alternating pattern near the top and bottom of
the laminations.
Laminations shall not be butt spliced within their unsupported length.
Figure 8.5.1.2 – Timber Deck to Cap Connections

[9.9.6.2, 9.9.4.2] C. Deck Tie-Downs

5
Typically, Mn/DOT uses /8-inch diameter spikes to attach the metal tie-
3
down plates (brackets) to the deck panels, and /4-inch diameter spikes
are used to connect the plates to the pile cap. The plates are typically
3 1
/16 inch thick by 2 /2 inches wide X 2’-6” long. These plates are
spaced at 3 feet maximum intervals transversely over the pile cap or
two plates per deck panel -the latter being more typical of Mn/DOT
designs.
Investigate A. Maximum Support Reactions per Unit Strip (1 ft)

Bearing Strength 1. Live Load Reactions
Requirements The maximum live load reactions need to be calculated. The design
truck and tandem axle loads have been oriented to produce the greatest
reaction at the pile cap. The design truck, tandem and lane reactions
are assumed to be uniformly distributed over the equivalent live load
strip width (Es or Em).
a. Multiple Lanes Loaded

The calculations below only consider the multiple lanes loaded case.
Because the equivalent lane strip width for multiple lanes is less than
that for the single lane loaded case (Em<Es), there is more force per
transverse foot for the multiple lane load case.
Maximum pile cap reaction due to the design truck loads = Rtruck
Ptruck Ptruck
14.0 ft
Le = 23.11 ft
Rtruck
 (L −14)  1
R truck = Ptruck + Ptruck ⋅ e ⋅
 Le  Em
 (23.11 − 14)  1 kips

R truck = 32 + 32 ⋅  ⋅ = 4.31
 23.11  10.36 ft
Maximum pile cap reaction due to the design tandem loads = Rtandem
Ptandem Ptandem
4.0 ft
Le = 23.11 ft
Rtandem
 (L − 4)  1
R tan dem = Ptan dem + Ptan dem ⋅ e ⋅
 L e  Em
 (23.11 − 4)  1 kips
R tan dem = 25 + 25 ⋅  ⋅ = 4.41
 23.11  10.36 ft
Maximum pile cap reaction due to the design lane load = Rlane
wlane = 0.64 klf
Le = 23.11 ft
Rlane
Rlane
w ⋅L  1  0.64 ⋅ 23.11  1 kips

R lane =  lane e  ⋅ =  ⋅ 10.36 = 0.71 ft
 2 E
 m  2 
2. Dead Load Reactions

Maximum reaction on pile cap due to the deck weight = Rdeck
w ⋅ Le 0.050 ⋅ 23.11 kip
R deck = deck = = 0.578
2 2 ft
Maximum reaction on pile cap due to the wearing surface weight = Rws
w ⋅L 0.0625 ⋅ 23.11 kips
R ws = ws e = = 0.722
2 2 ft
Maximum pile cap reaction due to spreader beam = Rspdr

Rspdr= 0.025 kips/ft
Maximum reaction on pile cap due to the curb/railing weight = Rbarrier

w ⋅L 0.00644 ⋅ 23.11 kips
R barrier = barrier e = = 0.074
2 2 ft
Maximum reaction on pile cap due to the dead loads = Rdc

Rdc = Rdeck + Rws + Rspdr + Rbarrier = 1.40 kips/ft
B. Summary of Unfactored Support Reactions

Table 8.5.1.2 – Support Reactions
Maximum Support Reaction
Unfactored Load Case (kips/ft)
Dead Loads (total) 1.35
Deck Panel 0.578
Spreader Beams 0.025
Curb/Railing 0.074
Wearing Surface 0.675
Live Loads (multiple lanes loaded)
Design Tandem Loads 4.41*
Design Truck Loads 4.31*
Design Lane Load 0.71*
*
Kips per transverse foot of the equivalent lane strip (Em)
[3.4.1] C. Strength I Limit State Reaction per Unit Strip (1 ft)

Table 8.2.2.2 shows that the design tandem for the two lanes loaded
case controls the reaction of the deck panels. Therefore, the design
truck will be neglected for bearing calculations.
Maximum factored reaction when multiple lanes are loaded = Ru(m)

R u(m) = η ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ R dc + 1.75 ⋅ ζ ⋅ [R tan dem(m) ⋅ (1 + IM) + R lane(m) ]]
kips
R u(m) = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ 1.40 + 1.75 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ [4.41 ⋅ (1.165) + 0.71]] = 12.0
ft
[8.8.3] D. Deck Bearing Resistance

1. Bearing Dimensions
Width of bearing = bb = 1 ft = 12 in (for unit strip)
Length of bearing = Lb = ½ x bcap = ½ x 14 = 7 in
2
Provided bearing area = Ab = bb x Lb = 12 x 7 = 84 in
2. Deck Modification Factors

[Table 8.8.3-1] Bearing modification factor = Cb
Lb = 7 in ≥ 6 in
Cb = 1.0
[8.4.4.3] Moisture content factor for mechanically laminated deck lumber = Cm

Cm = 1.0
[Table 8.4.4.2-1] The size effect factor (Cf) for sawn dimension lumber is not considered
for bearing design (Fcpo).
[8.4.4.4] The deck factor (Cd) for mechanically laminated dimension lumber is not
considered for bearing design (Fcpo).
3. Deck Resistance Calculations

[8.4.4.1-1] Nominal resistance in compression perpendicular to grain = Fcp
Fcp = Fcpo x Cm = 1.10 x 1.0 = 1.10 ksi
[8.8.3-1] Nominal resistance of deck in compression perp. to the grain = Pn

Pn = Fcp x Ab x Cb = 1.10 x 84 in2 x 1.0 = 92.4 kips
Factored resistance of deck in compression perp. to the grain = φPn

φPn = φcperp x Pn = 0.90 x 92.4 kips = 83.2 kips
φPn = 83.2 kips ≥ Ru(m) = 12.0 kips (OK)
There is no need for a sill plate at the bearing because the given bearing
strength is more than adequate.
Summary of Figure 8.5.1.3 below indicates the position of the spreader beam
Connection Design connections, the ship lap joints (deck panel-to-deck panel connections),
and deck panel-to-pile cap tie-down plates. Use Mn/DOT standard
practices for the design of these connections.
[9.9.6.3] The maximum spacing of the spreader beam connection spikes is 15

[8.4.2.2.1] inches, and they shall be placed near the panel edges.
[8.4.2.2.5]
Figure 8.5.1.3 – Timber Deck Partial Plan View

8.5.2 Design This example demonstrates the design of a typical spliced timber pile
Example: Timber cap, which accompanies the deck design of example 8.5.1. The bridge
Pile Cap contains no longitudinal girders; the dead and live loads are uniformly
spread along the pile cap. It shall be noted that these types of bridges
are usually reserved for secondary roads with low truck traffic volumes.
A. Material and Design Parameters

[Figure 8.3.1] The dimension annotations used throughout this design example are as
follows. The vertical thickness of a member is considered its depth. The
transverse and longitudinal dimensions of a member are considered its
width and length, respectively. These dimension labels differ from the
2000 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, which can be found in
Figure 8.3.1.
[8.4.1.1] 1. Pile Cap

Initial timber pile cap width = bcap = 16 in = 1.33 ft
Initial timber pile cap depth = dcap = 16 in = 1.33 ft
[8.4.1.1.2] The largest available size for visually-graded beam lumber is 16” X 16”,
for lengths up to 25 feet. Use these as actual dimensions, not nominal.
[9.9.8] 2. Wearing Course

Average depth of wearing course = davg = 4 in
Depth of wearing course = dws = (1.5 / 1.25) ⋅ davg = 4.8 in ≈ 5.0 in
(Use 5-inches.)
Notice that the wearing course depth has been factored such that it can
be considered a DC load, instead of DW.
[Mn/DOT 3. Curb and Railing [Glulam Rail (Type 1)]

5-397.146] Width of timber curb = bcurb = 12 in
Depth of timber curb = dcurb = 12 in
Width of timber rail post = bpost = 8 in
Thickness of timber rail post = tpost = 12 in
Depth (height) of timber rail post = dpost = 34 in
Width of timber rail = brail = 12 in
Thickness of timber rail = trail = 12 in
Depth (height) of timber rail = drail = 10.5 in
The timber barrier design is not a part of this design example, but the
dimensions are used for weight considerations. The maximum spacing
for the timber rail posts is 6.0 ft.
[8.4.1.1] 4. Deck Planks

[9.9.2] Depth of timber deck panel laminates or planks = dplank = 12 in = 1 ft
Width of timber deck panel laminates or planks = bplank = 4 in = 0.33 ft
[8.4.1.1.2] The standard MNDOT dimensions for visually-graded deck panel lumber
are 4” X 12”. These dimensions are used for dead loads and section
properties. The adequacy of the timber deck, for this example, has been
verified in example 8.5.1.
5. Piles
Diameter of circular timber piles = dpile = 12 in
Number of piles = npiles = 6
It is standard MNDOT practice to use equally spaced 12 in or 14 in

diameter piles.
6. Span Lengths
Overall transverse length of pile caps = Ltrans = 36 ft
Transverse combined width of deck panels = bbridge = 34.0 ft
Longitudinal distance between pile cap centerlines = L = 24 ft
Transverse distance between centerlines of piles = Lcap = 6.5 ft
Transverse clear distance between adjacent piles = Lclr = 5.5 ft
The pile cap is spliced over an interior pile. This is necessary because
the maximum available beam length is 25 feet.
7. Unit Weights and Moisture Content

[Table 8.4.1.1.4-1] Type of pile cap wood material = Douglas Fir-Larch Beam and Stringer
(Dense Structural Select)
[3.5.1] Unit weight of soft wood (Douglas Fir-Larch) = γDFL = 0.050 kcf
Unit weight of bituminous wearing course = γws = 0.150 kcf
[8.4.1.1.3] Moisture content of timber = MC = 19.0%

MNDOT designs for wet-use only – typically with a MC of 19%.
8. Douglas Fir-Larch Beam & Stringer (Dense ) Strength

Properties
Base resistance of wood in flexure = Fbo = 5.3 ksi
Base resistance in horizontal shear = Fvo = 0.25 ksi
Base resistance in compression perpendicular to grain = Fcpo = 1.30 ksi
Modulus of elasticity = Eo = 1700 ksi
Select the Basic The bridge deck will consist of 5 interconnected longitudinal deck panels.
Configuration The deck panels are supported by timber pile caps, which span the width
of the bridge. Each timber pile cap contains a splice located over an
interior pile support. See the timber deck example 8.5.1 for details
regarding the deck design and connection configurations.
Figure 8.5.2.1
Determine Dead A. Determine Dead Loads

and Live Load The dead load units are given in pounds per linear foot of pile cap
Reactions, Shear length.
Forces, and
Bending Moments Area of pile cap cross section = Acap
2 2
Acap= dcap ⋅ bcap = 16 ⋅ 16 = 256 in = 1.78 ft
Linear weight of timber pile cap = wcap

wcap= γDFL ⋅ Acap = 0.050 ⋅ 1.78 = 89.0 lbs/ft
Linear weight of deck panels = wdeck

wdeck = γDFL ⋅ dplank ⋅ L = 0.050 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 24 = 1.20 kips/ft
Linear weight of bituminous wearing course = wws

wws = γws ⋅ dws ⋅ L = 0.150 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅(1/12)⋅24 = 1.50 kips/ft
Area of spreader beam = Aspdr

2
Aspdr= dspdr ⋅ bspdr = 12 ⋅ 6 = 72 in2 = 0.5 ft
Linear weight of spreader beams = wspdr

wspdr = 2 ⋅ Aspdr ⋅ γDFL = 2 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 0.050 = 0.050 kips/ft
[Mn/DOT Volume of curb/railing per longitudinal foot of bridge length = υbarrier

3
5-397.146] υbarrier = 2.19 ft /ft
Weight of timber barrier per longitudinal foot of bridge length = wbarrier

 (2 ⋅ γ DFL ⋅ υ barrier )   (2 ⋅ 0.050 ⋅ 2.19  kips
wbarrier =   ⋅L =   ⋅ 24 = 0.146 ft
 L trans   36 .0 
This linear load assumes that the barrier weight acts uniformly over the
entire pile cap length.
Linear dead load acting along the pile cap = wdc

w dc = w cap + w deck + w ws + w spdr + wbarrier
kips
w dc = 0.089 + 1.20 + 1.50 + 0.050 + 0.146 = 2.99
ft
B. Coordinates and Structural Analysis Models

1. Span Coordinate Numbering Method
The figure below illustrates the numbering of the "coordinates" for each
pile cap span. Pile cap span 1 starts at number 1.0 and runs to 2.0-.
The left digit (1) indicates the span number, and the right decimal digit
designates the tenth of the span. The positive or negative sign following
the tenths digit indicates the support side under analysis. This
numbering technique is helpful in using influence line charts and
presenting where maximum member forces occur. The remainder of
this design utilizes this numbering technique to show the location of
critical shear forces and reactions.
LABELING OF SPAN TENTH POINTS
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.6 6.0 7.0
-+ -+ - + -+ - + -+ -+
Pile Cap Splice Pile Cap

Pile Support
Notice that the pile cap is spliced above an interior pile. This affects the
continuity of the pile cap. The pile cap is made up of a two and three
span continuous beam.
2. Analysis Models
In determining the maximum member forces, MNDOT uses a variation of
beam models as follows:
1) The maximum shear forces and reactions are determined by

modeling the pile cap as a spliced five span simply-supported
beam, such as the one shown above. Moving live loads are then
placed at various locations along the span, to produce the
maximum shear and reactions. This method of analysis allows
the effects of adjacent spans to be investigated.
2) The maximum positive bending moments (tension on pile cap
bottom) are determined by considering the pile cap as a single
simply-supported span.
3) The maximum negative bending moments (tension on pile cap
top) are determined by considering the pile cap as a single fixed-
fixed span.
The dead and live load shear, reaction and bending moment results can
be determined using a basic structural analysis computer program, or
using the standard beam formulas found in AISC 2nd Edition LRFD
Manual (4-188 to 4-206).
C. Dead Load Reaction, Shear, and Bending Moment Results

The dead load member end forces are determined using the models
shown below.
1. Maximum Reaction and Shear Force

Critical dead load shear acting on the pile cap = Vdc(5.0-) = 12.1 kips
Critical dead load reaction along the pie cap = Rdc(2.0) = 24.2 kips
Pile Cap
wdc
2. Maximum Positive Bending Moment

Critical positive dead load bending moment = Mdc(pos)
wdc
Mdc = wdc (Lcap)
2
8
Simple Pile Cap Span
Lcap = 6.5 ft
w dc ⋅ (L cap )2 2.99 ⋅ 6.52

Mdc(pos) = = = 15.8 kip− ft
8 8
3. Maximum Negative Bending Moment

Critical negative dead load bending moment = Mdc(neg)
wdc
Fixed-Fixed Pile Cap Span
Lcap = 6.5 ft
Mdc = wdc (Lcap)

2
12
w dc ⋅ (L cap )2 2.99 ⋅ 6.52

Mdc(neg) = = = 10.5 kip− ft
12 12
[3.6.1.2] D. Live Load Shear, Reaction and Bending Moment Results

[4.6.2.3] The multiple presence factors cannot be used in conjunction with the
equivalent lane strip widths (Es and Em) determined in example 8.5.1.
Assume the design truck, tandem, and lane loads are applied
transversely over these equivalent lane strip widths.
[Design Example Equivalent lane strip width for single lane loaded = Es = 11.86 ft
8.5.1] Equivalent lane strip width for multiple lanes loaded = Em = 10.38 ft
1. One Lane Loaded

[3.6.1.2.2] a. Design Truck Axle Loads
Point load of design truck axle = Ptruck = 32 kips
Linear design truck load acting along pile cap for the single lane load
case (Es) = wtruck(s)
 (L −14)   (24 −14) 
Ptruck + Ptruck ⋅ L   32 + 32 ⋅
24  kips
w truck(s) =  =  = 3.82
Es 11.86 ft
Maximum design truck shear force = Vtruck(5.0-) = 15.9 kips
Maximum design truck reaction = Rtruck(2.0) = 30.3 kips

Maximum design truck positive bending moment = Mtruck(pos)

w truck(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 3.82 ⋅ 6.52
Mtruck(pos) = = = 20.2 kip− ft
8 8
Es
wtruck(s)
Pile Cap
Maximum design truck negative bending = Mtruck(neg)

w truck(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 3.82 ⋅ 6.52
Mtruck(neg) = = = 13.45 kip− ft
12 12
Maximum design truck (single lane load case) = Mtruck(s)

Mtruck(s)= Mtruck(pos) = 20.2 kip⋅ft
b. Design Tandem Axle Loads

[3.6.1.2.3] Point load of design tandem axle = Ptandem = 25.0 kips
Linear design tandem load acting along pile cap for the single lane load
case (Es)= wtandem(s)
 (L − 4)   (24 − 4) 
Ptan dem + Ptan dem ⋅ L  25 + 25 ⋅ 24 
w tan dem(s) =   =   = 3.86 kip
Es 11.86 ft
Maximum design tandem shear force = Vtandem(5.0-) = 16.1 kips

Maximum design tandem reaction force = Rtandem(2.0) = 30.65 kips
Maximum design tandem positive bending moment = Mtandem(pos)
w tan dem(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 3.86 ⋅ 6.52
Mtan dem(pos) = = = 20.4 kip− ft
8 8
Maximum design tandem negative bending moment = Mtandem(neg)

w tan dem(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 3.86 ⋅ 6.52
Mtan dem(neg) = = = 13.6 kip− ft
12 12
Maximum design tandem (single lane load case) = Mtandem(s)

Mtandem(s)= Mtandem(pos) = 20.4 kip⋅ft
[3.6.1.2.4] c. Design Lane Load

Uniform design lane load = wlane = 0.64 klf
Linear design lane load acting along pile cap for the single lane load case
(Es) = wlane(s)
wlane(s) =
[wlane ⋅ L ] = [0.64 ⋅ 24] = 1.3 kip
Es 11.86 ft
Maximum design lane shear force = Vlane(5.0-) = 5.42 kips
Maximum design lane reaction force = Rlane(2.0) = 10.32 kips
Maximum design lane positive bending moment = Mlane(pos)

wlane(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 1.3 ⋅ 6.52
Mlane(pos) = = = 6.67 kip− ft
8 8
Es
wlane(s)
Pile Cap
Maximum design lane negative bending moment= Mlane(neg)

wlane(s) ⋅ (L cap )2 1.3 ⋅ 6.52
Mlane(neg) = = = 4.58 kip− ft
12 12
Maximum design lane (single lane load case) = Mlane(s)

Mlane(s)= Mlane(pos) = 6.67 kip⋅ft
2. Multiple Lanes Loaded

a. Design Truck Axle Loads
Linear design truck load acting along pile cap for the multiple lane load
case (Em) = wtruck(m)
 (L − 14)   (24 − 24) 
Ptruck + Ptruck ⋅ L  32 + 32 ⋅
24 
w truck(m) =   =   = 4.37 kip
Em 10.38 ft
Maximum design truck shear force = Vtruck(5.0-) = 20.35 kips
Maximum design truck reaction force = Rtruck(2.0) = 32.9 kips

Maximum design truck positive bending moment = Mtruck(pos)

w truck(m) ⋅ (L cap )2 4.37 ⋅ 6.52
Mtruck(pos) = = = 23.1 kip− ft
8 8
Em
wtruck(m)
Pile Cap
Maximum design truck negative bending moment = Mtruck(neg)

w truck(m) ⋅ (L cap )2 4.37 ⋅ 6.52
Mtruck(neg) = = = 15.4 kip− ft
12 12
Maximum design truck (multiple lane loaded case) = Mtruck(m)

Mtruck(m)= Mtruck(pos) = 23.1 kip⋅ft

Linear design tandem load acting along pile cap for the multiple lane
load case (Em) = wtandem(m)
 (L − 4)   (24 − 4) 
Ptan dem +Ptan dem ⋅ L  25+25⋅ 24 
w tan dem(m) =  =  = 4.42 kip
Em 10.38 ft
Maximum design tandem shear force = Vtandem(5.0-) = 20.4 kips
Maximum design tandem reaction force = Rtandem(2.0) = 33.0 kips
Maximum design tandem positive bending moment = Mtandem(pos)

w tan dem(m) ⋅ (L cap )2 4.42 ⋅ 6.52
Mtan dem(pos) = = = 23.3 kip− ft
8 8
Es
w tru c k (s )
P ile C a p
Maximum design tandem negative bending moment = Mtandem(neg)

Wtan dem(m) ⋅ (L cap )2 4.42 ⋅ 6.52
Mtan dem(neg) = = = 15.6 kip− ft
12 12
Maximum design tandem (multiple lane load case) = Mtandem(m)

Mtandem(m)= Mtandem(pos) = 23.34 kip⋅ft
c. Design Lane Load

Linear design lane load acting along pile cap for the multiple lane load
case (Em) = wlane(m)
w ⋅ L (0.64) ⋅ (24) kips
wlane(m) = lane = = 1.48
Em 10.38 ft
Maximum design lane shear force = Vlane(5.0-) = 6.89 kips
Maximum design lane reaction force = Rlane(2.0) = 11.14 kips
Maximum design lane positive bending moment = Mlane(pos)

w lane (m)⋅ (L cap )2 (1.48) ⋅ (6.5)2
M lane (pos)= = = 7.82 kip-ft
8 8
Maximum design lane negative bending moment = Mlane(neg)

w lane (m)⋅ (L cap )2 (1.48) ⋅ (6.5)2
M lane (neg)= = = 5.21 kip−ft
12 12
Maximum design lane (multiple lane load case) = Mlane(m)

Mlane(m)= Mlane(pos) = 7.82 kip⋅ft
E. Summary of Shear Force, Reaction and Bending Moment

Results
Table 8.5.2.1
Maximum Maximum
Positive Negative Maximum Maximum
Bending Bending Shear Support
Moment Moment Force Reaction
Unfactored Load Case (kip⋅ft) (kip⋅ft) (kips) (kips)
Dead Loads 15.79 10.53 12.09 24.18
Single Lane Loaded
Design Truck 20.17 13.45 15.94 30.33
Design Tandem 20.39 13.59 16.11 30.65
Design Lane 6.67 4.58 5.42 10.32
Multiple Lanes Loaded
Design Truck 23.08 15.39 20.35 32.90
Design Tandem 23.34 15.56 20.38 32.97
Design Lane 7.28 5.21 6.89 11.14
The live load member force results indicate that the flexural, shear, and
compression designs are controlled by the multiple lanes loaded with the
design tandem and lane loads. Hence, the remainder of this example
will deal exclusively with this load case.
F. Load and Resistance Factors

[3.6.2.3] 1. Load Factors
[Table 3.6.2.1-1] Impact factor for timber components (reduced due to wood damping
1
properties) = IM = /2 ⋅ 33% = 16.5% = 0.165
[1.3.2] Importance, redundancy, and ductility factors = η = 1.0

[4.6.2.3-3] Skew factor = ζ = 1.0
a. Load Limit States

Use the Strength I Limit State to determine the required resistance of
the pile caps.
2. Resistance Factors
Flexural resistance factor = φf = 0.85
Shear resistance factor = φv = 0.75
Compression perpendicular to grain resistance factor = φcperp = 0.90
A. Factored Bending Moments Acting on Pile Cap

Investigate
The previous results indicate that multiple lanes loaded with the design
Flexural Strength
tandem and lane loads control for flexure.
Requirements
1. Strength I Limit State Positive Moment

Positive (tension on pile cap bottom) bending moment due to multiple
lanes load under ultimate strength loads = Mu(m)
Mu(m) = η ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ Mdc + 1.75 ⋅ ζ ⋅ [Mtandem(m) ⋅ (1 + 1M) + Mlane(m) ]]
M = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (15.79) + 1.75 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ [(23.34) ⋅ (1.165) + 7.28]]

u(m)
Mu(m) = 80.1 kip − ft
2. Required Flexural Resistance of Pile Cap

Required pile cap flexural resistance = Mn(req)
Mu(m) 80.06 kip − ft
Mn(req) = = = 94.2
φf 0.85 ft
B. Determine Flexural Resistance of Pile Cap

1. Pile Cap Modification Factors
[8.4.4.3] Moisture content factor for beam lumber = Cm
Cm = 1.0
[8.4.4.2] Size effect factor for sawn beam lumber in flexure (Fbo) = Cf
dcap = 16 in ≥ 12.0 in
1/9
Cf = (12 / dcap) = 0.97
[8.6.2] Stability factor for sawn beam lumber in flexure (Fbo) = Cs

bcap = 16 in ≤ dcap = 16 in
Cs = 1.0
2. Nominal Flexural Resistance

[8.4.4.1-1] Pile cap flexural resistance = Fb = Fbo ⋅ Cm ⋅ Cf ⋅ Cs
Fb = 5.3 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 0.97 ⋅ 1.0 = 5.14 ksi
3. Provided Flexural Resistance

Provided pile cap section modulus = Sprov
1 2 1 3
Sprov = ( /6) ⋅ [bcap ⋅ (dcap) ] = ( /6) ⋅ [16 ⋅ (16)2] = 682.7 in
Provided pile cap flexural resistance = Mn(prov)

[8.6.2-1] Mn(prov) = Fb ⋅ Sprov = 5.14 ⋅ 682.67
= 3508.93 kip⋅in = 292.4 kip⋅ft
Mn(req) ⋅ 1 ft = (94.19) ⋅ 1 = 94.2 kip⋅ft
Mn(prov) = 292.4 kip⋅ft ≥ Mn(req) = 94.2 kip⋅ft (OK)
Additional calculations indicate that the minimum required pile cap depth
is 9.1 inches, for flexure. However, it is not uncommon that a deeper
section will be required to satisfy shear.
Investigate Shear A. Critical Shear Force Location

Resistance For components other than decks, shear shall be investigated at a
Requirements distance away from the face of the support equal to the depth of the
[8.7] component. When calculating the maximum design shear, the live load
shall be placed as to produce the maximum shear at a distance from the
support equal to the lessor of either three times the depth of the
component (dcap) or one-quarter of the span (Lcap). The placement of
the live load is more critical when it is applied as axle point loads, rather
than the uniform load used in this example and in typical Mn/DOT
designs.
Distance away from the support, where the live load is placed = dlive =
lesser of
3 ⋅ dcap = 3 ⋅ 16 in = 48.0 in
OR
Lcap / 4 = 6.5 ft / 4 = 19.5 in
Therefore, dlive = 19.5 in = 1.625 ft
1
Position to check for shear = [dcap + /2 ⋅ dpile]/ Lcap
1
= [1.33 ft + /2 ⋅ 1 ft] / 6.5 ft
Check for shear at 28% of span length away from the support
centerlines.
Horizontal shear must be checked for components other than decks.

The term "horizontal" shear is typically used in wood design, because a
shear failure initiates along the grain. This shear failure is typically
along the horizontal axis. The shear stress is equal in magnitude in the
vertical direction, but inherent resistance is greater, and is not of
concern.
Figure 8.5.2.2
B. Unfactored Shear Forces Acting on Pile Cap

These shear forces are less than those listed in the earlier table (page
13). The results given below are not the maximum shear forces.
Rather, they are the maximums taken at the appropriate distance "dcap"
from the critical support face. The following shear forces were taken at
span coordinate 4.72 (72% point of span number 4).
1. Dead Load Shear Force

Maximum dead load shear force at a distance "dcap" away from the
support face = Vdc(m) = 6.26 kips
2. Live Load Shear Forces (Multiple Lanes Loaded)

Only the design tandem and lane loads, for the multiple lanes loaded
case, are shown below. From the earlier results, this is the load case
that produces the maximum shear force.

Maximum design truck shear forces at a distance "dcap" away from the
support = Vtruck(m) = 11.15 kips

Maximum design tandem shear forces at a distance "dcap" away from
the support = Vtandem(m) = 11.17 kips
c. Design Lane Load

Maximum design lane shear force at a distance "dcap" from the support
= Vlane(m) = 3.78 kips
[3.4.1] C. Factored Shear Force Acting on Pile Cap

Strength I Limit State shear force for two lanes loaded case = Vu(m)
Vu(m) = η ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ Vdc + 1.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ [Vtan dem(m) ⋅ (1 + IM) + Vlane(m) ]]
Vu(m) = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (6.26) + 1.75 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ [11.2 ⋅ (1.165) + 3.78]] = 37.2 kips
Required pile cap shear resistance = Vn(req)

Vu(m) 37.2
Vn(req) = = = 49.6 kips
Φv 0.75
D. Determine Shear Resistance of Pile Cap

Horizontal shear factor = Ch = 1.33 (MNDOT Standard Practice)
[8.4.4.3] Moisture content factor = Cm = 1.0
2. Nominal Shear Resistance

[Table 8.4.1.1.4-1] Horizontal shear resistance (DFL Dense Select Struct.) = Fvo = 0.25 ksi
Specified resistance of wood in shear = Fv

Fv = Fvo ⋅ Ch ⋅ Cm ⋅ Cf = 0.25 ⋅ 1.33 ⋅ 1.0 = 0.33 ksi
3. Provided Shear Resistance

[8.7-2] Required factored shear resistance of pile cap cross-section = Vn(prov)
(Fv ⋅ b cap ⋅ dcap ) (0.33 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 16)
Vn(prov) = = = 56.3 kips
1.5 1.5
Vn(req) = 49.61 kips ≤ Vn(prov) = 56.32 kips (OK)
Investigate A. Unfactored Support Reactions Acting on the Pile Cap

Compression The maximum support reactions are listed in the earlier table (page 13).
Resistance These reactions are taken from span coordinate 2.0.
Requirements
[8.8.3] 1. Dead Load Reaction Force
Maximum dead load reaction force = Rdc(2.0) = 24.2 kips
2. Live Load Reaction Forces (Multiple Lanes Loaded)

Only the design tandem and lane load reactions, for the multiple lanes
loaded case, are shown below. From the earlier results, this is the load
case that produces the maximum reaction forces.

Maximum design truck reaction force = Rtruck(m) = 32.9 kips

Maximum design tandem reaction force = Rtandem(m) = 33.0 kips
c. Design Lane Load

Maximum design lane reaction force = Rlane(m) = 11.1 kips
[3.4.1] B. Factored Support Reactions Acting on Pile Cap

Maximum factored reaction due to two lanes loaded case = Pu(m)
Pu(m) = η ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ R dc + 1.75 ⋅ ξ ⋅ [R tan dem(m) ⋅ (1 + IM) + R lane(m) ]]
Pu(m) = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (24.2) + 1.75 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ [33.0 ⋅ (1.165) + 11.1]] = 116.9 kips
Required pile cap compression resistance = Pn(req)

Pu(m) 116.94
Pn(req) = = = 129.9 kips
φ cperp 0.90
C. Determine Compression Resistance of Pile Cap

1. Pile Cap Bearing Dimensions
Bearing length = Lb = ½ ⋅ dpile = 6 in
Bearing width = bb = ½ ⋅ dpile = 6 in
2 2
Bearing Area = Ab = [π ⋅ (dpile) ] / 4 = [π ⋅ (12) ] / 4 = 113 in2

[Tbl 8.8.3-1] Bearing modification factor = Cb
Lb = 6.0 in ≥ 6.0 in
Cb =1.0
[8.4.4.3] Moisture content factor = Cm = 1.0
3. Nominal Bearing Resistance

[Tbl 8.4.1.1.4-1] Compression resistance parallel to grain = Fcpo =1.30 ksi
Specified resistance of wood in compression = Fcp
Fcp = Fcpo ⋅ Cm ⋅ Cf ⋅ Cd ⋅ Cb = 1.30 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 1.0 = 1.30 ksi
4. Provided Bearing Resistance

Provided compression resistance perpendicular to grain = Pn(prov)
[8.8.3-1] Pn(prov) = Fcp ⋅ Ab = 1.30 ⋅ 113 in2 = 146.9 kips
5. Bearing Resistance Check

Pn(req) = 129.9 kips ≤ Pn(prov) = 146.9 kips (OK)
The provided bearing resistance is greater than the required strength.

DECEMBER 2004 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 9-1
9. DECKS AND Reinforced concrete decks on girders are the predominant type of deck
DECK SYSTEMS used on highway bridges in Minnesota. The deck is the structural
element that transfers vehicle and pedestrian loads to the girders. It is
analyzed as a continuous beam with the girders acting as supports. The
top and bottom primary moment resisting steel runs transversely in the
deck. The stool between the beam top flange and the deck bottom varies
to allow placement of the deck to the proper elevation.
Timber decks may be used on secondary roads and temporary bridges as

part of the superstructure. Guidance for the design of timber decks is
provided in Section 8.
Specialized deck systems are used for railroad bridges. A common

design is a thru-girder system with floor beams supporting a bent plate.
This channel shaped bent plate holds the ballast on which the rails are
supported. These specialized deck systems are not currently covered in
this manual.
9.1 General Deck Protection Policy

The following practices are used to extend the service life of new
concrete bridge decks:
• All reinforcement bars shall be epoxy coated. Also, use epoxy
coated reinforcement when widening a bridge or when adding a
new railing.
• The top reinforcing bars shall have a total of 3 inches of cover.
• Primary bridges shall be constructed with a 2 inch low slump
concrete wearing course.
Primary bridges are defined as:

• All bridges carrying interstate traffic.
• All interstate highway bridges at an interchange with access to the
interstate route.
• All bridges carrying trunk highway traffic within major
metropolitan areas and municipalities with populations of 5,000 or
greater.
• All bridges on highways with a 20 year projected ADT greater than
2,000.
The State Bridge Engineer shall determine the appropriate action on any
exceptions to this policy.
9.1.1 Deck Deck Drainage Considerations

Drainage The design of a deck requires:
• Removing potential hydroplaning water from the driving surface
using a crown cross-section.
• Channeling drainage water away from the bridge and features
below the bridge using road grades and end slopes respectively.
Superstructure Drains
Drain outlets shall be avoided over roadways, shoulders, sidewalks,
streams, railroad tracks, or end slopes. Drains placed over riprap will
require the area to be grouted, or a grouted flume section provided. At
down spouts or deck drains provide splash blocks.
Avoid drainage details that include flat elements (grades less than 5%).
Pipes and drainage elements with flat profiles tend to collect debris and
plug.
Drainage systems shall avoid direct runoff to waters of the State.

Bridges over lakes or streams, where bridge length is less than 500 feet,
shall be designed such that deck drains are not necessary. Narrow
bridges that are longer than 500 feet may have problems with deck
flooding in severe rainstorms. Discuss this issue with the Hydraulics Unit
prior to beginning final design.
Also note that special drainage requirements are necessary for bridges
where a Corps of Engineers “404 permit” is required. The Hydraulic’s
Unit may also require the addition of containment and treatment features
to the project for bridges located in or near scenic waterways or near
public water supply sources.
The materials and gages for corrugated metal (C.M.) drains, and semi-
circle deck drains, such as those used on railroad bridges, are to be
provided in the plan details. Use 16 gage metal for other C.M. drains.
Drains shall extend a minimum of 1 inch below the bottom of

superstructure. See Standard Bridge Detail B701, B702, B705, or B706.
9.2 Concrete Deck Figure 9.2.1 illustrates the two most common concrete deck systems
on Beams used. The deck system selected is based on the protection policy. The
left side of the figure shows a deck constructed with a single concrete
pour. The right side illustrates a deck with a wearing course.
Figure 9.2.1
The wearing course is less permeable and consequently reduces the rate
at which chlorides penetrate into the deck.
9.2.1 Deck Design Design

and Detailing The traditional approximate method of analysis shall be used in deck
design. Do not use the empirical deck design method shown in
LRFD 9.7.2. The deck shall be treated as a continuous beam. Moments
as provided in LRFD Table A4.1-1 are to be applied at the design sections
shown in Figure 9.2.1. The use of LRFD Table A4.1-1 must be within the
assumptions and limitations listed at the beginning of the appendix.
Tables 9.2.1.1 and 9.2.1.2 provide minimum reinforcement requirements
based on the traditional deck design method for decks supported on
prestressed concrete beams and steel beams, respectively. The tables
may be used for all LRFD deck designs that fit the assumptions, as well
as for decks of bridges designed by the Load Factor method (curved steel
bridges or bridge widenings).
The transverse reinforcement given in Tables 9.2.1.1 and 9.2.1.2 is

adequate for deck overhangs (measured from centerline of beam to edge
of deck) up to 40% of the beam spacing when a Type F concrete barrier,
which meets Test Level 4 (Standard Details Part II Figures 5-397.114
through 5-397.117) is used.
The amount of longitudinal steel placed in decks is increased in the

negative moment regions over the piers. The amount of steel must be
consistent with the superstructure modeling assumptions. If precast
beams are made continuous over the piers an appropriate amount of
reinforcement must be included in the deck to provide adequate negative
moment capacity. Similarly for steel beams, the amount of longitudinal
reinforcement must be consistent with the design section property
[6.10.1.7] assumptions. For steel beam or girder superstructures, the LRFD
specifications require at least one percent reinforcing over the piers. See
Figure 9.2.1.7 for additional information.
The design of the distribution steel for the entire bridge shall be based on
the widest beam spacing found in any span.
The top longitudinal steel in non-pier areas shall satisfy the requirements
for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.
For skews less than or equal to 20°, detail deck reinforcement parallel to
the skew. Design the reinforcement taking into account the skew.
For skews greater than 20°, provide reinforcing at right angles to the
centerline of roadway.
Overhangs are to be designed to meet the strength requirements of

Section 13. LRFD A13.4.2 specifies that the vehicle collision force to be
used in deck overhang design is to be equal to the rail capacity R w . This
ensures that the deck will be stronger than the rail and that the yield line
failure mechanism will occur in the parapet. For example, the TL-4 F-rail
has a capacity R w = 128.0 kips (see Section 13.3.1), which is well above
the rail design collision force Ft = 54 kips for a Test Level 4 railing.
Because of the large difference between rail capacity and collision force,
Mn/DOT requires the deck overhang to carry the lesser of the rail
capacity R w or 4/3 x Ft .
Geometry
Figures 9.2.1.2 through 9.2.1.5 contain standard Mn/DOT deck details.
Typical deck reinforcement layouts at deck edges and medians are
illustrated in the figures.
Use a uniform deck thickness for all spans based on the minimum
thickness required for the widest beam spacing.
The main transverse reinforcement will vary with the beam spacing. For
skewed bridges, continue the reinforcement for the wider beam spacing
until the reinforcement is completely outside of the span with the wider
beam spacing.
The standard height of bridge sidewalks is 8 inches above the top of

roadway. Bridge medians shall match approach roadway median shape
and height.
Use a uniform thickness for the edge of deck in all spans. Use a 9 inch
minimum thickness on structures without a wearing course. Use an
8 inch minimum thickness on bridges with a wearing course or sidewalk.
Dimension the bottom of deck on the outside of the fascia beam at 1 inch
below the top of the beam for prestressed concrete beams. For steel
beams, detail the bottom of deck on the outside of the fascia beam to
meet the bottom of the top flange. See Figures 9.2.1.2 through 9.2.1.5.
Check the slope of the bottom of the deck on overhangs. The edge of the
deck should be higher than the location next to the beam top flange.
Detailing
The main transverse deck reinforcement shall consist of straight bars
located in both the top and the bottom reinforcing mats.
For the acute corners of highly skewed bridges, detail the deck
reinforcement as follows: In addition to the 2-#16 bars that run parallel
to the expansion joint at the end of the deck, place 2 top mat #16 bars
that are 10 feet long and run parallel to the joint with a spacing of 5
inches. Also, run a series of radial transverse bars that shorten as they
progress into the corner. Finally, place a bent bar in the corner that ties
to the outside deck longitudinal bar and the end bar running parallel to
the joint. See Figure 9.2.1.1.
Figure 9.2.1.1
Add a longitudinal tie at the end of the deck if the deck projects past the
end of the diaphragm more than 1 foot.
Several detailing practices are to be used near piers:

• Detail longitudinal steel (temperature and distribution) as
continuous over piers.
• Provide additional longitudinal steel to minimize transverse deck
cracking. See Figures 9.2.1.6 and 9.2.1.7.
• For decks supported on non-continuous prestressed beams, detail
a partial depth sawcut in the deck over the pier backfilled with a
sealant. See Figure 9.2.1.8.
• Place polystyrene on the corners of prestressed concrete beams
bridges with skews greater than 20° to reduce wandering of the
transverse deck crack at the centerline of pier. See
Figure 9.2.1.8.
For bridges with transverse deck reinforcement parallel to the skew,

dimension transverse bar spacing along edge of deck.
Deck Placement Sequence

For bridges with wide decks and continuous bridges with long spans, a
deck placement sequence detailing locations of transverse construction
joints shall be shown in the plans. A deck placement sequence must be
provided on the following bridges:
• Bridges with decks wider than 90 feet.
• Continuous bridges with spans exceeding 150 feet.
• Bridges where the concrete placement rate is not high enough to
cast 60% of the span length per hour.
Generally, for steel girder superstructures locate the first transverse

construction joint at the 0.6 point of the first span. The following pour
shall commence at the 0.6 point of the adjacent span and shall terminate
at the end of the previous pour. Continue this pattern for all interior
spans. Start the last pour at the end of the bridge and extend to the end
of the previous pour. A minimum of 72 hours is required between pours
in adjacent spans.
For unusual span length configurations, discuss location of transverse

construction joints with the Bridge Design Engineer and Regional
Provide information on the location and pattern for the deck placement
on the superstructure details of the bridge plan.
REINFORCEMENT FOR DECK ON PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS

(Negative Moment @ 10 inches from CL Beam)
Transverse Reinforcement
Maximum Deck Longitudinal Longitudinal
Bottom
Beam Thickness Reinforcement Reinforcement
with Wearing w/o Wearing Top
Spacing (in) Bottom ∗ Top ∗
Course Course
4'-9" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 8" 13 @ 8" 9 13 @ 10" 13 @ 1'-6"
6'-0" 13 @ 6½" 13 @ 7½" 13 @ 8" 9 13 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
6'-6" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 7½" 9 13 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
7'-0" 13 @ 5½" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 7½" 9 13 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
7'-6" 13 @ 5½" 13 @ 6½" 13 @ 7½" 9 13 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
8'-0" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 7" 9 13 @ 7" 13 @ 1'-6"
8'-6" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 7" 13 @ 1'-6"
9'-0" 16 @ 7" 13 @ 5½" 13 @ 6½" 9 16 @ 10" 13 @ 1'-6"
9'-6" 16 @ 6½" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 6" 9 16 @ 10" 13 @ 1'-6"
10'-0" 16 @ 6" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 5½" 9 16 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
10'-6" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 13 @ 5" 9 16 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
11'-0" 16 @ 5½" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 6" 9 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
11'-6" 16 @ 5½" 16 @ 6½" 16 @ 6" 9 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
12'-0" 19 @ 7" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5½" 9 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
12'-6" 19 @ 7" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5½" 9¼ 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
13'-0" 19 @ 7" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5" 9½ 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
13'-6" 19 @ 7½" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5" 9¾ 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
14'-0" 19 @ 7½" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5" 10 16 @ 8" 13 @ 1'-6"
14'-6" 19 @ 7½" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5" 10¼ 16 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
15'-0" 19 @ 7½" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 5" 10½ 16 @ 9" 13 @ 1'-6"
* Reinforcement shown is for bridges where beams are not continuous at piers and expansion joints exist at abutments.
Note that additional reinforcement may be required when integral abutments are used or beams are continuous at piers.
See Figure 9.2.1.6 for additional top reinforcement required at piers when only deck is continuous.
Design Assumptions:
1. Live load moments are from LRFD Table A4.1-1.
2. The 2" wearing course is sacrificial and is not used in determining a structural depth d for bottom steel.
3. The control of cracking by distribution of flexural reinforcement requirements have been met using a clear cover of 1"
for bottom steel and 2" for top steel with a Z=130 kips/inch.
4. The LRFD code (under empirical design) states the ratio of the effective beam spacing to slab thickness should be less
than 18 (Ontario uses 15); this slab thickness increase fits these requirements and is similar to what we have used
successfully in the past.
5. A future wearing course of 20 psf with a load factor of 1.25 has been used.
6. Concrete strength of 4 ksi; reinforcing steel strength of 60 ksi.
Table 9.2.1.1
REINFORCEMENT FOR DECK ON STEEL BEAMS

(Negative Moment @ 3 inches from CL Beam)
Transverse Reinforcement
Maximum Deck Longitudinal Longitudinal
Bottom
Beam Thickness Reinforcement Reinforcement
with Wearing w/o Wearing Top
Spacing (in) Bottom ∗ Top ∗
Course Course
4'-9" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
5'-6" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
6'-0" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
6'-6" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
7'-0" 13 @ 5½" 13 @ 7" 13 @ 6" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
7'-6" 13 @ 5½" 13 @ 6½" 13 @ 5½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
8'-0" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 5" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
8'-6" 13 @ 5" 13 @ 6" 13 @ 5" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
9'-0" 16 @ 7" 13 @ 5½" 16 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
9'-6" 16 @ 6½" 13 @ 5" 16 @ 6½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
10'-0" 16 @ 6" 13 @ 5" 16 @ 6" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
10'-6" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5½" 9 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
11'-0" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5½" 9¼ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
11'-6" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5" 9½ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
12'-0" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5" 9¾ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
12'-6" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5" 10 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
13'-0" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 7" 16 @ 5" 10¼ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
13'-6" 16 @ 6" 16 @ 6½" 19 @ 6" 10½ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
14'-0" 16 @ 5½" 16 @ 6½" 19 @ 6" 10¾ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
14'-6" 16 @ 5½" 16 @ 6½" 19 @ 6" 11 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
15'-0" 16 @ 5½" 16 @ 6½" 19 @ 6" 11¼ 13 @ 6" 13 @ 1'-6"
* Requirements for positive moment area shown; See Figure 9.2.1.7 for reinforcing requirements over the pier. Also note
that additional reinforcement may be needed in deck at abutments when integral abutments are used.
Design Assumptions:
1. Live load moments are from LRFD Table A4.1-1.
2. The 2" wearing course is sacrificial and is not used in determining a structural depth d for bottom steel.
3. The control of cracking by distribution of flexural reinforcement requirements have been met using a clear cover of 1"
for bottom steel and 2" for top steel with a Z=130 kips/inch.
4. The LRFD code (under empirical design) states the ratio of the effective beam spacing to slab thickness should be less
than 18 (Ontario uses 15); this slab thickness increase fits these requirements and is similar to what we have used
successfully in the past.
5. A future wearing course of 20 psf with a load factor of 1.25 has been used.
6. Concrete strength of 4 ksi; reinforcing steel strength of 60 ksi.
Table 9.2.1.2
Figure 9.2.1.2
Figure 9.2.1.3
Figure 9.2.1.4
Figure 9.2.1.5
Figure 9.2.1.6
Figure 9.2.1.7
Figure 9.2.1.8
9.3 Reinforced This example demonstrates the design of a typical reinforced concrete
Concrete Deck deck. The dimensions used are consistent with those of the prestressed
Design Example beam design example in Section 5.7.2. The first part describes the
design of the interior region of a reinforced concrete deck supported on
beam or stringer elements. The second part provides design procedures
for the deck overhang region.
[4.6.2.2.4] The deck is assumed to carry traffic loads to the supporting members
(beams or girders) via one-way slab or beam action. The supporting
members for the deck are parallel to the direction of traffic. The
substructures are not skewed, so the primary reinforcement for the deck
is placed perpendicular to the supporting members. Distribution steel is
placed parallel to the beams.
The reinforced concrete deck section with wearing course is illustrated in

Figure 9.3.1.
A. Material and Deck

Design Parameters Unit weight of deck and wearing course, γ deck = 0.150 kcf
[9.7.1.1] Skew angle of bridge, ϕ = 0 degrees
[9.7.1.3] Out-to-out bridge deck transverse width, bdeck = 51.33 ft = 616 in
Modular ratio, n = Es / Ecs = 29000 ksi / 3644 ksi ≈ 8
Railing/Barrier
[9.7.1.4] A stiffening element is required at the edge of decks for load distribution.
This requirement is satisfied with the continuous F-rail typically used on
Mn/DOT bridges. Refer to the barrier design example in Section 13.3 for
more details.
B. Structural The deck is modeled as a continuous beam on pinned supports provided

Analysis of at the centerline of the supporting beams. The beams are assumed to be
Interior Region rigid, not permitting vertical movement. Recognizing that beams have
[9.6.1] top flanges that provide support for the deck over a finite dimension, the
specifications permit designing negative moment reinforcement for
locations that are offset from the centerline of the beam.
Figure 9.3.1
[4.6.2.1.6] For prestressed beams, negative moments should be checked at the

design section located 1/3 of the flange width away from the beam
centerline. The offset can be no more than 15 inches. For the top flange
width of 30 inches, check negative moments at a location 10 inches away
from beam centerline. The design uses a unit strip one foot wide.
C. Live Loads The AASHTO LRFD Specifications contain tables listing the design live
[Appendix A4] load moments (positive and negative) for decks supported on different
beam spacings. The tabularized moments are for a one foot wide strip.
The limitations for use of the tables include a check on the overhang
dimension. A minimum of 1.75 feet from the centerline of the fascia
beam is permitted. The maximum overhang permitted is the lesser of
[6.0 feet or (0.625 x beam spacing)].
0.625 ⋅ 9.0 ft = 5.63 ft ≤ 6.0 ft
For this example the overhang is:
1
⋅ (51.33 − 45.0) = 3.17 ft 1.75 ft < 3.17 ft < 5.63 ft OK
2
The overhang dimension checks are satisfied, as are the other

parameters.
Interpolate Design Live Load Moments

LRFD Table A4.1-1 lists the following design live load moments for a
beam spacing of 9.0 ft:
Positive moment = 6.29 kip-ft
Negative moment (9 in) = 4.28 kip-ft
Negative moment (12 in) = 3.71 kip-ft
Interpolate to obtain a value at the design section (10 inches away from
the center of the supporting beam):
⎛ 4.28 − 3.71 ⎞
4.28 − 1 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 4.09 kip - ft/ft
⎝ 3 ⎠
The values in LRFD Table A4.1-1 include the multiple presence and
dynamic load allowance factors.
D. Dead Loads The dead load moments are based on the self-weight of the 7 inch deck,
a 2 inch wearing course, and a 0.020 ksf future wearing surface.
Depth of concrete deck, ddeck = 7 in + 2 in = 9 in

Dead loads will be computed for a strip of deck 1 foot wide. Mn/DOT
practice is to simplify the dead load bending moment calculations, by
computing both the positive and negative dead load bending moments
using:
W ⋅ L2
MDC = DC
10
Deck and Wearing Course Load:

1
Wdeck = γ deck ⋅ ddeck = (0.150) ⋅ (9) ⋅ = 0.11 klf
2
Future Wearing Surface Load:
WWS = 0.02 klf
Combined Dead Load:
WDC = Wdeck + WWS = 0.11 + 0.02 = 0.13 klf
Dead Load Bending Moment:

0.13 ⋅ (9)2
MDC = = 1.05 kip-ft
10
E. Flexural Design The load modifiers for the deck design are:
Moments
ηD = 1.00
[1.3.3 – 1.3.5]
ηR = 1.00
ηI = 1.00
Then η cum = ηD ⋅ ηR ⋅ ηI = 1.00
[Table 3.4.1-1] Use the load factors provided in LRFD Article 3.4.1 to generate the
Strength I and Service I design moments.
Strength I Limit State Loads
U1 = 1.00 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (DC) + 1.75 ⋅ (LL )]
Negative Design Moment:

[ (
Mu(neg) = 1.00 ⋅ 1.25 ⋅ (MDC ) + 1.75 ⋅ MLL(neg) )]
= 1.00 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (1.05) + 1.75 ⋅ (4.09)] = 8.47 kip-ft
Positive Design Moment:

[ (
Mu(pos) = 1.00 ⋅ 1.25 ⋅ (MDC ) + 1.75 ⋅ MLL(pos) )]
= 1.00 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ (1.05) + 1.75 ⋅ (6.29)] = 12.32 kip-ft
Service I Limit State Loads
S1 = 1.00 ⋅ [1.0 ⋅ (DC) + 1.0 ⋅ (LL )]
Negative Design Moment:

[ (
MS(neg) = 1.00 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ (MDC ) + 1.0 ⋅ MLL(neg) )]
= 1.00 ⋅ [1.0 ⋅ (1.05) + 1.0 ⋅ (4.09 )] = 5.14 kip-ft
Positive Design Moment:

[ (
MS(pos) = 1.00 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ (MDC ) + 1.0 ⋅ MLL(pos) )]
= 1.00 ⋅ [1.0 ⋅ (1.05) + 1.0 ⋅ (6.29)] = 7.34 kip-ft
F. Top Steel Flexure Strength Check

(Negative The top reinforcement has a clear cover of 3 inches (which includes the
Moment)
2 inch wearing course). Design the negative moment reinforcement
[5.7.3] assuming a singly reinforced cross section and that #13 bars are used
( db = 0.50 inches ).
[5.5.4.2] Flexural and tension resistance factor, φ = 0.90
Determine distance from extreme compression fiber to tension

reinforcement.
1 1
ds = ddeck − cover - ⋅ db = 9 − 3 − ⋅ 0.5 = 5.75 in
2 2
Try #13 bars with a 6.5 inch center-to-center spacing.
Width of compression face of member, b = 12 in

Area of top steel provided per foot,
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
A s(top) = A b ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.20 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.37 in2
⎝ spacing ⎠ ⎝ 6 .5 ⎠
A s(top) ⋅ fy 0.37 ⋅ 60
a = cβ1 = = = 0.54 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 0.54 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Mn = A s(top) ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜ ds − ⎟ = 0.37 ⋅ 60 ⋅ ⎜ 5.75 − ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
= 10 .14 kip-ft
ϕ ⋅ Mn = 0.9 ⋅ 10.14 = 9.13 kip-ft > 8.47 kip-ft OK
[5.7.3.4] Crack Control Check

The design value for the crack width parameter (Z) for severe exposure
is 130 kip/in .
The thickness of clear cover used to compute dc shall not be taken

greater than 2.0 inches. Assuming #13 bars are used,
dc = 2.0 + 0.5 ⋅ db = 2.25 in .
The area of concrete A top assumed to participate with the primary

tensile reinforcement for this check is:
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b ⎞ ⎜⎜ 2 ⋅ 2.25 ⋅ 12 ⎟⎟
A top = ⎜⎜ ⎟=
⎟ = 29.25 in2
⎝ Nbars ⎠ ⎜⎜ 12 ⎟
⎟
⎝ 6.5 ⎠
[5.7.3.4-1] The maximum tensile stress permitted in the top mat at the Service I
limit state is:
Z 130
fsa(top) = = = 32.2 ksi ≤ 0.6 ⋅ fy = 36 ksi
3d ⋅ A 3
c top 2.25 ⋅ 29.25
Compute the stress in the reinforcement using a cracked section analysis.

Begin by locating the neutral axis.
x
b⋅x⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (ds − x )
2
12 ⋅ x 2
= 8 ⋅ 0.37 ⋅ (5.75 − x ) solving, x = 1.46 in
2
x 1.46
j ⋅ ds = ds − = 5.75 − = 5.26 in
3 3
The stress in the reinforcement when subjected to the Service I moment

is:
Ms(neg) 5.14 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 31.7 ksi ≤ 32.2 ksi OK
A s ⋅ j ⋅ ds 0.37 ⋅ 5.26
[5.7.3.3.1] Maximum Reinforcement

The LRFD maximum reinforcement check is a limit on the neutral axis to
steel depth ratio. The c/d ratio must be less than 0.42.
[5.7.2.2] For 4 ksi concrete, the depth of the section in compression can be found
with the “a” dimension determined in the strength equations and β1 . For
4 ksi concrete, β1 = 0.85 .
a 0.54
c= = = 0.64 in
β1 0.85
c c 0.64
= = = 0.11 < 0.42 OK
de ds 5.75
[5.7.3.3.2] Minimum Reinforcement

Reinforcement should be provided to carry the smaller of 1.2 times the
cracking moment ( Mcr ) or 1.33 times the Strength I bending moment
( M u ).
Conservatively assume a full 9 inch deep section for the minimum

reinforcement check.
b ⋅ (ddeck )2 12 ⋅ (9)2
S deck = = = 162 in3
6 6
[5.4.2.6] The rupture stress ( fr ) of concrete is assumed to be:

fr = 0.24 ⋅ fc′ = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi
Set the cracking moment ( Mcr ) equal to fr ⋅ S :
⎛ 1 ⎞
1.2 ⋅ Mcr = 1.2 ⋅ (fr ⋅ S) = 1.2 ⋅ (0.48 ⋅ 162 ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 7.78 kip-ft GOVERNS
⎝ 12 ⎠
1.33 ⋅ M u(neg) = 1.33 ⋅ 8.47 = 11.27 kip-ft
Use the 1.2 ⋅ Mcr value to check minimum reinforcement.

ϕ ⋅ Mn = 9.13 kip-ft > 7.78 kip-ft OK
G. Bottom Steel Flexure Strength Check

(Positive Moment) The bottom reinforcement has a clear cover of one inch. Because the
[5.7.3] wearing course may be removed in future milling operations, do not
include it in structural capacity computations. Size the positive moment
reinforcement assuming a singly reinforced cross section. Assume that
#16 bars are used.
Determine distance from extreme compression fiber to tension

reinforcement.
1 1
ds = ddeck − cover − wear course − ⋅ db = 9 − 1 − 2 − ⋅ 0.63 = 5.69 in
2 2
Try #16 bars with a 7 inch center-to-center spacing.

Area of steel per foot = A s(bot)
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
A s(bot) = A b ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.31 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.53 in2
⎝ spacing ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
A s(bot) ⋅ fy 0.53 ⋅ 60
a = cβ1 = = = 0.78 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 0.78 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Mn = A s(bot) ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜ ds − ⎟ = 0.53 ⋅ 60 ⋅ ⎜ 5.69 − ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
= 14 .05 kip-ft
ϕ ⋅ Mn = 0.9 ⋅ 14.05 = 12.65 kip-ft > 12 .32 kip-ft OK
[5.7.3.4] Crack Control Check

Crack width parameter for severe exposure Z = 130 kip/in
Depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar

located closest is dc :
db 0.63
dc = cover + = 1.0 + = 1.31 in
2 2
Area of concrete A bot assumed to participate with the reinforcement for

this check is:
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b ⎞ ⎜ 2 ⋅ 1.31 ⋅ 12 ⎟
A bot = ⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 18.41 in2
⎟ ⎜ 12 ⎟
⎝ Nbars ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠
[5.7.3.4-1] The maximum tensile stress in mild steel reinforcement at the Service I
limit state is:
Z 130
fsa(bot) = = = 45.0 ksi > 36 ksi , Use 36 ksi
3d 3
c ⋅ A bot 1.31 ⋅ 18.41
Compute the stress in the reinforcement using a cracked section analysis.

Begin by locating the neutral axis.
b ⋅ x2
= n ⋅ A s ⋅ (ds − x )
2
12 ⋅ x 2
= 8 ⋅ 0.53 ⋅ (5.69 − x ) solving, x = 1.68 in
2
x 1.68
j ⋅ ds = ds − = 5.69 − = 5.13 in
3 3
The stress in the reinforcement when subjected to the Service I design

moment is:
Ms (pos) 7.34 ⋅ 12
fs = = = 32.4 ksi ≤ 36.0 ksi OK
A s ⋅ j ⋅ ds 0.53 ⋅ 5.13
[5.7.3.3.1] Maximum Reinforcement Check

The LRFD maximum reinforcement check is a limit on the neutral axis to
steel depth ratio. This c/d ratio must be less than 0.42.
[5.7.2.2] Similar to the negative moment region use β1 = 0.85 and the “a”
dimension from the strength computations.
⎛ c ⎞ a 0.78
⎜ ⎟=
⎜d ⎟ β ⋅ d = 0.85 ⋅ 5.69 = 0.16 < 0.42 OK
⎝ e ⎠ 1 s
[5.7.3.3.2] Minimum Reinforcement Check

Reinforcement should be provided to carry the smaller of 1.2 times the
cracking moment ( Mcr ) or 1.33 times the Strength I bending moment
( M u ).
⎛ 1 ⎞
1.2 ⋅ Mcr = 1.2 ⋅ (fr ⋅ S ) = 1.2 ⋅ (0.48 ⋅ 162 ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 7.78 kip-ft GOVERNS
⎝ 12 ⎠
1.33 ⋅ M u(pos) = 1.33 ⋅ 12.32 = 16.39 kip-ft
Use the 1.2 ⋅ Mcr value to check minimum reinforcement.

ϕ ⋅ Mn = 12.65 kip-ft > 7.78 kip-ft OK
H. Bottom As part of the Traditional Design Method an “equivalent width method”

Longitudinal for reinforced bridge deck designs is utilized. The constraints for
Reinforcement reinforced concrete decks, designed in accordance with “traditional”
methods, are given in LRFD 9.7.3. To ensure proper load distribution,
[9.7.3.2] reinforcement placed perpendicular to the primary reinforcement must be
placed in the bottom mat. This reinforcement is a fraction of the primary
steel required for the bottom of the section (positive moment). For decks
where the primary reinforcement is placed perpendicular to traffic, the
longitudinal reinforcement requirement in the bottom mat is:
⎛ 220 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≤ 67% where S e = effective span length in feet
⎜ S ⎟
⎝ e ⎠
[9.7.2.3] The effective span length is a function of the beam or stringer spacing
and the type of beam or stringer. For prestressed concrete I-beam
sections, the effective span length is the distance between flange tips
plus the distance the flange overhangs the web on one side.
S e = beam spacing − top flange width + flange overhang
= 9.0 ft − 2.5 ft + 1.0 ft = 7.5 ft

⎛ 220 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 80.3% ≥ 67% Use 67%
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7.5 ⎠
Use 67% of the primary steel in the bottom mat. The required area of
steel is:
A s(req) = 0.67 ⋅ A s(bot) = 0.67 ⋅ 0.53 = 0.36 in2 /ft
Try #16 bars on 10 inch centers. Area of steel provided equals:
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
A s(prov) = A b ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.31 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.37 in2 /ft
⎝ spacing ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
= 0.37 in2 /ft ≥ 0.36 in2 /ft OK
I. Top Longitudinal The top longitudinal bars must meet the shrinkage and temperature
Reinforcement reinforcement requirements.
⎛ Ag ⎞
Temperature A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.11 ⋅ ⎛⎜ 12 ⋅ 9 ⎞⎟ = 0.20 in2 /ft
⎜ fy ⎟ ⎝ 60 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
(total in each direction, distributed to both faces)
1
For each face, Min. temp. A s = ⋅ (0.20) = 0.10 in2 /ft
2
Use #13 bars spaced at 18 inches ( A s = 0.13 in2 /ft ) for top
longitudinal reinforcement.
Mn/DOT uses additional reinforcement over the piers for continuous

decks over piers where the beams are not continuous. The additional
reinforcing consists of two #19 bars placed on 6 inch centers between the
top mat #13 bars. Refer to Figure 9.2.1.6 for typical reinforcement
detailing.
Figure 9.3.2 illustrates the final reinforcement layout for the interior
region of the deck.
Figure 9.3.2
J. Structural Figure 9.3.3 illustrates the overhang region. Four cases must be
Analysis of considered for the overhang design:
Overhang Region Case 1: Extreme Event II evaluated at the gutter line for the dead
[A13.2-1] load plus horizontal collision force.
Case 2: Extreme Event II evaluated at the edge of the beam flange
for the dead load plus horizontal collision force plus live
load.
Case 3: Strength I evaluated at the edge of the beam flange for the
dead load plus live load.
Case 4: Extreme Event II evaluated at the edge of the beam flange
for the dead load plus vertical collision force plus live load.
For this example, the distance from the edge of flange to the gutter line
is small, so by inspection Case 2 and Case 3 will not govern. Case 4 will
never govern when the Mn/DOT overhang limitations are followed and a
Test Level 4 F-rail is used. Therefore, only Case 1 calculations are
included in this example.
Figure 9.3.3
1. Geometry and Loads

Overhang = 3.17 ft (calculated earlier)
Edge of deck to negative moment section location = 20 in
Deck thickness at gutter line (ignoring wearing course):

⎛ 20 ⎞
8 + (9.5 − 8) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 9.30 in
⎝ 23 ⎠
Average deck thickness:

⎛ 8 + 9.30 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 8.65 in
⎝ 2 ⎠
Deck Bending Moment (at Gutter Line)
⎛ 8.65 ⎞ ⎛ 1.67 ⎞
Mdeck ≈ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.150 ⋅ 1.67 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.15 kip-ft
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Barrier Bending Moment

Barrier weight is 0.477 kips per foot. The centroid of the barrier is
11.04 inches outside of the gutter line.
⎛ 11.04 ⎞
M barrier = w barrier ⋅ x cb = 0.477 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.44 kip-ft
⎝ 12 ⎠
[A13.2] Collision Force Tension and Bending Moment

The F-rail with wearing course has a maximum capacity R w = 121.5 kips
(see Section 13.3.1E). The factored design force Ft = 54 kips for a Test
Level 4 railing.
Mn/DOT requires the deck to carry the lesser of the rail capacity R w or
4
/3 x Ft :
Fcollision = R w = 121.5 kips
or
4 4
Fcollision = ⋅ Ft = ⋅ (54) = 72 kips GOVERNS
3 3
The collision force is applied at a height of 34 inches above the top of the
structural deck. It generates a tension force and a bending moment in
the overhang portion of the deck. The moment arm to the center of the
deck cross-section at the gutter line is:
9.30
Moment arm = 34 + = 38.65 in = 3.22 ft
2
(wearing course is ignored)
The collision force is applied to a length of barrier 3.5 feet long.

Computations for the standard F-rail design example (Section 13.3.1E)
indicate that 10.2 feet of barrier length ( L c ) is engaged in resisting the
collision force in the “interior” regions. Assume that a deck width of
10.2 feet plus two barrier heights (using a 45 degree distribution) resists
the tension force and overturning moment.
Fc(linear) = Fcollision / effective deck width
Fcollision 72
= = = 4.54 kips/ft
L c + L 45deg 10.2 + 2.83 ⋅ 2
Mc = Fc(linear) ⋅ (moment arm) = 4.54 ⋅ 3.22 = 14.62 kip-ft/ft
Extreme Event II Limit State Bending Moment

Dead Load Moment:
M = (Mdeck + Mbarrier ) = (0.15 + 0.44) = 0.59 kip-ft/ft
Total Factored Moment:

M u = 1.00 ⋅ Mc + 1.25 ⋅ MDL = 1.00 ⋅ 14.62 + 1.25 ⋅ 0.59 = 15.36 kip-ft/ft
Total Factored Axial Force:

Pu = Fc(linear) = 4.54 kips/ft
The eccentricity of Pu is:

Mu 15.36
eu = = = 3.38 ft = 40.56 in
Pu 4.54
2. Overhang Resistance
The overhang must resist both axial tension and bending moment. The
capacity of the overhang will be determined by considering the tension
side of the structural interaction diagram for a one foot wide portion of
the overhang. See Figure 9.3.4.
Figure 9.3.4
Check if the reinforcement chosen for the interior region will be adequate
for the overhang region. The interior region reinforcement is:
Top reinforcement – #13 bars @ 61/2" ( A s = 0.37 in2 /ft )
Bottom reinforcement – #16 bars @ 7" ( A s = 0.53 in2 /ft )

Referring to Figure 9.3.5, determine the capacity of the overhang section

for the eccentricity eu equal to 40.56 inches.
Start by assuming that for both the top and bottom reinforcement,
εs > εy .
Next, check development of the top and bottom bars from the edge of
deck. From Figure 5.2.2.2 of this manual:
For #13 bars, l d = 12 in
For #16 bars, l d = 15 in
For #13 top bars, available l davail(13) = 18 in 100% developed
For #16 bottom bars, available l davail(16) = 16 in 100% developed
Figure 9.3.5
Then:
A stopeff = 0.37 in2 /ft
A sboteff = 0.53 in2 /ft
Tstop = A stopeff ⋅ fy = 0.37 ⋅ 60 = 22.20 kips
Tsbot = A sboteff ⋅ fy = 0.53 ⋅ 60 = 31.80 kips
Tstot = 22.20 + 31.80 = 54.0 kips
The total compression force C is:
C = 0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b ⋅ a = 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12.0 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ c = 34.68 ⋅ c
Find the distance from the bottom of the section to the neutral axis by
taking moments about Pn :
22.20 ⋅ (40.56 − 3.40) + 31.80 ⋅ (40.56 + 1.04)
⎛ 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
− 34.68 ⋅ c ⋅ ⎜ 40.56 + 4.65 − ⎟=0
⎝ 2 ⎠
2147.83 − 1567.88 ⋅ c + 14.74 ⋅ c2 = 0
c = 1.39 in
Check if original assumption was correct that ε s > ε y .

fy 60
εy = = = 0.00207
Es 29,000
⎛ 0.003 ⎞
ε stop = (4.65 + 3.40 − 1.39 ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0144 > 0.00207
⎝ 1.39 ⎠
⎛ 0.003 ⎞
ε sbot = (4.65 − 1.04 − 1.39 ) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0048 > 0.00207
⎝ 1.39 ⎠
Therefore the assumption was correct.
Then,
C = 34.68 ⋅ c = 34.68 ⋅ 1.39 = 48.21 kips
And,
Pn = Tstop + Tsbot − C
= 22.20 + 31.80 − 48.21 = 5.79 kips

[1.3.2.1] The resistance factor φ for Extreme Event II limit state is 1.0. Therefore,
φ ⋅ Pn = Pn = 5.79 kips > 4.54 kips OK
1
φ ⋅ Mn = Pn ⋅ eu = 5.79 ⋅ 40.56 ⋅ = 19.57 kip-ft
12
= 19 .57 kip-ft > 15 .36 kip-ft OK
Therefore, the interior region reinforcement is adequate for the overhang

region. Note that if the reinforcement was found inadequate, the barrier
bar that extends into the deck could also have been included as tension
reinforcement.
10. Different types of foundations are used throughout the state due to the
FOUNDATIONS variety of soil and rock conditions present. This section provides
guidance on the design and detailing practices for spread footings, driven
piles, and drilled shaft foundations.
10.1 During preliminary design a number of activities take place to determine

Determination of the types of foundations to be used and the permitted capacities for
Foundation Type foundation components.
and Capacity
Prior to beginning final design on trunk highway projects, designers
should review the Foundation Engineer’s Memo and the Bridge
Construction Unit’s Foundation Recommendations.
For bridges on the local road system, the local agency or their consultant
will retain a private geotechnical engineering firm to prepare a foundation
recommendations report. The report will summarize the geotechnical
conditions, the proposed bridge structure, and recommend a foundation
type.
10.1.1 Foundation After conducting an exploration program, Mn/DOT’s Foundation Engineer

Engineer’s Memo summarizes the geotechnical conditions at the site in a memo. The
Regional Bridge Construction Engineer reviews the Foundation Engineer’s
Memo and the Preliminary Plans for the project and prepares the final
recommendations concerning the foundations for the project. A sample
Bridge Construction Unit Foundation Recommendation is provided in
Appendix 10-A.
10.1.2 Foundation Type and Size

Recommendations Based on geotechnical information and the anticipated type of structure,
a foundation type will be recommended. In most cases pile supported
footings will be recommended. The piling may be timber, cast-in-place
concrete, H-pile, or pipe pile. Where scour is not a concern and soil or
rock with adequate bearing capacity is found near the surface, spread
footings may be recommended. Occasionally, a footing supported on
drilled shafts will be recommended.
Load Capacity
The factored bearing resistance ( φb qn ) for the material below spread
footings and/or the factored bearing resistance ( φR n ) for piles or shafts
will be provided in the Foundation Recommendations.
Settlement/Downdrag
The Foundation Recommendations often specify that an embankment be
placed to allow settlement to occur before starting construction of a
substructure. A waiting period of 72 hours to several months is then
required depending on the types of underlying soils. In some cases, a
surcharge embankment (additional height of fill above the profile grade)
may also be recommended as a means of accelerating the rate of
consolidation.
Depending on the soil profile and length of the settlement waiting period,
long term settlement of the soil may introduce downdrag in the piling or
shafts. Downdrag is the downward load induced in the pile by the
settling soil as it grips the pile due to negative side friction. An estimate
of the downdrag load will be given in the Foundation Engineer’s Memo.
For piles driven to rock or a dense layer (where pile capacity is controlled
by end bearing), the nominal pile resistance should be based on the
structural capacity of the pile. For piles controlled by side friction,
downdrag will apply a load to the pile that may cause pile settlement.
The settlement may result in a reduction of the downdrag load. Due to
the uncertainty of the amount of pile settlement, downdrag on friction
piles will be considered on a case by case basis.
The amount of downdrag load to consider for design will be specified in

the Foundation Recommendations. Note that Mn/DOT has not seen any
bridge strength or serviceability problems that have been attributed to
downdrag.
[3.11.8] Transient loads have the effect of reducing downdrag. Therefore, when
determining load combinations, do not combine live load (or other
transient loads) with downdrag. Consider a load combination that
includes dead load plus live load and also a load combination that
includes dead load plus downdrag, but do not consider live load and
downdrag within the same load combination.
Before using battered piles where downdrag loads exist, discuss with
Bridge Design Engineer and Regional Bridge Construction Engineer.
Method of Construction Control

To ensure that foundations will have the capacities anticipated during
design, testing or observations are made during construction. These
construction controls consist of compaction testing for spread footings,
the Mn/DOT Nominal Resistance Pile Driving Formula, Pile Driving
Analyzer (PDA) testing, or physical load tests for piling and Cross-hole
Sonic Logging (CSL) for drilled shafts. The Foundation Recommendations

will identify the construction controls to be used for the project.
Estimated Pile Length

The soil exploration program will not completely describe the
geotechnical conditions at the site. To account for this variability,
estimated pile lengths are used in computing bid quantities. Test pile
lengths longer than anticipated production pile lengths (typically 10 feet
longer) are specified in the Foundation Recommendations. If during
construction, the test piles indicate that a longer or shorter length is
justified, the production piling quantities and payments are adjusted
accordingly.
Estimated Bottom of Footing Elevation

To minimize the potential for scour, settlement, or frost heave problems
a recommended bottom of footing elevation will be presented for each
substructure location in the Foundation Recommendations.
Other General Information Needed for Plan Preparation

Check pile layouts for interference with in-place utilities (including
overhead power lines), drains and existing piles/foundations.
Unique projects may have limits placed on the amount of noise and
vibration that can be generated during construction.
10.2 Piles Several types of piling are available (treated or untreated timber, steel H
and thick wall pipe piles, and cast-in-place concrete piles). The Regional
Bridge Construction Engineer may recommend that more than one type
or size be used for a project.
Steel H-piles are steel H-shaped sections that are usually fitted with
manufactured points and driven to a required nominal bearing resistance.
H-piles are generally specified for soil conditions where very hard driving
is anticipated, including driving to bedrock. In some cases, high
strength, small diameter, thick-walled pipe are permitted as a substitute
for H-piles. If permitted, this will be indicated in the Foundation
Recommendations.
Cast-in-place (CIP) piles are steel pipe piles with a plate welded to the
bottom that are driven to a required nominal bearing resistance or to an
estimated tip elevation. After driving, the inside of the shell is filled with
concrete. Reinforcement may be needed if the pile is subjected to
tension or flexure. CIP piles are generally considered to be displacement
piles, and are generally used when it is anticipated that the pile tip will
not encounter bedrock or very hard driving.
The pay item “Pile Tip Protection” refers to manufactured points for H-
piling. The pay item “Pile Points” refers to manufactured points that are
used to protect the shells of cast-in-place piles during driving operations.
The Regional Bridge Engineer’s recommendations will identify whether or
not tips or points should be used.
Quantities to be included in a final plan set for structures supported on

piling are: 1) length of piling delivered, 2) length of piling driven, 3)
number and length of test piles, and 4) pile tip protection or pile points.
Standard Details B201 and B202 contain the standard splices for cast-in-
place pile shells and H-piling.
Pile and drilled shaft foundation plans should be dimensioned from

working points.
Lateral Load Resistance

A parametric study was conducted for CIP and H-piles modeled in a single
layer of sand to determine simplified lateral load capacities to use for
design. A pile lateral load computer program and the axial load/moment
interaction equation in LRFD Article 6.9.2 (see below) were used for the
study.
Pu 8⎛ M ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ u ⎟⎟ ≤ 1.0
φPn 9 ⎝ φMn ⎠
Pu = factored axial load, determined by considering the

driveability of each pile and choosing the maximum load
that each pile can be driven to without damage based on
past experience. For values greater than those shown in
Table 10.2.1 below, a separate analysis is required.
ΦPn = factored axial resistance, calculated per LRFD Articles 6.9.4
and 6.9.5
ΦMn = factored bending resistance, calculated per LRFD Articles
6.12.2.2 and 6.12.2.3
Mu = maximum factored moment
Values for Pu, ΦPn, and ΦMn were determined and the interaction
equation was solved for the maximum factored moment Mu. The
maximum factored lateral load resistance φ R nh was determined by
applying an incrementally increasing lateral load to the computerized pile

and soil model under the axial load Pu until the resulting moment was
equal to Mu.
Table 10.2.1 shows the factored lateral load resistance φ R nh for different
piles from the parametric study. The resistance values are based on soil
properties for loose sand with an internal friction angle of 30˚ to 32˚.
The computer program built-in P-y curves using the “Reese sand”
properties and relevant soil modulus, k, were also used. Soils with
properties weaker than that of loose sand require a separate analysis.
For the CIP piles, the 3 ksi concrete in the piles was included in the total
EI for deflection determination, and also for calculation of the axial
strength ΦPn in the piles. The pile cap was assumed fixed in rotation and
free in translation.
Table 10.2.1: Lateral Load Resistance of Piles

Pile Type Fy Wall t Pu ΦRnh
(ksi) (in.) (tons) (kips)
12" CIP 45 1/4 100 24
12" CIP 45 5/16 125 24
12" CIP 45 3/8 150 24
12" CIP 45 1/2 200 24
16" CIP 45 1/4 135 28
16" CIP 45 5/16 170 40
16" CIP 45 3/8 205 40
16" CIP 45 1/2 270 40
HP 10x42 50 NA 110 24
HP 12x53 47.8 * NA 140 32
HP 14x73 43.9 * NA 190 40
*
Actual Fy = 50 ksi. HP section does not meet b/t
ratio for compactness. A reduced Fy was used
in the analysis to meet requirements per LRFD
Article 6.9.4.2.
Pile Load Table Include in the Bridge Plan

Standard practice for construction of pile foundations is to drive piling to
refusal or to drive piling to the required nominal pile bearing resistance
indicated in the plan. The nominal pile bearing resistance is monitored in
the field using the Mn/DOT Nominal Resistance Pile Driving Formula or by
using Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) testing. Two tables are required in the
plan when pile foundations are used. (See Appendix 2-H, Section F.)
The first table is used to report the factored loads calculated during
design of the pile layout. The second table is used to show the nominal
resistance that the pile must be driven to in the field, depending on the
field control method used.
Use the following values for φ dyn based on the field control method used:
• φ dyn = 0.40 for Mn/DOT Nominal Resistance Pile Driving Formula
• φ dyn = 0.65 for Pile Driving Analyzer
Test Piles
Each bridge substructure utilizing a pile-type foundation will typically
require one or two test piles. Separate the test piles (use a maximum
spacing of about 40 feet) within a foundation unit to facilitate a more
accurate assessment by the Field Engineer of the in-situ soil
characteristics. The Foundation Recommendation prepared by the
Regional Bridge Construction Engineer will specify the number of test
piles for each substructure unit. For abutments with all battered piles,
place a test pile in the front and in the back row. For pier footings, place
test piles near the center of the pile group. If possible, use vertical
(plumb) test piles. Number and locate test piles on the Bridge Survey
Plan and Profile sheets.
Test piles are used to establish the length for the pier and abutment
foundation piles. Based on the pile penetration (number of blows per
foot at the end of driving), the size of the pile driving equipment, and the
length of the pile being driven, the pile’s nominal resistance can be
estimated. The procedure used to determine the pile’s nominal
resistance is described in Bridge Special Provision SB2005-2452.2.
On some projects when specified, foundation test piles are evaluated with
electronic equipment attached to the pile during the driving process. This
equipment, called a Pile Driving Analyzer or PDA, provides more specific
information concerning the nominal resistance of the pile. A pay item for
pile analysis must be included in the plan when the PDA is performed by
the contractor.
Pile Redriving
Pile redriving is specified in the Foundation Recommendation when the
soils are of a type that additional bearing capacity can be gained after the
pile has set for 24 hours or more. For this situation, include an item for
pile redriving to compensate the contractor for redriving the pile(s) after
the required setup time.
[10.7.1.5] Clear Spacing and Minimum Concrete Cover

The minimum concrete cover for piles is 9 inches. To facilitate pile
driving operations, the minimum center-to-center pile spacing is 2'-6"
with 3'-0" minimum preferred.
It may be necessary to increase the plan dimensions of a footing or pile

cap when using battered piles to provide the minimum concrete cover of
9 inches.
The standard embedment into a pier or high parapet abutment footing for
a driven pile is one foot and should be dimensioned in the plans. Assume
the piles are pinned supports.
The standard pile embedment for a low parapet abutment footing is

2'-4".
Battered Piles
The standard pile batter for pier footings is 6 vertical on 1 horizontal. For
abutments, the standard batter is 4 vertical on 1 horizontal. Use of a
nonstandard batter requires approval from the Regional Bridge
Pile layouts for foundations that include battered piles should be

dimensioned at the bottom of the footing.
Before using battered piles where downdrag loads exist, discuss with
Bridge Design Engineer and Regional Bridge Construction Engineer.
10.3 Drilled Shafts Drilled shafts are large-diameter reinforced concrete piles constructed by
boring a hole into earth and/or rock, inserting a reinforcing cage and
filling the cavity with concrete. Drilled shafts may also be called caissons
or drilled piers. Because of the high cost of construction, drilled shafts
are normally used only when the foundation characteristics of the site,
such as bedrock, may cause driven piling to attain bearing capacity at ten
feet or less below the footing, when piling cannot be embedded below the
computed scour elevation of a streambed, and for other reasons
applicable to a particular project. Drilled shafts may also be used to
enhance the stability of piers adjacent to a navigation channel.
Information used for the design of drilled shafts is determined by the

Mn/DOT Foundations Unit. This information includes depth (length) of
the earth and rock portions of the shaft, and maximum load capacity for
a given diameter. Load capacity of drilled shafts is provided by end
bearing on rock (minimum embedment five feet), or by sidewall friction
in soil or rock.
Drilled shafts are designed as columns subjected to axial and lateral

loads. Lateral loads may or may not be resisted by passive soil pressure,
i.e., scour depth below the streambed (flowline) should not be considered
as providing lateral support. If shafts are placed in a group, the
minimum center-to-center spacing is three times the diameter (D) of the
shaft and appropriate group reduction factors must be applied. When the
spacing is greater than 8D the shafts can be designed as individual units.
Shaft diameter is determined by the required loading, standard industry
drilling equipment, casing size, and other factors unique to the project.
Normally, shaft diameters are in the range of 3 to 5 feet. Smaller shafts
may be used to replace driven piles in a group, such as that of a pier
footing. Larger shafts may be appropriate when a single shaft is used to
support a single pier column, or to minimize the number of shafts in a
group when deep shafts are required. For a combined earth and rock
shaft, the earth portion should be of a diameter that is 6 inches larger
than the rock shaft in order to allow passage of special rock drilling tools.
If a shaft terminates in rock, the design diameter for the full depth of the
shaft should be the same diameter as that of the rock portion.
Detailing of drilled shafts in the plans should consider location,

construction methods, foundation conditions, contract administration by
district construction personnel, structural integrity of finished shafts, etc.
Many details are job specific; therefore, much of this information should
be compiled before detailing is started.
Because most of the depth of a shaft is formed by the excavated

borehole, it will be necessary to determine if casings, either permanent or
temporary, will be used. Permanent casings must be specified whenever
shafts are constructed in water, even if the work is contained within a
cofferdam and the final cut off elevation is below the streambed because
dewatering cannot take place before the shafts are constructed. Some
contractors prefer that permanent casings be used through all soil to the
top of bedrock in case any of the soil is capable of caving. Permanent
casings should not be used in the sidewall friction area of soil or rock.
Temporary casings are provided by the contractor for the convenience of
construction operations and are removed at the completion of the work.
Most casings are provided in diameters of 6 inch increments and should
be specified as such. For metric plans, the diameter must be soft-
converted to metric units and not rounded off. Otherwise, the contractor
may provide custom-made casings at a higher price.
Drilled shafts are reinforced in the same manner as round columns.

Cover on the bars should be 3 inches on the sides and 6 inches from the
bottom of the shaft. If the shaft design requires a reinforced connection
between the top of the shaft and the structure above and hooked bars
are intended, the hooks projecting beyond the side of the shaft may
prevent subsequent removal of temporary casings. Hooks may be turned

inward to avoid this interference; however, possible interference with
placement of footing reinforcement should then be checked.
Uncoated reinforcement bars should be used unless the top portion of a

shaft will be permanently exposed, or if the bars will be extended into an
exposed portion of the structure. In this case, use coated bars only at
the top of the shaft unless it is more practical to use coated bars
throughout.
When specifying concrete for the shafts, the mix normally used is 1X46
( fc′ = 5.0 ksi) if the concrete will be placed in a wet (water-filled) hole,
and 1Y46 ( fc′ = 4.0 ksi) if the concrete will be placed in a dry hole. The
first digit should be “3” for air-entrained concrete if the top portion of the
shaft will be exposed in the final construction. Aggregate should be no
larger than 3/4" to provide for a positive flow around the reinforcement
since vibration of the concrete in the greater part of the shaft is not
practical.
Payment for the drilled shafts should always include separate items for
earth and rock shafts due to the large disparity in the cost of drilling. If it
appears to be unlikely that the shaft depth will change during
construction, payment for concrete, reinforcement, and permanent
casings (if used) can be included in the pay item for the shafts.
However, foundation conditions are rarely known with a high degree of
accuracy and changes in the shaft quantities may occur. For such
situations, separate items for the materials are recommended. In either
case, the plans and special provisions must clearly state how payment
will be made.
When boulders can be anticipated during drilling, include a pay item for
obstruction removal.
Because it is not possible to visually inspect the unexposed portion of a

finished shaft, other means of inspection and structural integrity testing
have been devised. One such test is Cross-hole Sonic Logging (CSL).
This test and other tests should be used only if recommended by the
Regional Bridge Construction Engineer since these tests and the
preparation of the shafts for the tests can be very costly.
Report maximum factored design load and factored bearing resistance in

the plans using one of the Standard Plan Note tables shown in
Appendix 2-H, Section F.
10.4 Footings Any footings or foundations with a thickness of 5 feet or greater should
10.4.1 General be treated as mass concrete. This may require the contractor to modify
the concrete mix and/or to instrument the concrete member and take
action to ensure that the temperature differential between the inside and
outside of the member is small enough to minimize the potential for
cracking.
Minimum Soil Cover

The minimum cover (soil, earth, or slope paving) on top of a footing is
12 inches. For a pier footing which extends under a roadway, the
minimum cover is 2 feet.
Bottom of Footing
To minimize the potential for frost movements impacting the structure,
place the bottom of footings a minimum of 4'-6" below grade. Note that
this requirement does not apply to the bottom of integral abutment pile
caps.
When feasible, the bottom of footings (or seals if they are used) should
be placed below the estimated scour elevation. In many cases this is not
economically practical and the bottom of footing elevation should be
evaluated using Section 10.6 as a minimum criteria.
Scour
The scour depth to be used for the strength and service limit states is the
lesser of the overtopping or 100-year flood.
The scour depth to be used for the extreme event limit state is the lesser
of the overtopping or 500-year flood.
For bridges over a river or stream, spread footings are not allowed due to
the potential for scour unless they are anchored into rock.
When designing footings in areas of potential scour assume no beneficial

ground support for the piling or drilled shafts from the flowline to the
predicted total scour elevation during the extreme event load case.
Footing Plan Dimensions/Formwork

Footing plan dimensions should be laid out in a manner that will allow
support of the formwork used to construct the substructure elements
above it. This is accomplished by extending the footing at least 6 inches
beyond the vertical face of the wall or stem.
Footing Thickness/Shear
The footing thickness should be sized such that shear reinforcement is
not required. Use the simplified shear method of LRFD 5.8.3.4.1 when
the requirement for zero shear within 3 dv from column/wall face is met.
Otherwise, use the general procedure given in LRFD 5.8.3.4.2.
Footing Flexure Steel and “d” dimensions

For footings with a pile embedment of one foot or less, place flexural
reinforcement on top of the cut off piles. For pile footings with an
embedment greater than one foot, place reinforcement between the
piles.
Dowel Detailing
Dowels connecting the footing to the substructure unit shall be detailed
and dimensioned from working points. This reduces the chance of
construction tolerances for pile driving and concrete placement impacting
the final location of substructure components.
10.4.2 Footings Dimension length of pile embedment into the footing in the plans.
Supported on Piling Identify battered piles with a symbol that differs from vertically driven
or Drilled Shafts piles.
Seal Design
A conventional cast-in-place seal is a mass of unreinforced concrete
poured under water inside the sheet piling of a cofferdam. Refer to
Figure 10.4.2.1. It is designed to withstand the hydrostatic pressure
produced at the bottom of the seal when the water above is removed.
Dewatering the cofferdam allows cutting of piles, placement of reinforcing
steel, and pouring of the footing in a dry environment.
Design of the seal consists of determining a concrete thickness that will

counterbalance the hydrostatic pressure with an adequate factor of
safety. Design is done under the service limit state.
Lateral forces from stream flow pressure are resisted by penetration of

the sheet piling below the streambed elevation and by the bracing inside
the cofferdam. The cofferdam design is the responsibility of the
contractor.
Use the following procedure for seal design.

Figure 10.4.2.1
1) Determine preliminary dimensions:

A rule of thumb for preliminary seal thickness is 0.25 H for pile
footings. The minimum allowed seal thickness is 3 feet. In plan, the
minimum length and width of the seal is 1.5 feet larger than the
footing on all sides, but it must also be large enough to avoid
interference between sheet piling and battered piles.
2) Determine hydrostatic buoyancy force, Pb , due to hydrostatic

pressure developed at the bottom of the seal:
Pb = H ⋅ A ⋅ γ w
where H = hydrostatic head, ft
A = plan area of cofferdam minus area of piles, ft 2
γ w = unit weight of water, 0.0624 kips/ft 3

3) Determine resistance due to seal weight, R sc :
R sc = A ⋅ t ⋅ γ c
where t = thickness of seal, ft
γ c = unit weight of concrete, 0.150 kips/ft 3
4) Determine sheet pile resistance R sh . This will be the smaller of:

sheet pile weight Psh + soil friction on sheet pile Pshsoil
or
bond between sheet piling and seal Pshseal
Psh = L sh1 ⋅ pcof ⋅ ωsh
where L sh1 = length of sheet piling in feet, normally based on

sheet piling embedment of approximately H / 3
pcof = nominal perimeter of cofferdam, ft
ωsh = weight per square foot of sheet piling, normally

assume 0.022 kips/ft 2
Pshsoil = L sh2 ⋅ pcof ⋅ fshsoil
where L sh2 = length of sheet piling below flowline in feet, normally

based on sheet piling embedment of approximately
H / 3 (choose conservative value for flowline
elevation to account for scour or reduce by 5 ft)
fshsoil = friction of sheet piling with soil, normally assume

0.150 kips/ft 2
Pshseal = (t − 2) ⋅ p cof ⋅ fshseal
where fshseal = bond of sheet piling to soil, normally assume

1.0 kips/ft 2
5) Determine foundation piling resistance R pile . This will be the smaller

of:
foundation pile weight Pp + piling pullout resistance Pppull
or
the bond between foundation piling and seal Ppileseal
The piling pullout resistance Pppull is the smaller of:

soil friction on all individual piles Ppilesoil
or
soil friction on pile group Pgrp + weight of soil in pile group Psoil
[
Pp = N ⋅ ωp ⋅ L p − (H + L p − t ) ⋅ γ w ⋅ A p ]
where N = number of piles
ωp = non-buoyant weight per foot of an unfilled pile, kips/ft
L p = estimated pile length
A p = end bearing area of pile, sq ft
Ppilesoil = N ⋅ A psurf ⋅ fpilesoil ⋅ (L p − t )
where A psurf = surface area of pile per unit length, ft 2

(for H-piles, take A psurf = 2 ⋅ (depth + width))
fpilesoil = friction between piles and soil, normally assume

0.150 kips/ft
Pgrp = (L p − t ) ⋅ fpilesoil ⋅ p grp
where p grp = perimeter of pile group, ft
( )
Psoil = L p − t ⋅ A s ⋅ γ sb
where A s = area of soil engaged by pile group, which is the group

perimeter area defined by the outside piles minus the
area of the piles, ft 2 (use perimeter at top of pile
group)
γ sb = buoyant unit weight of soil, 0.040 kips/ft 3

Ppileseal = t ⋅ N ⋅ A psurf ⋅ fpileseal
where A psurf = surface area of pile per unit length, ft 2

(for H-piles, take A psurf = 2 ⋅ depth·width)
fpileseal = friction between piles and seal, normally assume

1.0 kips/ft 2
6) Determine factor of safety, FS , and revise design as needed. The

minimum required factor of safety is 1.2:
FS = (R sc + R sh + R pile ) / Pb
10.4.3 Spread Abutment spread footings supported on rock shall be keyed into rock a
Footings minimum of 6 inches. Shear keys should be added to spread footings
when needed. Typical shear keys are 12" x 12" or 18" x 18".
To ensure proper bearing capacity below spread footings founded on rock

with variable elevation, a 1C63 concrete fill may be placed on the rock to
provide a level foundation. Refer to the Foundation Recommendations.
To ensure proper bearing capacity below spread footings not founded on

rock, a layer of aggregate with 100% compaction may be specified under
spread footings. Refer to the Foundation Recommendations.
Report maximum factored design load and factored bearing resistance in

the plans using one of the Standard Plan Note tables shown in
Appendix 2-H, Section F.
10.5 Pile Bent For pile bent piers, the pile tips should be driven a minimum of 10 feet
Piers and Integral below the scour elevation. The resistance of the piling needs to be
Abutments checked for the condition where the predicted scour event has occurred.
When debris loading can be excessive, encasing the piles with a concrete
wall will be specified.
For integral abutments, orient H-piles for weak axis bending in the
direction of movement and inform the Road Design group of the
appropriate approach panel detail to include in the roadway plans.
For pile bent piers, provide 2'-0" of embedment into the cap. A larger
pile embedment equal to 2'-6" is used for integral abutments.
10.6 Evaluation of The following guidelines may be used with discretion by registered
Existing Pile engineers for determination of the stability of existing bridge substructure
Foundations when units supported by pile foundations (see Figure 10.6.1) if estimated scour
Exposed by Scour depths are sufficient to expose piling. Estimated scour depths to be used
are those furnished by the Hydraulics Engineer for the lesser of
overtopping or a 500-year flood event.
1) For pile bent piers or abutments and for piers or abutments on

footings supported by friction piling, the substructure unit is classified
as stable with respect to scour if scour depth will not expose more
than 50% of the embedded piling, and the unsupported pile length is
not more than 24 times the diameter of cast-in-place pile, 24 times
the nominal section depth of an H-pile, or 16 times the average
diameter of a timber pile.
2) For pile bent piers or abutments or for piers or abutments on footings
supported by end bearing piling, the substructure unit is classified as
stable with respect to scour if at least 5 feet of the pile will remain
embedded in dense material and the unsupported pile length meets
the criteria in 1) above.
The substructure unit shall be considered stable if the foundation satisfies

one of the above criteria. These guidelines are based on the concept that
countermeasures will be taken where inspection reveals scour holes in
the vicinity of pile bents or below the bottom of concrete footings. Pile
exposures without lateral support will therefore be of relatively short
duration.
Figure 10.6.1
10.7 Structure For state aid projects, bridge designers must coordinate their excavation
Excavation and and fill quantities with roadway designers. This is particularly true for
Backfill projects where grading is let as part of a separate contract. Designers
should note the limits of excavation and fill noted in the standard bridge
approach treatments (Mn/DOT Standard Plans 5-297.233 and
5-297.234).
The cost associated with excavating material, in and around foundations,

depends on several items. These items include: access to the site, the
amount of material that needs to be removed, the type of material to be
removed (sand, silt, clay, rock, etc.), and the location of the water table.
Mn/DOT’s Spec. 2451 identifies and describes the standard classes (U, E,
R, WE, WR) of excavation by the cubic yard.
Where no rock is present, use a lump sum pay item for structure
excavation. The special provisions detail the percentage of excavation
paid for at each substructure unit. Where rock is likely to be
encountered, pay for the rock excavation as Class R (or WR for rock
below water) by the cubic yard. Excavation above the rock is to be paid
for as a lump sum. Refer to the Foundation Recommendations.
When aggregate backfill is used under spread footings, the additional

excavation below the bottom of footing elevation is considered incidental
to placing the backfill material.
Class R excavation may be used by itself, in which case it would cover all
conditions of rock removal. When used in conjunction with WR, the lower
limits of the Class R should be noted in the Plans as being the same as
the upper limits of the WR (the lower water elevation shown in the
Plans). Because rock excavation is expensive, adequate boring or
sounding information is essential to determine the elevation of the rock
surface. If the information furnished is insufficient to determine the
elevation of rock, additional data shall be requested from the District.
Appendix 10-A
Sample Bridge Construction Unit Foundation Recommendations

JANUARY 2004 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 11-1
11. ABUTMENTS, This section contains guidance for the design and detailing of abutments,
PIERS, AND piers, retaining walls, and sheet pile walls. Abutments and piers are used
WALLS to support bridge superstructures, whereas walls primarily function as
earth retaining structures. In most cases, abutments, piers, and walls
are reinforced concrete elements.
The preferred details for connecting the superstructure to the

substructure are dependent on the geometry and type of bridge. For
example, flexible substructure units supported by a single line of piles
may be constructed integral with the superstructure. Conversely, short
stiff substructure units are detailed with expansion bearings between the
superstructure and substructure to reduce the design loads in the
substructure units.
11.1 Abutments General

Abutments function as both earth retaining structures and as vertical load
carrying components. Parapet abutments are detailed to accommodate
thermal movements with strip seal expansion devices between the
concrete deck and the abutment end block. Integral abutments are
designed to accommodate movements at the roadway end of the
approach panel. Based on the following parameters, select the type of
abutment for a project:
Integral abutments should be used on bridges less than 300 feet long
with skews less than or equal to 20º. See Section 11.1.1 for more
details. Parapet abutments should be used in all other cases.
Extend architectural rustications 2 feet below the top of finished ground.
Railroad underpass abutments shall be designed according to AREMA

Specifications for the live load specified by the railroad. The Duluth
Mesabe & Iron Range Railway requires a special live load. Construction
will be in accordance with Mn/DOT Construction Specifications. The live
load surcharge is found by taking the axle load and distributing it over an
area equal to axle spacing multiplied by the track spacing, generally 70
square feet. Do not reduce the surcharge loading for skew.
Detailing/Reinforcement
Bridges with mask walls can develop a horizontal crack at the top of the
bridge seat that extends horizontally into the wingwall. To prevent such
cracks from occurring, detail the abutment/wingwall construction joint
through the thickness of the abutment in a plane coincident with the back
face of the wingwall.
For bridges without mask walls, place a 1’-6” corner fillet at the back face
wingwall/abutment connection. Detail a construction joint for the
wingwall/abutment connection at the end of the corner fillet and running
vertically through the wingwall thickness. Show 3-ply joint waterproofing
along the inside face of the joint.
Detail sidewalk paving brackets with the same width and elevation as the
roadway paving bracket. Sidewalks are to be supported on abutment
backwalls and detailed to “float” along adjacent wingwalls.
Avoid projections on the back of abutments that are less than 4’-6” below
grade. If shallower projections are necessary, slope the bottom to
minimize frost upheaval effects.
Tie abutment and wingwall dimensions to the working points.
The gutter line, the edge of deck and the centerline of the fascia beam
should be illustrated and labeled in the corner details.
Provide the dimensions from working points to the intersection point of

the centerline of bearing and the inside face of wingwall.
To facilitate plan reading, label the ends of the abutments in the details
(South end, North end, etc.).
Label all construction joints and identify the nominal size of keyways.
Where conduit extends through an abutment, provide horizontal

dimensions from a working point to the location where the conduit
penetrates the front face of the abutment or the outside face of the
wingwall. The elevation at mid-height of the conduit should also be
provided.
For presentation clarity, detail abutments with complicated layouts on

separate sheets. Identical abutments (except for minor elevation
differences) should be detailed on common sheets.
On footing details, specify the lap splice length for bent dowels and the
dowel projection for straight dowels.
If the railing contains a separate end post (supported on the abutment),

show the end post anchorage reinforcement in the abutment details.
Joint waterproofing (per Spec. 2481) shall be provided for construction

joints, doweled cork joints, Detail B801 joints, and on wall joints below
ground. Waterproofing is not required at the top of parapet expansion
block joint.
All reinforcement, except those completely in the footing, shall be epoxy

coated. The minimum size of longitudinal reinforcement in abutment and
wingwall footings is No. 19 bars.
Provide shrinkage and temperature reinforcement per Section 5.2.6. For

sections over 48 inches thick provide a minimum of No. 19 bars at 1’-0”.
Temporary construction loads may require additional reinforcement.
For bearing pedestals over 2 inches tall provide No. 13 or No.16

reinforcing tie bars at 6 inch to 8 inch centers in both directions under the
bearings. For pedestals with a height of 2 inches, only the transverse
reinforcement is required. Horizontal steel in pedestals should have 2
inches of clear cover to bridge seat. Provide a minimum of 2 inches of
clear distance between anchor rods and reinforcing tie bars.
Voided or hollow type abutments shall have access doors. See Detail
B942.
11.1.1 Integral Integral abutments are the preferred type of abutment when length and
or Contraction skew limitations are met as described in Section 11.1.
Abutments
An integral abutment consists of an abutment wall or pile cap supported
by a single line of piles. The superstructure beams or slab bear on the
pile cap. An end diaphragm is cast which encases the beams and is
attached to the pier cap, making the superstructure integral with the
abutment. See Figure 11.1.1.1 for a typical integral abutment detail.
Verify that the roadway designer has included approach panel details for
a jointless abutment in the grading plan when an integral abutment is
used.
Geometry
Use a thickness of 3 feet for the abutment wall. Set the minimum
abutment depth below grade at 3 feet and use a minimum freeboard of 2
feet.
Figure 11.1.1.1
Cast-in-place piling is limited to bridges 150 feet or less in length. Orient

H-piling such that weak axis bending occurs under longitudinal bridge
movements. Minimum pile penetration into abutment wall is 2’-6”. The
preferred wingwall configuration is parallel to the centerline of the bridge.
If required, flare wingwalls to minimize length. Limit the length of the
wingwall cantilever to 12 feet. For detailing purposes provide a
horizontal construction joint at the elevation of the concrete pile cap.
The upper portion of the wingwall is cast with the diaphragm and deck.
Tie the approach to the bridge with dowel bars that extend at a 45
degree angle out of the end diaphragm through the paving bracket seat
and bend horizontally 4 inches below the top of the approach panel.
Design/Analysis
Design piling for axial loads only. Assume that one half of the approach
panel load is carried by the abutment. Distribute live load over the entire
length of abutment. Apply the number of lanes that will fit on the
superstructure adjusted by the multiple presence factor.
Research indicates that the longitudinal moment at the abutment/slab

connection is approximately 1/3 the computed fixed-end moment. Design
the longitudinal deck reinforcement at the abutment for ½ of the fixed
end moment due to live load only.
Design the abutment back face vertical bars for the following load cases:
Case 1 – Design vertical bars for the maximum factored shear. Apply
the simple span girder reaction to the abutment wall. Consider the
wall to act as a continuous beam between pile supports.
Case 2 - Design vertical bars for ½ of the fixed end moment due to
live load only.
Case 3 - Design vertical bars for the passive soil pressure which
results when the bridge expands. Assume the abutment wall acts as
a cantilever fixed at the bottom of the superstructure and free at the
bottom of the wall. Referring to Figure 11.1.1.2, determine the
passive pressure pp at the elevation of the bottom of superstructure
and apply as a uniform pressure on the cantilever:
p p = k p ⋅ γ soil ⋅ hsoil
2 φ
k p = tan  45 + 
 2
φ = angle of internal friction of the backfill material (use 30 degrees)

Then design for a moment Mup equal to:

 pp ⋅ h2abut 
Mup = γ EH ⋅  
 2 
 
A load factor for passive earth pressure is not specified in the LRFD
specifications. Use the maximum load factor for active earth pressure,
γ EH = 1.50.
Figure 11.1.1.2
Design front and back face horizontal bars for the passive soil pressure,
which results when the bridge expands. Consider the wall to be a
continuous beam with piles as supports and design for a moment of:
 w L2 
 p 
M =γ ⋅ 
up EH
 10 
 
wp = passive pressure calculated at the elevation of the bottom of

superstructure and applied as a uniform pressure on the wall
= pp ⋅ habut
L = pile spacing
Design abutment wall top and bottom horizontal bars for vertical loads.
Consider the wall to be a continuous beam with piles as supports.
11.1.2 Parapet Parapet abutments have backwall or parapet elements that are separate
Abutments from the end diaphragms in the superstructure. Low parapet abutments
have total heights (including footing) of less than 15 feet. High parapet
abutments have total heights greater than 15 feet. If the total height of
the abutment is more than 40 feet, counterforts should be considered.

Figure 11.1.2.1 illustrates minimum cover and clearance dimensions for
parapet abutments. Typical rip rap details are presented in Figure
11.1.2.2.
Geometry
For parapet abutments, include pedestals under bearings and slope the
bridge seat between pedestals to provide drainage away from the
parapet wall and bearings. A standard seat slope provides one inch of
fall from the back of the seat to the front of the seat. In no case should
the slope be less than 2 percent.
Limit the maximum pedestal height to about 9 inches. The minimum

pedestal height is 2 inches (at the front of the pedestal). Set back
1
pedestals a minimum of 1 /2 inches from the front face of the abutment.
Design/Analysis
For design of piling or footing bearing pressures, as a minimum consider
the following load cases:
Construction Case 1 – Strength I (0.90DC+1.00EV+1.5EH+1.75LS)

Abutment has been constructed and backfilled, but the superstructure
and approach panel are not in place. Use minimum load factors for
vertical loads and maximum load factors for horizontal loads. Assume
live load surcharge is acting.
Construction Case 2 – Strength I (1.25DC)

Abutment has been constructed, but not backfilled. The superstructure
has been erected, but approach panel is not in place. Use maximum load
factor for dead load.
Final Case 1 – Strength I (1.25DC+1.35EV+0.90EH+1.75LL)

Bridge is complete and approach panel is in place. Use maximum load
factors for vertical loads and minimum load factor applied to the
horizontal earth pressure (EH).
Final Case 2 – Strength I (1.25DC+1.35EV+1.50EH+1.75LL)

Bridge is complete and approach panel is in place. Use maximum load
factor all loads.
Figure 11.1.2.1
Figure 11.1.2.2
Design abutments for active pressure using an equivalent fluid weight of

0.033 kcf. A higher pressure may be required based on soil conditions.
Neglect passive earth pressure in front of abutments.
Use LRFD Table 3.11.6.4-1 for determination of live load surcharge

equivalent soil heights. Apply live load surcharge only when there is no
approach panel.
Assume that one half of the approach panel load is carried by the
abutment.
Distribute superstructure loads (dead load and live load) over the entire
length of abutment. For live load, apply the number of lanes that will fit
on the superstructure adjusted by the multiple presence factor.
For resistance to lateral loads, assume piles can resist 18 kips per pile
(factored horizontal load) in addition to load taken by battering, unless
shown otherwise by analysis.
Design footing thickness such that no shear reinforcement is required.

Performance of the Service I crack control check per LRFD 5.7.3.4 is not
required for abutment footings.
Design abutment stem and backwall for horizontal earth pressure and live
load surcharge loads. For stem and backwall crack control check, use z =
170 kips/in.
11.1.2.1 Low Low abutments shall have vertical contraction joints at about a 32 foot
Abutments spacing. (See Detail B801.) A drainage system behind the stem need
not be provided for low abutments. Figure 11.1.2.1.1 contains typical
dimensions and reinforcing for low parapet abutments.
11.1.2.2 High High abutments shall have vertical construction joints (with keyways) at
Abutments about a 32 foot spacing.
Detail high abutments with granular backfill and drainage systems (Detail
B910). Outlet the 4 inch drains through wingwalls and backslopes.
Granular backfills at railroad bridge abutments typically includes
perforated pipe drains. Figure 11.1.2.2.1 illustrates typical high
abutment dimensions and reinforcing.
Figure 11.1.2.1.1
Figure 11.1.2.2.1
11.1.3 Wingwalls The intended layout for the wingwalls will be provided in the preliminary
plans.
Where wingwalls are oriented parallel to the centerline of the roadway,

sidewalk and curb transitions should generally not be located adjacent to
wingwalls.
The maximum cantilever beyond the edge of footing for wingwalls is 12

feet. For cantilevers up to 8 feet, no design is required if the following
guidelines are used:
• wingwall thickness = 1’-6”

• maximum rustication depth = 2”
• horizontal bars are located inside or outside of the vertical bars
• maximum height of cantilever = 13’-6”
• horizontal back face reinforcement consists of #16 bars at 12
inches maximum spacing
For cantilevers greater than 8 feet in length, a design must be completed.
Avoid steep vertical offsets between wingwall footings by separating

footings with a 1:1 soil slope or by using a single footing to support the
entire wingwall.
With wingwalls over 20 feet long, separate footings with different

elevations may be required. Assume soil pressures between abutment
and wingwall footing are equally distributed to both footings. With
spread footings, limit the bottom of footing elevation difference to 5 feet.
With pile foundations, the distance between footing segments should be
greater than 1.5 times the elevation difference between footings. Limit
the cantilever (beyond the end of the footing) of wingwalls to 6 feet with
separate wingwall footings.
Vertical construction joints shall be provided on wingwalls over 32 feet

long.
Avoid horizontal wingwall construction joints unless hidden by other

horizontal details. Joints between the barrier and wingwall tend to
become visible over time due to water being carried through the
construction joint by capillary action.
Provide reinforcement through the construction joint at the intersection of

the wing and abutment wall to transfer wingwall loads to the abutment.
Within the plan set provide wingwall pile loads if they are less than 80%
of the loads in the main portion of the abutment. When listing the total
length of piling for an abutment and a separate wingwall, check if the
wingwall pile needs to be longer than the abutment piles.
Figures 11.1.3.1 through 11.1.3.5 contain details and tables that can be
used to determine the length of straight and 45º wingwalls. Guidance is
provided for parapet and pile bent abutments.
Figure 11.1.3.1
Figure 11.1.3.2
Figure 11.1.3.3
Figure 11.1.3.4
Figure 11.1.3.5
Figure 11.1.3.6
11.1.4 Approach In most cases approach panels are a roadway pay item. Inform the
Panels roadway designers of the appropriate approach panel detail to include in
the roadway plans (for a jointless bridge or for a bridge with expansion
joints). Also coordinate curb and median transitions with roadway
designers.
Provide 8 inches of width for the abutment blockout or paving bracket,

which supports the approach panel. Place the paving bracket not less
than 1’-3” below the top of roadway surface. The reinforcement in the
end block or paving block is shown in Figure 11.1.4.1.
Figure 11.1.4.1
Bridge Approach Treatment

For Mn/DOT repair projects and other projects where no separate grading
plans are prepared, make sure that bridge approach treatments are
consistent with roadway Standard Plan 5-297.233.
Bridge Approach Panel

Details for bridge approach panels for concrete and bituminous roadways
are provided on the roadway Standard Plans 5-297.223 – 5-297.232.
Use a concrete wearing course on approach panels when the bridge deck
has a concrete wearing course. The wearing course will be placed on the
bridge superstructure and the approach panels at the same time. Include
the wearing course quantity for the approach panels in the superstructure
summary of quantities.
11.2 Piers A wide variety of pier types are used in bridge construction. The simplest
may be pile bent piers where a reinforced concrete cap is placed on
piling. A more typical pier type is a cap and column pier. Columns
supported on individual footings support a common cap. The spacing of
columns depends on the superstructure type, the superstructure beam
spacing, and the size of the columns. A typical cap and column pier for a
roadway may have from three to five columns. At times wall piers may
be used to support superstructures. Where extremely tall piers are
required, hollow piers may be considered. Specialty bridges such as
segmental concrete bridges may use double-legged piers to reduce tie
down reactions during segmental construction.
11.2.1 Geometrics To facilitate the use of standard forms, detail round and rectangular pier
columns and pier caps with outside dimensions that are multiples of 2
inches. As a guide, consider using 2’-6” columns for beams 3’-0” or less
in depth, 2’-8” columns for beams 3’-1” to 4’-0”, 2’-10” columns for
beams 4’-1” to 5’-0”, and 3’-0” columns for beams over 5’-0” unless
larger columns are necessary (for strength or for adequate bearing area).
When laying out piers, consider the economy to be gained from reusing
forms (both standard and non-standard) on different piers constructed as
part of a single contract.
Dimension piles, footing dimensions, and center of columns to working

points.
For pier caps (with cantilevers) supported on multiple columns, space the
columns to balance the dead load moments in the cap.
Label the ends of piers (South end, North end, etc.).
11.2.2 Columns The minimum column diameter or side of rectangular column is 2’-6”.
11.2.3 Cap Slope pier caps in a straight line and utilize concrete pedestal beam seats
1
when possible. Pedestals shall be set back at least 1 /2 inches from the
edge of cap and be no taller than 9 inches. Consider omitting pedestals if
their height is less than 1 inch.
Choose a pier cap width and length that is sufficient to support bearings
and provide adequate edge distances. As a guide, choose a pier cap
depth equal to 1.4 to 1.5 times the width.
The bottom of the pier cap should be approximately parallel to the top.
1
Taper cantilever ends about /3 of the depth of the cap. When round pier
columns are required, use rounded pier cap ends as well. The ends of
pier caps for other types of pier columns should be flat. Detail solid shaft
(wall) piers with rounded ends for both the cap and shaft.
Integral Steel Box Beam Pier Caps

Avoid the use of steel box beam pier caps whenever possible.
Conventional concrete pier caps or open plate girder pier caps are
preferred.
To ensure that components are constructible, review the design details of

box beam pier caps with the Fabrication Methods Unit and the Structural
Metals Inspection Unit early in the plan development process.
The minimum dimensions of a box pier cap are 3’-0” wide by 4’-6” high.
Make access openings within the box as large as possible and located to
facilitate use by inspection personnel. The minimum size of access
openings in a box pier cap is 18” x 27” (with radius corners.).
Provide access doors near each end. If possible, locate the door for
ladder access off of the roadway. Orient the hinge for the access doors
such that doors swing away from traffic. Access doors can be placed on
the side of box pier caps if they are protected from superstructure runoff.
If not, locate in the bottom of the cap. Bolt the frame for the door to the
cap in accordance with Bridge Detail Part I B942.
Bolted internal connections are preferred to welded connections. Fillet

welds are preferred to full penetration welds.
Avoid details that may be difficult to fabricate due to clearance problems.

Assume that welders need an access angle of at least 45 degrees and
require 18 inches of clear working distance to weld a joint. The AISC
Manual of Steel Construction contains tables with entering and tightening
clearance dimensions for bolted connections.
Paint the interior of boxes for inspection visibility and for corrosion
protection. Provide drainage holes with rodent screens at the low points
of the box.
11.2.4 Crash Piers Adjacent to Railways

Walls [3.6.5] Piers located within 50 feet of the centerline of railroad tracks are
required to have crash walls incorporated into their design unless they
are protected as specified in LRFD 3.6.5.1.
[AREMA 2.1.5.1 Piers located within 25 feet of the centerline of railroad tracks must
and C-2.1.5.1] either be of “heavy construction” or have crash walls.
A pier is considered to be of “heavy construction” when it meets all of

the following:
• The cross-sectional area of each column is a minimum of 30
square feet.
• Each column has a minimum dimension of 2.5 feet.
• The larger dimension of all columns is parallel to the railroad
track.
Crash walls must meet the following geometric requirements:

• Top of crash wall shall extend a minimum of:
• 6 feet above top of railroad track when pier is between
12 feet and 25 feet from centerline of tracks.
• 12 feet above top of railroad track when pier is 12 feet or
less from centerline of tracks.
• Bottom of crash wall shall extend a minimum of 4 feet below
ground line.
• Crash wall shall extend one foot beyond outermost columns and
be supported on footing.
• Face of crash wall shall be located a minimum of 6 inches outside
the face of pier column or wall on railroad side of pier.
• Minimum width of crash wall is 2.5 feet.
• Minimum length of crash wall is 12 feet.
Piers of “heavy construction” and crash walls adjacent to railroad tracks

shall be designed for a minimum load of 400 kips.
Piers Adjacent to Roadways

Piers located within 30 feet of the edge of roadway are required to have
crash walls incorporated into their design unless they are protected as
specified in LRFD 3.6.5.1.
Crash walls adjacent to roadways shall be designed for a minimum load

of 400 kips.
11.2.5 Design and Include a standard hook at each end of all footing longitudinal and
Reinforcement transverse reinforcement.
Use 90 degree standard hooks to anchor the dowel bars in the

footing/column connection. Show the lap splice length for bent dowels
and check development length of hooked end of dowel bar at
footing/column interface. Size dowel bars one size larger than column
vertical reinforcement when the dowel bar is detailed to the inside of the
column vertical.
`
Provide the dimensions between the center of column dowel patterns and
the nearest working points.
To simplify construction, detail vertical column reinforcement to rest on

top of the footing.
Columns with a diameter less than or equal to 42 inches shall use spiral
reinforcement. The spiral shall have a 3-inch pitch and be No. 13E.
Extend spirals no less than 2 inches into the pier cap. Use Table 5.2.2.3
to compute the weight of column spiral reinforcement.
Round columns over 42 inches in diameter and square or rectangular

columns shall be designed with tied reinforcement. Ties no smaller than
No. 10E shall be used when the column vertical bars are No. 32E or
smaller. No. 13E or larger ties shall be used for No. 36E, No. 43E, No.
57E, and bundled column vertical bars. The maximum spacing for ties is
12 inches. Place the first tie 6 inches from the face of the footing, crash
wall, or pier cap.
Use standard hooks to develop the top longitudinal reinforcement at the

ends of pier caps.
Provide 2 inches minimum clear distance between anchor rods and

longitudinal reinforcement bars. For piers without anchor rods, provide a
single 6-inch minimum opening between longitudinal reinforcement bars
to facilitate concrete placement.
The maximum size of pier cap stirrups is No. 16E. Use open stirrups
unless torsion loads are large enough to require closed stirrups. If
necessary, use double stirrups to avoid stirrup spacing of less than 4
inches.
Provide No. 13E or No. 16E ties in both directions under bearing
assemblies (6-inch to 8-inch spacing). The clear distance from the top of
reinforcement to the top of the pier cap shall be no less than 2 inches.
Detail ties to clear bearing anchor rods by a minimum of 2 inches.
11.2.6 Show an optional construction joint at the top of columns. All

Miscellaneous construction joints should be labeled and the size of keyways identified.
3
Detail a /4 inch V-strip on the bottom of pier cap ends to prevent water
from migrating on to substructure components.
Provide a vertical open joint in pier caps that have a total length
exceeding 100 feet. The design may dictate that additional pier cap
joints are necessary to relieve internal forces.
11.2.6.1 Pile Bent Single line pile bent piers shall be constructed with piles no smaller than
16-inch diameter CIP piles. Refer to Section 10.6 and Figure 10.6.1 for
discussion of the unsupported pile length for pile bent piers.
The preliminary plan may specify that a wall is to be provided which

encases the piles from the bottom of the cap to the flowline. The wall
provides stability and protects the piling from debris. In this case, H-
piles or CIP piles less than 16 inches in diameter are sometimes
specified.
11.3 Retaining Retaining wall designs need to consider several parameters. These
Walls parameters include:
• Height of the wall
• Geometry of the wall (curved or straight)
• Type of material retained
• Geometry of the backfill (level or sloped)
• Magnitude of live load surcharge
• Whether or not traffic barriers will be incorporated into the top of
the wall (vehicle collision loads)
• Whether or not noise walls will be supported on the wall
• Location of the water table
• Quality of subgrade material (supported on spread footings or pile
foundations).
11.3.1 Cantilever In many cases a conventional reinforced concrete retaining wall is the
Retaining Walls appropriate solution for a project. For wall heights up to 29 feet, use
standard details. Mn/DOT standard cantilever retaining wall designs and
details (Bridge Standard Plans Fig. 5-395.200 through 5-395.212) are
available for download from the Bridge Office web site.
11.3.2 Counterfort Counterforted retaining walls are economical for wall heights over 40
Retaining Walls feet. Counterforted walls are designed to carry loads in two directions.
Earth pressures are carried laterally with horizontal reinforcing to
thickened portions of the wall. The thickened portion of the wall contains
the counterfort, which is designed to contain vertical reinforcement that
carries the overturning loads to the foundation.
11.3.3 Anchored General

Walls Anchored walls are used when the height of the earth to be retained by
the wall is considerable and when all other types of retaining walls prove
to be uneconomical. In order to reduce the section of the stem, an
anchoring system is provided at the back of the wall. Anchoring is
typically accomplished by embedding a concrete block “dead man” in
earth fill and connecting it to the stem of the wall with anchor rods.
Alternatively, the anchors may be incorporated into soil nails or rock
bolts. The feasibility of using anchored walls should be evaluated on a
case-by-case basis after all other types of retaining walls have been ruled
out as an option.
Design and Construction Requirements

The design shall meet the current safety and movement requirements of
Section 11.9 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
Construction shall be in accordance with Section 7 of AASHTO LRFD

Bridge Construction Specifications, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications and the Mn/DOT Standard Specifications for Construction.
11.3.4 General
Mechanically Mechanically stabilized earth walls are reinforced soil retaining wall
Stabilized Earth systems that consist of vertical or near vertical facing panels, metallic or
Walls polymeric tensile soil reinforcement, and granular backfill. The strength
and stability of mechanically stabilized earth walls derives from the
composite response due to the frictional interaction between the
reinforcement and the granular fill. Mechanically stabilized earth systems
can be classified according to the reinforcement geometry, stress transfer
mechanism, reinforcement material, extensibility of the reinforcement
material, and the type of facing. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications list three major types of mechanically stabilized earth walls
according to facing type. They are:
1. Precast concrete panel (MSE) walls. An MSE wall, in Mn/DOT
terminology, refers to the precast concrete panel walls. Technical
Memorandum No. 03-16-MRR-06 shall be used for design and
construction of these walls. An approved list of MSE wall systems
is available from the Bridge Office website.
MSE walls may be used in lieu of conventional gravity, cantilever,

or counterfort retaining walls. MSE walls offer some advantages
when settlement or uplift is anticipated. In some cases MSE walls
offer cost advantages at sites with poor foundation conditions.
This is primarily due to the costs associated with foundation
improvements such as piles and pile caps that may be required to
support conventional wall systems.
In general, MSE walls shall not be used where:

• Two walls meet at an angle less than 70°.
• There is scour or erosion potential that may undermine the
reinforced fill zone or any supporting footing.
• Walls have high curvature (radius less than 15 meters (50 feet)).
• Soil is contaminated by corrosive material such as acid mine
drainage, other industrial pollutants, or any other condition which
increases corrosion rate such as the presence of stray electrical
currents.
• Sites where extensive excavation is required or sites that lack
granular soils and the cost of importing suitable fill material may
render the system uneconomical.
• Walls are along shorelines.
• Retaining walls support roadways unless an impervious layer is
placed below the roadway surface to drain any surface water away
from the reinforcement.
• There is potential for placing buried utilities within the reinforced
zone.
The design of precast panel MSE walls shall meet all the
requirements of the MSE Wall Technical Memorandum.
2. Modular Block Wall (MBW). The facing for this wall is made of
small, rectangular concrete units that have been specially
designed and manufactured for retaining wall applications. MBW
designs shall meet the design requirements of the related Mn/DOT
Technical Memorandum and the Standard sheets (5-297.640, 641,
643, 644, 645).
3. Cast-in-place (CIP) concrete facing with Reinforced Soil Slopes

(RSS). The facing for this wall is cast-in-place concrete. This type
of wall is not approved for use in Mn/DOT projects.
11.3.5 General
Prefabricated Prefabricated modular walls are gravity walls made of interlocking soil-
Modular Walls filled concrete or steel modules or bins, rock filled gabion baskets,
precast concrete units or modular block units (without soil
reinforcement).
Prefabricated modular walls shall not be used under the following

conditions:
• On curves with radius of less than 800 ft, unless the curve could
be substituted by a series of chords
• Steel modular systems shall not be used where the ground water
or surface runoff is acid contaminated or where deicing spray is
anticipated.
• Heights greater than 8 feet.
Design and Construction Requirements

The design shall meet the current safety and movement requirements of
Section 11.11 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
The construction shall be in accordance with Section 7 of AASHTO LRFD

Bridge Construction Specifications, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications and the Mn/DOT Standard Specifications for Construction.
11.3.6 Timber [Future manual content]

Noise Walls on
Retaining Walls
11.3.7 Cantilever sheet piling is used in many ways on bridge projects. Most
Cantilevered Sheet often it is used to contain fill on a temporary basis for phased
Pile Walls construction activities, as when existing embankments need protection or
new embankments need to be separated from existing facilities during
construction. Sheet piling is also used in the construction of cofferdams.
Most often hot rolled steel sheet piling is used for cantilevered sheet pile
walls. Hot rolled sections are available from domestic and foreign
sources. Domestically, only PZ22 and PZ27 sections are being rolled.
Securing new domestic material may have a significant lead time. For
many temporary applications, new material is not required and the
contractor may have a supply of used sections.
For applications that are insensitive to water filtration through the

interlocks, cold formed sections may be used. For railway applications,
check with the railroad as cold formed sections are not allowed by some
railroads.
If temporary sheeting is anticipated for a project the following guidelines

should be followed:
When significant quantities of sheet piling are anticipated, or when an

anchored wall design is required, the wall shall be designed and detailed
in the bridge plans, including the required section modulus and tie back
forces. Also provide an informational schedule of quantities. Payment
for the sheet pile wall shall be made as a stand alone pay item on a lump
sum basis.
For most other instances, the amount and design of sheet pile used will
often depend on the contractor’s operations. When it is anticipated that
sheet pile will likely be used, show the approximate location of the sheet
pile wall in the plan along with a construction note stating: Payment for
sheet piling shall be considered incidental to other work.
Payment for sheet piling used for typical foundation excavations is

described in the standard special provisions developed for Structure
Excavation and Foundation Preparation and need not be shown in the
plans.
11.3.8 Design Design charts suitable for use in preliminary design tasks and
Charts of approximating depths for contractor designed sheeting have been
Cantilevered Sheet assembled in this section. The charts are based on a number of
Pile Soil Retention assumptions and contain several limitations. Refer to Figure 11.3.8.1,
Walls for Figure 11.3.8.2, and Tables 11.3.8.1 through 11.3.8.4.
Temporary
Applications DESIGN CHART ASSUMPTIONS
1. A level ground surface has been assumed in front of and behind the
sheet piling.
2. A moist soil unit weight of 120 pounds per cubic foot has been used
through the retained height.
3. The unit weights used below the excavation depth were determined
using the S.P.T. N–value vs. unit weight correlation given on the
attached sheet. In the Cohesive Material Case, the average cohesion
value I was divided by 100 to obtain an equivalent S.P.T. N-value and
the correlation between S.P.T. N–value and unit weight was used.
4. A uniform vertical surcharge of 240 pounds per square foot has been
used to account for the traffic live load.
5. In addition to the traffic surcharge load (which results in a uniform

lateral distributed pressure of 80 pounds per square foot), an
equivalent fluid pressure of 40 pounds per cubic foot has been used
throughout the retained height.
6. Coulomb’s earth pressure theory has been used in the development of
1
the Granular Material Case, assuming a wall friction angle of /3 phi.
The friction angles used were determined using the S.P.T N-value vs.
friction angle correlation given on the attached sheet.
7. A minimum active earth pressure coefficient of 0.25 has been used
below the retained height.
8. The factor of safety for embedment was obtained by reducing the
calculated passive pressure diagram by 33%, which resulted in an
increase in embedment ranging from 26% to 35% for the granular
case and 43% to 80% for the cohesive case. To avoid over-reliance
on the strength of only a few samples, the minimum embedment
used in the charts was limited to no less than 75% of the retained
height.
9. The required section modulus has been computed using 33%
reduction on passive soil pressures and the relationship
fb = 0.66 · fy,
where the sheet piling yield stress (fy) is 38,500 pounds per square
inch.
HOW TO USE THE DESIGN CHARTS

Cohesive Material Case
The average Cohesion Value I, to be used in the design chart shall be
taken as the lower of the following:
i) The average of the C values, within the required embedment
depth indicated on the nearest structure boring log(s).
ii) The average of the C values in the upper 50% of the required
embedment depth.
In calculating the above averages, an embedment depth (typically equal

to the exposed height) must first be assumed. If the resulting
embedment depth obtained from the chart is different than that first
assumed, re-calculate the average Cohesion Value using an adjusted
embedment depth. Continue this process until the assumed embedment
depth used in calculating the average Cohesion Value equals the resulting
embedment depth from the chart to within one foot.
To enter the section modulus chart, use the average Cohesion values in
1
the upper /3 of the required embedment.
Granular Material Case

The average Standard Penetration Blow Count (N), to be used in the
design chart for embedment in the Granular Material Case, shall be taken
as the lower of the following:
i) The average of the N-values, within the required embedment
depth, indicated on the nearest structure boring log(s).
ii) The average of the N-values in the upper 50% of the required
embedment depth.
In calculating the above averages, an embedment depth (typically equal
to the exposed height) must first be assumed. If the resulting
embedment depth obtained from the chart is different than the first
assumed, re-calculate the average Standard Penetration Blow Count
using an adjusted embedment depth. Continue this process until the
assumed embedment used in calculating the average Standard
Penetration Blow Count equals the resulting embedment depth from the
chart to within one foot.
To enter the section modulus chart, use the average N-values in the
1
upper /3 of the required embedment calculated above.
Combined Material Case

If the soil profile within the calculated embedment depth is a combination
of granular and cohesive, divide the Cohesion values of each sample by
100 to determine the embedment using the granular material design
chart.
LIMITATIONS OF DESIGN CHARTS

1. Any sheets not reaching their required embedment due to existing
closed abutment footing must be restrained by developing an
attachment to the existing abutment walls subject to the approval of
the Engineer. This condition may sometimes also require wale
support. For a maximum retained height of 12 feet and footing heel
width less than or equal to 4 feet, these charts may be used provided
the sheet adjacent to the existing abutment wall is connected to the
abutment wall throughout the retained height.
2. The Design Charts are not applicable if the calculated sheet piling tip
elevation falls in material with a Cohesive Value larger than 4500
pounds per square foot, an N-value larger than 45 blows, or rock,
since the sheet piling may not get the necessary embedment to work
as a cantilever.
3. If upon calculating the average soil strength for cohesive soils in the
1 1
upper /3 of the embedment, the lower soil strength in that /3 is
1
larger than 2 times the upper soil strength in the same /3 of
embedment, the section modulus in the chart should be amplified
according to the following schedule:
Lower Soil/Upper Soil Strength Ratio 2 3 4 5 6

Section Modulus Amplification Factor 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Soil Strength Ratios should be rounded to the nearest whole number.
4. The charts attempt to provide a simple procedure to yield a quick

design with adequate safety factor. Considering the extreme
variability in soil conditions and in boring data interpretation, it is
conceivable that the use of the charts can yield erroneous results.
The engineer must always use good judgment in soil data
interpretation and the use of the charts. If the chart design
procedure results in a blank location on the chart, a cantilever design
may still be possible with more rigorous analysis.
5. If any of the site conditions do not meet or are not consistent with the
“Design Chart Assumptions”, the design charts are no longer
applicable and should not be used.
Figure 11.3.8.1 – ASSUMED RELATIONSHIP OF BLOW COUNT AND FRICTION ANGLE,

MOIST & SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT
BLOW COUNT VS FRICTION ANGLE "φ"
38.0
FRICTION ANGLE"φ" (DEGREES)
36.0
34.0
32.0
2
φ =21[e(Ln(N)+4) /100]
30.0
28.0
26.0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35
BLOW COUNT "N" (BLOWS/FT)
BLOW COUNT VS UNIT WEIGHT

MOIST & SATURATED
140
135
UNIT WEIGHT "γ" (POUND/FT3)
0.07
Saturated Unit Weight = 105 (N)
130
125
120
0.095
Moist Unit Weight = 95 (N)
115
110
105
100
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35
BLOW COUNT "N" (BLOWS/FT)
JANUARY 2004
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
Figure 11.3.8.2 - Typical Sheet Pile Configuration

11-34
Table 11.3.8.1 – TEMPORARY SHEET PILING DESIGN CHART – GRANULAR MATERIAL CASE
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS (in.3/ft.)
RETAINED HEIGHT (FEET)

JANUARY 2004
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
400 1.4 2.4 4.7
500 1.3 2.1 3.3 5.1 8.3
600 1.2 2.0 3.0 4.5 6.4 9.0 13.5
700 1.1 1.8 2.8 4.1 5.9 8.1 10.9 14.8 20.5
800 1.1 1.8 2.7 3.9 5.5 7.5 10.1 13.2 17.0 22.3 29.6 42.8
900 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.8 5.3 7.2 9.5 12.4 15.9 20.1 25.2 31.9 41.1 55.2
1000 1.0 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.1 6.9 9.1 11.8 15.1 19.0 23.6 29.0 35.1 44.5 55.4
1100 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.6 4.9 6.7 8.8 11.4 14.5 18.2 22.5 27.6 33.5 40.3 49.0 59.3
1200 1.0 1.6 2.4 3.5 4.8 6.5 8.6 11.0 14.0 17.5 21.6 26.4 32.0 38.4 45.7 54.1
1300 1.0 1.6 2.4 3.4 4.7 6.4 8.4 10.8 13.6 17.0 21.0 25.5 30.8 36.9 43.9 51.7 60.6
1400 1.0 1.6 2.4 3.4 4.7 6.3 8.2 10.5 13.3 16.6 20.4 24.8 29.9 35.7 42.3 49.8 58.3
1500 1.0 1.6 2.3 3.3 4.6 6.2 8.1 10.3 13.0 16.2 19.9 24.2 29.1 34.7 41.1 48.3 56.4
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
1600 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.3 4.5 6.1 7.9 10.2 12.8 15.9 19.5 23.7 28.4 33.9 40.0 47.0 54.8
1700 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.3 4.5 6.0 7.8 10.0 12.6 15.7 19.2 23.2 27.9 33.2 39.1 45.9 53.4
1800 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.7 9.9 12.5 15.4 18.9 22.8 27.4 32.5 38.4 44.9 52.2
1900 0.9 1.5 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.7 9.8 12.3 15.2 18.6 22.5 27.0 32.0 37.7 44.1 51.2
AVERAGE COHESION “C” (PSF)

2000 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.4 5.8 7.6 9.7 12.2 15.1 18.4 22.2 26.6 31.5 37.1 43.4 50.3
2100 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.3 5.8 7.5 9.6 12.1 14.9 18.2 22.0 26.3 31.1 36.6 42.7 49.6
2200 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.3 5.8 7.5 9.5 12.0 14.8 18.0 21.7 26.0 30.7 36.1 42.2 48.9
2300 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.3 5.7 7.4 9.5 11.9 14.6 17.9 21.5 25.7 30.4 35.7 41.6 48.3
2400 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.3 5.7 7.4 9.4 11.8 14.5 17.7 21.3 25.5 30.1 35.3 41.2 47.7
2500 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.3 5.7 7.3 9.4 11.7 14.4 17.6 21.2 25.2 29.8 35.0 40.8 47.2
11-35
Table 11.3.8.2 – TEMPORARY SHEET PILING DESIGN CHART – GRANULAR MATERIAL CASE
REQUIRED EMBEDMENT DEPTH (FEET)

JANUARY 2004
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
4 12.1 13.9 15.7 17.5 19.3 21.0 22.9 24.6 26.4 28.2 30.0 31.7
5 11.3 13.0 14.6 16.3 18.0 19.7 21.4 23.0 24.7 26.3 28.0 29.7 31.3
6 10.7 12.3 13.8 15.4 17.0 18.6 20.2 21.8 23.4 24.9 26.5 28.1 29.6
7 10.2 11.7 13.2 14.7 16.2 17.7 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 25.3 26.8 28.3
8 9.7 11.2 12.7 14.1 15.6 17.0 18.5 19.9 21.4 22.8 24.3 25.7 27.1
9 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.6 15.0 16.4 17.8 19.2 20.6 22.0 23.4 24.8 26.2
10 9.1 10.4 11.8 13.2 14.5 15.9 17.3 18.6 20.0 21.3 22.6 24.0 25.3 26.7
11 8.8 10.1 11.5 12.8 14.1 15.4 16.8 18.1 19.4 20.7 22.0 23.3 24.6 25.9
12 8.6 9.9 11.2 12.4 13.7 15.0 16.3 17.6 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7 23.9 25.2
13 8.3 9.6 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.6 15.9 17.1 18.4 19.6 20.9 22.1 23.3 24.6
14 8.1 9.4 10.6 11.8 13.1 14.3 15.5 16.7 18.0 19.2 20.4 21.6 22.8 24.0
15 8.0 9.2 10.4 11.6 12.8 14.0 15.2 16.4 17.6 18.8 19.9 21.1 22.3 23.5
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
16 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.0 17.2 18.4 19.5 20.7 21.9 23.0
17 7.7 8.8 10.0 11.1 12.3 13.4 14.6 15.7 16.9 18.0 19.2 20.3 21.4 22.6 23.7
18 7.5 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.7 18.8 19.9 21.1 22.2 23.3
19 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8 13.0 14.1 15.2 16.3 17.4 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 22.9
20 7.3 8.4 9.5 10.6 11.7 12.7 13.9 14.9 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5 22.5
“N-VALUE” (BLOW COUNT PER FOOT)

21 7.1 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.5 13.6 14.7 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2
22 7.0 8.1 9.2 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.5 14.5 15.6 16.6 17.7 18.7 19.8 20.8 21.9
AVERAGE STANDARD PENETRATION RESISTANCE -

23 7.0 8.0 9.1 10.1 11.2 12.2 13.3 14.3 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6
24 6.9 7.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.1 13.1 14.2 15.2 16.2 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.4
25 6.8 7.8 8.9 9.9 10.9 11.9 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.1 18.1 19.1 20.1 21.1
11-36
Table 11.3.8.3 – TEMPORARY SHEET PILING DESIGN CHART – COHESIVE MATERIAL CASE
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS (in.3/ft.)

JANUARY 2004
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4 4.0 6.1 8.9 12.4 16.7 21.8 27.9 35.0 43.2 52.5
5 3.7 5.6 8.2 11.4 15.3 20.0 25.6 32.1 39.7 48.3 58.1
6 3.4 5.3 7.6 10.6 14.3 18.7 23.9 30.0 37.1 45.2 54.3
7 3.2 5.0 7.2 10.1 13.5 17.7 22.6 28.4 35.1 42.8 51.4
8 3.1 4.7 6.9 9.6 12.9 16.9 21.6 27.1 33.5 40.8 49.1 58.4
9 2.9 4.5 6.6 9.2 12.4 16.2 20.8 26.1 32.2 39.2 47.2 56.1
10 2.8 4.4 6.4 8.9 11.9 15.6 20.0 25.2 31.1 37.8 45.5 54.2
11 2.7 4.2 6.2 8.6 11.6 15.2 19.4 24.4 30.1 36.7 44.1 52.5
12 2.7 4.1 6.0 8.4 11.2 14.7 18.9 23.7 29.3 35.7 42.9 51.1 60.2
13 2.6 4.0 5.8 8.1 11.0 14.4 18.4 23.1 28.5 34.8 41.8 49.8 58.7
14 2.5 3.9 5.7 7.9 10.7 14.0 18.0 22.6 27.9 34.0 40.9 48.6 57.3
15 2.5 3.8 5.6 7.8 10.5 13.7 17.6 22.1 27.3 33.2 40.0 47.6 56.1
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
16 2.4 3.7 5.5 7.6 10.3 13.5 17.2 21.6 26.8 32.6 39.2 46.7 55.0
17 2.4 3.7 5.4 7.5 10.1 13.2 16.9 21.3 26.3 32.0 38.5 45.8 54.0
18 2.3 3.6 5.3 7.3 9.9 13.0 16.6 20.9 25.8 31.5 37.9 45.1 53.1
19 2.3 3.6 5.2 7.2 9.7 12.8 16.4 20.6 25.4 31.0 37.3 44.3 52.3
20 2.3 3.5 5.1 7.1 9.6 12.6 16.1 20.2 25.0 30.5 36.7 43.7 51.5 50.2
“N-VALUE” (BLOW COUNT PER FOOT)

IN UPPER 1/3 OF REQUIRED EMBEDMENT
21 2.2 3.4 5.0 7.0 9.5 12.4 15.9 20.0 24.7 30.1 36.2 43.1 50.8 59.3
22 2.2 3.4 5.0 6.9 9.3 12.3 15.7 19.7 24.4 29.7 35.8 42.6 50.2 58.7
AVERAGE STANDARD PENETRATION RESISTANCE -

23 2.2 3.4 4.9 6.9 9.3 12.1 15.6 19.5 24.2 29.4 35.4 42.2 49.7 58.1
24 2.2 3.3 4.9 6.8 9.2 12.0 15.4 19.4 23.9 29.2 35.1 41.8 49.3 57.6
25 2.1 3.3 4.8 6.7 9.1 11.9 15.3 19.2 23.7 28.9 34.8 41.4 48.8 57.1
11-37
Table 11.3.8.4 – TEMPORARY SHEET PILING DESIGN CHART – COHESIVE MATERIAL CASE
REQUIRED EMBEDMENT DEPTH (FEET)

JANUARY 2004
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
400 6.5 10.0
500 5.1 6.8 9.0 13.1
600 4.3 5.7 7.2 9.1 11.6 16.1
700 3.8 4.9 6.2 7.7 9.4 11.4 14.2 19.1
800 3.8 4.5 5.5 6.8 8.3 9.9 11.6 13.9 16.7 22.1
900 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.1 7.4 8.8 10.3 12.0 13.9 16.3 19.5 25.2
1000 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 8.0 9.3 10.8 12.4 14.2 16.3 18.8 22.3 28.2
1100 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.5 9.9 11.3 12.9 14.5 16.4 18.7 21.3 25.2 31.3
1200 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.1 10.4 11.8 13.4 15.0 16.7 18.7 21.1 23.7 28.1
1300 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.4 17.1 18.9 21.1 23.5
1400 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.5 12.9 14.4 15.9 17.5 19.2 21.2
1500 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.1 13.5 14.9 16.4 17.9 19.6
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
1600 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 14.0 15.4 16.9 18.4
1700 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.6 15.9 17.4
1800 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.1 16.5
1900 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
AVERAGE COHESION “C” (PSF)

2000 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
2100 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
2200 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
2300 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
2400 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
2500 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.8
11-38
11.4 Design Section 11 concludes with three design examples. The examples are a high
Examples parapet abutment supported on piling, a retaining wall supported on a spread
footing, and a three column pier.
11.4.1 This example illustrates the design of a high parapet abutment. After
High Parapet determination of dead, earth, and live load components, five load
Abutment combinations are assembled (two strength load cases during
Design Example construction, two strength load cases for the completed abutment, and a
service load case for the completed abutment.) After which, the capacity
of an assumed pile group is evaluated. Subsequently, the flexural design
of the footing, stem, and backwall is presented. The shear capacity of
the footing is also checked. A typical cross-section for the abutment is
provided in Figure 11.4.1.1.
Figure 11.4.1.1
[Mn/DOT LRFD The design parameters for the example are:

Design Manual 1) This example is a continuation of the plate girder and expansion
1
6.9, 14.8.2] bearing design examples. The superstructure consists of a 9 /2”
deck on 5 steel girders with a beam spacing of 11’-4” and a skew
of 20°. The height of the backwall is 6’-9”.
2) The abutment is supported on cast-in-place piling (12-inch
diameter).
3) The abutment supports a 20-foot long, 1-foot thick approach
panel that is partially supported by the top of the backwall and
partially supported by subgrade material.
Material and design parameters used in this example are presented in

Table 11.4.1.1.
Table 11.4.1.1
Soil 0.120 kcf
Unit Weights
Reinforced Concrete 0.150 kcf
Compressive Strength, f’c 4.0 ksi
Concrete
Crack Control, Z 170 kip/in
Reinforcement
Yield Strength, Fy 60 ksi
A. Evaluate Pile The Bridge Construction Unit’s Recommendations for the foundations are
Bearing Capacity referenced at the start of final design. The recommendations identify the
appropriate design capacity and resistance factor to be used.
Nominal Capacity, Q n = 225 tons/pile
Resistance Factor, φ = 0.45
Bearing Resistance, Q r = φ ⋅ Q n = 0.45 ⋅ 225 = 101 tons/pile

= 202 kips/pile
Figure 11.4.1.2 shows a plan view of the abutment and includes an

assumed pile layout for the example. Pile Rows I and II contain eight
piles, while Row III contains seven piles. Avoid pile layouts that permit
individual piles to go into tension.
Figure 11.4.1.2
B. Permanent Calculate the dead loads:

Loads (DC & EV)
Backwall:
Pbw = 0.150 ⋅ 1.50 ⋅ 6.75 ⋅ 54.27 = 82.4 kips
Stem:
Pst = 0.150 ⋅ 4.5 ⋅ 15.25 ⋅ 54.27 = 558.6 kips
Footing (to simplify load calculations, weight of step is included in stem):

Pf = 0.150 ⋅ (4 ⋅ 11.0 + 4.25 ⋅ 4) ⋅ 55.33 = 506.3 kips
Approach Panel (Assume half carried by the abutment):

20 48
Pap = 0.150 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ⋅ o = 76.6 kips
2 cos 20
Expansion Joint Block:

51.33
Pejb = 0.150 ⋅ 1.25 ⋅ 1.33 ⋅ o = 13.6 kips
cos 20
Superstructure Dead Load (DC1 + DC2 reactions from the Plate Girder
Example):
Psuper = (95 + 22 ) ⋅ (5 girders ) = 585.0 kips
Wingwall DL (Assume 5 feet of the wing walls beyond the footing are
carried by the abutment. Also assume the corner fillet weight is balanced
by the taper in the wing wall.):
 6.5 
Pwing = 0.150 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1.50 ⋅  + 5  ⋅ (15.25 + 6.75 + 1.25)
 cos 20° 
= 124.7 kips
Railing DL:
 6.5 + 0.67 + 1.33 
Prail = 0.439 ⋅ 2 ⋅  5 +  = 12.3 kips
 cos 20° 
Summing the dead loads,

PDC = 82.4 + 558.6 + 506.3 + 76.6 + 13.6 + 585.0 + 124.7 + 12.3
= 1959.5 kips
Calculate vertical earth pressure (EV) of fill above the footing:

On the Heel:
48.0
PEV = 0.120 ⋅ (15.25 + 6.75) ⋅ 6.5 ⋅ o = 876.5 kips
cos 20
On the Toe:
 3.75 + 1.75 
PEV = 0.120 ⋅   ⋅ 4 ⋅ 55.33 = 73.0 kips
 2 
Figure 11.4.1.3 summarizes the permanent loads and includes moment

arms measured from the toe of the footing.
Figure 11.4.1.3
C. Earth Pressure The active earth pressure values used for the equivalent fluid method
(EH) (described in LRFD Article 3.11.5.5) range from 0.030 kcf to 0.035 kcf.
[3.11.5] Assuming a level backfill, Mn/DOT practice is to use:
γeq = 0.033 kcf
The respective horizontal active earth pressures at the top and bottom of
the abutment are:
ptop = 0 ksf
pbottom = γ eq ⋅ h = 0.033 ⋅ 26.25 = 0.866 ksf
 48 
PEH = 0.5 ⋅ 0.866 ⋅ 26.25 ⋅   = 580.6 kips
 cos 20° 
1
The force acts at a location of /3 times the height of the load:
0.33 ⋅ 26.25 = 8.66 ft
Passive earth pressure in front of the abutment is neglected in the

design. Figure 11.4.1.3 illustrates the horizontal earth pressure loading.
D. Live Load The live load surcharge is applied to the abutment during construction. It
Surcharge (LS) represents construction activity on the fill behind the abutment prior to
[3.11.6] construction of the approach panel.
∆P = γ eq ⋅ heq
From Table 3.11.6.4-1, use a surcharge height of 2.0 feet.

2
∆P = 0.033 ⋅ 2.0⋅ = 0.066 kips/ft
Horizontal Resultant of LS is:

48
PLS = 0.066 ⋅ 26.25 ⋅ = 88.5 kips
cos 20o
Figure 11.4.1.3 illustrates the horizontal pressure loading associated with

the live load surcharge.
E. Live Load (LL) From the Plate Girder Design Example (Table 6.9.11) the maximum live
load reaction without dynamic load allowance at the abutment is:
RLL = 66 + 42 = 108 kips/lane
Coincident with live load on the superstructure, lane loading is applied to

the approach panel. Use the same distribution that was used for dead
load (assume that one half of the total load is carried by the abutment
and the other half is carried in direct bearing to the subgrade away from
the abutment):
1
0.64 ⋅ 20 ⋅ = 6.4 kips/lane
2
[Table 3.6.1.1.2-1] For maximum loading, four lanes of traffic are placed on the
superstructure and approach panel. The multiple presence factor for
more than 3 design lanes is 0.65. For simplicity, add the live load from
the approach panel to the live load from the superstructure and apply the
total at the centerline of bearing:
PLL = (108 + 6.4 ) ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.65 = 297.4 kips
Table 11.4.1.2 Vertical Load Components and Moments about

Toe of Footing
Distance To Moment
P
Load Label Toe About Toe
(kips)
(ft) (kip-ft)
Backwall Pbw 82.4 -7.75 -638.6
Stem Pst 558.6 -6.25 -3491.3
Footing Pf 506.3 -7.41 -3751.7
Approach Panel Pap. 76.6 -8.17 -625.8
DC Expansion Joint Block Pejb 13.6 -7.17 -97.5
Superstructure DL Psuper 585.0 -5.50 -3217.5
Railing Prail 12.3 -13.25 -163.0
Wingwall Pwing 124.7 -14.10 -1758.3
Total 1959.5 -13743.7
Backfill on Heel PEV(HEEL) 876.5 -11.75 -10298.9
EV Fill on Toe PEV(TOE) 73.0 -2.24 -163.5
Total 949.5 -10462.4
LL Live Load PLL 297.4 -5.50 -1635.7
Table 11.4.1.3 Horizontal Load Components and Moments about

Bottom of Footing
Load Distance to Moment
H
Toe About Toe
Type Description Label (kips)
(ft) (kip-ft)
EH Horizontal Earth Load PEH 580.6 8.66 5028.0
LS Live Load Surcharge PLS 88.5 13.13 1162.0
F. Select Assemble the appropriate load factor values to be used for each of the
Applicable Load load combinations. Load combinations for the Strength I Limit State are
Combinations and used. The load cases considered for the design example are:
Factors For Pile
Design All load modifiers = 1.0.
[3.4.1]
Strength I: Construction Case 1
0.90 ⋅ DC + 1.00 ⋅ EV + 1.5 ⋅ EH + 1.75 ⋅ LS
For this construction case, DC does not contain any superstructure or

approach panel dead loads. It also assumes that the abutment is
backfilled prior to superstructure erection.
Strength I: Construction Case 2

1.25 ⋅ DC
For this construction case, DC includes the superstructure but does
not include the approach panel. It assumes the superstructure is
erected prior to the abutment being backfilled.
Strength I: Final Case 1

1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.35 ⋅ EV + 0.90 ⋅ EH + 1.75 ⋅ LL
This load case represents the completed structure with the minimum
load factor for the horizontal earth pressure load.
Strength I: Final Case 2

1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.35 ⋅ EV + 1.50 ⋅ EH + 1.75 ⋅ LL
This load case represents the completed structure with the maximum
load factor for the horizontal earth pressure load.
Table 11.4.1.4 contains the load factors that are used for each load
component for each load case.
Table 11.4.1.4 – Load Factors

Load Combination
Component
Strength I:
Strength I:
Strength I:
Strength I:
Constr. 2
Constr. I
Load
Load
Final 1
Final 2
Pbw 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pst 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pf 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pap - - 1.25 1.25
DC
Pejb 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
Psuper - 1.25 1.25 1.25
Prail 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pwing 0.90 1.25 1.25 1.25
PEV(heel) 1.00 - 1.35 1.35
EV
PEV(toe) 1.00 - 1.35 1.35
EH PEH 1.5 - 0.90 1.50
LS PLS 1.75 - - -
LL PLL - - 1.75 1.75
G. Design Piles Table 11.4.1.5 lists the net vertical, horizontal, and moment forces that
[10.7.1.5] are applied to the pile group for each of the four load combinations.
Table 11.4.1.5 – Force Resultants

Vertical Horizontal Moment about
Load P Load H Toe Mtoe
(kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
Strength I: Construction Case 1 2118 1026 -9797
Strength I: Construction Case 2 2354 0 -16,397
Strength I: Final Case 1 4252 523 -29,641
Strength I: Final Case 2 4252 871 -26,624
Check Vertical Capacity of Pile Group

Determine the properties of the pile group. These properties include the
number of piles, the location of the centroid or neutral axis with respect
to the toe, and the moment of inertia of each pile row.
Table 11.4.1.6 – Pile Group Properties

Row Number
Pile Group Properties Sum
I II III
Piles Per Row (N) 8 8 7 23
Distance to Toe (dtoe) 1.25 6.0 13.75
N·dtoe 10.00 48.00 96.25 154.25
Neutral Axis of Pile Group to
(∑N·dtoe)/ ∑N
Toe (XNA) 6.71
Distance from Neutral Axis
5.46 0.71 -7.04
to Pile Row (d)
2
I = N·d 238.5 4.0 346.9 589.4
Using solid mechanics equations adapted for discrete elements, the

forces in the pile rows for different load combinations are determined.
The force in each pile row is found using:

P M
Pile load = + NA
N I
First, the moment about the toe must be translated to get the moment
about the neutral axis of the pile group. For Strength I: Construction
Case I, the eccentricity about the toe is
M toe − 9797
e toe = = = −4.63 ft
P 2118
Then the eccentricity about the neutral axis of the pile group is
eNA = x NA + e toe = 6.71 − 4.63 = 2.08 ft
The moment about the neutral axis of the pile group becomes
MNA = P ⋅ eNA = 2118 (2.08) = 4405 kip − ft
2118 4405(5.46)
Then Pile LoadRowI = + = 132.9 kips/pile
23 589.4
2118 4405(0.71)
Pile Load = + = 97.4 kips/pile
RowII 23 589.4
2118 4405(-7.04 )
Pile Load = + = 39.5 kips/pile
RowIII 23 589.4
The same calculations were carried out for the other load cases.
A summary of MNA and the pile loads are provided in Table 11.4.1.7.
Table 11.4.1.7 – Pile Reactions

Moment
Pile Loads (kips/pile) about N.A. of
Load Combination pile group
Row I Row II Row III

MNA
(kip-ft)
Strength I: Construction Case 1 132.9 97.4 39.5 4405

Strength I: Construction Case 2 96.7 101.6 109.7 -612
Strength I: Final Case 1 174.6 183.5 198.1 -1106
Strength I: Final Case 2 202.6 187.2 162.0 1913
The largest pile load is 202.6 kips/pile (101.3 tons/pile), which is only
0.3% greater than the bearing resistance of 202 kips. Therefore, the pile
layout is considered satisfactory for bearing.
Check Lateral Capacity of Pile Group

The maximum factored horizontal load from Table 11.4.1.5 is
H = 1026 kips
From Section 10.2, assume a lateral resistance of 18 kips/pile plus the

resistance due to the two rows of battered piles.
 3 
R H = 23 (18) + 16 (202)   = 1198 kips > 1026 kips OK
 2 2 
 3 + 12 
Pile Load Table for Plan

Piling are driven until dynamic equation measurements indicate the pile
has reached refusal or the required design load indicated in the plan. The
service load resistance is monitored in the field using the Mn/DOT
modified ENR formula given in Section 2452.3E of the Mn/DOT Standard

Specifications For Construction, 2000 Edition. Designers must calculate
the service pile load for the worst load case (Strength I: Final Case 2)
and show in the plan, using the Standard Plan Note table for abutments
with piling (see Appendix 2-H).
For Strength I: Final Case 2,

Pserv = 1959.5 + 949.5 + 297.4 = 3206 kips
Mserv toe = -13743.7 - 10462.4 - 1635.7 + 5028.0 = -20,814 kip - ft
Mserv toe − 20,814

e serv toe = = = -6.49 ft
Pserv 3206
eserv NA = xNA + e serv toe = 6.71 - 6.49 = 0.22 ft
Mserv NA = Pserv ⋅ e serv NA = 3206 (0.22 ) = 705 kip - ft
3206 705 (5.46 )

Service Pile LoadRow I = +
23 589.4
= 145.9 kips/pile = 73.0 tons/pile
Also, compute average load factor:

101.3
Avg. Load Factor = = 1.388
73.0
For load table, separate pile load due to factored live load from other
factored loads:
Factored PLL = 1.75 (297.4 ) = 521 kips
Factored MLL NA = 521 (6.71 - 5.50 ) = 630 kip - ft
521 630 (5.46 )

Factored Pile LoadLLRow I = +
23 589.4
= 28.5 kips/pile = 14.3 tons/pile

The final results to be shown in the plan are:
ABUTMENT
Computed Pile Load – Tons/Pile
BOTH ABUTMENTS
Factored Dead load + Earth Pressure 87.0
Factored Live Load 14.3
Factored Total Load 101.3
* Design Load 73.0
101.3
∗ = 73.0 tons/pile
1.388
1.388 is Average Load Factor for Strength I Load Combination
H. Check Shear in General practice is to size the thickness of footings such that shear steel
Footing is not required. Try a 48 inch thick footing with a 3 inch step at the toe.
Determine dv
Based on past design experience assume the bottom mat of steel is #29
2
bars spaced at 12 inches (As = 1.0 in /ft). The effective shear depth of
the section (dv) is computed to determine the shear capacity of the
footing. The location of the flexural reinforcement is used to determine
dv. The piling has an embedment depth of one foot. Mn/DOT practice is
to place the bottom mat of reinforcement directly on top of piling
embedded one foot or less. Consequently the cover on the bottom
reinforcement is much greater than that on the top mat and will control
the computations for dv. The greater of two equations is used to
[5.8.2.9] compute the dv value. Note that the 0.72h criterion is not used in this
case because the flexural reinforcement location is so high above the
bottom of the footing.
Begin by determining the depth of flexural reinforcement:

 dv 
d = (thickness) − (pile embedment) −   = 51 − 12 − 1.128 = 38.44 in.
toe  2  2
 
1.128
dheel = 48 − 12 − = 35.44 in
2
The depth of the compression block is:

A s ⋅ fy 1.00 ⋅ 60
a= = = 1.47 in
0.85 ⋅ f ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
'
c
The effective shear depth is:

a 1.47
d vtoe = d − = 38.44 − = 37.71 in
2 2
1.47
dvheel = 35.44 − = 34.71 in
2
It need be no less than 0.9de :
For toe, 0.9 ⋅ de = 0.9 ⋅ d toe = 0.9 ⋅ 38.44 = 34.90 in
For heel, 0.9 ⋅ de = 0.9 ⋅ d = 0.9 ⋅ 35.44 = 31.90 in

heel
Use dvtoe = 37.71 in and dvheel = 34.71 in
Check One-Way Shear in Footing

[5.13.3.6.1] The critical section is located dv from the face of the abutment. The
[5.8.3.2] center line of the Row III piles is 63 inches from the back face of
abutment. Therefore, the entire load from the Row III piles contributes
to shear on the critical section. Ignore the beneficial effects of the
vertical earth loads and footing self weight:
Pile Reaction 198.1
VuRow III = = = 22.6 kips/ft width
Pile Spacing 8.75
The center line of the Row I piles is 33 inches from the front face of
abutment. Therefore, only a portion of the load from the Row I piles
contributes to shear on the critical section. See Figure 11.4.1.4.
Figure 11.4.1.4 – Partial Footing Plan

 Pile Reaction 
VuRow I = (Pile Fraction Outside Critical Section)  
 Pile Spacing 
 1.29   202.6 
VuRow I =    = 2.9 kips/ft width
 12   7.50 
The shear due to the Row III piles governs.
[5.8.3.3] There is no shear reinforcement, so the nominal shear capacity of the

footing is:
Vn = Vc
An upper limit is placed on the maximum nominal shear capacity a
section can carry. The maximum design shear for the footing heel is:
Vn = 0.25 ⋅ f'c ⋅b v ⋅ dv = 0.25 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12.0 ⋅ 34.71 = 416.5 kips
The concrete shear capacity of a section is:

Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ f' c ⋅ b v ⋅ d v
In order to determine β , start by calculating the strain ε . For sections

x
without shear reinforcement,
 Mu 
 + 0.5 Nu + 0.5 (Vu − Vp ) cot θ − A ps fpo 
ε = v 
d
x E s A s + Ep A ps
The critical section for moment is the face of the abutment, so

Mu = Vu ⋅ (Moment Arm) = 22.6 (5.25) = 118.7 kip - ft/ft
Nu = Vp = A ps = fpo = Ep = A ps = 0
Assume θ = 53.0 degrees
Then
118.7 (12 ) 
 34.71 + 0.5 (22.6 )(cot 53.0 )
−3
ε = = 1.71 × 10
x 29,000 ⋅ 1.00
Next, determine crack spacing parameter s xe

ag = 1.5 inches
sx = dv = 34.71 inches
Then  
 1.38   1.38 
s xe = s x ⋅
 a + 0.63  = 34.71  1.50 + 0.63  = 22.49 in < 80 in OK
 g 
With ε and s xe determined, interpolate to find β and θ in LRFD

x
Table 5.8.3.4.2 – 2.
θ = 53.3 degrees, which is close to the assumed angle
β = 1.38
For a 1 ft. wide section, substituting values into Vc equation produces:

Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ 1.38 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 34.71 = 36.3 kips
This results in:

Vn = Vc = 36.3 kips < 416.5 kips OK
Including the shear resistance factor, the shear capacity is found to be:
Vr = φ ⋅ Vn = 0.90 ⋅ 36.3 = 32.7 kips > 22.6 kips OK
Check Two-Way Shear in Footing

Punching of an individual pile through the abutment footing is checked
[5.13.3.6.1] next. The critical section for two-way shear is located at 0.5 dv from the
perimeter of the pile. The Row I pile at the acute corner is governing
case because it has the shortest length of critical section. See Figure
11.4.1.5.
Figure 11.4.1.5 – Partial Footing Plan
Measured from a CADD drawing, the length of the critical section

b o = 61.4 in
[5.13.3.6.3] ( ) ( )
φ Vn = φ 0.126 ⋅ f' c ⋅ b o d v = (0.90 )(0.126 ) 4 (61.4 )(34.71) = 483.4 kips
Vu = Row I Factored Pile Load = 202.6 kips < 483.4 kips OK

I. Design Footing The critical section for flexure in the footing is located at the face of the
Reinforcement stem for both the top and bottom transverse reinforcement.
1. Top Transverse Reinforcement

Design For Strength Limit State
The design moment for the top transverse bars is found by assuming the
heel acts as a cantilever supporting its self weight and the weight of the
earth resting on it. In cases where the required reinforcement to resist
these loads seems excessive, the moment due to the minimum back pile
reaction may be included to decrease the top mat design moment. Use
the maximum load factors for DC and EV.
The distributed load associated with the self weight of the footing heel is:
w ftg = γ ⋅ (thickness ) ⋅ (width) = 0.150 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 1.0 = 0.60 kips/ft
A heel length of 6.5 feet produces a moment of:

2
L 6.5
MDC = w ftg ⋅ L ⋅ = 0.60 ⋅ = 12.7 kip - ft
2 2
The distributed load associated with fill on top of the footing heel is:
wEV = 0.120 ⋅ (15.25 + 6.75) ⋅ 1.0 = 3.64 kips/ft
The associated moment in the footing at the stem is:

6.52
MEV = 2.64 ⋅ = 55.8 kip - ft
2
Combining loads to determine the design moment produces:

Mu = 1.25 ⋅ MDC + 1.35 ⋅ MEV = 1.25 ⋅ 12.7 + 1.35 ⋅ 55.8 = 91.2 kip - ft
Determining the depth of the flexural reinforcement:

d  1.128
d = (thickness ) − (cover) −  b  = 48 − 3 − = 44.44 in.
 2  2
[5.7.3.2] Solve for the required area of reinforcing steel:

 A s ⋅ fy 
Mr = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅ d −  ≥ Mu
 2 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅b 
Then for f’c = 4.0 ksi and φ = 0.90,

 A s ⋅ 60  1
Mu = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ 60 ⋅ d − ⋅
 1 .7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12  12
which can be rearranged to:

2
3.309 ⋅ A s − 4.5 ⋅ d ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
The required area of steel can be found by solving for the smaller root in
the quadratic equation.
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.236 ⋅ Mu
As =
6.618
2
The required area of steel is 0.46 in /ft. Try #22 bars at 12 inches
2
(As = 0.60 in /ft).

No more than 42 percent of the flexural cross section can be in
compression at the strength limit state.
0.875
For #22 bars, d = 48 − 3 − = 44.56 in.
2
A s ⋅ fy 0.60 ⋅ 60
c= = = 1.04 in.
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 12
The fraction of the section in compression is:

c 1.04
= = 0.023 < 0.42 OK
de 44.56

The minimum reinforcement check has two parts. The flexural
reinforcement needs to be able to carry a moment 20 percent larger than
the cracking moment of the cross section. If this criteria is not satisfied,
the amount of reinforcement needs to be increased to carry the lesser of
1.20 times the cracking moment or 1.33 times the original design
moment.
The rupture stress of concrete in flexure is:

[5.4.2.6] fr = 0.24 ⋅ f ' c = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi
The gross moment of inertia is:

1 1 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (48)3 = 110,600 in
12 12
The distance from the centroidal axis to the tension face is:
yt = 24.00 in
Combining these parameters leads to a cracking moment of:

fr ⋅ Ig 0.48 ⋅ 110,600
Mcr = = = 184.3 kip - ft
yt 24.00 ⋅ (12)
With a 20 percent increase, the required capacity is:

1.2 Mcr = 221.2 kip - ft
The capacity of the #22 bars at a 12 inch spacing is:

 a
Mr = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅  d − 
 2
 1.04 ⋅ 0.85  1

Mr = 0.9 ⋅ 0.60 ⋅ 60 ⋅  44.56 −  ⋅   = 119.1 kip - ft
 2   12 
Which is less than the 221.2 kip - ft capacity required.
The strength design moment of 91.2 kip-ft is less than half of the 1.2·Mcr
moment. Provide reinforcement capable of resisting:
1.33 ⋅ Mu = 1.33 ⋅ 91.2 = 121.8 kip - ft
The #22 bars at 12 inches, with a capacity of 119.1 kip – ft, are within
3% of the required capacity. Consider the design adequate.
2. Bottom Transverse Reinforcement

Although the toe has a greater thickness than the heel, for simplicity
assume a constant thickness of 48 inches. Then the design moment for
the bottom mat is the largest of the moments due to the maximum pile
reactions for the Row I or Row III piles.
For the Row I piles:

MuRowI =   (Moment Arm)
 202.6 
=  (4.00 - 1.25) = 74.3 kip − ft/ft width
 7.5 
For the Row III piles, subtract off the moment due to earth on the heel
when calculating the factored moment:
MuRowIII =   (Moment Arm) − φ Mev
 198.1 
=  (6.50 - 1.25) − 0.90 (55.8) = 68.6 kip − ft/ft width
 8.75 
The Row I moment governs. Mudes = 74.3 kip - ft/ft width
Assuming #29 bars, the depth of the bottom flexural reinforcement is:
d  1.128
d = (thickness) − (pile embedment) −  b  = 48 − 12 − = 35.44 in.
 2  2
Solve once again with:

4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.236 ⋅ Mu
As =
6.618
2
The required area of steel is 0.47 in /ft. Try #22 bars at 12 inches with
2
standard hooks (As = 0.60 in /ft).
[5.7.3.3.2]
The minimum reinforcement check for the bottom of the footing has the
same steps as the other elements.

1 1 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (48)3 = 110,600 in
12 12
yt = 24.00 in
Combining these parameters and using the rupture stress computed

earlier leads to a cracking moment of:
fr ⋅ Ig 0.48 ⋅ 110,600
Mcr = = = 184.3 ft - kip
yt 24.00 ⋅ (12)

1.2 Mcr = 221.2 kip - ft
0.875
For #22 bars, d = 48 − 12 − = 35.56 in
2

 a
Mr = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅  d − 
 2

Mr = 0.9 ⋅ 0.60 ⋅ 60 ⋅  35.56 −
1.04 ⋅ 1.85   1 
⋅ 
 2   12 
= 94.8 kip - ft < 221.2 kip - ft NO GOOD

Therefore, we must provide reinforcement capable of resisting:
1.33 ⋅ Mu = 1.33 ⋅ 74.3
= 98.4 kip - ft > 94.8 kip - ft by 4.2% NO GOOD
2
Revise reinforcement to #25 bars at 12 inches (As = 0.79 in /ft). Then
Mr = 124.1 kip - ft > = 98.8 kip - ft OK
Check Maximum Reinforcement

[5.7.3.3.1] 1.00
For #25 bars, d = 48 − 12 − = 35.50 in
2
A s ⋅ fy 0.79 ⋅ 60
c= = = 1.37 in
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 12

c 1.37
= = 0.039 < 0.42 OK
de 35.50
2
Provide #25 bars at 12 inches (As = 0.79 in /ft).
3. Longitudinal Reinforcement
For longitudinal bars, design for uniform load due to all vertical loads
spread equally over the length of the footing. Assume the footing acts as
a continuous beam over pile supports. Use the longest pile spacing for
design span.
Then based on the maximum vertical load from Table 11.4.1.5:
4252
w = = 76.8 kips/ft
u 55.33
2 2
wuL 76.8 ⋅ (8.75)
Mu = = = 588.0 kip - ft
10 10
Assume #19 bars, which is the smallest size used by Mn/DOT in footings:
0.75
d = 48 − 12 − 1.00 − = 34.63 in
2
Solve for required area of reinforcement:
 A s ⋅ fy 
Mr = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅  d −  ≥ Mu
 '
2 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ fc ⋅ b 

 A s ⋅ 60  1
Then 588.0 = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ 60 ⋅  34.63 − ⋅
 2 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 180  12
2
Rearrange and get 0.2206 ⋅ A s − 155.84 ⋅ A s + 588.0 = 0
2
Solving, minimum As = 3.79 in
2
Try 15-#19 bars at a 12 inch spacing. (As = 6.60 in )
Check Minimum Reinforcement

By inspection, Mr > 1.33 ⋅ Mu OK
A s ⋅ fy 6.60 ⋅ 60
c= = = 0.76 in
'
0.85 ⋅ fc ⋅ β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 180
c 0.76
= = 0.0219 < 0.42 OK
d 34.63
2
Provide 15-#19 bars at 12 inches (As = 6.60 in ) for the footing
longitudinal reinforcement.
J. Flexural Design The moments associated with the eccentricity of vertical loads are
of the Stem minimal and are therefore ignored. Use a one-foot wide design strip.
The stem design is governed by the horizontal earth pressure and live
load surcharge loading during construction.
[3.11.5.5] Horizontal Earth Pressure

ptop = 0.0 ksf
pbottom = 0.033 ⋅ 22.25 = 0.734 ksf
The resultant force applied to the stem is:

PEH = 0.5 ⋅ (0.734) ⋅ (22.25) ⋅ (1.00) = 8.17 kips
The height of the resultant above the footing is:

x EH = 0.33 ⋅ 22.25 = 7.34 ft
The moment at the base of the stem is:

MEH = PEH ⋅ x EH = 8.17 ⋅ 7.34 = 60.0 kp - ft
[Table 3.11.6.4-1] Live Load Surcharge

For walls over 20 feet in height, heq is 2 feet.
The resultant force applied to the stem is:

PLS = 0.033 ⋅ (2.00) ⋅ (22.25) ⋅ (1.00) = 1.47 kips
The height of the resultant force above the footing is:

22.25
xLS = = 11.13 ft
2
The moment at the base of the stem is:

MLS = PLS ⋅ X LS = 1.47 ⋅ 11.13 = 16.4 kip - ft
Design Moments
The design factored moment is:
Mu = 1.5 ⋅ MEH + 1.75 ⋅ MLS = 1.50 ⋅ 60.0 + 1.75 ⋅ 16.4 = 118.7 kip - ft
The design service moment is:
Mservice = 1.0 ⋅ MEH + 1.0 ⋅ MLS = 1.0 ⋅ 60.0 + 1.0 ⋅ 16.4 = 76.4 kip - ft
Horizontal
Load
xh
Figure 11.4.1.4 - Load Diagram for Stem Design
[5.7.2.2] Investigate the Strength Limit State

[5.7.3.2] Determine the area of back-face flexural reinforcement necessary to
satisfy the design moment.
MU = 118.7 kip - ft
Initially, assume that #19 bars are used for flexural reinforcement to
compute the “d” dimension:
 db  0.75
d = (thickness ) − (cover) −   = 54 − 2 − = 51.63 in
 2  2
Using
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.236 ⋅ Mu
As =
6.618
2
The required area of steel is 0.51 in /ft. Try #16 bars at 6 inches
2
(As=0.62 in /ft, d=51.69 in).

Check crack control equations to ensure that the primary reinforcement is
well distributed.
The transformed area of the reinforcement is:

2
n ⋅ A s = 8 ⋅ 0.62 = 4.96 in
12”
fc
x
N.A.
d = 51.69
n·As ds - x
fs/n
Figure 11.4.1.5

1 2
⋅ bx = n ⋅ As (d - x)
2
1 2
⋅ ( 12) ⋅ x = 4.96 (51.69 - x) solving, x = 6.14 inches
2
x 6.14
j·d = d − = 51.69 – = 49.64 in
3 3
M 76.4 ⋅12
Actual fs = = = 29.8 ksi
As ⋅ j ⋅ d 0.62 ⋅ (49.64)
For z = 170 kips/in, dc = 2.313 inches, #16 bars at 6 inches;
2 ⋅ (dc ) ⋅ b 2 ⋅ (2.313) ⋅ 12
A= = = 27.8 in2
N 2
z 170
Permitted f s = 3 =
3 2.313 ⋅ 27.8
= 42.4 > 0.6·fy = 36 ksi
dc ⋅ A
Actual f s = 29.8 ksi < Permitted fs = 36.0 ksi OK

2
compression at the strength limit state. With As = 0.62 in /ft and d =
51.69 inches, the depth of the section in compression is:
A s ⋅ fy 0.62 ⋅ 60
c= = = 1.07 in
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 12

c 1.07
= = 0.021 < 0.42 OK
d 51.69

1 1 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (54)3 = 157,500 in
12 12
yt = 27.00 in
Combining these parameters and using the rupture stress computed

earlier leads to a cracking moment of:
fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 157,500
Mcr = = = 233.3 kip-ft
yt 27.00 ⋅ (12)

1.2 Mcr = 280.0 kip - ft

 a
Mr = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅  d − 
 2

Mr = 0.9 ⋅ 0.62 ⋅ 60 ⋅  51.69 −
1.07 ⋅ 1.85   1 
 ⋅   = 142.9 kip - ft
 2   12 
142.9 kip - ft < 280.0 kip - ft OK
The strength design moment of 118.7 kip-ft is less than half of the
1.2·Mcr moment. Provide reinforcement capable of resisting:
1.33 ⋅ Mu = 1.33 ⋅ 118.7 = 157.9 kip - ft
2
With #19 bars (d = 51.63) the required area of steel is 0.69 in /ft.
2
Provide #19 bars at 6 inches (As = 0.88 in /ft) for vertical back face
reinforcement.
Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

Mn/DOT practice for members over 48 inches thick is to use #19 bars
spaced at 12 inches.
2
Use #19 bars at 12 inches (As = 0.44 in /ft) on each face, for horizontal
reinforcement and #19 bars at 12 inches for vertical front face
reinforcement.
K. Splice Length Calculate the tension lap length for the stem reinforcing. For epoxy
[5.11.5.3] coated #19 bars the basic development length l db is the greater of:
[5.11.2] 1.25 ⋅ A b ⋅ fy 1.25 ⋅ 0.44 ⋅ 60
l db ⋅ = = = 16.5 in.
f' c 4.0
or
l db = 0.4 ⋅ db ⋅ fy = 0.4 ⋅ 0.75 ⋅ 60 = 18.0 in. GOVERNS
The modification factors to the development length are:

• 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with cover less than three bar
diameters (2.25 in).
• 0.8 for bars with spacing ≥ 6 inches and cover ≥ 3 inches in
direction of spacing. (Note that cover for the end bars is < 3
inches, but the wall is long, so cover will have negligible effect.)
Then the development length l d is:

l d = 18.0 ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 0.8 = 21.6 in.
Referring to LRFD Table 5.11.5.3.1-1, with 100 percent of the steel

spliced and less than twice the necessary amount of steel provided, a
Class C splice should be provided.
[5.11.5.3.1] The required lap length l is:

spl
l = 1.70 ⋅ l d = 1.70 ⋅ 21.6 = 36.7 in

spl
Use a tension lap length of 37 inches.
L. Flexural Design The required vertical reinforcement in the backwall (parapet) is sized to
of the Backwall carry the moment at the bottom of the backwall. The design is
(parapet) performed on a one-foot wide strip of wall. The backwall design is
governed by the horizontal earth pressure and live load surcharge loading
during construction.
Horizontal Earth Pressure

ptop = 0.0 ksf
pbottom = 0.033 ⋅ 6.75 = 0.223 ksf
The resultant force applied to the backwall is:

PEH = 0.5 ⋅ (0.223) ⋅ (6.75) ⋅ (1.00) = 0.75 kips
The height of the resultant above the bottom of the backwall is:
x EH = 0.33 ⋅ (6.75) = 2.25 ft
The moment at the bottom of the backwall is:

MEH = PEH ⋅ x EH = 0.75 ⋅ 2.25 = 1.69 kip - ft
[Table 3.11.6.4-1] Live Load Surcharge

Interpolate between the values provided in the table to arrive at the
required equivalent height of surcharge to use for the design of the
backwall.
 6.75 − 5 
heq =   ⋅ (3 − 4) + 4 = 3.65 ft
 10.0 − 5 
The resultant force applied to the backwall is:

PLS = 0.033 ⋅ (3.65) ⋅ (6.75) ⋅ (1.00) = 0.81 kips
The height of the resultant force above the bottom of the backwall is:
6.75
x LS = = 3.38 ft
2
Moment at the bottom of the backwall is:

MLS = PLS ⋅ x LS = 0.81 ⋅ 3.38 = 2.74 kip - ft
Horizontal
Load
x
M
Figure 11.4.1.6 - Load Diagram for Backwall Design
Design Moments
Combining the load factors for the EH and LS load components with the
flexural design forces at the bottom of the backwall produces the
following design forces.
MU = 1.5MEH + 1.75MLS = 1.5(1.69) + 1.75(2.74) = 7.33 kip - ft
MSERVICE = MEH + MLS = 1.69 + 2.74 = 4.43 kip - ft
[5.7.2.2] Investigate the Strength Limit State

[5.7.3.2] Determine the area of back-face flexural reinforcement necessary to
satisfy the design moment.
Once again, use

4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d2 − 13.236 ⋅ Mu
As =
6.618
Initially, assume that #19 bars are used for flexural reinforcement to
compute the “d” dimension:
d  0.75
d = (thickness ) − (clear cover ) −  b  = 18 − 2 − = 15.63 in
 2  2
2
Solving the equation, the required area of steel is 0.10 in /ft.
In no case should reinforcement be less than #16 bars at a 12 inch

2
spacing. The area of steel for #16 bars at 12 inches is 0.31 in /ft.
Continue the backwall flexural checks using #16 bars at 12 inches. The
actual “d” for this reinforcement layout is:
0.625
d = 18 − 2 − = 15.69 in.
2
[5.7.3.4] Check Crack Control

Check crack control equations to ensure that the primary reinforcement is
well distributed. Design for a z value of 170 kip/in.
To check if steel stresses are acceptable, determine the cracked section

properties with the trial reinforcement.
Compute the modular ratio for 4.0 ksi concrete:

E 29,000
n= s = = 7.96 Use 8
33,000 ⋅ (0.145) ⋅ 4
Ec 1.5
The transformed area of the reinforcement is:

2
n ⋅ As = 8 ⋅ 0.31 = 2.48 in

1 2
⋅ bx = n ⋅ As (ds - x)
2
1 2
2
x 2.35
j·d = d − = 15.69 – = 14.91 in
3 3
M 4.43 ⋅12
As ⋅ j ⋅ d 0.31 ⋅ (14.91)
For z = 170 kips/in, dc = 2.31 inches, #16 bars at 12 inches;

2 ⋅ (dc ) ⋅ b 2 ⋅ (2.31) ⋅ 12
A= = = 55.4 in2
N 1
z 170
Permitted f s = = = 33.7 ksi < 0.6·fy = 36.0 ksi
3d ⋅ A 3 2.31 ⋅ 55.4
c
Actual f s = 11.5 ksi < Permitted fs = 33.7 ksi OK

2
compression at the strength limit state. With As = 0.31 in /ft and d =
15.69 inches, the depth of the section in compression is:
A s ⋅ fy 0.31 ⋅ 60
c= = = 0.54 in.
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅β 1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ 12

c 0.54
= = 0.034 < 0.42 OK
d 15.69

1 1 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (18)3 = 5,832 in
12 12
yt = 9.00 in
Combining these parameters leads to a cracking moment of:

fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 5,832
Mcr = = = 25.9 kip-ft
yt 9.00 ⋅ (12)
And with the 20 percent increase, the required capacity is:

1.2 Mcr = 31.1 kip-ft


Mr = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy ⋅  d −
a

 2
 0.54 ⋅ 0.85   1 
Mr = 0.9 ⋅ 0.31 ⋅ 60 ⋅  15.69 −  ⋅   = 21.6 < 31.1 kip - ft
 2   12 
2
The required steel area due to flexure is 0.10 in /ft. The minimum steel
2
permitted (#16 bars at 12 inches) has an area of 0.31 in /ft.
Consequently, the minimum steel provides more than 1.33 of the
required steel.
Use #16 bars at 12 inches for vertical back face reinforcement.

[5.10.8] Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement

To distribute and limit the size of cracks associated with concrete
shrinkage and with temperature changes, a modest amount of
reinforcement is provided transverse to the primary reinforcement.
The total area of required transverse reinforcement to be distributed to

both faces is:
 Ag 
A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅   = 0.11 ⋅  18 ⋅ 12  = 0.40 in2/ft
 f   60 
 y 
2
Provide horizontal #16 bars at 12 inches to both faces, As = 0.31 in /ft
The final reinforcing layout, is presented in Figure 11.4.1.7.

Figure 11.4.1.7

11.4.2 Retaining This design example illustrates the design of a cantilever retaining wall
Wall Design supported on a spread footing. The wall supports 13’-0” of fill, an “F”
Example rail, and has no counterforts. After assembling the load components and
design loads, the global behavior of the retaining wall is evaluated. This
includes: an eccentricity or overturning check, a bearing stress check,
and a sliding check, after which, the wall section is designed. The design
example concludes with shear and flexural checks of the footing.
A preliminary cross-section of the wall is shown in Figure 11.4.2.1.

Choose a footing width between 70 and 75 percent of the stem height
and a footing thickness between 10 and 15 percent of the stem height.
Choose a toe projection equal to approximately 30 percent of the footing
width.
Figure 11.4.2.1
Material and design parameters used in this example are:
Soil:
The soil is noncohesive.
Unit Weight of fill, ws = 0.120 kcf
Ultimate Soil Capacity, qn = 4.5 tsf
Internal friction angle of foundation soil, φf = 30°
Concrete:
Strength at 28 Days, f’c = 4.0 ksi
Unit Weight, wc = 0.150 kcf
Reinforcement:
Yield Strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi
Barrier (“F” rail) Weight = 0.439 k/ft
A. Bearing The qn values are provided to designers in the foundation

Resistance recommendation report. The report is based on standard penetration
[10.6.3.1] test (SPT) data.
[Table 10.5.5-1]
φ = 0.45 for soil resistance
qr = φ ⋅ qn = 0.45 ⋅ (4.5) = 2.03 tsf
B. Permanent The design of the retaining wall is performed on a strip 1’-0” wide.
Loads (DC and EV) Figure 11.4.2.2 shows a section of the retaining wall. Soil and concrete
[3.5.1] elements are broken into rectangles or triangles. Each rectangle or
triangle is labeled with two numbers. The first number is the unfactored
weight of the region and the second number (the number in parenthesis)
is the horizontal distance “x” from the toe of the footing to the center of
the region.
C. Earth Pressure For level fill applications, the equivalent-fluid method of LRFD Section
(EH) 3.11.5.5 can be used to determine the magnitude of active earth
[3.11.5] pressure. For dense sand backfills equivalent fluids with a unit weight
between 0.030 and 0.035 kcf are appropriate. Mn/DOT practice is to use
0.033 kcf.
γ eq = 0.033 kcf
For a 1 foot wide design strip, the horizontal earth pressure is:
PEHtop = (0.033) (0) (1) = 0 kips/ft
PEHbottom = (0.033) (14.50) (1) = 0.479 kips/ft
1
PEH = (0.479) (14.50) = 3.47 kips
2
The earth pressure resultant is applied at:
yEH = S / 3 = (14.50) / 3 = 4.83 ft above bottom of footing
See Figure 11.3.2.2 for application of the earth pressure load.
D. Live Load The horizontal pressure pLS due to live load surchange is:
Surcharge (LS)
p LS = γ eq ⋅ heq
[3.11.6.4]
From Table 3.11.6.4-2, use heq = 2.0 ft based on a distance from wall
backface to edge of traffic ≥ 1 ft.
pLS = (0.033) (2.0) = 0.066 ksf
Horizontal Component of LS:
PLS = (0.066) (14.50) = 0.96 kips
The live load surcharge resultant is applied at:
S 14.50
y LS = = = 7.25 ft above bottom of footing
2 2
See Figure 11.4.2.2 for application of the live load surcharge.

Figure 11.4.2.2
E. Barrier Loading The vehicle collision load and Extreme Event II limit state will be
(CT) considered only when checking overturning, bearing, and sliding of the
[A13.2] wall. A yield line analysis shows that the F-rail reinforcement is adequate
to resist the vehicle collision load. (See F-Rail Design Example in Section
13.3.1 of this manual.) The retaining wall reinforcement will be the same
or greater than the F-rail reinforcement. Therefore, by inspection, it will
also be adequate to resist the collision load.
From Section 13.3.1E, the length of the end region Lce for barrier load
distribution is:
Lce = 5.0 ft (for F-rail)
Assume that the load distributes within the wall with a 45˚ slope and that
one end of the retaining wall is vertical (next to the end of the wall or
adjacent to a vertical joint in the wall.) The elevation view presented in

Figure 11.4.2.3 shows the assumed effective length of the retaining wall.
Figure 11.4.2.3
The horizontal vehicle collision force applied to the barrier is 54 kips.
54
@ bottom of footing, PCT = = 2.44 kip/ft width
5.0 + 2.67 + 13 + 1.50
PCT is applied at a height:

yCT = 2.67 = 13.0 = 1.50 = 17.17 ft above bottom of footing
Per LRFD Article 13.6.2, this loading is already factored and is to be

considered at the extreme event limit state.
F. Select Load For typical retaining walls use:

Modifiers ηD = 1 , ηR = 1 , η I = 1
[1.3.3-1.3.5]
G. Select Table 11.4.2.1 summarizes the load combinations used for design of the
Applicable Load wall. Strength Ia and Extreme Event IIa, both used to check sliding and
Combinations and overturning, have minimum load factors for the vertical loads and
Factors maximum load factors for the horizontal loads. Strength Ib and Extreme
[3.4.1] Event IIb are used to check bearing and have maximum load factors for
both vertical and horizontal loads. Note that live load surcharge (LS) and
horizontal earth (EH) are not included in Extreme Event IIa or IIb. The
vehicle collision load (CT) is an instantaneous load applied in the same
direction as LS and EH. Because of its instantaneous nature, it has the
effect of unloading LS and EH. Therefore, the three loads are not
additive and only CT is included in the Extreme Event load combinations.
The service limit state is used for the crack control check.
Table 11.4.2.1 - Load Combinations Considered for Example

Load Comb. γDC γEV γLS γEH γCT Application
Sliding,
Strength Ia 0.90 1.00 1.75 1.50 -
Overturning
Bearing, Wall
Strength Ib 1.25 1.35 1.75 1.50 -
Strength
Sliding,
Extreme IIa 0.90 1.00 - - 1.00
Overturning
Extreme IIb 1.25 1.35 - - 1.00 Bearing
Service I 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - Wall Crack Control
H. Tabulate Loads The vertical loads and lever arms to the toe of the footing for the earth
and Moments For and concrete dead loads in Figure 11.4.2.2 are summarized in Table
Footing Design 11.4.2.2. Also presented are the corresponding moments about the toe.
Ps pertains to the stem and barrier. Pf pertains to the footing, and EV
summarizes the vertical earth loads on both the toe and heel.
Table 11.4.2.2
Unfactored Vertical Loads and Moments about Toe
Moment Arm
Vertical Load V About Toe x Moment About Toe
(kips) (ft) (kip-ft)
Ps1 (barrier) 0.44 3.32 1.46
Ps2 (rectangle) 2.93 3.50 10.26
Ps3 (triangle) 0.53 4.43 2.35
Ps (resultant) 3.90 3.61 14.07
Pf1 (1’-7/2” thick) 074 1.52 1.12
Pf2 (1’-6” thick) 1.40 6.15 8.61
Pf (resultant) 2.14 4.55 9.73
EV1 (toe) 0.95 1.38 1.31
EV2(rectangle) 6.96 7.02 48.86
EV3 (triangle) 0.42 4.61 1.94
EV (resultant) 8.33 6.26 52.11
Table 11.4.2.3 contains similar data for the horizontal loads presented in
Figures 11.4.2.2 and 11.4.2.3.
Table 11.4.2.3
Unfactored Horizontal Loads and Overturning Moments
Moment Arm To
H Bottom of Footing Moment
Horizontal Load
(kip) y (kip-ft)
(feet)
PEH 3.47 4.83 16.76
PLS 0.96 7.25 6.96
PCT 2.44 17.17 41.89
Calculate loads and moments acting on the retaining wall for the different
load combinations. An example calculation for the Strength Ia load
combination is shown below. Results for other load combinations are
shown in Table 11.4.2.4.
Strength Ia: ηD ⋅ ηR ⋅ ηI (0.90 DC + 1.0 EV + 1.75 LS +1.50 EH)
V = 1.0 [0.90 (3.90+2.14)+1.0 (8.33)]
= 13.77 kips
MV =1.0 [0.90(14.07 + 9.73) = 1.0(52.11)]

= 73.53 kip-ft
H = 1.0 (1.75 ⋅ 0.96 + 1.50 ⋅ 3.47) = 6.89 kips
MH = 1.0 (1.75 ⋅ 6.96 + 1.50 ⋅ 16.76) = 37.32 kip − ft
Table 11.4.2.4 - Factored Loads and Moments

Vertical Load Moment Horizontal Moment
Load Combination V MV Load H MH
(kips) (kip-ft) (kips) (kip-ft)
Strength Ia 13.77 73.53 6.89 37.32
Strength Ib 18.80 100.10 6.89 37.32
Extreme Ev. IIa 13.77 73.53 2.44 41.89
Extreme Ev. IIb 18.80 100.10 2.44 41.89
Service I 14.37 75.91 4.43 23.72
I. Check The width of footing dimension is designated as “d” in the Bridge

Overturning Standard Plans for retaining walls. The LRFD Specifications designate the
[11.6.3.3] width of the footing as “B”. For this example, the foundation rests on soil.
B d 9.25
[10.6.3.1.5] emax = = = = 2.31 ft
4 4 4
Using the following relationships, compare the actual eccentricity e to

emax:
Mv − Mh d
xr = , Actual e =
- xr
V 2
where xr = location of resultant from the toe
For Strength Ia:

73.53 − 37.32
xr = = 2.63 ft
13.77
9.25
Actual e = − 2.63 = 2.00 ft < 2.31 ft OK
2
For Extreme Event IIa:
73.53 − 41.89
xr = = 2.30 ft
13.77
9.25
Actual e = − 2.30 = 2.33 ft > 2.31 ft by 0.87% SAY OK
2
The footing size is satisfactory for overturning.
J. Check Bearing Determine if the bearing resistance (qr = 2.03 tsf) is adequate for the
[11.6.3.2] calculated bearing pressure σ V .
ΣV
σV =
(d − 2e)
where ΣV = summation of vertical forces per unit length of wall
For Strength Ib:
M v − Mh 100.10 − 37.32
xr = = = 3.34 ft
V 18.80
d 9.25
e= − xr = − 3.34 = 1.29 ft
2 2
18.80  1  = 1.41 tsf < 2.03 tsf

⋅
σV =  OK
9.25 - 2 ⋅ (1.29)  2 
For Extreme Event IIb:
100.10 − 41.89
xr = = 3.10 ft
18.80
9.25
e= − 3.10 = 1.53 ft
2
18.80  1  = 1.52 tsf < 2.03 tsf

⋅
σV =  OK
9.25 - 2 ⋅ (1.53)  2 
The footing size is satisfactory for bearing.
K. Check Sliding The factored horizontal force is checked against the friction resistance
[10.6.3.3] between the footing and the soil. If adequate resistance is not provided
[Table 3.11.5.3.1] by the footing, a shear key must be added.
QR = φ Qn = φΤ QT + φEP QEP
From LRFD Table 10.5.5-1, φT = 0.80

QT = V tan δ (for cohesionless soils)
[10.6.3.3]
with tan δ = tan φf (for CIP footing)
For Strength Ia:
QT = 13.77 (tan 30 ° ) = 7.95 kips
Qep = 0.0 (No shear key)
QR = 0.80 (7.95) + (0.0) = 6.36kips < 6.89 kips NO GOOD
A shear key must be added.
Similar to the retaining wall details in the Bridge Standard Plans, use a 1
foot by 1 foot shear key placed such that the back wall reinforcement will
extend into the shear key. Consider only the passive resistance of soil in
front of the shear key. Ignore the passive resistance of soil in front of
the wall and toe. Refer to Figure 11.4.2.4.
Passive Resistance Due to Shear Key

Figure 11.4.2.4
For horizontal fill and a shear key with a vertical face,
2 φ   30 
k p = tan  45 + f  = tan2  45 +  = 3.0
 2   2 
Then:
p ep1 = k p w s y1 = 3.0 ⋅ 0.120 ⋅ 4.50 = 1.62 ksf
p ep2 = k p w s y 2 = 3.0 ⋅ 0.120 ⋅ 5.50 = 1.98 ksf
 p ep2 + p ep1 
QEP =  (y 2 − y1 )
 2 
 
 1.98 + 1.62 
=  ⋅ (5.50 − 4.50)
 2 
= 1.80 k
Referring again to LRFD Table 10.5.5-1:
φT = 1.00 (Soil on soil to be used only in area in front of shear key)
φep = 0.50
For Strength Ia with shear key added:
 4.25   5.00 
QR = 1.00 ⋅   ⋅ 7.95 + 0.80 ⋅   ⋅ 7.95 + 0.50 ⋅ 1.80
 9.25   9.25 
= 7.99 kips > 6.89 kips OK
By inspection, sliding resistance is adequate for Extreme Event IIa.
L. Design Footing Design footings to have adequate shear capacity without transverse
for Shear reinforcement.
[5.13.3.6]
Determine dv
2
As a starting point, assume #22 bars @ 12” (As = 0.60 in /ft) for the top
2
transverse bars in the heel and #16 bars @ 12” (As = 0.31 in /ft) for the
bottom transverse bars in the toe. Cover is 3 inches for the top
reinforcement and 5 inches for the bottom reinforcement.
Then for the heel:

0.875
dsheel = 18-3- = 14.56 in
2
A s ⋅ fy 0.60 ⋅ 60
aheel = = = 0.88 in
'
0.85 ⋅ fc ⋅b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
a 0.88
[5.8.2.9] dvheel = dsheel − = 14.56 − = 14.12 in GOVERNS
2 2
or dvheel = 0.9 ⋅ de = 0.9⋅ dsheel = 0.90 ⋅ 14.56 = 13.10 in

or dvheel = 0.72 ⋅ h = 0.72⋅ 18.00 = 12.96 in
For the toe:

0.625
dstoe = 19.5 − 5 − = 14.19 in
2
0.31 ⋅ 60
atoe = = 0.46 in
0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
0.46
dvtoe = 14.19 − = 13.96 in
2
or dvtoe = 0.9 ⋅ 14.19 = 12.77 in
or dvtoe = 0.72 ⋅ 19.50 = 14.04 in GOVERNS
Check Heel for Shear

The critical shear section for the heel of the footing is located at the back
face of the wall. The heel of the footing is assumed to carry its selfweight
and the rectangular soil block above it. This neglects the benefit of any
upward soil pressure below the footing.
Vu = (γ EV ⋅ w ⋅ h + γ DC ⋅ w ⋅ c)(d − b − a)
s c
Vu = 1.35 ⋅ 0.120 ⋅ 13 + 1.25 ⋅ 0.150 ⋅ 1.50) ⋅ (9.25 − 2.75 − 2.04)

= 10.65 kips
[5.8.3.3] Using β = 2.0 and assuming #22 bars in the top mat:
[5.8.3.4]
'
[5.8.2.9] φ ⋅ Vc = φ ⋅ 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ f ⋅ b v ⋅ d v
c
φ ⋅ Vc = 0.90 ⋅ 0.0316 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 14.12
= 19.28 k > 10.65 k OK
Check Toe for Shear

The peak factored bearing stress is 1.52 tsf for the Extreme Event IIb
load case. The critical section for the toe of the footing is at dv from the
front face of the wall. For a quick simplified check, try applying the peak
bearing stress over the entire length of the toe (dimension b = 2’-9”).
Vu = σ v ⋅ b = 1.52 ⋅ 2.75 ⋅ 2 = 8.36 k/ft
By inspection the toe has adequate shear capacity.

M. Design Footing Each mat of reinforcement is checked to ensure that it has adequate
Reinforcement capacity and that maximum and minimum reinforcement checks are
[5.13.3.4] satisfied.
The critical section for flexure in the footing is at the face of the wall.
Top Transverse Reinforcement

From the shear check of the heel, Vu = 10.65 kips.
Then:
Mu = Vu ⋅ (moment arm)
 9.25 − 2.75 − 2.04 
= 10.65 ⋅   = 23.75 kip − ft
 2 
Set up the equation to solve for required steel area:
 a
Mu = φMn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy  ds − 
 2
 A s ⋅ fy 
= φ ⋅ A s ⋅ fy  ds − 
 1.7 ⋅ fc ⋅ b 
'

 A s ⋅ 60  1
Mu = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ 60 ⋅  ds − ⋅ 
 1.7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12   12 
2
3.309 ⋅ A s − 4.5 ⋅ ds ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
For 3” clear cover and #22 bars, ds = 14.56 in
Substituting and solving for As, we get:

2
Required As = 0.37 in /ft
2
Try #19 bars @ 12”, As = 0.44 in /ft

Determine the cracking moment:
fr = 0.24 ⋅ f 'c = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi
1 3 1 3 4
Ig = ⋅b⋅c = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (18) = 5832 in
12 12
1 1
yt = ⋅c = ⋅ 18 = 9 in
2 2
fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 5832
Mcr = = = 25.9 kip-ft
yt 9 ⋅ (12)
The capacity of the section must be ≥ the smaller of:

1.2 Mcr = 31.1 kip-ft
GOVERNS
4 4
or ⋅ Mu = ⋅ 23.75 = 31.7 kip − ft
3 3
The capacity of the top mat of reinforcement is:

Mr = φ As fy (ds – a/2)
For #19 bars, ds = 14.63 in
 0.44 ⋅ (60)  1
Mr = 0.9 ⋅ (0.44) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 14.63 − ⋅
 2 ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (4) ⋅ (12)  12
Mr = 28.3 kip-ft < 31.1 kip-ft NO GOOD
2
Revise reinforcement to #22 bars @12”, As = 0.60 in /ft
Mr = 38.1 kip-ft > 31.1 kip-ft OK

A s ⋅ fy 0.60 ⋅ (60)
c= = = 1.04 in
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ (4) ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (12)
c c 1.04
= = = 0.071 < 0.42 OK
de ds 14.56
2
Use #22 bars @12” (As = 0.60 in /ft) for top transverse reinforcement in
the footing
Bottom Transverse Reinforcement

From shear check for the toe, Vu = 8.36 kips
 2.75 
Mu = Vu ⋅ (moment arm) = 8.36 ⋅   = 11.50 kip-ft
 2 
For 5” clear cover and #16 bars, ds = 14.19 in
2
Again use: 3.309 ⋅ A s − 4.5 ⋅ ds ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
Substituting and solving for As, we get:
2
Required As = 0.18 in /ft
2
Try #16 bars @12”, As = 0.31 in /ft

Compute the compression block depth:
A s ⋅ fy 0.31 ⋅ (60)
c= = = 0.54 in
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ (4) ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (12)
c c 0.54
= = = 0.038 < 0.42 OK
de ds 14.19
[5.7.3.3.2]
1 3 1 3 4
Ig = ⋅b⋅c = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (19.50) = 7415 in
12 12
1 1
yt = ⋅c = ⋅ 19.50 = 9.75 in
2 2
fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 7415
Mcr = = = 30.4 kip-ft
yt 9.75 ⋅ (12)
1.2 Mcr = 1.2⋅30.4 = 36.5 kip-ft
4 4
or ⋅ Mu = ⋅ 11.50 = 15.3 kip − ft GOVERNS
3 3
Compute the capacity of the provided steel:

Mr = φ As fy (ds – a/2)
 0.31 ⋅ (60 )  1

Mr = 0.9 (0.31) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 14.19 −  ⋅ 
2 ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (4 ) ⋅ (12 )   12 

Mr = 19.48 ft-kips > 15.3 kip-ft OK
2
Use #16 bars @ 12” (As = 0.31 in /ft) for bottom transverse
reinforcement in the footing.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
[5.10.8] Provide longitudinal reinforcement in the footing based on shrinkage and
temperature requirements.
For footings, shrinkage reinforcement need not exceed 0.0015·Ag

2
A s = 0.0015 ⋅ (19.50) ⋅ (12) = 0.35 in /ft total in each direction
Half is required in each face,

1 2
Min As = (0.35) = 0.18 in /ft
2
2
Use #16 bars @ 12" (As = 0.31 in /ft) for top and bottom longitudinal
reinforcement in the footing.
N. Determine The loads on the stem at the top of the footing can now be determined to
Loads For Wall arrive at the design forces for the wall.
Stem Design
Earth Pressure:
PEHtop = 0 kips/ft
PEHbottom = 0.033 (13.0) (1) = 0.429 kips/ft

1
PEH = (0.429) (13.0) = 2.79 kips
2
13
yEH = = 4.33 ft
3
MEH = PEH ⋅ y LS = 2.79 ⋅ 4.33 = 12.08 kip − ft
Live Load Surcharge:
PLS = (0.066) (13) = 0.86 kips
13
yLS = = 6.50 ft
2
M = P ⋅ y LS = 0.86 ⋅ 6.50 = 5.59 kip − ft
LS LS
Using the Strength I load combination, the factored design forces for the
wall stem are:
Hu = 1.50 ⋅ PEH + 1.75 ⋅ PLS
= 1.50 ⋅ 2.79 + 1.75 ⋅ 0.86
= 5.69 kips
Mu = 1.50 ⋅ MEH + 1.75 ⋅ MLS
= 1.50 ⋅ 12.08 + 1.75 ⋅ 5.59
= 27.90 kip-ft
The service design forces for the wall stem are:

Hserv = 1.00 ⋅ PEH + 1.00 ⋅ PLS
= 1.00 ⋅ 2.79 + 1.00 ⋅ 0.86
= 3.65 kips
Mserv = 1.00 ⋅ MEH + 1.00 ⋅ MLS

= 1.00 ⋅ 12.08 + 1.00 ⋅ 5.59
= 17.67 kip-ft
O. Wall Stem Shear typically does not govern the design of retaining walls. If shear
Design – does become an issue, the thickness of the stem should be increased
Investigate Shear such that transverse reinforcement is not required.
Ignoring the benefits of the shear key and axial compression, the shear
capacity of the stem can be shown to be greater than that required.
[5.8.3.3-1] Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp
Recognizing that Vs and Vp are zero
Vn = Vc
[5.8.3.3-3] Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ f' c ⋅ b v ⋅ d v
Use dv = 0.90 ⋅ d and assume #25 bars

s
Then dv = 0.90 ⋅ (24.50 – 2.00 – 0.50) = 19.80 in
Using β = 0.62 (smallest value in LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-2)
Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ 0.62 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 19.8 = 9.31 kips
φ ⋅ Vc = 0.90 ⋅ 9.31 = 8.38 > 5.69 kips OK
P. Wall Stem Determine the area of back-face flexural reinforcement necessary to

Design – satisfy the design moment:
Investigate
Strength Limit MU = 27.90 kip-ft
State
Again use the equation:
2
3.309 As – 4.5 ds·As + MU = 0
For 2 inch clear cover and #25 bars, ds = 22.00 in
Substitute and solve for As:
Required As = 0.28 in2/ft
Try #16 bars @12” (As = 0.31 in2/ft.)
Q. Wall Design – Check the crack control equations to ensure that the primary flexural
Investigate reinforcement is well distributed. Design for a z value of 170 kip/in. The
Service Limit State service load bending moment is 17.67 kip-ft.
[5.7.3.4]
For #16 bars @ 12”, As = 0.31 in2/ft:
0.625
ds = 24.50 − 2.00 − = 22.19 in
2
0.625
dc = 2.00 + = 2.31 in
2
2 ⋅ (dc ) ⋅ b 2 ⋅ (2.31) ⋅ 12
A= = = 55.44 in2
N 1
The allowable stress, fsa is:
z 170
fsa = = = 33.7 ksi GOVERNS
3d 3
c ⋅A 2.31 ⋅ 55.44
or fsa = 0.6 ⋅ fy = 0.6 ⋅ 60 = 36.0 ksi
[5.4.2.4]
The transformed area of reinforcement is:
[5.7.1] 2
n ⋅ As = 8·(0.31) = 2.48 in
Determine location of the neutral axis:

12”
fc
x
N.A.
ds = 22.19
n·As ds - x
fs/n
Figure 11.4.2.5
1 2
⋅ bx = n ⋅ As (ds - x)
2
1 2
2
Then:
x 2.83
j·ds = ds − = 22.19 – = 21.25 in
3 3
M 17.67 ⋅12
Actual fs = =
A s ⋅ j ⋅ ds 0.31 ⋅ (21.25)
= 32.2 ksi < 33.7 ksi OK
R. Check Check Minimum Reinforcement

Reinforcement Minimum reinforcement is required to ensure that ductile behavior occurs
Limits at ultimate load. The flexural reinforcement needs to be able to carry the
lesser of 1.20 times the cracking moment or 1.33 times the original
design moment.
[5.7.3.3.2]
fr = 0.24 ⋅ f ' c = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi

[5.4.2.6]
1 3 1 3 4
Ig = ⋅b⋅a = ⋅ 12 ⋅ (24.5) = 14,706 in
12 12
1 1
yt = ⋅a = ⋅ 24.50 = 12.25 in
2 2
fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 14,706
Mcr = = = 48.0 kip-ft
yt 12.25 ⋅ (12)
1.2 Mcr = 57.6 kip-ft
4 4
or ⋅ Mu = ⋅ 27.90 = 37.2 kip − ft GOVERNS
3 3
Mr = φ As fy (ds – a/2) / 12
 0.31 ⋅ (60)  1
Mr = 0.9 (0.31) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 22.19 − ⋅
 2 ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (4) ⋅ (12)  12
Mr = 30.6 kip-ft < 37.2 kip-ft NO GOOD
2
Revise reinforcement to #19 bars @ 12”, As = 0.44 in /ft
ds = 22.13 in
Mr = 43.2 kip-ft > 37.2 kip-ft OK

To reduce the likelihood of a brittle failure mode a limit is placed on the
maximum flexural reinforcement allowed in the cross section.
[5.7.3.3.1] A s ⋅ fy 0.44 ⋅ (60)

c= = = 0.76 in
0.85 ⋅ f'c ⋅ β1 ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ (4) ⋅ (0.85) ⋅ (12)
de = ds = 22.13 inches
c 0.76
= = 0.034 < 0.42 OK
de 22.13
2
Use #19 bars @ 12” (As = 0.44 in /ft) for stem wall back face vertical
bars.
S. Design Stem To ensure good performance, a minimum amount of reinforcement needs

Wall Shrinkage to be placed near each face of concrete elements. This reinforcement
and Temperature limits the size of cracks associated with concrete shrinkage and
Reinforcement temperature changes.
[5.10.8]
 Ag   24.5 ⋅ (12)  2
Min. Total Temp. A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅   = 0.11 ⋅   = 0.54 in /ft
f
 y   60 
For walls, temperature As need not exceed 0.0015 Ag:

2
Min. Total Temp. As ≥ 0.0015·(24.5)·(12)= 0.44 in /ft GOVERNS
This is the total area in each direction. It is distributed to both faces of

the element.
Based on half placed in each face, the required steel for each face is:
1 2
Required Temp. As = (0.44) = 0.22 in /ft each direction
2
2
Use #16 @ 12" (As = 0.31 in /ft) for stem wall front face bars and back
face horizontal bars.
T. Summary The wall section shown in Figure 11.4.2.6 summarizes the design of the
retaining wall. Note that the spacing of the longitudinal footing bars is
revised slightly from previous calculations for detailing purposes.
Figure 11.4.2.6
11.4.3 Three- This example illustrates the design of a reinforced concrete three-column
Column Pier pier. The pier supports a prestressed beam superstructure. The design of
Design Example the beams is presented in Section 5.7.2. The bearings are designed in
Section 14.8.1. The superstructure has two equal spans of 130 feet and
is part of a grade-separation structure. The superstructure is considered
translationally fixed at the pier. An end view of the pier is presented in
Figure 11.4.3.1. Two sets of bearings rest on the pier cap, one set for
the beams of each span. To simplify design, only one reaction is used
per beam line, acting at the centerline of pier.
3-Column Pier – End View

Figure 11.4.3.1
The pier cap is supported by three columns. The columns are supported
by separate pile foundations. An elevation view of the pier is presented
in Figure 11.4.3.2.
3-Column Pier - Elevation

Figure 11.4.3.2
Pier design is accomplished with a top down approach. The design

parameters and loads are determined first - followed by the pier cap,
column, and footing designs.
The following terms are used to describe the orientation of the structural
components and loads. The terms “longitudinal” and “transverse” are
used to describe global orientation relative to the superstructure and
roadway. The terms “parallel” and “perpendicular” are used to define the
orientations relative to the pier. The parallel dimension is the “long”
direction of the structural component and the perpendicular dimension is
90º to the parallel dimension and is in the direction of the “short” side.
The distinction becomes clear in describing the load path for lateral forces
applied to bridges with substructures skewed to the superstructure.
Forces parallel and perpendicular to the pier arise from combining the
component forces applied transversely and longitudinally to the
superstructure. The pier for this example is not skewed, consequently
transverse forces are equivalent to parallel pier forces. However, to
ensure the clarity of future designs, the parallel and perpendicular
nomenclature will be used.
A. Material and Pier Cap

Design Parameters The cap must have sufficient length to support all of the beam lines and
their bearings. It also must have sufficient width to support two lines of
bearings and provide adequate edge distances for the bearings.
Pedestals are constructed on the pier cap to accommodate the different
heights at which the prestressed beams are supported due to the cross
slope of the deck. When beginning a design, first determine the required
width and then try a cap depth equal to 1.4 to 1.5 times the width.
Table 11.4.3.1 – Pier Cap Parameters

Parameter Label Value
Width of Pier Cap bcap 40 in
Length of Pier Cap Lcap 51 ft = 612 in
Depth of Pier Cap at Center dmid 56 in
Depth of Pier Cap at Ends dend 36 in
Columns
In order to avoid interference between the column vertical bars and pier
cap reinforcement, choose columns with a diameter slightly smaller than
the width of the pier cap. Columns should also be proportioned relative
to the depth of the superstructure. For 72” prestressed beams a column
diameter of at least 36 inches should be used. (See Section 11.1.2.)
Table 11.4.3.2 – Column Parameters

Column Diameter dcol 36 in
Number of Columns Ncol 3
2
π ⋅ 36 2
Column Cross-Sectional Area Ag = 1018 in
4
4
π ⋅ 36
Column Moment of Inertia Ig = 82,450 in
4
64
Footing and Piles

A rectangular footing with the following properties will be tried initially:
Table 11.4.3.3 – Foundation Parameters

Pile Type - Cast-In-Place
Pile Diameter dpile 12 in
Depth of Footing dfoot 3.75 ft
Width of Footing Parallel to Pier bfoot 9.0 ft
Length of Footing Perpendicular to Pier Lfoot 12.0 ft
The Bridge Construction Unit’s Foundation Recommendations must be

referenced at the beginning of final design. The recommendations
identify the pile design capacity Qn and resistance factor φ to be used:
Nominal Capacity Qn = 180 tons/pile

Resistance Factor φ = 0.45
Bearing Resistance Qr = φ ⋅ Qn = 0.45 ⋅ 180 = 81 tons/pile = 162 kips/pile
Location of Columns
The outside columns should be positioned to minimize dead load
moments in the columns and also balance the negative moments in the
pier cap over the columns. A rule of thumb is to use an overhang
dimension (measured from edge of outside column to centerline of
1
exterior beam) equal to /5 of the column spacing. After trying several
layouts, outside columns located 18.75 feet from the center of the bridge
were found to minimize design forces.
The following material weights and strengths are used in this example:
Table 11.4.3.4 – Unit Weights and Strengths

0.145 kcf (strength)
Unit Weight of Concrete γc
0.150 kcf (loads)
Concrete Compressive Strength f’c 4 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity, Concrete Ec

(
33,000 ⋅ 0.145 )
1.5
⋅ 4
= 3644 ksi
Yield Strength of Reinforcement fy 60 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity, Reinforcement Es 29,000 ksi
Modular Ratio n 8
Soil Unit Weight γ soil 0.120 kcf
B. Determine The loads applied to the three-column pier include dead load, live load,
Design Loads braking force, wind on structure, wind on live load, and uniform
temperature change. The pier is assumed to be protected by one of the
means identified in LRFD Article 3.6.5.1. Vehicular collision forces will
not be considered.
Application of Loads to the Structural Model

Aside from wind on substructure and internal temperature change forces,
the loads applied to the pier are transferred from the superstructure to
the pier cap via the bearings. Figure 11.4.3.3 illustrates the load
components that are transferred from the bearings to the pier cap. At
each girder location three load components are possible, a parallel force,
a perpendicular force, and a vertical force. In the following load tables,
vertical force components are identified as V1 to V6. Parallel forces have
labels of LPar1 to LPar6, and perpendicular forces are identified as LPerp1 to
LPerp6.
For several loads applied to the pier, the concrete deck was assumed to
be a rigid diaphragm. A rigid deck assumption combined with the
presence of diaphragms at the pier permits one to assume that the
parallel and perpendicular wind loads can be evenly distributed among
the bearings. Varying vertical reactions resist lateral and vertical loads
that produce an overturning moment.
Loads Applied to the Pier

Figure 11.4.3.3
The superstructure dead loads applied to the pier consist of the following:
the design shear in the prestressed beam at the centerline of bearing, the
beam ends (portion of the beams beyond centerline of bearing), the
portion of deck, stool, barrier, and future wearing course between
centerline of bearings, the cross-frames at the pier, two sets of bearings
per beam line, and the pedestals. The additional dead load is
approximately 5 kips for the fascia beams and 6 kips for the interior
beams.
Table 11.4.3.5 - Superstructure Dead Loads (kips)

Load/Location V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Superstructure/Bearings/Pedestals 284 298 298 298 298 284
[3.6.1] Live Load

First, the maximum reaction at the pier due to a single lane of HL-93 live
load must be determined. After comparing results from several
configurations, the double truck with lane load shown in Figure 11.4.3.4
was found to produce the largest reaction.
Live Load Configuration For Maximum Pier Reaction

Figure 11.4.3.4
Table 11.4.3.6 lists the live load reactions at the pier for different
[3.6.1.3.1]
numbers of lanes loaded. It also includes the maximum reaction for
fatigue, which occurs when the center axle of the fatigue truck is directly
[3.6.1.4.1]
over the pier.
Table 11.4.3.6 – Live Load Reactions on Pier (per lane)
Truck Load Product of

Reaction with Multiple Total Uniform
Loading Dynamic Load Lane Load Presence Reaction Load w
Allowance Reaction Factor and R = R/10’
Double Truck
(kips) (kips) Load Factors (kips) (kips/ft)
1 Lane 134.1 - Double Truck 83.2 1.20·0.90=1.08 234.7 23.5

2 Lanes 134.1 – Double Truck 83.2 1.00·0.90=0.90 195.6 19.6
3 Lanes 134.1 - Double Truck 83.2 0.85·0.90=0.765 166.2 16.6
4 Lanes 134.1 - Double Truck 83.2 0.65·0.90=0.585 127.1 12.7
Fatigue 73.3 – Fatigue Truck 0.0 1.00 73.3 7.3
The next step is to determine the live load cases that will produce the
maximum force effects in the cap, columns, and foundation of the pier.
This is done by positioning the single lane reactions in lanes across the
transverse bridge cross-section to get the desired effect.
For instance, to obtain the maximum positive moment in the pier cap,
place one or two live load lane reactions on the deck such that the beams
located between the columns receive the maximum load. Figure 11.4.3.5
illustrates the live load cases used in the example. Table 11.4.3.7
contains beam reactions for each of the load cases. Load distribution for
determination of values in the table is based on assuming simple
supports at each beam.
For example, for Live Load Case 2:

w = 23.5 kips/ft
V1 = V6 = 0
2
(9 − 8.50) 1
V2 = V5 = 23.5 ⋅ ⋅ = 0.3 kips
2 9
1 1
V = V = 23.5 ⋅ 9 ⋅ + 23.5 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 8.75 ⋅ = 117.2 kips
3 4 2 9
Figure 11.4.3.5
Table 11.4.3.7 - Superstructure Live Load Beam Reactions (kips)

(includes dynamic load allowance)
Live
Load Location V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Case
1 One Lane Positive Cap Moment 1.0 125.4 108.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 One Lane Over Center Column 0.0 0.3 117.2 117.2 0.3 0.0
3 One Lane At Gutter Line 143.1 94.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 Two Lanes Positive Cap Moment 37.6 165.8 160.0 28.5 0.0 0.0
5 Two Lanes Over Center Column 0.0 32.9 163.1 163.1 32.9 0.0
6 Three Lanes Over Center Column 5.8 108.6 134.6 134.6 108.6 5.8
7 Four Lanes 51.0 95.8 107.2 107.2 95.8 51.0
8 Fatigue-One Lane Positive Cap Moment 0.3 39.0 33.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 Fatigue–One Lane Over Center Column 0.0 0.1 36.4 36.4 0.1 0.0
10 Fatigue – One lane At Gutter Line 44.6 29.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Braking Force
For this example, braking forces due to four lanes of traffic are assumed
to transmit a longitudinal (perpendicular to the pier) force that is evenly
distributed to the three columns.
[3.6.4] Begin by determining if a truck by itself or if truck plus lane loading

governs the braking force.
Truck alone:
0.25 ⋅ (8 + 32 + 32) = 18.0 kips Controls
Truck plus lane:

0.05 ⋅ [8 + 32 + 32 + (2 ⋅ 130 ⋅ 0.64)] = 11.9 kips
Then the design force is:

BR = 18.0 ⋅ (# of lanes) ⋅ (multiple presence factor)
= 18.0 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 0.65 = 46.8 kips
Although the lateral braking force is to be applied 6 feet above the top of
deck, it gets transferred to the pier through the bearings. In order to
satisfy statics and make the two load systems equivalent, transfer of the
lateral force down to the bearing level requires the addition of a moment
couple equal to:
L BR ⋅ [6 ft + (distance from top of deck to bearings)]
Figure 11.4.3.6 illustrates this. The moment couple consists of vertical

forces at the abutments. Because the distance from abutment to
abutment is very large relative to the transfer height, the vertical forces
are negligible and will be ignored. Therefore, we can conclude that for
pier analysis, the braking force can be applied at the top of the pier.
Equivalent Load Systems

Figure 11.4.3.6
Height of load application yBR above the top of footing is:

yBR = 26.00 – 3.75 = 22.25 ft
The moment at the base of the columns is:
1
MperpBR = 46.8 ⋅ 22.25 ⋅   = 341.1 kip − ft/column
3
Wind on Superstructure
[3.8.1.2.2] For the wind load on the superstructure, the deck functions as a
horizontal 2-span continuous beam with wind pressure acting on the
exposed edge area of the superstructure. The reaction at the fixed end
5
for a propped cantilever beam is /8 of the uniformly applied load. Then
5
for a 2-span continous beam, /8 of wind from both spans is carried by
the pier and the tributary area for superstructure wind is:
5 2
A wsup = 2 ⋅   ⋅ 130 ⋅ 9.75 = 1584 ft
 
8
The wind on superstructure load WSsup is:
WS sup = PB ⋅ A wsup
where PB = base wind pressure from LRFD Table 3.8.1.2.2-1 for
various attack angles.
For example, for a wind attack angle skewed 30 degrees to the

superstructure:
PBtransv = PBpar = 0.041 ksf
PBlong = PBperp = 0.012 ksf

WS suppar = 0.041 ⋅ 1584 = 64.9 kips

64.9
L par1 = L par2 = L par3 = L par4 = L par5 = L par6 = = 10.8 kips
6
WSsupperp = 0.012 ⋅ 1584 = 19.0 kips
Similar to the braking force, the longitudinal wind component on the

superstructure can be applied at the top of the pier for analysis. The
height of application yperp above the top of footing is:
yperp = 26.00 – 3.75 = 22.25 ft
Then, for a wind attack angle skewed 30 degrees to the superstructure,

the moment at the base of the columns is:
1
Mwsupperp = 19.0 ⋅ 22.25 ⋅   = 140.9 kip − ft/column
3
For the analysis model, the transverse wind component will be applied at
the centroid of the pier cap. Transfer of the transverse wind component
from the centroid of the exposed superstructure area to the centroid of
the pier cap requires the addition of vertical loads at the bearings
equivalent to the reduction in moment Mred. For a wind attack angle
skewed 30 degrees:
Mred = WS suppar ⋅ (dist. from superstr. centroid to pier cap centroid)
 9.75 4.67 
= 64.9  +  = 467.9 kip − ft
 2 2 
The additional vertical loads are calculated assuming the moment is

applied at the center of the bridge and the deck is rigid. The “I” of the
beams is determined and vertical loads “V” are based on the formula:
M x
V = red beam
Ibeams
where xbeam = distance from center of bridge to centerline of beam

2
and Ibeams = Σxbeam
Then for Beam 1 (left fascia beam with vertical load V1) and a wind
attack angle skewed 30 degrees:
x beam1 = 22.5 ft
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ibeams = Σx = (22.5) + (13.5) + (4.5) + (−4.5) + (−13.5) + (−22.5)
=1417.5 ft2
467.9(22.5 )
V1 = = 7.4 kips
1417.5
The wind on superstructure loads applied to the pier are summarized in

Table 11.4.3.8.
Table 11.4.3.8 – Wind on Superstructure Loads

Lpar1 Lpar2 Lpar3 Lpar4 Lpar5 Lpar6
Wind Attack Mwsupperp
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Angle (kip-ft/col)
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2
0 Degree Skew 0.0
9.1 5.4 1.8 -1.8 -5.4 -9.1
11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6
15 Degree Skew 70.5
8.0 4.8 1.6 -1.6 -4.8 -8.0
10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
30 Degree Skew 140.9
7.4 4.5 1.5 -1.5 -4.5 -7.4
8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7
6.0 3.6 1.2 -1.2 -3.6 -6.0
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
3.1 1.8 0.6 -0.6 -1.8 -3.1
[3.8.2] An additional wind on superstructure load is considered for the case

where there is no live load and the wind is oriented at 0 degrees. The
load represents uplift on the bottom of the deck and is called the vertical
wind on superstructure load. The deck was assumed hinged over the pier
for this load case. A tributary length of 130 feet (2·65 feet) was used
with the deck width of 51.33 feet. A 0.020 ksf pressure produces a
vertical force of:
Vertical force:
WSv = 51.33 ⋅ −0.020 ⋅ 130 = −133.5 kips
Eccentricity of Vertical force:

51.33
e wsv = = 12.83 ft
4
Overturning Moment:
Mwsv = 133.5 ⋅ 12.83 = 1713 k-ft
The vertical force applied to the pier at each bearing location can be
calculated using the formula:
WS v Mwsv x beam
V= +
N Ibeams
where N = number of beams

For example, at the bearing location for Beam 1 (left fascia beam with
vertical load V1):
- 133.5 1713(22.5)
V = + = 4.9 kips
1 6 1417.5
Table 11.4.3.9 summarizes the vertical wind on superstructure loads.
Table 11.4.3.9 – Vertical Wind on Superstructure Loads (kips)

Wind Attack Angle V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
0 Degree Skew 4.9 -5.9 -16.8 -27.7 -38.6 -49.4
[3.8.1.2.3] Wind on Substructure

A wind load with a base wind pressure PB of 0.040 ksf, resolved into
components for wind attack angles that are skewed, is applied directly to
the pier. See Table 11.4.3.10. This wind load was applied as line loads
to the pier cap and column members in the structural analysis model.
Assuming 1 foot of cover over the tops of the footings, the projected area
2
of the perpendicular face is 65.3 ft . The parallel face has an area of
2 2
229.4 ft for the pier cap and 149.2 ft for the columns.
Table 11.4.3.10 – Wind on Substructure (ksf)

Pressure on Pressure on
Wind Attack Angle
Perpendicular Face Parallel Face
0 Degree Skew 0.040 0.000
15 Degree Skew 0.039 0.010
30 Degree Skew 0.035 0.020
45 Degree Skew 0.028 0.028
60 Degree Skew 0.020 0.035
[3.8.1.3] Wind on Live Load

The wind on live load was assumed to have the same tributary length as
the wind on superstructure load. It is applied at 6 feet above the top of
the deck.
Tributary length for wind on live load:

5
L = 2 ⋅ 130 ⋅ = 162.5 ft
trib 8
The wind on live load WL is:
WL = PB ⋅ L trib
where PB = base wind pressure from LRFD Table 3.8.1.3-1 for various
wind attack angles.
For example, for a wind attack angle skewed 30 degrees to the

superstructure:
PBtransv = Pspar = 0.082 klf
PBlong = PBperp = 0.024 klf
WL par = 0.082 ⋅ 162.5 = 13.3 kips
Then the lateral load L applied to the pier cap at each beam location
is:
13.3
L par1 = L par2 = L par3 = L par4 = L par5 = L par6 = = 2.2 kips
6
WL = 0.024 ⋅ 162.5 = 3.9 kips

perp
Similar to the wind on superstructure load, the longitudinal wind on live load
component can be applied at the top of the pier for analysis. The height of
application yperp above the top of footing is:
yperp = 26.00 – 3.75 = 22.25 ft
Then for a wind attack angle skewed 30 degrees to the superstructure, the
moment at the base of the columns is:
1
MWLperp = 3.9 ⋅ 22.25 ⋅   = 28.9 kip − ft/column
3
Again, similar to the wind on superstructure load, the transverse wind on live
load component will be applied at the centroid of the pier cap. This will
require the addition of vertical loads at the bearings equivalent to the
reduction in moment. For a wind attack angle skewed 30 degrees:
Mred = WL par ⋅ (6 ft + dist. from top of deck to pier cap centroid)
 4.67 
= 13.3 ⋅  6.00 + (9.75 − 2.67) +  = 205.0 kip − ft
 2 
Then for Beam 1 (left fascia beam with vertical load V1) and a wind attack
angle skewed 30 degrees:
Mred x beam 205.0 (22.5)

V = = = 3.3 kips
1 Ibeams 1417.5
The wind on live load values are summarized in Table 11.4.3.11.

Table 11.4.3.11 – Wind on Live Load
Lpar1 Lpar2 Lpar3 Lpar4 Lpar5 Lpar6

Wind Attack MWLperp
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Angle (kip-ft/col)
(kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips)
2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

0 Degree Skew 0.0
4.0 2.4 0.8 -0.8 -2.4 -4.0
2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4
15 Degree Skew 14.8
3.5 2.1 0.7 -0.7 -2.1 -3.5
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
30 Degree Skew 28.9
3.3 2.0 0.7 -0.7 -2.0 -3.3
1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
45 Degree Skew 38.6
2.6 1.6 0.5 -0.5 -1.6 -2.6
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
60 Degree Skew 46.0
1.3 0.8 0.3 -0.3 -0.8 1.3
C. Structural To determine the design forces in different portions of the pier a

Analysis structural analysis was performed with a matrix analysis program. Gross
section properties were used for all members. Fixed supports were
provided at the top of each footing.
D. Design of the 1. Design Loads

Pier Cap The pier cap is designed for dead and live loads. Wind and truck braking
loads are assumed not to contribute to maximum vertical load effects for
the design of the pier cap. Four load combinations are examined
(Strength I, Strength IV, Service I, and Fatigue). Strength I and IV are
used to determine basic flexural and shear demands:
U1 = 1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)
U2 = 1.5 ⋅ DC
Service I is used to check the distribution of flexural reinforcement (crack

control):
S1 = 1.00 ⋅ DC + 1.00 ⋅ (LL + IM)
The Fatigue limit state is used to ensure that adequate fatigue resistance
is provided.
F = 0.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)
The pier cap design forces are listed in Tables 11.4.3.12 and 11.4.3.13.
For simplicity, negative bending moments are given at the column

centerline. Another reasonable approach would be to use the average of
the moments at the column centerline and the column face for the design
negative moment.
Again for simplicity, pier cap shears at the columns are given at the
column centerline. For pier configurations where beam reactions are
located over a column, the design shear should be taken at the column
face.
Table 11.4.3.12 – Pier Cap Design Moments

Positive Bending Moment Negative Bending Moment
Load Combination (located at CL Beam 2) (located at CL Column 1)
(kip⋅ft) (kip⋅ft)
Strength I 1563 (LL Case 4) 2337 (LL Case 3)
Strength IV 689 1691
Service I 1025 (LL Case 4) 1655 (LL Case 3)
Fatigue (max) 113 (LL Case 8) 125 (LL Case 10)
Fatigue (min) -4 (LL Case 10) 0
Permanent Loads
459 1118
(unfactored)
Table 11.4.3.13 – Pier Cap Design Shears (kips)

Load Location Along Pier Cap
Combination CL Beam 1 CL Column 1 CL Beam 2 CL Beam 3 CL Column 2
Strength I 614 (LL Case 3) 648 (LL Case 4) 633 (LL Case 4) 709 (LL Case 4) 722 (LL Case 4)
Strength IV 437 463 444 481 497
Permanent Loads
291 308 296 321 331
(unfactored)
2. Design Positive Moment Reinforcement

The flexural design of the cap is accomplished with five checks: flexural
strength, crack control, fatigue, maximum reinforcement and minimum
reinforcement. An appropriate level of reinforcement to satisfy the
flexural force demand is computed first.

of reinforcing based on Mu and d. For an f’c of 4.0 ksi and a β1 of 0.85
the equation for the required area of steel reduces to:
 a
Mu = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ d − 
 2
A s ⋅ fy
a=
0.85 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b
 A s ⋅ fy 
Mu = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ f y ⋅ d − 
 1.7 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b 
 A s ⋅ 60   1 
Mu = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ (60) ⋅ d − ⋅
 1.7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 40  12 
2
0.993 ⋅ A s − 4.5 ⋅ d ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
2
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d − 3.972 ⋅ Mu
As =
1.986
[5.10.3.1.3] Compute “d” values for both a single layer of reinforcement and a double
layer of reinforcement. Assume the stirrups are #16 bars, that the
primary steel is #32 bars, and that the clear dimension between layers is
1.5 inches. The “d” for a single layer of reinforcement is:
1.27
d = 56 − 2 − 0.625 − = 52.74 in
2
The assumed “d” for two layers of reinforcement is:

1.5
d = 56 − 2 − 0.625 − 1.27 − = 51.36 in
2
Using the Strength I design forces and assuming one layer of

reinforcement for the positive moment steel and two layers of
reinforcement for the negative steel, the required areas of steel can be
found. They are presented in Table 11.4.3.14.
Table 11.4.3.14 – Trial Longitudinal Reinforcement

Location Mu(kip-ft) d As(req) Trial Bars As(prov)
Positive
1563 52.74 6.78 6-#32 7.62
Moment
Negative
2337 51.36 10.59 12-#29 12.00
Moment

To ensure that cracking is limited to small cracks that are well
distributed, a limit is placed on the service load stress in the reinforcing
steel. LRFD Equation 5.7.3.4-1 defines the maximum stress permitted:
z
fs ≤ fsa = ≤ 0.6 ⋅ fy
3d ⋅A
c
with the trial reinforcement. To simplify the calculations, the section is
assumed to be singly reinforced.
Es 29,000
[5.4.2.4 & 5.7.1] n= = = 7.96 Use n=8
Ec 33,000 ⋅ (0.145)1.5 ⋅ 4.0
2
n ⋅ A s = 8·(7.62) = 60.96 in
b
fc
x
N.A.
n·As d-x
fs/n
Cracked Section Diagram

Figure 11.4.3.7
x
b⋅x⋅ = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x)
2
(40) ⋅ x 2
= 60.96 ⋅ (52.74 − x) solving, x = 11.25 in
2
x 11.25
j ⋅ d = d − = 52.74 − = 48.99 in
3 3

M 1025 ⋅ 12
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 7.62 ⋅ (48.99)
For z = 130 kips/in and dC = 2.64 in (2.0 in + ½ of #32 bar), the area of
concrete assumed to participate with the reinforcement is:
2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 2.64 ⋅ 40 2
A= = = 35.20 in
N 6
z 130
Allowable fs = = = 28.7 ksi < 0.6 ⋅ fy = 36 ksi
3d 3
c ⋅A 2.64 ⋅ 35.20
Allowable fs = 28.7 ksi < 32.9 ksi NO GOOD
Increase the amount of steel provided by the ratio of stresses:

32.9 2
As = ⋅ 7.62 = 8.74 in
28.7
2
Try 7-#32 bars (As = 8.89 in )
Then:
2
n ⋅ A s = 71.12 in
d = 52.74 in
x = 12.03 in
jd = 48.73 in
1025(12)
Actual fs = = 28.4 ksi
8.89(48.73)
dc = 2.64 in
2
A = 30.17 in
130
Allowable fs = = 30.2 ksi > 28.4 ksi OK
3
2.64 ⋅ 30.17
[5.5.3] Fatigue
limits to ensure that adequate fatigue resistance is provided.
The unfactored dead load moment in the positive moment region is 459
kip-ft.
The extreme moments on the cross section when fatigue loading is

applied are:
Maximum moment = 459 + 113 = 572 k-ft
Minimum moment = 459 + (-4) = 455 k-ft

M 572 ⋅ 12
fmax = = = 15.8 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 8.89 ⋅ (48.73)
M 455 ⋅ 12
fmin = = = 12.6 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 8.89 ⋅ (48.73)
The stress range in the reinforcement (ff) is the difference between the
two stresses
ff = (15.8 − 12.6) = 3.2 ksi
r
ff(max) = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ fmin + 8 ⋅ = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ (12.6) + 8 ⋅ (0.3)
h
ff(max) = 19.2 > 3.2 ksi OK

To ensure that the cross section is not over-reinforced, the depth of the
section in compression is compared to the distance to the tension
reinforcement.

A s ⋅ fy 8.89 ⋅ 60
a= = = 3.92 in
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 40

a 3.92
c= = = 4.61 in
β1 0.85
c 4.61
= = 0.087 < 0.42 OK
de 52.74

To prevent a brittle failure mode, adequate flexural reinforcement needs
to be placed in the cross section. The assumed cracking stress of
concrete is:
fr = 0.24 ⋅ f ' c = 0.24 ⋅ 4 = 0.48 ksi

1 1 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 40 ⋅ (56)3 = 585,400 in
12 12
The distance from the centroid to the tension face is:

yt = 28.0 in
Combining these terms to determine the cracking moment produces:

fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅ 585,400
Mcr = = = 836 kip-ft
yt 28.0 ⋅ (12)
To ensure ductility after cracking moment is reached, the force is

increased by 20 percent:
1.2Mcr = 1003 kip-ft
The capacity of the steel provided is:

Mr = φ As fy (d – a/2)
Which after substituting values becomes:

 3.92  1
Mr = 0.9 (8.89) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 52.74 − ⋅
 2  12
= 2031 kip-ft > 1003 kip-ft OK
Provide 1 layer of 7 - #32 bars for positive reinforcement.
3. Design Negative Moment Reinforcement

The service, and fatigue checks for the negative moment steel are
performed next.
Flexural Resistance
The required area of steel to satisfy the strength check was presented in
2
Table 11.4.3.14. Try 2 layers of 6-#29 bars (As = 12.00 in ) with a clear
spacing between layers equal to 1.5 inches.
1.5
d = 56 − 2 − 0.625 − 1.128 − = 51.50 in
2

with the trial reinforcement.
The transformed area of steel is:

2
n ⋅ A s = 8·(12.00) = 96.0 in
The location of the neutral axis satisfies:

2
(40) ⋅ x
= 96.0 ⋅ (51.50 − x) solving, x = 13.50 in
2
The lever arm between service load flexural force components is:
x 13.50
j ⋅ d = d − = 51.50 − = 47.00 in
3 3
And the stress in the reinforcement is:

M 1655 ⋅ 12
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 12.00 ⋅ (47.00)
For a z of 130 kips/in and dC = 2.56 in (2.0 in + ½ of #29 bar),
A=
[
2 ⋅ 2 + 1.128 + 0.75 ⋅ b] =
2 ⋅ 3.878 ⋅ 40
= 25.85 in
2
N 12
The permitted stress in the reinforcement is:
z 130
Allowable fs = = = 32.1 ksi < 0.6 ⋅ fy = 36 ksi
3d ⋅A 3
c 2.56 ⋅ 25.85
Allowable fs = 32.1 ksi < 35.2 ksi NO GOOD
The actual stress is larger than the permitted. Increase the amount of
reinforcement by the ratio of the stresses:
35.2 2
As = ⋅ 12.00 = 13.16 in
32.1
2
Try 2 layers of 6-#32 bars (As = 15.24 in )
2
n ⋅ A s = 121.92 in
d = 15.36 in
x = 14.91 in
jd = 46.39 in
1655 ⋅ 12
Actual fs = = 28.1 ksi
15.24 ⋅ 46.39
dc = 2.64
2
A = 26.8 in
130
Allowable fs = = 31.4 ksi > 28.1 ksi OK
3
2.64 ⋅ 26.8
[5.5.3] Fatigue
The moments on the negative moment section when fatigue loading is
applied vary from:
Maximum moment = 1118 + 125 = 1243 k-ft
Minimum moment = 1118 + 0 = 1118 k-ft

M 1243 ⋅ 12
fmax = = = 21.1 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 15.24 ⋅ (46.39)
M 1118 ⋅ 12
fmin = = = 19.0 ksi
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 15.24 ⋅ (46.39)
The stress range in the reinforcement (ff) is the difference between the
two stresses
ff = (21.1 − 19.0) = 2.1 ksi
The maximum stress range permitted is based on the minimum stress in

[5.5.3.2] the bar and the deformation pattern of the reinforcement.
r
ff(max) = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ fmin + 8 ⋅ = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ (19.0) + 8 ⋅ (0.3) = 17.1 ksi
h
ff(max) = 17.1 > 2.1 ksi OK

A s ⋅ fy 15.24 ⋅ 60
a= = = 6.72 in
0.85 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 40

a 6.72
c= = = 7.91 in
β1 0.85
c 7.91
= = 0.15 < 0.42 OK
d 51.36
[5.7.3.3.2]
1.2Mcr = 1003 kip-ft
The moment capacity provided is:
 6.72  1
Mr = φ As fy (d – a/2) = 0.9 (15.24) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 51.36 − ⋅
 2  12
Provide 2 layers of 6-#32 bars for negative moment reinforcement.

4. Design Shear Reinforcement

The maximum factored design shear force is 722 kips (Strength I for Live
Load Case 4) and occurs at the centerline of Column 2.
V 722
Min. required Vn = u = = 802 kips
φv 0.90
The shear design for reinforced concrete elements is a two step process.
First, the shear capacity of the concrete section is determined. Second,
the amount of shear steel is determined. The concrete capacity is
dependent on θ , the angle of inclination of the concrete struts, and β , a
factor indicating the ability of the diagonally cracked concrete to transmit
tension.
[5.8.3.4.1] Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

The minimum shear reinforcement will be provided in the section.
Therefore, β = 2.0 and θ = 45 degrees
dv is the distance between the internal flexural force components. The

smaller distance between the “C” and “T” centroids is for the negative
moment steel:
a 6.72
d v = d − = 51.36 − = 48.0 in
2 2
[5.8.2.9] However, dv need not be less than:

0.72 ⋅ h = 0.72 ⋅ 56 = 40.3 in
or
0.90 ⋅ d = 0.90 ⋅ 51.36 = 46.2 in
Use dv = 48.0 in
[5.8.3.3-3] With dv known, the concrete shear capacity can be computed:

Vc = 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ f 'c ⋅ b v ⋅ d v = 0.0316 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 48 = 243 kips
Determine Stirrup Spacing

The difference between the required shear capacity and the capacity
provided by the concrete is the required capacity for the shear steel.
Min. required Vs = Vn − Vc = 802 − 243 = 559 kips
Use #16 double “U” stirrups that will be vertical. Four legs of #16 bars
have an area of:
2
A v = 4 ⋅ A b = 4 ⋅ 0.31 = 1.24 in
[5.8.3.3-4] The capacity of shear steel is:
Vs =
[A v ⋅ fv ⋅ dv ⋅ cot(θ)]
s
Which can be rearranged to solve for the stirrup spacing:

[A v ⋅ fy ⋅ d v ⋅ cot(θ )] [1.24 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 48.0 ⋅ 1]
s≤ = = 6.4 in
Vs 559
To simplify construction, try a constant stirrup spacing of 6.0 inches

between columns and in pier cap cantilever.
[5.8.2.5] Check Minimum Shear Reinforcement Requirements

Determine maximum stirrup spacing that satisfies minimum transverse
reinforcement requirements:
' b ⋅s
A v ≥ 0.0316 ⋅ fc ⋅ v
fy
Rearranging and solving for stirrup spacing s,
A v ⋅ fy 1.24 ⋅ 60
s≤ = = 29.4 in >> 6 in OK
' 0.0316 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 4
0.0316 ⋅ b v ⋅ fc
[5.8.2.7] Check Maximum Shear Reinforcement Spacing Requirements

'
First determine if v u < 0.125fc :
[5.8.2.9]
'
0.125fc = 0.125(4) = 0.50 ksi
Vu − φVp 722 − 0
vu = = = 0.42 ksi < 0.50 ksi
φb v d v 0.9 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 48.0
Therefore,
Smax = 0.8dv = 0.8 ⋅ 48 = 38.4 in
or Smax = 24.0 in GOVERNS
Smax = 24.0 in >> 6 in OK
Use #16 double “U” stirrups at a 6 inch spacing for shear reinforcement
in the pier cap.
[5.6.3] 5. Cantilever Capacity Check

Check the capacity of the cantilever using strut and tie methods. Begin
by determining the vertical reaction applied to the cantilever.
Self weight of cantilever:

 40   56 + 36   1 
Pself =  ⋅  ⋅   ⋅ 5.25 ⋅ 0.150 = 10.0 kips
 12   2   12 
Dead load from the superstructure is:

Psuper = 28.4 kips
The reaction from one lane of live load is:

PU = 143.1 kips (LL Case 3)
Then the factored vertical load on the cantilever is:

1.25 ⋅ (10.0 + 284 ) ⋅ 1.75 ⋅ (143.1) = 618 kips
Assume a simple model with a single horizontal tension tie centered on

the top reinforcement and a single compression strut between the center
of the tension tie below the bearing and the center of the column. A
simple schematic with the resultant loads in the strut and tie is shown in
Figure 11.4.3.8.
Cantilever Strut and Tie Model

Figure 11.4.3.8
Tension Tie
The required capacity of the tension tie is:
T 537
= = 597 kips
φ 0.9
2
The tie is composed of 12-#32 bars (As = 15.24 in ). With standard
hooks at the ends, the bars are developed by the time they reach the
intersection of the tie and strut. Then the capacity of the tie is:
[5.6.3.4.1] Pn = fy ⋅ A st = 60 ⋅ 15.24 = 914 kips >> 597 kips OK
Concrete Strut
The required capacity of the concrete compression strut is:
C 819
= = 1170 kips
φ 0.70
The width of the strut (measured along direction parallel to pier) is

chosen based on the width of the bearing pads and adjusted for the angle
of the strut. The bearing pads are 24 inches wide and the strut is
inclined at 49 degrees from horizontal. Then the width of the strut is:
W = 24 ⋅ sin 49° = 18.1 in
Using the pier cap thickness of 40 inches for the thickness of the strut,
the cross-sectional area of the strut is:
2
A cs = W ⋅ T = 18.1 ⋅ 40.0 = 724 in
[C5.6.3.3.3] The allowable compressive stress in the strut is dependent on the strain
in the tension ties crossing the strut. The strain in the tension tie is
found assuming a cracked cross section.
P 537
σ= = = 35.2 ksi
A 15.24
The strain in the tie is:

σ 35.2
εs = = = 0.00121
E 29,000
The concrete strain component is:

[5.6.3.3.3] 2
ε 1 = ε s + (ε s + 0.002) ⋅ cot α
2 o
= 0.00121 + (0.00121 + 0.002) ⋅ cot (49 ) = 0.00364
The limiting compressive stress in the strut is:

f' c 4
fcu = = = 2.82 ksi
0.8 + 170 ⋅ ε 1 0.8 + 170 ⋅ 0.00364
[5.6.3.3.1] The capacity of the strut is:

Pn = A cs ⋅ fcu = 724 ⋅ 2.82 = 2042 kips >> 1170 kips OK
[5.6.3.5] Check the Node Region

The concrete compressive stress in node regions needs to be examined to
ensure that stresses are below acceptable limits. For node regions
anchoring a one-direction tension tie, the limit on compressive stresses
is:
0.75 ⋅ φ ⋅ f 'c = 0.75 ⋅ 0.70 ⋅ 4.0 = 2.10 ksi
By inspection, the node section on the concrete strut side governs. The
compressive stress on the node is:
P 819
= = 1.13 ksi << 2.10 ksi OK
A cs 724
[5.7.3.4] 6. Longitudinal Skin Reinforcement

The effective depth for both positive and negative moment reinforcement
is greater than 3.0 feet, so skin reinforcement is required. The minimum
area of skin reinforcement required on each vertical face of the pier cap
is:
Positive moment region:
A sk ≥ 0.012(de − 30 ) = 0.012(52.74 − 30 ) = 0.27 in /ft
2
As 8.89 2
but not more than A sk ≤ = = 2.22 in /ft
4 4
Negative moment region:

A sk ≥ 0.012 (51.36 − 30 ) = 0.26 in /ft
2
15.24 2
but not more than A sk ≤ = 3.81 in /ft
4
The skin reinforcement must be placed within d/2 of the main

d
reinforcement with a spacing not to exceed /6 or 12 inches.
Using the smallest d =
d 51.36
= = 25.68 in
2 2
d 51.36
= = 8.56 in
6 6
Choose 5-#16 bars equally spaced between the top and bottom
2
reinforcement on each face. (Spacing = 7.79 in and As=0.48 in /ft)
[5.10.8.2-1] 7. Temperature Steel Check

A minimum amount of longitudinal steel needs to be provided on the
vertical faces to ensure that shrinkage and temperature cracks remain
small and well distributed. The minimum amount of steel to be provided

is:
Ag (40 ⋅ 56) 2
Min. total A s ≥ 0.11 ⋅ = 0.11 ⋅ = 4.11 in
fy 60
The actual total reinforcement area for both vertical faces is:
2 2
Actual total A s = 2 ⋅ [3 ⋅ (1.27) + 5 (0.31)] = 10.72 in > 4.11 in OK
8. Summary
Figure 11.4.3.9 details the final reinforcement in the pier cap.
Pier Cap Reinforcement

Figure 11.4.3.9
E. Column Design Design Forces

Table 11.4.3.15 lists the unfactored axial loads and bending moments at
the top and bottom of the columns when the pier is subjected to various
loadings.
The sign convention for the axial loads is positive for downward forces
and negative for upward forces. The sign convention for the bending
moments in the parallel direction (Mpar) is beam convention. Positive
moments cause tension on the “bottom side” of the column member
which is defined as the right side of the column. Negative moments
cause tension on the “top side” which is defined as the left side. (See
Figure 11.4.3.10.)
Sign Convention for Mpar

Figure 11.4.3.10
For moments in the perpendicular direction (Mperp), all lateral loads are
assumed applied in the same direction. Therefore, all moments are
shown as positive.
Moments shown in the table due to wind transverse to the bridge are
based on a wind directed from right to left. (Column 3 is on the
windward side of the pier.)
Table 11.4.3.15 – Unfactored Column Member Forces (k, k-ft)

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Load (Leeward) (Center) (Windward)
Force Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
P 608 629 663 684 608 629
Dead Load Mpar -9.0 4.3 0 0 9.0 -4.3
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 108 108 137 137 -10 -10
Live Load Case 1
Mpar -72 32 59 -32 6.7 -6.5
One Lane
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 233/19 233/19 196/9 196/9 19/-5 19/-5
Live Load Cases 2 and 3
Mpar 47/-40 19/-12 0/-6 13/0 40/-20 20/-19
One Lane (max/min)
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 188/47 188/47 297/213 297/213 47/-8 47/-8
Live Load Cases 4 and 5
Mpar -66/-82 38/32 67/0 0/-33 -7/-32 66/12
Two Lanes (max/min)
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 97 97 304 304 97 97
Live Load Case 6
Mpar -79 38 0 0 79 -38
Three Lanes
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 138 138 232 232 160 160
Live Load Case 7
Mpar -34 16 0 0 34 -16
Four Lanes
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0 0 0 0 0
Braking Mpar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mperp 0 341 0 341 0 341
P -9 -9 18 18 -9 -9
45 ºF Temperature Drop Mpar 129 -141 0 0 -129 141
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 7 7 -14 -14 7 7
35º F Temperature Rise Mpar -100 110 0 0 100 -110
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 36 36 0 0 -36 -36
Wind at 0º on Superstructure
Mpar -249 270 -279 285 -246 275
and Substructure
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 30 30 0 0 -29 -29
Mpar -204 221 -229 233 -201 226
and Substructure
Mperp 0 182 0 182 0 182
P 12 12 0 0 -12 -12
Mpar -86 93 -96 98 -84 95
and Substructure
Mperp 0 294 0 295 0 294
P 2 2 -46 -46 -89 -89
Vertical Wind Mpar 4 2 0 4 4 2
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 11 11 0 0 -11 -11
Wind on Live Load at 0º Mpar -50 55 -56 58 -50 55
Mperp 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 9 9 0 0 -9 -9
Mperp 0 29 0 29 0 29
P 4 4 0 0 -4 -4
Mperp 0 46 0 46 0 46
The following four limit states are examined for the columns:
Strength I: U1 = γ p ⋅ DC + 1.75 ⋅ LL + 1.75 ⋅ BR + 0.50 ⋅ TU
Strength III: U3 = γ p ⋅ DC + 1.40 ⋅ WS + 0.50 ⋅ TU
Strength IV: U3 = 1.50 ⋅ DC + 0.50 + ⋅TU
Strength V:
U5 = γ p ⋅ DC + 1.35 ⋅ LL + 1.35 ⋅ BR + 0.40 ⋅ WS + 1.00 ⋅ WL + 0.50 ⋅ TU
Load combinations were tabulated for the appropriate limit states for
each of the various live load cases, wind angles, the temperature rise and
fall, and also for maximum and minimum DC load factors.
Then the worst case loadings (maximum axial load with maximum
moment, minimum axial load with maximum moment) were chosen from
each limit state from the tabulated load combinations. These are shown
in Table 11.4.3.16. The critical cases for the column among those listed
in the table are shown in bold print.
Table 11.4.3.16 - Column Design Forces

Load Combination Axial Load P Mpar Mperp
(kips) (kip-ft) (kip-ft)
(a) Column 2 Bottom: γp = 1.25,
1396 0 597
LL Case 6, ∆ Temp = -45°F
Strength I:
(b) Column 3 Bottom: γ p = 0.90,
544 55 597
LL Case 1, ∆ Temp = -45°F
(a) Column 2 Bottom: γ p = 1.25,
864 137 413
Wind Skew = 60°, ∆ Temp = -45°F
(b) Column 3 Bottom: γ p = 0.90,
545 200 412
Strength III: Wind Skew = 60°, ∆ Temp = -45° F
(c) Column 3 Bottom: γp = 0.90,
Wind Skew = 0°, Vertical Wind, 387 454 0
∆ Temp = -45° F
(a) Column 1 Bottom: ∆ Temp = -45° F 939 64 0
Strength IV:
(b) Column 2 Bottom: ∆ Temp = -45° F 1035 0 0
(a) Column 2 Bottom: γp = 1.25,
LL Case 6, Wind Skew = 60°, 1274 58 624
∆ Temp = -45°F
Strength V:
(b) Column 3 Bottom: γp = 0.90,
LL Case 1, Wind Skew = 60°, 539 114 624
∆ Temp = -45°F
[5.7.4.3] Slenderness Effects

Each column is considered unbraced in both the parallel and
perpendicular directions. The dimension “L” from bottom of pier cap to
top of footing is 17.58 feet.
In the parallel direction, a fixed condition exists at the bottom and a

rotation-fixed, translation-free condition exists at the top. For this
condition LRFD Table C4.6.2.5-1 recommends a K value of 1.20.
Then: r = 0.25 ⋅ (column diameter)
=0.25 ⋅ (3) = 0.75 ft
 KL  1.2(17.58)
  = = 28.1 > 22
 r par 0.75
Therefore, slenderness effects need to be considered for the parallel

direction.
In the perpendicular direction the columns can conservatively be

considered as cantilevers fixed at the bottom. For this condition LRFD
Table C4.6.2.5-1 recommends a K value of 2.1.
Then:
 KL  2.1 (17.58)
  = = 49.2 > 22
 r perp 0.75
Therefore, slenderness effects need to be considered for the

perpendicular direction, also.
Two choices are available to designers when including slenderness effects

in the design of columns. A moment magnification method is described
in LRFD Article 4.5.3.2.2. The other method is to use an iterative P-∆
analysis.
A P-∆ analysis was used for this example. For simplicity and in order to
better match the computer model used, take the column height L equal
to the distance from the top of footing to the centroid of the pier cap.
For the perpendicular direction, the maximum factored moment and

corresponding axial load from Table 11.4.3.16 is:
Mperp = 624 kip − ft, P = 1274 kips (Strength V (a))
Then the maximum equivalent lateral force Hperp applied at the top of the
column is:
Mperp 624
Hperp = = = 31.3 kips
L 19.92
This force produces a perpendicular displacement ∆perp at the top of the

column:
3
H L 3
perp 31.3 ⋅ [(19.92) (12)]
∆ perp = = = 0.474 in
3EI 3 ⋅ (3644) ⋅ (82450)
The structural model used in the analysis contained gross section

properties. To account for the reduced stiffness of a cracked column
section, the displacement was multiplied by an assumed cracked section
factor equal to 2.5. This factor is based on using LRFD Equation 5.7.4.3-2
with β d equal to zero and corresponds to 40 percent of the gross section
properties being effective. (Other references suggest values ranging
from 30 percent to 70 percent be used for columns.) After updating the
equivalent lateral force for the P-∆ moment, three additional iterations
were performed. The final longitudinal displacement was found to be
0.593 inches and the additional perpendicular moment due to
slenderness was 157 kip-feet. See Figure 11.4.3.11 and Table 11.4.3.17.
For the parallel direction, the corresponding factored moment from Table
11.4.3.16 is:
Mpar = 58 kip − ft (Strength V (a))
A procedure similar to that done for the perpendicular direction was used
for the P-∆ analysis. For the parallel direction, equations used to
compute Hpar and ∆par are for a cantilever column fixed at one end and
free to deflect horizontally but not rotate at the other end (taken from
“Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design, Ninth Edition”,
page 2-303). See Figure 11.4.3.12 and Table 11.4.3.18 for a summary
of the parallel direction P-∆ analysis.
This process was repeated for the other three critical load cases shown in
Table 11.4.3.16.
Mmax
H1 = H2 = H1 + ∆H1 H3 = H1 + ∆H2
L
3 3 3
H1L H2L H3L
∆ g1 = ∆ g2 = ∆ g3 =
3EI 3EI 3EI
∆ cr1 = F ⋅ ∆ g1 ∆ cr2 = Fcr ⋅ ∆ ∆ cr3 = Fcr ⋅ ∆ g3

cr g2
M = P ⋅ ∆ cr1 M = P ⋅ ∆ cr2 M = P ⋅ ∆ cr3

P∆1 P∆ 2 P∆ 3
M M
P∆1 P∆ 2
∆H1 = ∆H2 =
L L
Perpendicular Direction P-∆ Procedure

Figure 11.4.3.11
Table 11.4.3.17 – Perpendicular P-∆ Moment

Equiv. ∆g for Cracked ∆cr
Lateral Axial Load gross Section for MP∆ ∆H to
Force P section Factor cracked produce
H properties Fcr section MP∆
(kips/column) (kips/column) (in) (in) (k-ft) (kips)
31.3 1274 0.474 2.5 0.948 100.6 5.1
36.4 1274 0.552 2.5 1.380 146.5 7.4
38.7 1274 0.586 2.5 1.465 155.5 7.8
39.1 1274 0.593 2.5 1.483 157.4
Add 157 k-ft to column for slenderness in the perpendicular direction
2Mmax
H1 = H2 = H1 + ∆H1 H3 = H1 + ∆H2
L
3 3 3
H1L H2L H3L
∆ g1 = ∆ g2 = ∆ g3 =
12EI 12EI 12EI
g
∆ cr1 = F ⋅ ∆ g1 ∆ cr2 = F ⋅ ∆ ∆ cr3 = Fcr ⋅ ∆ g3

cr cr g2
M = P ⋅ ∆ cr1 MP∆2 = P ⋅ ∆ cr2 M = P ⋅ ∆ cr3

P∆1 P∆ 3
2M 2 ⋅M
P∆1 P∆ 2
∆H1 = ∆H2 =
L L
Parallel Direction P-∆ Procedure

Figure 11.4.3.12
Table 11.4.3.18 – Parallel P-∆ Moment

Equiv. ∆g for Cracked
Lateral gross Section ∆cr ∆H to
Force Axial Load section Factor cracked MP∆ produce
H P properties Fcr section MP∆
(kips/column) (kips/column) (in) (in) (k-ft) (kips)
5.82 1274 0.0220 2.5 0.0500 5.3 0.53
6.35 1274 0.0241 2.5 0.0603 6.4 0.64
6.46 1274 0.0245 2.5 0.0613 6.5
Add 7 k-ft to column for slenderness in the parallel direction
The design forces presented in Table 11.4.3.19 are the factored axial
loads and resultant moments that include P-∆ effects. Because of the
symmetry of the round cross section, the moments in the parallel and
perpendicular directions can be combined using the square root of the
sum of the squares (Pythagorean Theorem).
2 2
MR = Mpar + Mperp
Table 11.4.3.19 – Critical Column Design Forces (kips, kip-ft)

Load Axial Mpar Total Mperp Total Resultant
Combination Load Mpar P-∆ Mpar Mperp P-∆ Mperp MR
Strength I (a) 1396 0 0 0 597 169 766 766
Strength III (c) 387 454 14 468 0 0 0 468
Strength V (a) 1274 58 7 65 624 157 781 784
Strength V (b) 539 114 5 119 624 58 682 692
The minimum amount of column reinforcement must be such that:
A s fy
'
≥ 0.135
A g fc
Then:  A g ⋅ fc' 
Min A s ≥   ⋅ 0.135 =  1018 ⋅ 4.0  ⋅ 0.135 = 9.16 in2
 fy   60.0 
 
2
Try 12-#25 bars (As= 9.48 in ).
A computer program was used to generate the column strength

interaction diagram shown in Figure 11.4.3.13. The figure also displays
the design axial loads and moments for the critical load cases. All values
fall well within the capacity of the column.
The interaction diagram includes φ factors of 0.90 for flexure and 0.75
for axial compression.
COLUMN INTERACTION CURVE

36-inch Diameter, 12-#25 bars
Axial Load (kips)
Moment (k-ft)
Figure 11.4.3.13
[5.7.4.2] Reinforcement Limit Check

For non-prestressed columns the maximum amount of longitudinal
reinforcement permitted is:
As 9.48
= = 0.00931 ≤ 0.08 OK
Ag 1018
[5.10.6.2] Column Spirals

Per Mn/DOT standard practice, use spiral reinforcing for columns with
diameters up to 42”. Use #13E bars with a 3” pitch for the spiral. The
anchorage of the spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra
turns of spiral bar at each end of the spiral unit.
[5.7.4.6] Check reinforcement ratio of spiral to concrete core:

volume of spiral in one loop
ps =
volume of core for one pitch spacing
For a clear cover of 2”, diameter of the core D c = 32 in.
Spiral reinforcement area A sp = 0.20 in2

Spiral bar diameter db = 0.50 in
Pitch spacing p = 3.0 in
Length of one loop

l sp = [π ⋅ (Dc − db )]2 + p2 = [π ⋅ (32 − 0.50)]2 + (3.0)2 = 99.01 in
Then Actual
A sp ⋅ l sp 0.20 ⋅ 99.01
ps = = = 0.00821
 π ⋅D  2  π ⋅ 322 
 c  ⋅p   ⋅ 3.0
 4   4 
   
Req’d. Min.
 Ag  f'
p s = 0.45 ⋅  − 1 ⋅ c
A  f
 c  yh
 
 
 1018  4
= 0.45 ⋅  − 1 ⋅ = 0.00797 < 0.00821 OK
  π ⋅ Dc 2   60
  
  4  
F. Design Piling Loads

For design of the piles and footings, additional loads which include the
weight of the footing and an assumed 2’-0” of earth must be added to
the critical column design forces in Table 11.4.3.19.
Additional DC due to footing:

P = 10.0 ⋅ 13.0 ⋅ 4.50 ⋅ 0.150 = 87.8 kips
Mpar = Mperp = 0 kip − ft
Earth above footing EV:
 1018 
P = 2.0 ⋅  (10 ⋅ 13) −  ⋅ (0.120 ) = 29.5 kips
 144 
Mpar = Mperp = 0 kip − ft
Use a maximum load factor of 1.35 and a minimum load factor of 0.90.
Also, the dynamic load allowance is to be removed from the live load
when designing foundation components entirely below ground.
For one live load lane (Live Load Case 1, Column 3):
Single Lane Truck Reaction w/Dynamic Load Allowance, R=134.1 kips
(From Table 11.4.3.6)
Then
 R   1 
Pred =  R −  (Mult. Presence Factor) (Double Truck Load F.)  
 DLA   No.Columns 
 134.1  1
=  134.1 −  (1.2) (0.90)   = 12.0 kips
 1.33  3
The reduction to Mpar is negligible and will be ignored.
For three live load lanes (Live Load Case 6, Column 2):
 134.1  1
Pred =  134.1 −  (0.85) (0.90)   = 8.5 kips
 1.33  3
Then, for example, the Strength I(a) piling design forces are:
Axial Load = 1396 + 1.25 ⋅ (87.8) + 1.35 ⋅ (29.5) − 1.75 ⋅ (8.5) = 1531 kips
Mpar = 0 kip-ft
Mperp = 766 kip-ft
The values for all of the critical piling forces are shown in Table
11.4.3.21.
Table 11.4.3.21 – Piling Design Forces

Mpar Mperp
Axial Load Bending Moment Bending Moment
Load Combination (kips) (kip⋅ft) (kip⋅ft)
Strength I (a) 1531 0 766
Strength III (c) 493 468 0
Strength V (a) 1412 65 781
Strength V (b) 628 119 682
Determine Required Number of Piles

As a starting point, estimate the number of piles needed by calculating
the number of piles required to resist the axial load and then add 10 to
20% more piles to resist overturning.
 1519 
Naxial =   = 9.4 piles
 162 
Try the trial pile layout presented in Figure 11.4.3.10 with 11 piles.
Knowing the loads applied to the footing and the layout of the piles, the
force in each of the pile can be determined. The equation to be used is:
 
 Axial Load   Mpar ⋅ x par   Mperp ⋅ x perp 
P= + + 
 Number of Piles   ∑ x par 2   ∑ x perp 2 
 
The equation assumes that the footing functions as a rigid plate and that
the axial force in the piles due to applied moments is proportional to the
distance from the center of the pile group.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∑ x par = 2 ⋅ 3.50 + 2 ⋅ 1.75 + 3 ⋅ 0 + 2 ⋅ (1.75 ) + 2 ⋅ (−3.50 ) = 61.25 ft
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∑ x perp = 3 ⋅ 5.00 + 2 ⋅ 2.50 + 1 ⋅ 0 + 2 ⋅ (-2.50 ) + 3 ⋅ (−5.00 ) = 175.00 ft
Then, for example, the Strength I(a) Corner Pile 1 load is:
1531 0 ⋅ 3.50 766 ⋅ 5.00
P= + + = 161.1 kips
11 61.25 175.00
Trial Pile Layout

Figure 11.4.3.14
The factored pile loads at each corner of the footing (as identified in
Figure 11.4.3.14) are presented in Table 11.4.3.22. All are below the
162 kip capacity of the piles.
Table 11.4.3.22 – Factored Pile Loads

Corner Pile Loads (kips)
Load Combination 1 2 3 4
Strength I (a) 161.1 161.1 117.3 117.3
Strength III (c) 71.6 18.1 71.6 18.1
Strength V(a) 154.4 147.0 109.8 102.3
Strength V(b) 83.4 69.8 44.4 30.8
Pile Load Table for Plan

Piling are driven until dynamic equation measurements indicate the pile
has reached refusal or the required design load indicated in the plan. The
service load resistance is monitored in the field using the Mn/DOT
modified ENR formula given in Section 2452.3E of the Mn/DOT Standard
Specifications For Construction, 2000 Edition. Designers must calculate

the service pile load for the critical load case shown in the plan, using the
Standard Plan Note table for piers with piling (see Appendix 2-H).
The critical load case for the pier piling is:

Strength I(a) at Column 2 bottom with γ = 1.25
Live Load Case 6, and ∆ Temp. = -45° F.
First, compute separate factored pile loads due to dead load, live load,
and overturning load for load table:
Factored PDL (includes EV) = 1.25 ⋅ (684 + 87.8) + 1.35 ⋅ 29.5 = 1004.6 kips
Factored MLLpar = Factored MDLperp = 0 kip − ft
1004.6
Factored Max. Pile Load DL = = 45.7 tons/pile
11 ⋅ 2
Factored Pu (with dynamic load allowance removed)
= 1.75 ⋅ (3.04 − 8.5) = 517.1 kips
Factored MLLpar = Factored MLLperp = 0 kip − ft
517.1
Factored Max. Pile Load LL = = 23.5 tons/pile
11 ⋅ 2
Factored POT = 0.50 ⋅ 18 = 9.0 kips
Factored MOTpar = 0 kip − ft
Factored MOTperp = 1.75 ⋅ (341) + 169 = 765.8 kip − ft
 9.0 765.8 ⋅ 5.00  1

Factored Max. Pile LoadOT =  +  ⋅ = 11.3 tons/pile
 11 175.00  2
Factored Max. Pile Loadtotal = 45.7 + 23.5 + 11.3 = 80.5 tons / pile
Next, compute the maximum service pile load using the loads from
Strength I(a) without the load factors. Note that an exception to this is
the temperature load. The 0.50 load factor is retained for service
because it does not seem reasonable to use a larger load factor for
service than that used for strength calculations.
Service Ptotal = 684 + 87.8 + 29.5 + (304 − 8.5) + (0.50 ⋅ 18) = 1105.8 kips
Service Mtotalpar = 0 kips - ft

765.8
Service M totalperp = = 437.6 kip − ft
1.75
 1105.8 437.6 ⋅ 5.00  1
Service Max. Pile Loadtotal =  +  ⋅ = 56.5 tons / pile
 11 175.00  2
Now compute average load factor:

80.5
Avg. Load Factor = = 1.425
56.5
The final results to be shown in the plan are:
PIER
Computed Pile Load – Tons/Pile
PIER
Factored Dead load 45.7
Factored Live Load 23.5
Factored Overturning 11.3
Factored Total Load 80.5
* Design Load 56.5
80.5
∗ = 56.5 tons/pile
1.425
1.425 is Average Load Factor for Strength I Load
Combination
G. Design 1. Check Shear Capacity of Footing

Footing Locate Critical Shear and Flexure Sections
Using a column diameter of 3’-0” and a footing thickness of 4’-6”, the
critical sections for shear and flexure for the footing can be found. Begin
by determining the width of an equivalent square column.
π ⋅ D2
A= = 1018 = b 2 b = 31.9 in, say 32 in
4
The critical section for one-way shear is located a distance dv away from
the face of the equivalent square column. Two-way shear is evaluated on
a perimeter located dv/2 away from the face of the actual round column.
The same dimension dv/2 is used to check two-way shear for a corner
pile.
[5.8.2.9] Estimate dv as 0.9de. Note that it is not appropriate to use 0.72h here
because the tension reinforcement is located so high above the bottom of
the footing.
Use an average value for the de calculation, assuming #25 bars in both
directions and that the bars sit directly on top of the piles.
Then d v = 0.9de = 0.9 ⋅ (54 − 12 − 1.0) = 36.9 in
Figure 11.4.3.15
The critical section for flexure is located at the face of the equivalent
square column. All of the critical sections are presented in Figure
11.4.3.15.
Check One-Way Shear

The critical one-way shear section is located 36.9 inches away from the
face of the equivalent square column.
For the portion of the footing that extends parallel to the pier all of the
piles are within the critical shear section and no check is necessary.
For the portion of the footing that extends perpendicular to the pier, the
three outermost piles lie outside of the critical shear section and the sum
reaction must be resisted.
Vu = 161.3 ⋅ 3 = 483.9 kips
[5.8.3.3] The one-way shear capacity of the footing is:

φVc = φ ⋅ 0.0316 ⋅ β ⋅ f'c ⋅ b v ⋅ dv
φVc = 0.90 ⋅ 0.0316 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ (10 ⋅ 12) ⋅ 36.9 = 503.7 kips > 483.9 kips OK
[5.13.3.6.3] Check punching shear around the column

Assume the entire column vertical load needs to be carried at the
perimeter. If the footing has inadequate capacity, reduce the demand by
subtracting piles and dead load “inside” of the perimeter.
The perimeter for two-way shear is:

b o = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 36.5 = 229.3 in
The aspect ratio of the column (βc) is 1.0.

φVn = φVc = φ ⋅ 0.126 ⋅ f'c ⋅ b o ⋅ dv = 0.90 ⋅ 0.126 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 229.3 ⋅ 36.9
= 1919 kips > 1531 kips OK
Check punching shear on a corner pile

The critical shear section is assumed to be 0.5dv away from the outside
edge of the pile. The shear section path with the shortest distance to the
edge of the footing will provide the smallest capacity.
2π ⋅ 24.5
bo = + 18 + 18 = 74.5 in
4
Once again using βc equal to 1.0, inserting values into LRFD Equation
5.13.3.6.3-1 produces:
φVn = φVc ⋅ φ ⋅ 0.126 ⋅ f' c ⋅ b o ⋅ d v = 0.90 ⋅ 0.126 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 74.5 ⋅ 36.9
= 623.5 > 161.1 kips OK
[5.7.2.2] 2. Design Footing Reinforcement Perpendicular to Pier For

[5.7.3.2] Factored Moments
Determine the required area of flexural reinforcement to satisfy the
Strength I(a) Load Combination. Five piles contribute to the design
moment at the critical section for moment perpendicular to the pier. The
three outer piles are located 44” away from the critical section.
The two inner piles are located 14” away from the critical section.
1531 766 ⋅ 2.50
Pinner = + = 150.1 kips/piles
11 175.00
Then the design moment on the critical section is:

 44   14 
Mu =  161.1 ⋅  +  2 ⋅ 150.1 ⋅  = 2122 kip-ft
 12   12 
Set up the equation to solve for the required area of steel:

 A s ⋅ fy 
Mu = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ f y ⋅ d − 
 1.7 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b 
 A s ⋅ 60  1
Mu = 0.90 ⋅ A s ⋅ (60) ⋅ d − ⋅
 1.7 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 120  12 
2
0.3309 ⋅ A s − 4.5 ⋅ d ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
2
4.5 ⋅ d − 20.25 ⋅ d − 1.3236 ⋅ Mu
As =
0.6618
To compute “d” assume that #32 bars are used for both mats of
reinforcement and that they rest directly on top of the cut off piles. In
addition, reduce “d” to permit either set of bars to rest directly on the
pile.
 1.27 
d = 54 − 12 − 1.27 −
 2  = 40.10 in
2
The required area of steel is 12.02 in . Try 10-#32 bars spaced at 12
2
inches. The provided area of steel is 12.70 in .

Crack control checks are not performed on footings.
[5.5.3] Fatigue
By inspection, fatigue is not checked for footings.

A s ⋅ fy 12.70 ⋅ 60
a= = = 1.87 in
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 120

a 1.87
c= = = 2.20 in
β1 0.85
c 2.20
= = 0.055 < 0.42 OK
d 40.10

1 1 3 4
Ig = ⋅ b ⋅ t3 = ⋅ 120 ⋅ (54) = 1,574,640 in
12 12
The distance from the tension face to the centroid is:

yt = 27.0 in
This leads to a cracking moment of:

fr ⋅ I g 0.48 ⋅1,574,640
Mcr = = = 2333 kip-ft
yt 27.0 ⋅ (12)
The minimum required flexural resistance is the lesser of:
1.2 Mcr = 1.2 ⋅ 2333 = 2800 kip − ft GOVERNS
or 1.33Mu = 1.33 ⋅ 2122 = 2822 kip − ft
The resisting moment is:

 1.87  1
Mr = φ As fy (d – a/2) = 0.9 (12.70) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 40.10 − ⋅
 2  12
= 2238 kip-ft < 2800 kip-ft No Good
2
Revise reinforcement to 13-#32 bars spaced at 9 inches (As = 16.51 in )
with standard hooks.
Mr = 2889 kip-ft > 2800 kip-ft OK
[5.7.2.2] 3. Design Footing Reinforcement Parallel to Pier For Factored

[5.7.3.2] Moments
Determine the required area of flexural reinforcement to satisfy the
Strength I load combination for parallel moments . Four piles contribute
to the design moment at the critical section for moment parallel to the
pier.
Piles 1 and 3 have reaction of 161.1 kips and 117.3 kips respectively.
The inner pile above the Xpar axis was previously shown to have a
reaction equal to 150.1 kips.
The pile reaction for the inner pile below the Xpar axis is:
1531 766 ⋅ (−2.50)

P= + = 128.2 kips
11 175.00
[5.13.3.6.1] The inner piles lie partially inside of the critical section. Only the portion
of the reaction outside the critical section causes moment at the critical
section. See Figure 11.4.3.16.
Partial Footing Plan

Figure 11.4.3.16
Then the design moment on the critical section is:

 26   11   21 
Mu = (161.1 + 117.3) ⋅   + (150.1 + 128.2) ⋅   ⋅   = 1050 kip-ft
 12   12   12 
Using the same “d” value of 40.10 inches as used for the perpendicular
2
reinforcement, the required area of steel is 5.87 in . Try 13-#22 bars
2
spaced at 12 inches. The provided area of steel is 7.80 in .

Crack control checks are not performed on footings.
[5.5.3] Fatigue
By inspection, fatigue is not checked for footings.

A s ⋅ fy 7.80 ⋅ 60
a= = = 0.88 in
0.85 ⋅ f' c ⋅b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 156

a 0.88
c= = = 1.04 in
β1 0.85
Compute revised d for #22 bars:

0.875
d = 54 − 12 − 1.27 − = 40.29 in
2
c 1.04
= = 0.026 < 0.42 OK
d 40.29

Revise 1.2 Mcr computed earlier for footing length of 13 feet:
13
1.2Mcr = 2800 ⋅ = 3640 kip − ft
10
The minimum required flexural resistance is the lesser of 1.2Mcr or:
1.33Mu = 1.33 ⋅ 1050 = 1397 kip-ft GOVERNS
The resisting moment is:

 0.88  1
Mr = φ As fy (d – a/2) = 0.9 (7.80) ⋅ (60) ⋅ 40.29 − ⋅
 2  12
2
Provide 13-#22 bars spaced at 12 inches (As = 7.80 in ) with standard
hooks.
4. Dowel Bar Development and Lap Splice

Determine the lap length for the primary column steel to dowel splice.
All primary column steel bars are spliced at the same location,
consequently the lap is a Class C splice. The primary column
reinforcement consists of #25 epoxy coated bars. For ease of
construction, the dowel circle will be detailed to the inside of the column
bar circle. Accordingly, the dowels will be increased one size to #29
bars.
[5.11.2.1.1] The basic development length l db for a #29 bar is the greater of:
1.25 ⋅ A b ⋅ fy 1.25 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 60
l db = = = 37.50 in GOVERNS
f' c 4
or
l db = 0.4 ⋅ db ⋅ fy = 0.4 ⋅ 1.128 ⋅ 60 = 27.07 in
Development length modificationmfactors are:

• 1.5 for epoxy coated bars with concrete cover less than 3 bar
diameters.
• 0.8 for bars spaced ≥ 6 inches and side clear cover ≥ 3 inches.
• 0.75 for bars within a spiral with diameter ≥ 0.25 inches and pitch
≤ 4 inches.
The development length l d of the bars is:

l d = 37.50 ⋅ 1.5 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ 0.75 = 33.75 in
[5.11.5.3.1] The lap length for a Class C tension splice is:

1.7 ⋅ l d = 1.7 ⋅ 33.75 = 57.38 in
Specify a 4’-10” lap length.
Dowel Bar Hook Development

Verify that adequate embedment is provided for the dowel bars in the
footing.
The basic development length l hb for a #29 epoxy coated bar with a
[5.11.2.4.1] standard hook is:
38.0 ⋅ db 38.0 ⋅ 1.128
l hb = = = 21.43 in
f' c 4
Development length modification factors are:
• 0.7 side cover ≥ 2.5 inches and hook extension cover ≥ 2.0
inches.
• 1.2 for epoxy coated bars.
The development length l of the dowel with standard hook is:

dh
l dh = 21.43⋅ 0.7 ⋅ 1.2 = 18.00 in
The embedment provided is:

l prov = 54 − 12 − 1.27 − 0.875 = 39.86 in > 18.00 in OK
5. Summary
The footing reinforcement is illustrated in Figure 11.4.3.17.
Figure 11.4.3.17
12. BURIED Buried structures serve a variety of purposes. They are typically used for
STRUCTURES conveying water. At other times they are used to provide a grade
separated crossing for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. A variety of
structure and material types are used. The most prevalent types are
pipes and box culverts. Pipes and culverts with lateral horizontal
dimensions less than 10'-0" are not classified as bridges. Typically these
smaller buried structures do not require extensive design and are simply
selected from standard design tables. Buried structures with lateral
horizontal dimensions greater than or equal to 10'-0" are considered
bridges and require a plan be prepared by the Bridge Office. Figure
12.2.1 contains a typical design request from a District.
In addition to pipes and box culverts, precast concrete arches and long-
span corrugated steel structures are used as buried structures. The loads
[12.6.6] that are applied to a buried structure vary with the site (trench or
embankment condition). A buried structure constructed in a trench
condition will carry less vertical load than a structure constructed in an
embankment condition. The sidewalls of the trench are assumed to carry
a portion of the vertical load. In most cases, buried bridge structure
designs should be based on embankment conditions.
The means by which a buried structure carries vertical load varies

significantly between different structure types. Box culverts and rigid
pipes are assumed to carry the design loads internally. Flexible pipe and
corrugated steel structures are assumed to carry loads with soil-structure
interaction. Careful backfilling and compaction procedures are required
for flexible structures to ensure that the assumed soil-structure capacity
is provided and that settlements are not excessive.
Mn/DOT is currently developing guidelines for the design and use of

three-sided culverts. Information will be made available in the near
future.
12.1 Geotechnical Typically, one or more soil borings will be obtained during the preliminary
Properties design process. Foundation recommendations based on field data and
the hydraulic requirements will also be assembled during the preliminary
design process. Mn/DOT Spec 2451 describes the excavation, foundation
preparation, and backfill requirements for bridges and miscellaneous
structures.
Maximum and minimum load factors for different load components should
be combined to produce the largest load effects. The presence or
absence of water in the culvert should also be considered when

assembling load combinations.
12.2 Box Culverts Where pipe solutions are inappropriate, box culverts are the default
buried structure type. Their larger openings are often required to provide
adequate hydraulic capacity.
The reinforcement used in concrete box culverts can be either

conventional bar reinforcement or welded wire fabric. Welded wire fabric
has a yield strength slightly larger than conventional bar reinforcement
(65 ksi versus 60 ksi).
12.2.1 Precast Standard designs for precast concrete box culverts are available with
openings varying from 6 to 14 feet wide by 4 by 14 feet high. The
designs utilize concrete strengths between 5 and 6 ksi and are suitable
for fill heights ranging from less than 2'-0" to a maximum of 25'-0".
Each culvert size has three or four classes. Each class has specified wall
and slab thicknesses, reinforcement areas, concrete strength, and fill
height range to which it applies. Fill heights extend from 0 to 25 feet.
Shop drawing submittals for Mn/DOT approval will not be required when
standard culvert sections are used.
The standard design tables are based on welded wire fabric reinforcement
1
with a yield strength of 65 ksi and a concrete clear cover between 1 /2
and 2". If conventional rebar is used, the steel area required needs to be
increased 8% to account for the difference in steel yield strength (65
ksi/60 ksi). Also, crack control must be rechecked for the specific bar
size and spacing used.
To prevent corrosion at the ends of welded wire fabric, nylon boots are
required on the ends of every fourth longitudinal wire at the bottom of
the form. The maximum thickness of welded wire fabric is 0.5 inch per
layer. A maximum of two layers of welded wire fabric can be used for
primary reinforcement. If two layers are used, the layers need to be
oriented such that the longitudinal and transverse wires always alternate.
The minimum amount of longitudinal reinforcement (parallel to the axis
2
of the culvert) is 0.06 in /ft.
Memo
Transportation District 8 Office Tel: 320-231-5195
2505 Transportation Rd. Fax No: 320-231-5168
P.O. Box 768
Willmar, MN 56201
[ date ]
To: Kevin L. Western

Bridge Design Engineer, M.S. 610
From: Paul Rasmussen

Design/Hydraulics Engineer
Phone: 320-214-3708
Subject: S.P. 6420-20 (T.H. 19)
Please prepare a design for concrete box culvert. Tabulated below and attached is the
information required to prepare plans. The letting date for this project is 11/17/00. Please
submit completed plans to this office before 07/01/00.
State Project No. 6403-30 Func. 2 Work Authority: T80057

(1)
Location Description : T.H. 19 over JD #33, 11.3 Mi. West of Redwood Falls
Reference: 59+00.83 Station: 342+91.07
Section: 1 Range: 38W Township: 112N Township Name: Vesta
Stream Crossing: Judicial Ditch #33 County: Redwood
Structure Type: Concrete Box Culvert Replacement
New Structure Number: 64X07 Existing Structure Number:
Number of Barrels: Opening Width: Opening Height: Spa btwn Precast Barrels:
1 10 ft. 8 ft. NA
(2)
Depth of Cover : 6.8 ft. Skew Angle: 0° End Sections: Square
Inlet Elevation (new structure): 1037.34 Outlet Elevation (new structure): 1036.60
Inlet Elevation (inplace structure): 1037.34 Outlet Elevation (inplace structure): 1036.60
Extension Distances from end of inplace: NA
Plans Requested: Precast
(1) T.H. over _____, ___ Mi. ___ of Jct. T.H. _____ & T.H. _____, ___ of ___. (modify as necessary)
(2) Minimum fill over culvert rounded up to the next tenth meter.
Attachments: Sketch of Cross Section

Sketch of Plan View
Cc: David Dahlberg

Bruce Iwen
Figure 12.2.1
Aprons
Precast apron segments are provided for each size of barrel. There are
four different details relating the culvert’s skew to the roadway above.
Culvert Skew Range Apron Skew

0˚ to 7 /2˚ 0˚
1 1
7 /2˚ to 22 /2˚ 15˚
1 1
22 /2˚ to 37 /2˚ 30˚
1
37 /2˚ to 45˚ 45˚
A lateral soil pressure of 0.060 ksf should be used for the aprons.
The 45˚ skew aprons should be designed with a 0.075 ksf pressure on
the longer length wall. Mn/DOT also requires on 45˚ skew aprons over
6'-0" high, additional extra strong ties between the barrel and first end
section, and between the first and second end sections. Additional ties
are required to resist unequal pressures on opposite sides of the skewed
apron.
12.2.2 Cast-In- The first box culverts constructed in Minnesota were cast-in-place. The
Place performance of these structures over the years has been very good.
Currently, most box culvert installations are precast due to the time
required for plan production and construction. Cast-in-place culverts
continue to be an allowable option.
12.3 Design The standard designs are also based on a minimum equivalent fluid
Guidance pressure of 0.030 kcf and on a maximum equivalent fluid pressure of
0.060 kcf.
Box culverts with fill heights less than 2'-0" are constructed with a
distribution slab. No structural benefit from the distribution slab is
considered during design.
Dead Loads
The Fe factor is used to adjust the vertical earth load carried by the
culvert. It is intended to approximate soil-structure interaction effects
and installation conditions (trench versus embankment).
Compacted fill on top of buried structures is assumed to have a unit

weight of 0.130 kcf.
Concrete self-weight computations should be based on 0.150 kcf.

Water loads should be based on 0.062 kcf.
Live Load
The application of live loads is similar to the Standard Specifications. For
fill heights less than 2'-0" a loading similar to that applied to a concrete
slab bridge is used. For fill depths 2'-0" or greater the live load wheel
pressure spreads with an increase in fill height. The assumed tire contact
area for each wheel has a width of 20" and a length of 10". The load is
assumed to spread laterally 0.57 feet in both directions for every foot of
fill above the culvert. The intensity of live loads at any depth is assumed
to be uniform over the entire footprint. Wheel loads are assumed to
distribute both longitudinally and transversely. Lane loads are assumed
to be very long and consequently only distribute transversely.
The dynamic load allowance (IM) for culverts and other buried structures
is reduced based on the depth of fill over the culvert. LRFD designs
require that impact (dynamic load allowance) be considered for fill
heights of up to 8'-0".
In determining the live load for structural analysis, use the multiple
presence factors. One lane loaded for strength and service limit states
has a multiple presence factor of 1.20. For two lanes loaded, use 1.00.
No multiple presence factor is used for the fatigue limit state. A single
HL-93 truck axle is used for the fatigue check.
The approximate strip method is used for the design with the 1'-0" wide
design strip oriented parallel to the direction of traffic (longitudinal
direction.) The design live loads include the HL-93 truck, lane and
tandem loads. For both the strength and service limit states, consider
the following three load cases:
1. Maximum vertical load on the roof and maximum outward load on the
walls: DCmax + EVmax + EHmin+(LL+IM)max + WAmax
2. Minimum vertical load on the roof and maximum inward load on the
walls: DCmin + EVmin + EHmax
3. Maximum vertical load on the roof and maximum inward load on the
walls: DCmax + EVmax + EHmax + (LL + IM)max
Reactions to vertical loads applied to the culvert (earth, water, live load)
are assumed to be carried with uniformly distributed reactions applied to
the bottom of the bottom slab. Box culverts supported on stiff or rigid
subgrades (rock) require additional investigation.
Include fillets in the analysis by increasing the thickness of the members

near each corner. Use the moment at the location where the typical
section and fillet meet to determine corner reinforcement requirements.
Use the shear at d/2 away from the intersection of the typical section and
fillet to determine shear adequacy.
The minimum amount of flexural reinforcement in the cross section is

0.2% of the gross area.
12.4 Arch or Designs based on the AASHTO Standard Specifications have been
3-Sided Structure assembled for buried precast concrete arch structures. See Standard
Design Data Detail 5-397.786.
When fill depths are between table values, use the largest steel area on
either side of the design fill height.
The minimum fill is 1'-6" at the low edge of pavement at the crown of the
arch.
Figures 12.4.1 and 12.4.2 contain standard design information for spans
between 24'-0" and 43'-11". For projects with fill heights greater than
those listed a custom design is required.
Guidelines for Scour Protection of Arch or 3-Sided Bridge Footings

The following guidelines are provided for the design and installation of
scour protection for arch or 3-sided bridge footings.
There are several options available for protection of the footings against
scour. These options include rock riprap, concrete bottom, piling
supported footings, and spread footings keyed into bedrock. The
preferred option choice will depend on a number of factors including:
• Foundation design
• Stream bed material
• Scour potential
• Velocity of flow
• Environmental considerations such as fish migration
• Economics
Figure 12.4.1
Figure 12.4.2
The foundation design will depend on the type and allowable bearing
capacity of the soil, the height of fill, and the proximity of bedrock. Scour
should be considered during foundation design. Subcut unstable material
below spread footings and replace it with granular backfill or a lean
concrete. The maximum depth of subcutting for this purpose is 2'-0". A
pile footing should be used if the depth of unstable material below a
footing is greater than 2'-0".
Four standard designs for scour protection for concrete arch structures
have been assembled. The appropriate design is selected based on the
average velocity through the structure for the 100-year flood. A more
recurrent flood event should be used if it results in a faster average
velocity through the structure.
Design 1 Scour Protection

The average velocity for the 100 year flood must be no greater than
three feet per second, and for the 500-year flood no greater than five
feet per second. Use of 12" Class II riprap with 6" granular filter or
geotextile filter is required.
Option 1 (Figure 12.4.3, left side)

The riprap may be placed on a slope of 1:2.5 maximum. Cover to the
bottom of footing shall be 6'-0" minimum measured perpendicular to the
slope. The riprap shall be toed in vertically 2'-0" minimum. The bottom
of footing shall be at or below the channel bottom.
Option 2 (Figure 12.4.3, right side)

The riprap may be placed horizontally on the channel bottom. Cover to
the bottom of footing shall be 4'-6" minimum. The riprap shall extend a
minimum of 10'-0" from edge of structure and be toed in vertically a
minimum of 2'-0".
Design 2A Scour Protection

The average velocity for the 100-year flood must be less than 5.5 feet
per second, and for the 500-year flood less than 6.5 feet per second.
Use of 24" Class IV riprap with 12" granular filter or geotextile filter is
required.
Option 1 (Figure 12.4.4, upper left side)

The riprap may be placed on a slope of 1:2.5 maximum. It shall extend
across the entire width of the structure. Cover to the bottom of the
footing shall be 6'-0" minimum measured perpendicular to the slope. The
bottom of footing shall be 2'-0" minimum below the channel bottom.
Option 2 (Figure 12.4.4, upper right side)

The riprap may be placed horizontally on the channel bottom. Cover to
the bottom of footing shall be 6'-0" minimum. The riprap shall extend a
minimum of 10'-0" from edge of footing and be toed in vertically a
minimum of 2'-0".
Design 2B Scour Protection (Figure 12.4.4, lower right side)

The average velocity for the 100-year flood must be no greater than 5.5
feet per second. The average velocity for the 500-year flood must be no
greater than 6.5 feet per second. The area for calculating the average
velocity of the 100-year flood shall be Area , “A” which is bounded by the
channel bottom and the water surface. The area for calculating the 500-
year flood shall be Area “A” plus Area “B”, where Area “B” is bounded by
the channel bottom and the 500-year flood scoured channel bottom. The
toe of riprap shall extend 2' min. beyond the bottom of Area “B”. This
toe shall have a minimum thickness of 24". Cover to the bottom of
footing shall be 6'-0" minimum measured perpendicular to the slope. The
bottom of footing shall also be at or below the bottom of Area “B”.

Articulated concrete with geotextile backing may be placed on a
maximum slope of 1:2.5 with a minimum cover of 4'-6" to bottom of
footing measured perpendicular to the articulated concrete. The average
velocity for the 100-year flood must be no greater than 7.5 feet per
second. For higher velocities, contact the Bridge Office.

A reinforced concrete floor placed horizontally only with 4'-6" minimum
cover to bottom of footing may be used. The same velocity constraints
as for Option 1 apply.

If footings are on piling, riprap shall be placed on a slope of 1:2.5
maximum. The bottom of footing shall be at or below the channel
bottom.

If footings are on hard bedrock, they shall be keyed in a minimum of 12".
These guidelines are anticipated to cover most cases, however, there

may be factors such as high natural channel velocity, dense hardpan
channel bottom, historical evidence of no scour on the inplace structure
or other pertinent data that can be considered when designing scour

protection for the concrete arch structures. Exceptions to these
guidelines must be approved by the Hydraulics Engineer.
Figure 12.4.3
Figure 12.4.4
Figure 12.4.5
Figure 12.4.6
12.5 Design Standard designs for long span corrugated steel structures have been
Criteria for Long- assembled. The standard designs are based on the AASHTO Standard
Span Corrugated Specifications and additional criteria specified by Mn/DOT. The following
Steel Structures criteria shall be used for the design of long span corrugated steel
structures, identified as horizontal ellipse, low profile arch and high
profile arch.
Section 12 of the 17th Edition of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for

Highway Bridges should be modified as follows:
1. Delete the values of I. Top Arc of Table 12.7.2A and substitute the
following:
. TOP ARC GAGE-MINIMUM THICKNESS MAXIMUM TOP

IN INCHES (6X2) CORRUGATED STEEL PLATES RADIUS IN FEET
10 0.138 15
8 0.168 17
7 0.188 18
5 0.218 20
3 0.249 23
1 0.280 24
The minimum steel thickness to be used is 10 gage
2. Delete values of II. Minimum cover in feet of Table 12.7.2A and add
the following:
GAGE- STEEL THICKNESS TOP RADIUS (FT)

(IN) 11 13 15 17 18 20 23 24
10 0.138 3.0 3.0 3.0

8 0.168 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
7 0.188 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
5 0.218 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
3 0.249 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0
1 0.280 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0
Minimum cover is defined as the cover from the top of subgrade

section at the shoulder P.I to the top of the structure.
3. Delete III Geometric Limits of Table 12.7.2A and substitute the

following:
a. Maximum Plate Radius – 24'-0"
b. Maximum Central Angle of Top Arc = 80 °
c. Minimum Ratio, Top Radius to Side Radius = 2.0
d. Maximum Ratio, Top Radius to Side Radius:

For structures without concrete floors 3.5
For structures with concrete floors 3.0
NOTE: On high profile arch structures, the upper side radius equals
the side radius.
e. Maximum ratio of span to top rise for low profile arches = 3.2
1
f. Maximum ratio of span to /2 the top rise for horizontal ellipses =
3.2
4. Revise the following factors in Section 12 for maximum depths of

cover as follows:
k = .22, soil stiffness coefficient for good side fill material
E' = Modulus of Passive soil (side fill) resistance: 1400 psi
Safety factors used: Longitudinal test seam strength = 3.33
Long span structures shall be designed in accordance with the following

additional criteria:
1. Maximum spans for long span corrugated steel structures shall not
exceed 20'-0" with a minimum of 8'-0" between units.
2. Low profile arch and high profile arch structures must have concrete
floors or equivalent, to prevent footing scour, unless footings are
placed on bedrock.
3. At each structure site the following soils information and durability
investigation are required:
a. Soils survey, design, and engineering report shall be made in
accordance with 2-8.02 of the Mn/DOT Road Design Manual.
b. Durability investigation and recommendations shall be made in
accordance with 5-294.343K of the Mn/DOT Drainage Manual.
c. Copies of soils survey and durability investigation, etc. shall be
furnished to the Hydraulic Unit.
Long span corrugated steel structure designs shall be based on:

1. Concrete footings of low profile arch and high profile arch structures
are designed on the basis of 4 tons per square foot allowable soil
stress and fill heights of approximately 30'-0" fill heights above the
top of the structure. Modification of the footing widths for lesser fill
heights or poorer soil conditions is necessary. The minimum footing
width is 1'-6".
2. The maximum height of fill above structures is 30'-0" unless specially
designed by the Bridge Office.
Additional requirements on long span corrugated steel structures

includes:
1. These structures are not be permitted to be used as vehicle
underpasses.
2. All designs utilizing Federal, State, or State Aid funds will be reviewed
by Mn/DOT. The review will verify compliance with AASHTO
Specifications, Mn/DOT Specifications, Mn/DOT detail sheets, and
Mn/DOT design guidelines.
3. Standard Plan Sheets developed by Mn/DOT indicate the span, rise,
invert elevation, profile grade over, and hydraulic characteristics of
the structure.
4. These structures are considered arch bridges that depend structurally
on the interaction of the structural plate liner and good quality soil,
which is carefully compacted. Balanced placement of backfill and
close field supervision of backfilling operations is required.
5. Detail plans that include structural computations and special
provisions, shall be certified by a qualified professional engineer
registered in the State of Minnesota.
6. Mn/DOT Projects
a. When the Department of Transportation proposes the use of these
structures, the Bridges and Structures Office will determine the
shape, invert elevation roadway and hydraulic data and complete
a design plan with special provisions to be forwarded to the
District Engineer.
b. A copy of the design plan and special provisions shall be
forwarded to the Bridge Standards Engineer.
7. State Aid Projects
a. For State Aid approval of a long span corrugated steel structure,
the county or municipal engineer shall submit 3 copies of an
engineering report on the structure’s hydraulic characteristics,
special provisions, a design detail plan and funding request forms
to the Mn/DOT State Aid Office.
b. Final funding approval by the State Aid Office to include approval
of the design detail plan and hydraulic characteristics by the Office
of Bridges and Structures.
8. Scour protection for long span corrugated steel structures shall be the
same as those for precast concrete arch structures (see Section
12.4).
The geometry of standard low profile arches with compaction wings is

provided in the following table.
TOP SIDE ANGLE STEP W SLOPE APPROX.

MAX BOTTOM TOP TOTAL
RADIUS RADIUS BELOW V APPROX. COLLAR AREA
SPAN SPAN RISE RISE
(RT) (RS) HORIZ. ∆ (3) LENGTH (SQ. FT.)
13'-6" 13'-3" 4'-9" 5'-9" 8'-6" 3'-7" 15° 37' 2'-4" 5'-6" 9'-11" 63
15'-9" 15'-2" 5'-2" 6'-2" 10'-3" 3'-7" 15° 37' 2'-7" 6'-7" 10'-10" 78
17'-2" 16'-11" 5'-5" 6'-5" 11'-5" 3'-7" 15° 37' 2'-10" 7'-4" 11'-4" 88
17'-2" 16'-11" 6'-0" 7'-0" 10'-10" 4'-6" 12° 29' 2'-8" 7'-0" 12'-8" 96
NOTES:
1. The Foundation Engineer will determine the suitability of the
foundation material under the structure, and will provide
recommendations relative to subcutting as required.
2. The side excavation limits may be increased as recommended by the
Foundation Engineer.
3. See Bridge Detail Standard Plan Sheet 5-397.744 (Side Elevation) for
step location.
4. Footing width at collar to be 4'-9", see 5-397.744 for footing sizes.
12.6 10'x10' This example illustrates the design of a single barrel precast concrete box
Precast Concrete culvert. After determining individual load components and assembling
Box Culvert Design the design load combinations, the design of the flexural reinforcement is
Example presented. The design example concludes with a shear check and an
axial load capacity check
The inside dimensions of the box culvert are 10'-0" by 10'-0". The fill
height above the culvert is 6'-0". A typical section of the culvert is shown
in Figure 12.8.1.
The following material and design parameters are used for this example:
3
Reinforced Concrete 0.150 k/ft
Weights
Unit
3
Water 0.062 k/ft
3
Soil (computed) 0.130 k/ft
Compressive Strength, f’c 5.0 ksi
Top Slab Thickness 9 in
Concrete
Bottom Slab Thickness 10 in

Wall Thickness 8 in
Concrete Cover 1.5 in
Crack Control, Z 130 kip/in
Reinforcement
Yield Strength, fy 65 ksi

Maximum Wire Size W20
Steel
Minimum Wire Spacing 2 in

4 in (transv. wires)
Maximum Wire Spacing
8 in (longit. Wires)
A. Earth Pressure The weight of fill on top of the culvert produces vertical earth pressure
Loads (EV). To account for the variability of the fill on top of box culverts a unit
[3.11.5 –3.11.7, weight of 0.130 kcf is used.
12.11.2]
Vertical earth pressures are modified to account for soil structure
interaction. The interaction or the amount of earth load carried by the
culvert is dependent on the construction site and the methods used
during construction. Culverts placed in trench conditions need to carry
less vertical load than those constructed in embankment conditions (the
consolidated material in the adjacent trench walls is typically stiffer than
new embankment material.). The design example assumes the box
culvert will be constructed with embankment conditions.
Figure 12.6.1 - Design Example Geometry

The interaction factor is dependent on the height of fill (H) and the
outside width of the culvert (Bc):
H  6 
[12.11.2.2.1-2] Fe = 1 + 0.20 ⋅   = 1 + 0.20 ⋅   = 1.11 ≤ 1.15
B c   0.67 + 10.0 + 0.67 
The design vertical earth pressure at the top of the culvert is:
[12.11.2.2.1-1] EV = WE = Fe ⋅ γ ⋅ DE = 1.11 ⋅ 0.130 ⋅ 6.0 = 0.866 ksf
The lateral earth pressure (EH) on the culvert is found using the
equivalent fluid method. An at-rest, maximum equivalent-fluid unit
weight of 0.060 kcf is used.
At the top of the culvert, the lateral earth pressure is:

EH = γ eq ⋅ Z = 0.060 ⋅ 6.0 = 0.36 ksf
At the bottom of the culvert, the lateral earth pressure is:

 9 10 
EH = 0.060 ⋅ 6.0 + + 10.0 + = 1.05 ksf
 12 12 
Figure 12.8.2 illustrates the vertical and lateral earth pressures applied to
the box culvert.
Figure 12.6.2 – Earth Loads and Selfweight Reaction

B. Water Load Designers need to consider load cases where the culvert is full of water
[3.7.1] as well as cases where the culvert is empty. A simple hydrostatic
distribution is used for the water load:
At the inside top of the culvert, the lateral water pressure is:
WAtop = 0 .00 ksf
At the inside bottom of the culvert, the lateral water pressure is:
WAbot = γ ⋅ z = 0.062 ⋅ 10 = 0.62 ksf
The vertical pressure of 0.62 ksf applied to the bottom of the culvert from
water is assumed to pass directly through the bottom slab into the
subgrade. The water load is illustrated in Figure 12.8.3.
Figure 12.6.3 – Water Loads
C. Live Load The approximate strip method is used for the design with the 1'-0" wide
[3.6.1.3.3] design strip oriented parallel to the direction of traffic (longitudinal
direction.) The design live loads include the HL-93 truck, lane and
tandem loads.
[3.6.2.2] Dynamic Load Allowance

The dynamic load allowance (IM) for culverts and other buried structures
is reduced based on the depth of fill over the culvert. The deeper the fill,
the greater the reduction. For strength and service limit states:
IM = 33 ⋅ [1.0 − 0.125 ⋅ DE ] = 33 ⋅ [1.0 − 0.125 ⋅ 6.0] = 8.3%
For the fatigue check:

IM = 15 ⋅ [1.0 − 0.125 ⋅ DE ] = 15 ⋅ [1.0 − 0.125 ⋅ 6.0] = 3.8%
[3.6.1.2.5] Live Load Distribution

[3.6.1.2.6] Live loads are assumed to distribute laterally with depth. The
specifications permit designers to increase the footprint of the load with
increasing depth of fill. The load is assumed to spread laterally 0.57 feet
in each direction for every foot of fill above the culvert. The intensity of
live loads at any depth is assumed to be uniform over the entire
footprint.
[3.6.1.2.5] The assumed tire contact area for each wheel has a width of 20" and a
length of 10".
Using the distances between wheel lines, axles, and design lanes, the live
load intensities at the top of the box culvert can be found. For truck and
tandem loadings the influence area or footprint of the live load is found
first. After which, the sum of the weights of the wheels is used to
determine the intensity of the live load. The lane loading is treated
slightly differently from the wheel loads. Wheel loads are assumed to
distribute both longitudinally and transversely. Lane loads are assumed
to be very long and consequently only distribute transversely.
To determine the live load that should be carried into the structural
analysis, use multiple presence factors. One lane loaded for strength and
service limit states uses a multiple presence factor of 1.20. For two lanes
loaded use 1.00. No multiple presence factor should be used for the
fatigue limit state.
Begin by determining the intensities of the different live load

components.
A single HL93 truck axle produces a live load pressure of:

2 ⋅ PW ⋅ MPF 2 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 1.2
wLL = = = 0.339 ksf
(influence area) 14.58 ⋅ 7.75
Two HL93 truck axles adjacent to each other (4' apart) produce:
4 ⋅ PW ⋅ MPF 4 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 1.0
wLL = = = 0.336 ksf
A single lane load produces:
W ⋅ width ⋅ MPF 0.064 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 1.20

lane
wLL = = = 0.045 ksf
(influence width) 16.9
A single tandem vehicle produces:

4 ⋅ Pw ⋅ MPF 4 ⋅ 12.5 ⋅ 1.20
wLL = = = 0.350 ksf
Two tandem vehicles adjacent to each other (4' apart) produce:

8 ⋅ Pw ⋅ MPF 8 ⋅ 12.5 ⋅ 1.0
wLL = = = 0.346 ksf
Figure 12.6.4 illustrates the different live loads.
The tandem vehicle produces a live load intensity slightly larger than that
of the HL-93 truck axle and also larger than the double tandem load. It
also has a larger influence area than the truck axle. Use lane loading and
the single tandem to design for the Strength and Service limit states. A
single HL-93 truck axle is used for the fatigue check.
D. Select The load factors for the different load components vary with the limit
Applicable Load state being considered. For this example the following load factors are
Combinations and used:
Load Factors
[3.4.1] Strength Service Fatigue
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.
DC 0.9 1.25 1.0 1.0 ---- ----
EV 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 ---- ----
EH 0.65 1.35 0.5 1.0 ---- ----
LL 1.75 1.75 1.0 1.0 0.75 0.75
WA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ---- ----
For both the strength and service limit states, three load cases will be
considered. The load cases correspond to:
1. Maximum vertical load on the roof and maximum outward load on the
walls: DCmax + EVmax + EHmin + (LL+IM)max + WAmax
2. Minimum vertical load on the roof and maximum inward load on the
walls: DCmin + EVmin + EHmax
3. Maximum vertical load on the roof and maximum inward load on the
walls: DCmax + EVmax + EHmax + (LL+IM)max
Figure 12.6.4 - Live Load Distribution

Figure 12.6.4 - Live Load Distribution (cont.)
The Strength I load combinations are:

1. U = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.3 ⋅ EV + 0.65 ⋅ EH + 1.75 ⋅ (LL + IM) + 1.0 ⋅ WA ]
2. U = 1.0 ⋅ [0.9 ⋅ DC + 0.9 ⋅ EV + 1.35 ⋅ EH]
3. U = 1.0 ⋅ [1.25 ⋅ DC + 1.3 ⋅ EV + 1.35 ⋅ EH + 1.75 ⋅ (LL + IM)]
The Service I load combinations are:

1. U = 1.0 ⋅ [DC + EV + 0.5 ⋅ EH + (LL + IM) + WA ]
2. U = 1.0 ⋅ [DC + EV + EH]
3. U = 1.0 ⋅ [DC + EV + EH + (LL + IM)]
One load case is considered for the Fatigue limit state:

1. U = 0.75 ⋅ (LL + IM) (range)
E. Summary of A structural analysis was performed using a standard commercial matrix-

Analysis Results analysis program. The bottom slab of the box culvert was assumed rigid
compared to the subgrade. Reactions to vertical loads applied to the
culvert (earth, water, live load) were assumed to be carried with
uniformly distributed reactions applied to the bottom slab. Box culverts
supported on stiff or rigid subgrades (rock) would require additional
investigation. The fillets were included in the analysis by increasing the
thickness of members near each corner. The internal forces at several
locations of the box are presented in Tables 12.8.1 and 12.8.2. The
forces presented at top, bottom, or end locations are at the location
where the typical section and fillet meet. The first table lists the forces
associated with each load component. The second table contains the
forces at the same locations for the various load combinations.
Table 12.6.1a Structural Analysis Results (unfactored, kip-in)

Moment
Tandem
(range)
Fatigue
LL+IM
WA
DC
EH
EV
Sidewall Bottom -20.0 -36.9 -4.74 -0.06 -16.17 -8.47

Sidewall Center -12.2 -42.9 63.1 -27.7 -18.78 -11.84
Sidewall Top -4.36 -48.8 -4.57 4.54 -21.39 -15.22
Top Slab Center -18.3 -96.9 50.8 -20.8 -42.43 -29.19
Top Slab End -7.52 -13.8 50.8 -20.8 -6.03 -1.85
Bottom Slab Center 43.4 113 -69.9 32.4 49.49 29.18
Bottom Slab End 5.73 29.8 -69.9 32.4 13.07 8.68
Table 12.6.1b Structural Analysis Results (unfactored, kip)

Shear Thrust
Tandem
Tandem
LL+IM
LL+IM
WA
WA
DC
DC
EH
EH
EV
EV
Sidewall Bottom 0.16 -0.12 3.14 -1.35 -0.05 1.74 4.62 0.00 0.00 2.03
Sidewall Center 0.16 -0.12 -0.16 0.21 -0.05 1.34 4.62 0.00 0.00 2.03
Sidewall Top 0.16 -0.12 -2.50 0.96 -0.05 0.94 4.62 0.00 0.00 2.03
Top Slab Center 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.16 0.12 3.08 -0.99 0.05
Top Slab End -0.45 -3.46 0.00 0.00 -1.52 -0.16 0.12 3.08 -0.99 0.05
Bottom Slab Center 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 -0.12 4.54 -2.13 -0.05
Bottom Slab End -1.57 -3.46 0.00 0.00 -1.52 0.16 -0.12 4.54 -2.13 -0.05
Table 12.6.1.2a Strength and Fatigue Load Combinations (kips, kip-in)

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Fatigue
Moment
Moment
Moment
Moment
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Shear
Shear
Shear
Sidewall Bottom -108 0.45 12.1 -57.6 4.28 5.72 -111 4.18 12.1 -6.35
Sidewall Center -94.5 0.05 11.6 35.6 -0.18 5.36 -22.6 -0.28 11.6 -8.88
Sidewall Top -109 -0.73 11.1 -54.1 -3.34 5.00 -117 -3.44 11.1 -11.4
Top Slab Center -220 0.00 1.07 -35.1 0.00 4.13 -163 0.00 4.23 -21.9
Top Slab End -26.9 -8.04 1.07 49.4 -3.52 4.13 29.5 -8.04 4.23 -1.39
Bottom Slab Center 285 0.00 0.76 46.3 0.00 6.17 204 0.00 6.07 21.9
Bottom Slab End 58.6 -9.44 0.76 -62.4 -4.53 6.17 -22.8 -9.44 6.07 6.51
Table 12.6.1.2b Service Load Combinations (kips, kip-in)

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Moment
Moment
Moment
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Shear
Shear
Shear
Sidewall Bottom -77.5 0.02 8.62 -61.7 3.18 6.36 -79.8 3.12 8.62
Sidewall Center -72.3 0.11 8.22 8.03 -0.12 5.96 -13.0 -0.17 7.85
Sidewall Top -74.9 -0.31 7.82 -57.8 -2.46 5.56 -81.7 -2.52 7.82
Top Slab Center -158 0.00 0.57 -64.4 0.00 3.04 -112 0.00 3.11
Top Slab End -23.5 -5.61 0.57 29.5 -3.91 3.04 22.8 -5.61 3.11
Bottom Slab Center 209 0.00 0.12 86.4 0.00 4.58 142 0.00 4.52
Bottom Slab End 47.7 -6.73 0.12 -34.4 -5.03 4.58 -19.7 -6.73 4.52
The values in Tables 12.8.1 and 12.8.2 include dynamic load allowance
and multiple presence factors.
F. Investigate Determine the required area of flexural reinforcement to satisfy the

Strength Limit Strength I load combinations.
State for Flexure
 a
[5.7.2.2] Mu = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ f y ⋅ d − 
 2 
[5.7.3.2]

A s ⋅ fy
a=
0.85 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b
Substituting for “a” in the first equation:

 A s ⋅ fy 
Mu = φ ⋅ Mn = φ ⋅ A s ⋅ f y ⋅ d − 
 2 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ f 'c ⋅b 
Inserting values for fy, b, and φ :

 A s ⋅ 65 
Mu = 1.0 ⋅ A s ⋅ 65 ⋅ d − 
 2 ⋅ 0 .85 ⋅ 5 .0 ⋅ 12 .0 
Which becomes:
Mu = 65 ⋅ A s ⋅ [d − 0.637 ⋅ A s ]
And eventually:
2
41.41 ⋅ A s − 65 ⋅ d ⋅ A s + Mu = 0
Solving the quadratic equation for As:

2
(65 ⋅ d) − 4225 ⋅ d − 165.6 ⋅ Mu
As =
82.82
Sidewall:
Size the reinforcement assuming “d” dimensions based on a W12 wire
1
(dw = 0.391 in) and a clear cover of 1 /2". The trial “d” of the sidewall
is:
 dw  0.391
d = (thickness) − (clearcover) −   = 8 − 1.5 − = 6.30 in
 2  2
The peak moment for tension on the outside face is 117 k-in (top,
2
Strength I: Case 3). The required area of steel is 0.29 in /ft.
The peak moment for tension on the inside face is 35.6 k-in (center,
2
Top Slab:
For the top slab “d” is:
0.391
d = 9 − 1.5 − = 7.30 in
2
The peak moment for tension on the outside face is 49.4 k-in (end,
2
The peak moment for tension on the inside face is 220 k-in (center,
2
Bottom Slab:
0.391
d = 10 − 1.5 − = 8.30 in
2
The peak moment for tension on the outside face is 62.4 k-in (end,
2
The peak moment for tension on the inside face is 285 k-in (center,
2
G. Check Crack To ensure that the primary reinforcement is well distributed, crack control
Control equations are checked. The equations are dependent on the yield
[5.7.3.4] strength of the reinforcement, the concrete cover, and the area of
concrete assumed to participate with a reinforcing bar or wire. The “Z”
parameter is varied according to the use of the concrete structure.
Mn/DOT uses a Z value of 130 for box culvert design.
Z
[5.7.3.4-1] fs ≤ fsa = ≤ 0.6 ⋅ fy
0.33
(d ⋅ A)
c
The service limit state stress in the rebar is found using cracked section
analysis methods.
Begin by finding the modular ratio between reinforcing steel and

concrete.
Es 29000
[5.4.2.4 & 5.7.1] n= = = 7.1 Use n=7
Ec 1.5
33000 (.145) 5.0
Sidewall:
2
Try W12 wire at a 4" spacing, As = 0.36 in /ft, d = 6.30 in,
dc = 1.70 in
Outside face tension; Max. service moment M = 81.7 k-in
Area of concrete assumed to participate with the reinforcement:

2 ⋅ dc ⋅ b 2 ⋅ 1.70 ⋅ 12 2
A= = = 13.60 in
N 12/4
The maximum permitted stress in the reinforcement is:

Z 130
fsa = 0.33
= 0.33
= 46.1 ≥ 0.6 ⋅ 65 = 39.0 ksi
(d ⋅ A) (1.70 ⋅ 13.60)
c
Begin by computing the transformed area of the reinforcement.

2
n ⋅ A s = 7 ⋅ 0.36 = 2.52 in
Find the location of the neutral axis:
b=12"
x
N.A.
d = 6.31"
n·As d-x
1 2
⋅ b ⋅ x = n ⋅ A s ⋅ (d − x)
2
1 2
⋅ 12 ⋅ x = 2.52 ⋅ (6.30 − x) solving, x = 1.43 in
2
Next, find the internal lever arm:

x 1.43
j ⋅ d = d − = 6.30 − = 5.82 in
3 3
The stress in the reinforcement is:

M 81.7
fs = = = 39.0 = fsa = 39.0 ksi OK
A s ⋅ j ⋅ d 0.36 ⋅ 5.82
Similar calculations were made for the sidewall inside face and both faces
of the top slab and the bottom slab. See Table 12.6.3 for calculated
values at other locations.
H. Check Fatigue Mn/DOT practice is to perform fatigue check calculations for the design of
[5.5.3] box culverts. Typically with fill heights over 2'-0", fatigue will not govern
[Table 3.4.1-1] the design.
[3.6.2.1-3.6.2.2]
Calculate the stress in the reinforcement due to the fatigue. Assume a
cracked cross section and neglect the benefit of axial compression.
Sidewall:
2
Outside face M=11.4 k-in, As=0.36 in /ft
j·d= 5.82 in, fs=5.44 ksi
Top Slab:
2
Inside face M=21.9, As=0.60 in /ft
j·d = 6.61 in, fs = 5.52 ksi
Bottom Slab:
2
Inside face M=21.9 k-in, As= 0.72 in /ft
j·d = 7.51 in, fs = 4.05 ksi
[5.5.3.2] The general equation for allowable fatigue stress in reinforcement is:
r
ff = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ fmin + 8 ⋅
h
Use the default value for the ratio of base radius to height of rolled on
transverse deformations for the reinforcement:
r
= 0.3
h
Use the Service I: Case 2 moment to compute the minimum stress in the
sidewall reinforcement. Use the Service I: Case 1 moment without live
load to compute the minimum stress in the slab reinforcement.
Sidewall:
M 57.8
fmin = = = 27.6 ksi
As ⋅ j ⋅ d 0.36 ⋅ 5.82
ff = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ 27.6 + 8 ⋅ 0.3 = 15.1 > 5.44 ksi OK
Top slab:
89.8
fmin = = 22.6 ksi
0.60 ⋅ 6.61
ff = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ 22.6 + 8 ⋅ 0.3 = 15.9 > 5.47 ksi OK
Bottom Slab:
121.4
fmin = = 22.5 ksi
0.72 ⋅ 7.51
ff = 21 − 0.33 ⋅ 22.5 + 8 ⋅ 0.3 = 16.0 > 4.03 ksi OK

I. Check Minimum For precast culverts the minimum amount of flexural reinforcement in the
Reinforcement cross section is a percentage of the gross area:
[12.11.4.3.2]
Minimum sidewall reinforcement:
A s = 0.002 ⋅ [thickness] ⋅ [width] = 0.002 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12 = 0.19 in /ft
2
Minimum top slab reinforcement:

2
A s = 0.002 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 12 = 0.22 in /ft
Minimum bottom slab reinforcement:

2
A s = 0.002 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 12 = 0.24 in /ft
For cast-in-place culverts the minimum reinforcement check (LRFD Article

5.7.3.3.2) is satisfied if 133% of the reinforcement necessary for
strength is provided.
J. Check Maximum The maximum reinforcement check is satisfied if:

Reinforcement c
≤ 0.42
Limit [5.7.3.3.1] d
'
For fc = 5.0 ksi, β1 = 0.80
Sidewall:
a c 0.57
Outside face c= = 0.57 in = = 0.09 OK
β1 d 6.30
Top Slab:
c 0.96
Inside face c = 0.96 in = = 0.13 OK
d 7.25
Bottom Slab:
c 1.15
Inside face c = 1.15 in = = 0.14 OK
d 8.26
Table 12.6.3 Flexural Design Calculation Summary

Sidewall Top Slab Bottom Slab
Inside Outside Inside Outside Inside Outside
Moment (k-in) 35.6 112.6 210.9 49.4 274.7 55.9

Strength
Assumed d (in) 6.30 6.30 7.30 7.30 8.30 8.30

2
Req’d steel area (in ) 0.09 0.29 0.48 0.11 0.55 0.12
Moment (k-in) 8.0 79.2 153.1 22.8 203.4 46.2
Assumed Wire Size,

W4 @ 4" W12 @ 4" W20 @ 4" W4 @ 4" W18 @ 3" W4 @ 3"
Spacing (in)
2
AS (in /ft) 0.12 0.36 0.60 0.12 0.72 0.12
Service
d (in) 6.39 6.30 7.25 7.39 8.26 8.39

2
A (in ) 12.88 13.60 14.00 12.88 11.04 9.66
fsa (ksi) 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0
jd (in) 6.10 5.82 6.61 7.07 7.51 8.00
fs (ksi) 10.9 39.0 38.6 26.9 37.4 36.1
Moment range (k-in) - 11.4 21.9 - 21.9 -
Min. Moment - 57.8 89.8 - 121.4 -

Fatigue
fmin (ksi) - 27.6 22.6 - 22.5 -
ff (ksi) - 15.1 15.9 - 16.0 -
fs (ksi) - 5.44 5.52 - 4.05 -

2
0.002 Ag (in /ft) 0.19 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.24
Check
Min/
Max
c
/d - 0.09 0.13 - 0.14 -
K. Summary of The area of reinforcement necessary to satisfy strength, crack control,

Required Flexural fatigue and minimum reinforcement levels is:
Reinforcement
Sidewall:
2
Outside face As = 0.36 in /ft
2
Inside face As = 0.19 in /ft
Top Slab:
2
2
Bottom Slab:
2
2
L. Check Shear The concrete shear strength for box culvert slabs is given by:
[5.8.1]  As V ⋅d 
Vc = 0.0676 ⋅ f 'c + 4.6 ⋅ ⋅ u e  ⋅ b ⋅ de
[5.14.5.3]  b ⋅ de Mu 
Except under deep fills the shear capacity rarely governs. To simplify the
calculations drop the second term in the brackets and use:
Vc =  0.0676 ⋅ fc  ⋅ b ⋅ de
'
 
Sidewall
The maximum design shear is:
Vu = 4.28 kips (bottom, Strength I: Case 2)
The capacity is:

( )
φ ⋅ Vc = 0.90 ⋅ 0.0676 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 6.30 = 10.28 > 4.28 kips OK
Top Slab
Vu = 8.04 kips (end, Strength I: Case 1)
The capacity is:

( )
φ ⋅ Vc = 0.90 ⋅ 0.0676 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 7.25 = 11.84 > 8.04 kips OK
Bottom Slab
Vu = 9.44 kips (end, Strength I: Case 1)
The capacity is:

( )
φ ⋅ Vc = 0.90 ⋅ 0.0676 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 8.26 = 13.48 > 9.44 kips OK
M. Check Thrust The axial capacity of the culvert should be checked to ensure it satisfies
the provisions of LRFD Article 5.7.4. For this design example, the
sidewall member will be checked. It has the largest thrust value and the
least thickness.
The design axial load is:

PU = 12.1 kips (bottom Strength I, Case 3)
If the factored axial load is less than 10% of the nominal compressive
capacity of the section, flexural design can be performed ignoring axial
load effects. Without stirrups in the section, the resistance factor for
compression is 0.70.
[Eq. 5.7.4.5-3]
0.10 ⋅ φ ⋅ f'c ⋅A g = 0.10 ⋅ 0.70 ⋅ 5.0 ⋅ (8.0 ⋅ 12.0) = 33.6 >> 12.1 kips
By inspection, the section has adequate axial capacity. Note that the
bending capacity of the sidewalls would benefit from the applied axial
force. Since the benefit is small, the interaction is neglected.
N. Summary Figure 12.6.5 illustrates the required reinforcing for the inside face and
outside face of the sidewalls, top slab, and bottom slab.
Note that if reinforcing bars are used rather than welded wire fabric, the
required reinforcement must be increased by a factor of 65/60 = 1.08 to
account for the difference in yield strength. Also, crack control must be
rechecked.
Figure 12.6.5 - Box Culvert Reinforcing

13. RAILINGS Section 13 of the LRFD Specifications addresses the design of railings.
“Railings” is used as a generic term in the specifications. Railings include
traffic safety barriers as well as median barriers, bicycle, and pedestrian
railings.
The design requirements for railings utilized on Mn/DOT bridges have

undergone changes in recent years as the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) established crash-testing requirements and the
AASHTO Specifications were revised accordingly. Additionally, the desire
for more attractive railings has influenced the style of railings on projects
where aesthetics is a major consideration. Accidents involving objects
thrown from overpasses onto traffic below has led to the adoption of
protective screening requirements. The rapid increase in bicycle trails and
traffic has increased attention on bicycle railings. This section of the
LRFD Bridge Design Manual details our policies regarding the design of
bridge railings for Mn/DOT projects.
13.1 Materials Reinforced concrete, steel, and timber are all used for railings. The
majority of traffic railings are reinforced concrete. Bridges with timber
decks on low volume secondary roads may have timber railings.
Pedestrian and bicycle railings are typically galvanized steel that has
been painted for aesthetics.
13.2 Design The design of newly constructed bridge railings must conform to the
Requirements requirements of Section 13 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications. This specification gives geometric and strength
requirements and also describes crash test levels. FHWA requires all
bridges carrying traffic on the National Highway System (NHS) to be
crash tested in accordance with NCHRP Report 350 Recommended
Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.
There are six levels of service and testing depending on vehicle size and
speed. A list of crash tested railings is found on the following FHWA Web
sites:
• http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/bridgerail/
• http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/road_hardware/bridgerailings.htm
• http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/road_hardware/longbarriers.htm
Crash testing requirements may be waived if the railing in question is

similar in geometrics to an approved crash tested rail and an analytical
evaluation shows the railing to be crash worthy. This allows minor
changes to crash tested railings without having to go through the time
and expense of crash testing. For bridges on the NHS any such
evaluation must be approved by the FHWA.
Crash testing has shown that during impact vehicles slide along the top of
the railing and parts of the vehicle, especially the boxes on trucks, extend
beyond the face of the railing a considerable distance. The envelope of
the vehicle encroachment beyond the face of railing is known as the zone
of intrusion. Attachments to bridge railings, such as architectural metal
railings or objects just behind the railing (such as light poles), must
address safety concerns presented by this encroachment, which include:
1) Snagging - which can cause the attachment or the vehicle hood to
penetrate the occupant compartment.
2) Spearing – objects, such as a horizontal railing member, penetrating
windshields and injuring occupants.
3) Debris falling onto traffic below.
A Midwest Roadside Safety Facility report, titled Guidelines for

Attachment to Bridge Rails and Median Barriers, February 26, 2003,
identifies zones of intrusion for several types of railings. Figure 13.2.1
shows the zone of intrusion for a Test Level 4 barrier.
Generally attachments within the zone of intrusion shall be designed to

break away before severely damaging the vehicle, contain any debris
from damaging traffic below, and have no members (such as rail ends)
that might spear the occupant compartment of the vehicle. Ends of rails
shall be sloped at 45 degrees or less to top of barrier to reduce the
chance of spearing. Posts shall be set back from the face of railing to
minimize snagging. (See Sections 13.2.1 and 13.2.3 for setback
requirements.)
Railing designs shall include consideration of safety, cost, aesthetics and

maintenance. Safety shapes (Types J and F) were developed to minimize
damage to vehicles, as well as to contain and redirect vehicles back onto
the roadway, and have low initial and maintenance costs. Use of designs
that allow for easy replacement of damaged sections and use of standard
railings can minimize maintenance costs since replacement components
can be stockpiled.
Three general classes of bridge railings are Traffic Railings, Pedestrian or

Bicycle Railings, and Combination Railings. Bridge cross sections showing
these three classes are shown in Figure 13.2.2. Railing classes are
further defined in the following sections. Also, refer to Table 13.2.1 for
guidance on standard rail applications.
1
Figure 13.2.1
Intrusion Zones for TL-4 Barriers
1
Reproduced from Keller, Sicking, Faller, Polivka & Rhode, Guidelines for Attachments to Bridge
Rails and Median Barriers, (Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, February 26, 2003), page 24.
Figure 13.2.2
TABLE 13.2.1: Standard Rail Applications
Rail Test Speed

Description Application Comment
Type Level Limit
MAY 2006
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4) TL-4 All Traffic Only 2'-8" tall
5-397.114: Separate End Post w/o W.C.
5-397.115: Integral End Post w/o W.C.
5-397.116: Separate End Post w/ W.C.
5-397.117: Integral End Post w/ W.C.
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) TL-5 > 40 mph High Protection Area where 3'-6" tall
5-397.122: Integral End Post w/ W.C. Dc > 5° and Speed > 40 mph. (Gives added protection to
5-397.124: Integral End Post w/o W.C. motorists on high speed, high
curvature roadways. Modify
standard to remove sidewalk.)
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) w/ Sidewalk TL-5 All Between sidewalk and roadway 3'-6" tall
5-397.125: Integral End Post w/ W.C. where the shoulder is < 6'. (The additional height is to protect
5-397.126: Integral End Post w/o W.C. a bicycle rider from falling over the
railing into traffic.)
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) TL-5 All Bridges with designated bike path 4'-8" tall
5-397.128: Integral End Post w/ W.C. or where glare screen is required.
Traffic
5-397.129: Integral End Post w/o W.C
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
Solid Median Barrier (Type F, TL-4) TL-4 All Traffic Only 2'-8" tall
5-397.130: w/ W.C.
Split Median Barrier (Type F, TL-4) TL-4 All Bridges with a longitudinal joint 2'-8" tall
5-397.131: w/ W.C. between roadways. (Usually the (For stage construction, each half of
bridge is very wide or is to be barrier meets TL-4 standard.)
constructed in stages.)
Solid Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4) TL-4 All Traffic Only 4'-8" tall
5-397.132: w/ W.C.
Split Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4) TL-4 All Traffic Only 4'-8" tall
5-397.135: w/o W.C.
5-397.136: w/ W.C
Offset Split Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4 All Use where roadways are at 4'-8" tall
TL-4) different elevations. (Usually on (Separation allows both sides to be
5-397.137: w/ W.C. superelevated bridges.) slipformed.)
13-5
TABLE 13.2.1: Standard Rail Applications (cont.)
Rail Description Test Speed

Application Comment
Type Level Limit
MAY 2006
Concrete Barrier (Type P-2, TL-4) and Structural TL-4 All Traffic Only, where an aesthetic 1'-3" metal railing on 1'-9" parapet
Tube Railing (Type T-1) railing is desired. (Designer must modify detail for
5-397.157: w/ Integral End Post separate end post or no W.C.)
Traffic
Concrete Barrier (Type P-4, TL-4) TL-4 All Traffic Only 2'-8" tall
Concrete Barrier (Type P-1, TL-2) and Wire Fence TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 2'-4" parapet and 6' metal rail with
(Design W-1) rail is used on the outside edge of chain link fabric.
5-397.119: Integral End Post walk and meets bicycle and
5-397.120: Separate End Post protective screening requirements.
Concrete Barrier (Type P-1, TL-2) and Metal Railing TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Outside edge of walk on highway 2'-4" parapet with 2'-2" metal rail
for Bikeway (Type M-1) bridges with sidewalks where (Modify for separate end post.)
5-397.154: Integral End Post bicycle traffic on the walk is
expected and protective screening
is not required.
Structural Tube Railing (Design T-2) TL-4 All Attachment to Type F rail for use Top of metal railing 1'-10½" above
Combination
5-397.158 where significant bicycle traffic will top of 2'-8" Type F rail (Total height
be using roadway shoulder. of 4'-6"+ meets bicycle standard.)
(Traffic and Ped./Bicycle)

Concrete Barrier (Type P-1, TL-2) and Structural TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 2'-4" parapet and 5'-8 ½" metal rail
Tube Railing with Fence (Design T-3) rail is used on the outside edge of with chain link fabric
5-397.212 walk and meets bicycle and
protective screening requirements.
5' Wire Fence (Design W-1) for Pedestrian Bridges Ped. & Yes Pedestrian bridges or sidewalks 5' tall chain link fence
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
5-397.202 Bike separated from roadways by a

traffic barrier.
8' Wire Fence for Pedestrian Walks Ped. & Yes Pedestrian bridges or sidewalks 8' tall chain link fence
5-397.205 Bike separated from roadways by a
Ped./Bicycle
traffic barrier.
NOTES:
• Crash testing levels refer to NCHRP Report 350. The structural tube traffic rail (Bridge Details Manual Part II, Fig. 5-397.157) and bicycle rail attachment
to Type F rail (Bridge Details Manual Part II, Fig. 5-397.158) were developed by Minnesota and crash tested through the pooled fund program.
Combination railings with the 2'-4" parapet have been judged to meet crash Test Level 2 (TL-2) by comparison to other crash tested vertical face railings.
• Railing heights are measured to the finished surface (top of wearing course).
• Information on current costs of these railings may be obtained from the Bridge Estimating Unit.
• Combination railings may also be used as bicycle/pedestrian railings. The 2'-4" parapet height permits a wider spacing of spindles (6" openings rather
than the 4" openings required up to 27" above the finished surface).
13-6
TABLE 13.2.2: Non-Standard Rail Applications
Rail Test Speed

Type Level Limit
MAY 2006
Cloquet Railing TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Outside edge of walk on highway 2'-2 3/4" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
Bridge No. 09008 and 09009 bridges with sidewalks where (Sheet is metric.)
bicycle traffic on the walk is
expected and protective screening
is not required.
Concrete Barrier (Type P-3, TL-2) and Ornamental TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 3'-9" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
Metal Railing (Type M-2) rail is used on the outside edge of (Developed by City of Minneapolis
walk and meets bicycle and for use on bridges in their city.)
St. Peter Railing TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 4'-6" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
Bridge No. 27R05 rail is used on the outside edge of (Bridge No. 23022 has a 2'-2"
walk and meets bicycle and height of metal rail for use where
protective screening requirements. protective screening is not needed.)
TH 100 Corridor Standard TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 3'-9" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
Bridge No. 27285 rail is used on the outside edge of
walk and meets bicycle and
Combination
TH 212 Corridor Standard TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 5'-8' to 9'-2" metal rail on 2'-4"
(Traffic and Ped./Bicycle)

Bridge No. 27148 rail is used on the outside edge of parapet
TH 610 Corridor Standard TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 5'-51/2" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
Ornamental Metal Railing Type DWG rail is used on the outside edge of (Sheet is metric.)
Bridge No. 27222 walk and meets bicycle and
Victoria Street Railing TL-2 ≤ 40 mph Highway bridges with walks. This 5'-8" metal rail on 2'-4" parapet
Bridge No. 62823 rail is used on the outside edge of with chain link fabric
13-7
TABLE 13.2.2: Non-Standard Rail Applications (cont.)
Rail Test Speed

Type Level Limit
MAY 2006
Gooseberry Falls Suspended Walkway Rail Pedestrian bridges or sidewalks 3'-6" tall (Sheet is metric.)
Bridge No. 38010 Ped. N/A separated from roadways by a
traffic barrier.
Lexington Rail Pedestrian bridges or sidewalks 4'-6" tall (Sheet is metric.)

Ped. &
Bridge No. 62823 N/A separated from roadways by a
Bike
traffic barrier.
St. Peter Rail Pedestrian bridges or sidewalks 4'-6" tall (Sheet is metric.)
Pedestrian/Bicycle
Ped. &
Bridge No. 40002 N/A separated from roadways by a
Bike
traffic barrier.
NOTES:
• Crash testing levels refer to NCHRP Report 350. Combination railings with the 2'-4" parapet have been judged to meet crash Test Level 2 (TL-2) by
comparison to other crash tested vertical face railings.
• Railing heights are measured to the finished surface (top of wearing course).
• Information on current costs of these railings may be obtained from the Bridge Estimating Unit.
• Combination railings may also be used as pedestrian/ bicycle railings. The 2'-4" parapet height permits a wider spacing of spindles (6" openings rather
than the 4", which is required in the lower 27").
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
13-8
13.2.1 Traffic Traffic railings are designed to contain and safely redirect vehicles.
Railing Requirements based on speed are as follows.
1) High Speed Roadways with a Design Speed > 40 mph
Mn/DOT requires crash testing to Test Level 4 as the minimum
standard for these roadways. Test Level 4 is run with a small car and
a pickup truck at 60 mph and a single unit van truck impacting at 50
mph. This railing will normally be the 32" high Type F barrier (Bridge
Details Manual Part II, Figure 5-397.114-117). Where aesthetic
needs warrant, the tubular traffic railing (Bridge Details Manual Part
II, Figure 5-397.157) is an acceptable alternative that provides an
increased viewing opportunity to drivers crossing the bridge. It
consists of a structural tube and posts mounted to the top of a 1'-9"
high concrete base. Note, however, that the tubular traffic railing has
higher initial and maintenance costs than the Type F barrier. Consult
the Preliminary Bridge Unit for additional acceptable railings.
Mn/DOT has developed a bicycle railing attachment to the Type F

barrier for use where the bridge shoulders carry a bicycle route as
defined in the Mn/DOT State Bicycle Transportation System Plan or
another recognized authority. This attachment (Bridge Details Manual
Part II, Figure 5-397.158) adds height to the railing to protect bicycle
riders and has been crash tested to Test Level 4. It has a cable
system inside the rail tubes that will contain the rail pieces in the
event of an accident. It also uses weakened posts designed to lessen
the impact to vehicles in the event of a hit. This railing may be
applied to other traffic barriers provided that the same or greater
offset distance to the face of metal rail is provided and the post
attachment has the same or greater strength. The cable system must
be maintained even if there is no traffic below as the cables act to
keep the entire rail system intact during a crash.
The zone of intrusion (see Section 13.2 for definition) shall be kept
free of rail attachments or other features unless they have been crash
tested or an analytical evaluation has shown them to be crash worthy.
Exceptions to this policy include noise walls and safety features such
as signs or lights. Note that light poles shall be located behind the
back of the barrier. When noise walls are attached, consider using a
higher Type F barrier to lessen the risk. The zone of intrusion for a
TL-4 railing is shown in Figure 13.2.1.
A more stringent rail design may be considered on a case-by-case

basis for bridges with high design speeds, high truck volume, and
curvature or other site-specific safety considerations. Generally a
Test Level 5 railing should be considered for these sites. Test Level 5
includes a small car and a pickup truck traveling at 60 mph plus a

van-type tractor trailer impacting at 50 mph. As a guide, a 42" high
Type F barrier that meets TL-5 requirements is recommended for
bridges having a horizontal curvature of 5 degrees and sharper on a
roadway where the design speed is 45 mph or higher. The
Preliminary Bridge Plans Engineer will designate the rail design on the
Preliminary Bridge Plan.
2) Low Speed Roadways with a Design Speed ≤ 40 mph

Mn/DOT requires crash testing to Test Level 2 as the minimum
standard for these roadways. Test Level 2 is run with a small car and
pickup truck both impacting at a speed of 45 mph.
Normally these railings will be the same as used for higher speeds,
usually the Type F concrete barrier, but with the reduced level
required for crash testing more options are available. Consult the
Preliminary Bridge Unit for additional acceptable railings.
If the addition of an ornamental metal railing is desired on the top of

the traffic railing, a 32" high vertical faced concrete barrier (see
Bridge Details Manual Part II, Figure 5-397.173) shall be used rather
than the Type F barrier. The vertical face will cause more damage to
a vehicle for minor hits but reduces the tendency for the vehicle to
climb the face or roll over and will keep the vehicle back from the
metal rail. A small 2" wide by 6" high curb is provided at the base to
minimize snowplow damage to the barrier. For design speeds of
35 mph and below a metal railing may be used on the top of the
concrete barrier with no minimum offset required, as it is unlikely that
vehicles will contact the metal portion.2 With a design speed of 40
mph the front face of the metal railing shall be offset a minimum of 9"
from the face of barrier at the top of concrete.3
It is strongly recommended that a smooth face be used on the highway

side of concrete barriers. Aesthetic treatments on the highway face
increase the risk of vehicle snagging. In addition, in this environment the
aesthetics treatment will routinely experience vehicle hits, snowplow
scrapes, and high exposure to salt. As a result, their performance will be
greatly reduced, causing increased maintenance costs.
2
Rails and Median Barriers, (Report dated February 26, 2003), pages 3 and 27.
3
Rails and Median Barriers, (Report dated February 26, 2003), page 15 and 16. 9" offset at
40 mph judged acceptable based on 12" offset at 45 mph.
13.2.2 Pedestrian/ Pedestrian or bicycle railings are generally located at the outside edge of
Bicycle Railing a bridge sidewalk and are designed to safely contain pedestrians or
bicyclists. AASHTO specifications require pedestrian railings to be at
least 3'-6" in height and bicycle railings to be at least 4'-6" in height.
The height is measured from the top of walkway to top of the highest
horizontal rail component.
Openings between members of a pedestrian railing shall not allow a 4"

sphere to pass through the lower 27" of the railing and a 6" sphere
should not pass through any openings above 27". This is more restrictive
than AASHTO and is intended to prevent small children from slipping
through the railing. The International Building Code requires a 4"
maximum opening.
13.2.3 Combination railings are dual purpose railings designed to contain both
Combination vehicles and pedestrians or bicycles. These railings are generally located
Railing at the outside edge of a bridge sidewalk. A raised sidewalk is used to
clearly define the walkway area and keep roadway drainage off the
walkway. The sidewalk curb offers some protection to pedestrians from
errant vehicles entering the walkway. There is no other barrier between
the roadway and the sidewalk. Combination railings are applicable for
design speeds of 40 mph and under. Mn/DOT requires crash testing to
Test Level 2 for these railings and the strength and geometrics
requirements for bicycle or pedestrian railings also apply.
Combination railings will normally consist of a 2'-4" high concrete parapet

with a fence or ornamental metal railing mounted on the top. The
concrete parapet serves to contain traffic and has been judged to meet
crash Test Level 2. The metal railing must comply with the strength and
geometric requirements for bicycle or pedestrian railings. A non-crash
tested metal railing may be used on the top of the concrete barrier, as it
is unlikely that vehicles will make contact with the metal portion.
For typical applications, the highway face of a concrete parapet shall be

relatively smooth for ease of construction (slipforming) and maintenance.
Where aesthetic needs warrant it, beveled recesses up to 2" deep may be
allowed for inset panels and beveled form liner textures. Concrete posts
above the parapet are acceptable but they may not project in front of the
parapet.
For design speeds greater than 40 mph, a traffic railing is required

between the roadway and sidewalk or bikeway. Use a 32" high Type F
barrier for the traffic railing when the shoulder is 6'-0" or greater in
width. If the roadway shoulder is less than 6'-0", use a 42" Type F
barrier for added protection. Metal railings shall not be placed on top of a
traffic railing between a sidewalk and a roadway. Although metal railings
may somewhat increase protection for bicyclists, they are a risk hazard to
vehicles.
13.2.4 Strength of Barrier resistance values have been determined for the standard Mn/DOT
Standard Concrete concrete barriers and are shown in Table 13.2.4.1. They are based on
Barriers using both near and far face reinforcement as tension reinforcement.
These values can be used when analyzing deck overhangs to determine
reinforcement requirements. (See Section 9.2.4J for an overhang
reinforcement design example.)
TABLE 13.2.4.1: Resistance Values for Standard Concrete Barriers
End Panel Interior Panel

Description
MAY 2006
Lc Rw Lc Rw
(ft) (kips) (ft) (kips)
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-4)

5-397.114: Separate End Post w/o W.C. 4.6 59.2 9.9 124.1
5-397.115: Integral End Post w/o W.C.

5-397.116: Separate End Post w/ W.C. 4.6 57.2 10.2 122.9

5-397.122: Integral End Post w/ W.C. 9.3 128.5 14.3 128.8

5-397.124: Integral End Post w/o W.C. 9.2 133.6 14.0 131.4
Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) w/ Sidewalk

Concrete Barrier (Type F, TL-5) w/Sidewalk

Concrete Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-5)

5-397.128: Integral End Post w/W.C. 9.3 128.5 14.3 128.8
Concrete Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-5)

LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
Split Median Barrier (Type F, TL-4)

5-397.131: w/ W.C. 4.5 54.0 12.1 91.1
Split Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4)

5-397.135: w/o W.C. 4.1 55.8 9.0 106.6
Split Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4)

5-397.136: w/ W.C. 4.2 61.1 9.2 107.5
13-13
TABLE 13.2.4.1: Resistance Values for Standard Concrete Barriers
End Panel Interior Panel

Description Lc Rw Lc Rw
(ft) (kips) (ft) (kips)
MAY 2006
Offset Split Median Barrier and Glare Screen (Type F, TL-4)

5-397.137: w/ W.C. 4.2 61.1 9.2 107.5
Concrete Barrier (Type P-2, TL-4)

5-397.157: w/ Integral End Post
4.6 87.7 9.0 196.7


5-397.119
5-397.120
5-397.154 4.9 50.4 9.2 103.7
5-397.212
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
13-14
13.2.5 Protective The addition of protective screening to bridge railings is a further Mn/DOT
Screening policy requirement. The practice of adding protective screening is
common nationwide in response to accidents and fatalities that have
occurred due to pedestrians throwing objects from overpasses onto
vehicles below.
Protective screening must be included in the design of new bridges that

accommodate pedestrians when the bridge crosses a roadway or railroad,
and also when railings are replaced on existing bridges as follows:
• On bridges where a sidewalk is included in the design, incorporate a
protective screening system in the design of the railing adjacent to
the sidewalk.
• On pedestrian bridges, place the protective screening on both sides of
the bridge.
The protective screening system will be, preferably, a chain link fence
system or a railing system. The height of the fence or railing shall be
8'-0" above the top of the sidewalk. For sites with special aesthetic
treatments involving ornamental railings a minimum height of 6'-0" will
be allowed. However, it should be recognized that the lower railing
height provides a reduced level of protection. The protective screening
system shall not allow objects 6" or greater in diameter to pass through
the fence or railing.
13.2.6 In response to local requests, special railing designs have been

Architectural/ incorporated in some projects to address aesthetic concerns. These
Ornamental ornamental architectural bridge railings have been utilized in lieu of
Railings standard combination railings for placement on the outboard side of
bridge sidewalks. The Bridge Office will consider railing designs in
addition to our standard railings for such locations and corridors. It is
recommended that special railings incorporate features from the standard
railings (such as connection details) as significant effort has gone into the
development of these details.
Mn/DOT participation in the cost of aesthetic railings is governed by the

Mn/DOT Policy Manual of June 2001. Refer to these documents for more
information:
• Guidelines: Mn/DOT Policy and Procedures for Cooperative
Construction Projects with Local Units of Government
• Position Statement: Mn/DOT Policy and Procedures for Cooperative
Construction Projects with Local Units of Government
Railings are included with other aesthetic costs of the bridge. Mn/DOT
participation is limited to 5%, 7% or 15% of the cost of a basic bridge,
depending on the aesthetic level of the bridge.
Cost participation of architectural/ornamental railings on local bridges is

generally funded up to the prorated cost of standard railing or chain link
fence. Consult the State-Aid for Local Transportation Office for conditions
on bridge funding eligibility.
13.3 Design Two design examples follow. The first illustrates the design procedures
Examples associated with a conventional Type F barrier. The second design
example illustrates the steps undertaken for the design of adhesive
anchors to support a metal railing.
13.3.1 Type F This example illustrates a design check of the vertical reinforcing steel
Barrier Design that ties a standard Mn/DOT Type F barrier to a concrete deck. The
Example geometry of the barrier and the reinforcing bar sizes and types are
illustrated in Bridge Details Part II Fig. 5-397.117. The configuration of
the horizontal reinforcing bars in the railing is assumed fixed. The
spacing of the vertical reinforcing steel is checked to ensure adequate
capacity is provided. The design check uses the method described in
LRFD Article A13.3.1.
A. Design Forces Mn/DOT’s Type F barrier satisfies the geometric height constraint of a
and Dimensions TL-4 barrier and has satisfactorily passed crash testing to such a level.
The design forces and dimensional limits for a TL-4 barrier presented in
[13.7.3.2] LRFD Table A13.2-1 are repeated below.
Design Forces and Designations TL-4 Barrier
Ft Transverse (kip) 54
FL Longitudinal (kip) 18
FV Vertical/Down (kip) 18
L t and LL (ft) 3.5
L V (ft) 18
He Minimum Height of Horizontal Loads (in) 32
H Minimum Height of Rail (in) 32
The design is based on yield line analysis methods and has three
variables:
• Mb – the flexural capacity of the cap beam (if present)
• Mw – the flexural capacity of the railing about its vertical axis
• Mc – the flexural capacity of the railing about a horizontal axis
LRFD Article 13.1 cautions designers that railings placed on retaining

walls or spread footings may require investigation beyond that presented
in this example. The governing or controlling yield line mechanism is
assumed to form in the railing. If additional mechanisms with potentially
lower load capacities are possible, designers should investigate them.
The yield line mechanisms vary with rail location. Interior rail regions are
assumed to have three yield lines. Two of the yield lines have tension on
the inside of the railing and one has tension on the outside of the railing.
See Figure 13.3.1.1, reproduced from LRFD Figure CA13.3.1-1.
The assumed failure mechanism at the end of rail sections (near

deflection joints, expansion joints, openings, etc.) has one yield line that
produces tension on the inside face of the railing. See Figure 13.3.1.2,
reproduced from LRFD Figure CA13.3.1-2.
Figure 13.3.1.1
Yield Line Analysis for Interior Region
Figure 13.3.1.2
Yield Line Analysis for End Region
Figure 13.3.1.3 contains a rail elevation detail that identifies the location
of interior and end regions. The length of end regions and interior
regions is dependent on the relative flexural capacities of the railing ( Mw
and Mc ). The design example uses L ce to represent the length of end
regions and L ci to represent the length of interior yield line mechanisms.
Holding Mw constant, rail sections with larger Mc resistances have
shorter and steeper yield line mechanisms.
Designers should note that in addition to inclined yield lines, one-way

cantilever resistance of the rail should be investigated for rail segments
with lengths less than twice L ce .
B. Barrier Flexural Three section details of a Type F barrier are presented in Figure 13.3.1.4.
Resistance The top section presents typical reinforcement and geometry. The
horizontal reinforcement consists of eight #13 bars. Two #16 bars are
used for the vertical reinforcement. The R1601E bar is anchored in the
deck and projects 10" into the rail. The R1602E bar is a closed stirrup
that laps the R1601E bar.
The center detail in Figure 13.3.1.4 labels the horizontal reinforcement

and identifies the “d” dimension assumed in Mw calculations. At any one
yield line location four bars are assumed to provide flexural resistance
and four bars are assumed available to carry shear loads via shear
friction.
[CA13.3.1] The bottom detail in Figure 13.3.1.4 identifies the “d” dimension of the
vertical reinforcement at different locations. These values are averaged
to compute Mc .
Determine Mb
The Type F barrier has no additional beam section at its top.
Consequently, the Mb term is equal to zero in the rail resistance
computations.
Determine Mw
Using the center detail of Figure 13.3.1.4 the flexural capacity about a
vertical axis is computed. Bars 1, 3, 5, and 7 are assumed effective for
yield lines that produce tension on the inside face of the rail. Bars 2, 4,
6, and 8 are assumed effective for the case where the yield line has
tension on the outside face of the rail.
Figure 13.3.1.3
Figure 13.3.1.4
[5.7.3.2] Mw for Interior Region

[1.3.2.1] Capacities ϕ Mn for a typical interior region are listed in the following
table. The lever arm dimension of the different bars is found by
subtracting half the depth of the flexural compression block.
⎛ a⎞
ϕ Mn = ϕ A s fy ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
ϕ = 1.0 (for Extreme Event Limit State)
A s = 0.20 in2
fy = 60 ksi
A stotal ⋅ fy 4 ⋅ 0.20 ⋅ 60
a = c β1 = = = 0.42 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 34
a 0.42
= = 0.21 in
2 2
Lever Arm ϕ Mni for ϕ Mno for

BAR d (in) a Inside Face Outside Face
d− (in)
2 Tension (k-in) Tension (k-in)
1 7.72 7.51 90.1

2 7.94 7.73 92.8
3 8.88 8.67 104.0
4 9.07 8.86 106.3
5 10.04 9.83 118.0
6 11.93 11.72 140.6
7 10.77 10.56 126.7
8 14.87 14.66 175.9
Totals 438.8 515.6
⎛ ϕ M ⎞ ⎛ 438.8 / 12 ⎞
M =⎜ ni ⎟ =
⎜ ⎟ = 12.92 kip - ft/ft
wi ⎜ H ⎟ ⎝ 2.83 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ϕ Mno ⎞ ⎛ 515.6 / 12 ⎞
Mwo = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 15.18 kip - ft/ft
⎜ H ⎟ ⎝ 2.83 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
For interior rail regions there is one outside tension yield line and two
inside tension yield lines. Compute the average Mw :
2 ⋅M + 1 ⋅ Mwo 2 ⋅ 12.92 + 1 ⋅ 15.18

wi
M = = = 13.7 kip - ft/ft
wint 3 3
Mw for End Region

At end regions not all of the horizontal bars will be fully developed by the
time they intersect with the anticipated yield line. Assume the L ce
dimension is at least 4.0 feet. The #13 bars have a development length
of 12". Figure 13.3.1.5 shows the reinforcement in the end region of the
rail in relation to the assumed yield line.
Figure 13.3.1.5
Similar to the interior region, the lever arm is found by subtracting off
one half of the depth of the flexural compression block.
⎛ a⎞
ϕ Mn = ϕ A s fy ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
ϕ = 1.0 (for Extreme Event Limit State)
A s = 0.20 in2
fy = 60 ksi
A stotal ⋅ fy 0.62 ⋅ 60
a = c β1 = = = 0.32 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 34
a 0.32
= = 0.16 in
2 2
Capacities ϕ Mn for the end region are listed in the following table.
ϕ Mn for
Bar Developed Lever Arm
Embedded Inside Face
BAR Fraction Bar Area d (in) a
Length (in) d− (in) Tension (k-
Developed A s (in ) 2
in)
2
1 36 1.00 0.20 7.72 7.56 90.7

3 24.9 1.00 0.20 8.88 8.72 104.6
5 10.9 0.91 0.18 10.04 9.88 106.7
7 2.1 0.18 0.04 10.77 10.61 25.5
Total 0.62 Total 327.5
Mw is found by averaging the capacity of the rail over the height of the
rail.
⎛ ϕ Mn ⎞ ⎛ 327.5 / 12 ⎞
Mwend = ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 9.6 kip-ft/ft
⎝ H ⎠ ⎝ 2.83 ⎠
Determine Mc
The Type F barrier does not have a uniform thickness. Consequently the
“d” dimension of the vertical reinforcement varies with the vertical
location in the rail. Averaged “d” dimensions are used to compute Mc
separately for the top and bottom sections. Then a weighted average of
the two sections is taken to determine Mc for the entire rail section.
Using “d” dimensions labeled in the bottom detail of Figure 13.3.1.4, the
average “d” dimensions can be found.
Location d (in) Average d (in)
Top 7.97
9.24
Mid Top 10.50
Mid Bottom 11.02
12.64
Bottom 14.25
Mc for Interior Region

The internal flexural lever arm is dependent on the amount of
reinforcement in the cross section. The maximum spacing of vertical
steel in interior regions is 12". Use a 12" vertical steel spacing to
evaluate the interior rail region.
For the top portion, A stop = 0.31 in2 /ft
A stop ⋅ fy 0.31 ⋅ 60
atop = c β1 = = = 0.46 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4.0 ⋅ 12.0
⎛ atop ⎞
Mctop = ϕ Mn = ϕ A stop fy ⎜⎜ dtop − ⎟ = 1.0 (0.31)(60) ⋅ ⎛⎜ 9.24 − 0.46 ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
= 14.0 kip-ft/ft
For the bottom portion, the R1601E bars are not fully developed at the
rail/deck interface. Determine bar development fraction:
For a straight #16 bar, the basic development length l db is:
1.25 A b fy 1.25 (0.31)(60)

l db = = = 11.63 in
fc′ 4
or
l db = 0.4 db fy = 0.4 (0.625)(60 ) = 15.00 in GOVERNS
Using modification factors for epoxy coating (1.2) and bar spacing > 6"
with > 3" cover (0.8), the straight bar development length is:
l db = 1.2 (0.8)(1500 ) = 14.40 in
For a hooked #16 bar, the basic development length l hb is:
38.0 ⋅ db 38.0 (0.625)

l hb = = = 11.88 in
fc′ 4
Using modification factors for epoxy coating (1.2) and cover (0.7), the
hooked bar development length is:
l dh = 1.2 (0.7)(11.88) = 9.98 in
Therefore, the benefit derived from the hook is:

14.40 − 9.98 = 4.42 in
The R1601E bar is hooked with a vertical embedment of 5.18 in.
Then the development fraction is:
5.18 + 4.42
Fdev = = 0.67
14.40
The required extension beyond the 90° bend for a standard hook (A or G
dimension) is 10" for a #16 bar. The R1601E bar has an extension of
18". Because of this extra extension and the fact that the 18" extension
will have to pull through the top mat of reinforcement in order for the bar
to fail, assume a higher development fraction Fdev = 0.75 .
Then A sbot = 0.75 (0.31) = 0.23 in 2 /ft

A sbot ⋅ fy 0.23 ⋅ 60
abot = c β1 = = = 0.34 in in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
⎛ a ⎞
Mcbot = ϕ Mn = ϕ A sbot fy ⎜⎜ dbot − bot ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 0.34 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 1.0 (0.23)(60) ⎜12.64 − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 14.3 kip-ft/ft
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
14.0 (1.83) + 14.3 (1.00 )

Mc int = = 14.1 kip-ft/ft
2.83
Mc for End Region

The end region has nine A16 and nine R16 bars in the end 4.0 feet of
the rail. For the last R16 bar, due to the small amount of bar extending
above the yield line, consider only 8 bars to be effective in resisting load.
Then, the average A stop = 0.62 in 2 /ft
A stop ⋅ fy 0.62 ⋅ 60
atop = c β1 = = = 0.91 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
⎛ atop ⎞
Mctop = ϕ Mn = ϕ A stop fy ⋅ ⎜⎜ dtop − ⎟ = 1.0 (0.62)(60) ⋅ ⎛⎜ 9.24 − 0.91 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
= 27.2 kip-ft/ft
The average effective A sbot = 0.75 (0.62) = 0.47 in 2 /ft
A sbot ⋅ fy 0.47 ⋅ 60
abot = c β1 = = = 0.69 in
0.85 ⋅ fc′ ⋅ b 0.85 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ 0.69 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Mcbot = ϕ Mn = ϕ Asbot fy ⋅ ⎜⎜ dbot − bot ⎟⎟ = 1.0 (0.47)(60) ⋅ ⎜12.64 − ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
= 28.9 kip-ft/ft
27.2 (1.83) + 28.9 (1.00)

Then Mcend = = 27.8 kip-ft/ft
2.83
C. Flexural With Mw and Mc computed for an interior and end region, the resistance
Capacity Check of the railing can be computed with the equations in LRFD Article
A13.3.1.
Check the Capacity of an Interior Region

With Mb int = 0 , Mw int = 13.7 kip-ft/ft and Mc int = 14.1 kip-ft/ft, the
length of the yield line mechanism and the resistance of the mechanism
can be found:
⎡ 8 ⋅ H ⋅ (Mbint + Mwint ⋅ H) ⎤
2
Lt ⎛L ⎞
[Eqn A13.3.1-1] L ci = + ⎜⎜ t ⎟⎟ + ⎢ ⎥ = 9.8 ft
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ Mcint ⎦
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ M ⋅L 2 ⎞
[Eqn A13.3.1-2] R wi = ⎜⎜ ⎟ 8 ⋅ Mbint + 8 ⋅ Mwint ⋅ H + cint ci ⎟ = 98.0 kips
2 L ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⋅ ci − L t ⎠⎝ H
⎠
which, is greater than the 54 kip extreme event design load.
Check the Capacity of the End Region

With Mbend = 0 , Mwend = 9.6 kip-ft/ft and Mcend = 27.8 kip-ft/ft, the
length of the yield line mechanism and the resistance of the mechanism
can be found:
2
L ⎛L ⎞ ⎛M + Mwend ⋅ H ⎞
Eqn A13.3.1-4 L ce = t + ⎜⎜ t ⎟⎟ + H ⋅ ⎜⎜ bend ⎟ = 4.2 ft
⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ Mcend ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛⎜ M ⋅L 2 ⎞
[Eqn A13.3.1-3] R we = ⎜⎜ ⎟ Mbend + Mwend ⋅ H + cend ce ⎟ = 81.8 kips
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⋅ L ce − L t ⎠⎝ H
⎠
which, is also greater than the required load capacity of 54 kips.
The other end regions are to be checked similarly.
D. Shear Capacity Use shear friction methods to evaluate the shear capacity of the joint
Check between the deck and railing. Assume that Ft and FL occur
simultaneously.
The resultant shear force is:
Vres = Ft 2 + FL 2 = 542 + 182 = 56.9 kips
[5.8.4] The basic shear capacity equation for a section using shear friction is:
ϕ Vn = ϕ ⋅ [c ⋅ A cv + μ (A vf ⋅ fy + Pc )]
Neglect cohesion and the small permanent compression across the

interface due to selfweight. Conservatively assume that the interface
between the railing and the deck is not roughened. The appropriate of
friction factor μ is 0.60.
Substitute Vres for ϕ Vn rearranging the remaining terms, and solve for
the required area of reinforcement:
⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 56.9 ⎞
A =⎜ res ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 1.58 in2
vfreq ⎜ϕ ⋅μ⋅ f ⎟ ⎝ 1.0 ⋅ 0.60 ⋅ 60 ⎠
⎝ v y ⎠
The required number of #16 bar legs is:

⎛A ⎞
⎜ vfreq ⎟ ⎛⎜ 1.58 ⎞⎟ = 5.1 legs
⎜ A ⎟ ⎝ 0.31 ⎠
⎝ b ⎠
Check the interior region first. Assuming the #16 bars are at the
maximum spacing of 12" and the L ci dimension is 9.9 feet, 10 bars will
be provided.
At the end region, nine #16 bars are provided in the end 4.2 feet ( L ce ).
Both interior and end regions have adequate shear capacity at the deck
railing interface.
E. Summary When checked in accordance with the procedure shown within this
example, the capacity of the end regions adjacent to the expansion joint
and deflection joints did not meet the required 54 kip load capacity.
Because the neutral axis is located very close to the outside face of the
rail for determination of both Mw and Mc , all of the regions were
reanalyzed to take advantage of the additional capacity provided by the
outside face reinforcement. Therefore, in the second analysis, both the
inside face rail reinforcement and the outside face rail reinforcement were
included in the determination of the rail capacity. The revised values for
the F-rail are:
Interior Region:
With wearing course Without wearing course
L = 10.2 ft L = 9.9 ft
ci ci
R = 122.9 kip R = 124.1 kip
wi wi
End Region:
With wearing course Without wearing course
L ce = 4.6 ft L ce = 4.6 ft
R we = 57.2 kip R we = 59.2 kip

Adequate vehicle collision load capacity is provided with the default

reinforcing provided in Bridge Details Part II Figure 5-397.117. (See
Figure 13.3.1.6.)
Figure 13.3.1.6
13.3.2 Adhesive The objective of this example is to design adhesive anchors (as an
Anchor Design alternate to the cast-in-place anchorage) to secure a metal railing atop a
Example concrete barrier. The railing under consideration is Mn/DOT 5-397.154
“Metal Railing for Bikeways (Type M-1) and Concrete Parapet (Type P-1)
(with Integral End Post)”. The standard anchorage elements beneath
each vertical post are four cast-in-place 5/8" x 8" anchor bolts. All steel
components for the railing have a yield strength of 36 ksi. The concrete
used for the parapet has a design compressive strength of 4 ksi.
The example is structured in a top-down fashion. After determining the

design loads, the railpost and base plate are checked. After that, the
shear and tensile capacity of the anchors is computed. For each of the
forces, the resistance of steel and concrete is determined individually.
Figure 13.3.2.1
Reference material on the design of adhesive anchors is limited. The

equations for concrete shear capacity and tension capacity, and modifiers
for group effect and for edge effect presented in this example are based
on material in Behavior and Design of Fastening to Concrete, Richard E.
Klingner, University of Texas at Austin, 48th Annual Concrete Conference,
University of Minnesota, December 3, 1998 and ACI 318, Appendix D.
Reference material on the design of non-adhesive anchors can also be
found in Chapter 6 of the PCI Design Handbook.
Figure 13.3.2.1 presents the typical railpost detail for the railing. The
maximum distance L between railposts is 10'-0".
A. Design Loads Section 13 of the LRFD Specifications covers bridge railings. Article
13.8.2 lists the loads to consider for the design of rail elements and posts
for pedestrian and bicycle railings. Design railposts to resist
concentrated design live load P LL applied at the height of the top rail
element.
[Eqn 13.8.2-1] P LL = 0.20 + 0.050 ⋅ L = 0.20 + 0.050 ⋅ 10 = 0.70 kips
[Table 3.4.1-1] Using a load factor of 1.75 for live load results in a design horizontal
force of:
Hu = 1.75 ⋅ P LL = 1.75 ⋅ 0.70 = 1.23 kips
Per Figure 13.3.2.1, the lever arm from top rail to top of concrete is
2.17 feet. The design moment at the bottom of the base plate is:
Mupost = Hu ⋅ d = (1.23) ⋅ (2.17) = 2.66 k-ft = 31.9 kip-in
B. Railpost Design Begin by checking the railpost. It must have adequate capacity to resist
Check the design moment. By inspection, the rail elements provide adequate
bracing to develop the yield moment of the section. Therefore, the
capacity is:
[6.12.2.2.4b] Mn = My = Fy ⋅ S
The railpost is a 1/2" x 4" plate loaded about its strong axis.
b ⋅ d2 0.5 ⋅ 42
Spost = = = 1.33 in 3
6 6
[6.5.4.2] For steel elements in flexure, φ f = 1.00 .

φ f ⋅ Mn = φ f ⋅ Spost ⋅ Fy = 1.00 ⋅ 1.33 ⋅ 36 = 48 kip-in > 31.9 kip-in OK
C. Base Plate A plan view of the base plate is shown in Figure 13.3.2.2. Assume that
Design Check the critical section occurs at the face of the vertical post (1" from the
edge of the plate on the compression side).
Figure 13.3.2.2
Conservatively assume that the compression reaction, R comp , acts at the

edge of the base plate. The internal lever arm between the anchors and
the compression edge of the plate is 5". Then,
Mupost 31.9
R comp = = = 6.38 kips
armint 5.0
and
Muplate = R comp ⋅ armplate = 6.38 ⋅ 1.0 = 6.38 kip-in
The resisting moment at the face of the column is the capacity of the
plate minus two anchor bolt holes.
Splate =
(bplate − 2 ⋅ dhole ) ⋅ tplate2
=
(7 − 2 ⋅ 0.9375) ⋅ 0.52 = 0.214 in 3
6 6
Mrplate = φ f ⋅ Splate ⋅ Fy = 1.00 ⋅ 0.214 ⋅ 36
= 7.70 kip-in > 6.38 kip-in OK

D. Adhesive Factored Shear Force

Anchor Design Assume that the base plate engages each of the anchors equally. Then,
Forces
Hu 1.23
Vu = = = 0.31 kips/anchor
4 4
Factored Tension Force

Determine the factored tension load Tu on one anchor using the
overturning moment Mupost (31.9 kip-in). As a simplifying design
practice Mn/DOT uses the distance between anchor rods (4.0 in) as the
flexural lever arm:
Mu 31.9
Tu = = = 3.99 kips/anchor
arm ⋅ N (4.0) ⋅ 2
E. Anchor Rod The anchor rods are assumed to have sufficient embedment to develop
Shear Capacity their shear capacity.
Try Mn/DOT 3385, Type A anchor rods.

Fy = 36 ksi and Fub = 58 ksi
[6.5.4.2] Since Fy of the Type A anchor rods is equal to Fy for A307 bolts, use
φ s = 0.65 .
Each anchor rod will be subject to one shear plane. Assume that threads
are included in the shear plane. The area A b of one 5/8" diameter anchor
rod is 0.31 in 2 . Then,
[6.13.2.7] R n = 0.38 ⋅ A b ⋅ Fub ⋅ Ns = 0.38 ⋅ 0.31 ⋅ 58 ⋅ 1 = 6.83 kips
φ sR n = 0.65 ⋅ 6.83 = 4.44 kips > 0.31 kips OK
F. Concrete Shear The concrete shear capacity is a function of geometry and compressive
Capacity strength. Assume the two anchors on the compression side of the base
plate connection are the critical shear anchors. For calculation of shear
capacity, consider “end effects”, “edge effects”, and “group effects”. For
this example, end effects need to be considered near the expansion joint
and deflection joints in the parapet. Consider group effects based on the
distances between anchors in a group. Widely spaced anchors function
as individual anchors, while more closely spaced anchors have a reduced
capacity.
For shear, the end effects, edge effects, and group effects are
incorporated in the calculation for the concrete area effective in resisting
shear. See Figure 13.3.2.3.
Per Mn/DOT policy the center of a railpost can be no closer than 12" to a
deflection joint or an expansion joint end of the parapet. The anchors are
located 2.25 inches away from the center of the railpost. Consequently,
the end distance is dend = 12 − 2.25 = 9.75 in.
[Klingner] The anchor rod edge distance c1 = 4 in. The influence distance for shear
is:
1.5 ⋅ c1 = 1.5 ⋅ 4.0 = 6.0 in < 9.75 in
Therefore, end effects need not be considered for shear.
Figure 13.3.2.3
Two Anchor Shear Interface Area
(From Klingner)
Plugging values into the formula results in:

s = 4.5 in, c = 4 in
1 1
⎛ s ⎞ ⎛ 4.5 ⎞
θ = 2 ⋅ acos ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 2 ⋅ acos ⎜ ⎟ = 111.5°
⎝ 2 ⋅ c1 ⎠ ⎝2 ⋅ 4⎠
⎡ θ ⎤
⎢ π⋅
A v = ⎢π − 2 + sin(θ)⎥ ⋅ c 2 = 49.6 in2
⎥ 1
⎢ 180 ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
The capacity of the concrete on this interface is:
4 ⋅ 4000
[Klingner] Vc _ interface = 4 ⋅ fc′ = = 0.253 ksi
1000
Concrete capacity of two anchors in shear is:

Vc2 = A v ⋅ Vc _ int erface = (49.6 ) ⋅ (0.253) = 12.54 kips
Concrete capacity of one anchor in shear is:
Vc2 12.54
Vc1 = = = 6.27 kips
2 2
φVc1 = 0.90 ⋅ 6.27 = 5.64 kips> 0.31 kips OK
[Klingner] Because the shear demand is less than 20% of the shear capacity, ignore
the interaction effects between shear and tension.
G. Anchor Rod Determine the capacity of the anchor rods. Begin by checking if
Tension Capacity interaction effects need to be considered.
Pu 0.31
[6.13.2.11] = = 0.045 ≤ 0.33
Rn 6.83
The tension capacity can be found without considering shear. The

tension capacity of each anchor rod is:
Tn = 0.76 ⋅ A b ⋅ Fub = (0.76 ) ⋅ (0.31) ⋅ (58) = 13.66 kips
[6.5.4.2] Using φ t for an A307 bolt ( φ t = 0.80 ),

φTn = 0.80 ⋅ (13.66 ) = 10.93 kips > 3.99 kips OK
H. Resistance In the past, adhesive anchors were designed with allowable stress
Factor for Adhesive methods. A typical factor-of-safety (FS) was 4. A similar safety or
Anchor Pullout reliability level will be used for LRFD designs. The load factor for live
loads is 1.75. Choose a resistance factor that when combined with the
load factor for live load will produce a factor near 4.
γ LL γ 1.75
If FS = , then φ a = u = Use φ a = 0.45
φa FS 4
I. Pullout Capacity According to research referenced by Klingner, the best model for tensile
of Adhesive Anchor behavior of adhesive anchors is a simple bond model that assumes a
uniform bond stress over the length of the anchor. Taking into account
end effects, edge effects, and group effects, the factored tensile
resistance φ a Tna is:
φ a ⋅ Tna = φ a ⋅ Tn0 ⋅ ψ c ⋅ ψ e ⋅ ψ g
where, Tn0 = nominal adhesive tensile capacity = τbond ⋅ (π ⋅ danchor ⋅ L conc )

τbond = ultimate bond stress of adhesive
danchor = diameter of steel anchor
L conc = steel anchor embedment length
ψ c = concrete strength variation factor
ψ e = end/edge effect factor
ψ g = group effect factor
Based on adhesive anchor product literature for a 5/8" diameter threaded

rod anchored in concrete with fc′ = 4 ksi, use an ultimate bond stress
τbond = 2 ksi for the adhesive.
The concrete strength variation factor ψ c accounts for variations in bond

stress with changes in concrete strength. For concrete strengths greater
than 3 ksi, ψ c can conservatively be taken equal to 1.0.
End Effect and Edge Effect

The end/edge effect correction is independent of the depth of
embedment. It is only dependent on the ratio of the end/edge distance
to the diameter of the anchor. Consider end/edge effects when adhesive
anchors are located within 10 anchor diameters of an edge.
c 0 = 10 ⋅ danchor = 10 ⋅ 0.625 = 6.25 in
Actual edge distance c1 = 4.0 in < 6.25 in

0.4 ⎛ c1 ⎞ 0.4 ⎛ 4 ⎞
[Klingner] then, ψ e = ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 0.60 = ⋅⎜ ⎟ + 0.60 = 0.86
10 ⎝ danchor ⎠ 10 ⎝ 0.625 ⎠
Group Effect
The reduction in capacity due to group effects is a ratio of the sum of
influence areas for single anchors to that of the group. It is dependent
on the depth of embedment and the spacing between anchors. The
minimum embedment length he min for an adhesive anchor is 6 ⋅ danchor :
hemin = 6 ⋅ danchor = 6 ⋅ 0.625 = 3.75 in
Try an embedment length he = 4.0 in
[Klingner] The critical spacing between anchors, s o , where group effects disappear
is:
s o = 1.75 ⋅ he = 7.0 in
The actual spacing between anchors ( s1 dimension) is 4.5 inches.
Therefore, use a group effect reduction in capacity.
Figure 13.3.2.4 shows the influence area for anchors with an embedment
of 4".
[Klingner] The influence area of a single anchor is:

A 0 = 3 ⋅ he = 3 ⋅ (4.0) = 48 in 2
2 2
The influence area of two anchors with s1 equal to 4.5 inches is:
A n2 = s0 ⋅ (s 0 + s1 ) = 7.0 ⋅ (7.0 + 4.5) = 80.5 in 2
A n2 80.5
ψg = = = 0.84
2 ⋅ A0 2 ⋅ 48
Figure 13.3.2.4
Pullout Capacity and Embedment

During construction, the contractor will select a Mn/DOT Approved
Concrete Anchorage, which are listed at the Mn/DOT Office of Materials
Web site (http://www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us). The approved product must
have a factored tensile resistance φ ⋅ Tna that is at least equal to the
factored tension force Tu determined in design:
φ a ⋅ Tna = φ a ⋅ Tn0 ⋅ ψ c ⋅ ψ e ⋅ ψ g ≥ Tu
Tu 3.99
then, Tn0 ≥ = = 12.3 kips
φa ⋅ ψ c ⋅ ψ e ⋅ ψ g 0.45 ⋅ 1.0 ⋅ 0.86 ⋅ 0.84
Assuming 1/2" of top surface deterioration, the minimum anchor

embedment depth L conc is:
⎛ Tn0 ⎞
L conc ≥ ⎜⎜ ⎟ + 0.5 in
⎟
⎝ τbond ⋅ π ⋅ danchor ⎠
⎛ 12.3 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ + 0.5 = 3.63
⎝ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 0.625 ⎠
This is less than the assumed 4". OK
At the job site, anchors are subjected to a proof load test. The proof load
will be the smaller of:
A limit based on yielding the steel rod:
2 2 2
⋅ (A b ⋅ Fy ) = ⋅ (0.31 ⋅ 36 ) = ⋅ (11.16 ) = 7.4 kips
3 3 3
A limit based on the nominal adhesive capacity:

1 1
⋅ (Tn0 ) = ⋅ (12.3) = 6.2 kips GOVERNS
2 2
J. Summary An adhesive anchor detail with the following properties has adequate
capacity to support the Type M-1 railing: The anchor rods shall be 5/8"
diameter, Mn/DOT 3385 Type A anchor rods with a 4" minimum
embedment. The adhesive shall have a minimum ultimate pull-out
strength of 12.3 kips. The proof load for field testing shall be 6.2 kips.
K. Adhesive The design of adhesive anchors for traffic rails is different than the design
Anchor Design for of adhesive anchors for pedestrian rails shown above. A traffic rail
Traffic Rails requires reinforcement or anchor rods to withstand a vehicle crash load
under the Extreme Event II limit state. For a metal rail on parapet
system or a concrete barrier where the design is based on successful
crash testing along with a yield line analysis, design the adhesive to
develop the strength of the reinforcement bar or anchor rod.
The Extreme Event II limit state has a load factor of 1.0 for the vehicle
crash load. Using the procedure in Article 13.3.2H of this manual to
determine a resistance factor results in the following:
γ 1.0
φ a = CT = = 0.25 (This value seems very low.)
FS 4
The factor of safety (FS) of 4 used by adhesive manufacturers is based

on a working load and not an extreme event load. Using the low crash
probability under an extreme event and the non-working load nature of
the crash load as a basis, Mn/DOT policy is to design for an FS of 1.66.
Then,
γ CT 1.0
φ = = = 0.60 (Use φa = 0.60 for traffic rail only.)
a FS 1.66
Consider the following example:
A rail reconstruction project requires the use of #16 bars @ 12" spacing
to anchor a new F-rail to an existing deck with adhesive anchors.
Tu = A s ⋅ Fy = 0.31 ⋅ 60 = 18.6 kips
φ a ⋅ Tna = φ a ⋅ Tn0 ⋅ ψ c ⋅ ψ e ⋅ ψ g ≥ Tu
Assuming that ψ c ⋅ ψ e ⋅ ψ g = 1.0 :

T 18.6
T ≥ u
= = 31.0 kips
n0 φ 0.60
a
Based on adhesive anchor product literature for a #16 bar anchored in

concrete with fc′ = 4 ksi, use an ultimate bond stress τbond = 2.5 ksi.
Assuming 1/2" of top surface deterioration, the minimum required
embedment is:
⎛ Tn0 ⎞
L conc = ⎜⎜ ⎟ + 0.5
⎟
⎝ τbond ⋅ π ⋅ danchor ⎠
⎛ 31.0 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ + 0.5 = 6.82 in Say 7" min. embedment
⎝ 2 .5 ⋅ π ⋅ 0 .625 ⎠

14. JOINTS AND Expansion joints and bearings provide mechanisms to accommodate
BEARINGS movements of bridges without generating excessive internal forces. This
section provides guidance on joint and bearing selection and the
movement and loads that must be used in their designs.
14.1 Bridge To determine movements for bearings and joints, the point of fixity must
Movements and be established for the bridge or bridge segment. The point of fixity is the
Fixity neutral point on the bridge that does not move horizontally as the bridge
experiences temperature changes. Use the following guidance
concerning bridge fixity:
1) For single span structures, fix the bearings at the low end of the
bridge.
2) For two-span structures, fix the bearings at the pier.
3) For structures with three or more spans, investigate the longitudinal
stiffness of the bridge. The longitudinal stiffness is a function of the
interaction between pier stiffnesses, bearing types and joint locations.
Consider the following:
a) The number and location of expansion joints is determined based
on a maximum joint opening of 4 inches at the ends of the bridge.
When joint openings exceed 4 inches, two options are available:
i) The preferred option is to provide additional joints at the piers
to split the superstructure into segments.
ii) On rare occasions, provide modular expansion joints at bridge
ends only.
b) Each bridge or bridge segment shall have fixed bearings at a
minimum of two piers to provide increased resistance to
longitudinal movements.
c) Provide fixed bearings at all tall pier locations. Tall or flexible
piers deflect prior to mobilizing the translational capacity of the
bearing.
d) A combination of fixed, expansion and limited expansion bearings
can be provided at the piers to accommodate the movements for
the bridge or bridge segments.
e) Based on the point of fixity of each segment, the maximum
movements can be determined for the design of joints and
bearings.
14.2 Expansion Minnesota bridges with parapet type abutments typically have strip seal
Joints [14.5.3.2] expansion joints at the abutments to isolate superstructure movements
from the abutments. When the maximum joint openings at the
abutments exceed 4 inches additional joints are needed at piers or
modular joints are required at the abutments.
Do not use elastomeric compression seal expansion joints.
14.2.1 Thermal Design joint openings for movements associated with a temperature
Movements range of 150°F (-30°F to 120°F). Use a load factor for movement of 1.00.
[Table 3.4.1-1] (Note that this value differs from the LRFD Specification based on past
performance of joints in Minnesota.)
The coefficients of thermal expansion are:

• Concrete: 6.0 × 10 −6 per °F
• Steel: 6.5 × 10 −6 per °F
14.2.2 Strip Seal For movements of 1/4 inch to 4 inches, use strip seal expansion devices.
Expansion Joints Design joints to have a minimum opening of 1/2 inch between the steel
elements (extrusions) of the joint.
To provide a reasonably smooth roadway surface the maximum width of

expansion openings is limited to 4 inches (measured perpendicular to
joint) on roadway bridges. The maximum width for pedestrian bridges is
5 inches. Detail cover plates on sidewalks, medians, and pedestrian
bridges to cover the opening.
The standard strip seal device is a Type 4.0, which has a movement
capacity of 4 inches. Bridges on a horizontal curve or with a skew over
30° must accommodate “racking” or transverse movements as well. For
these situations use a Type 5.0 strip seal (5 inch capacity). Type 5.0
strip seals can also be used on pedestrian bridges.
For skews less than 30°:

• For expansion distance less than 150'-0", dimension opening at
2 inches at all temperatures.
• For expansion distance greater than or equal to 150'-0", dimension
opening at 11/2 inches at 90°F. Also determine and show dimension
at 45°F, checking that the opening at -30°F does not exceed 4 inches.
If so, reduce accordingly at 45°F and 90°F.
For skews greater than or equal to 30°:

• Dimension opening at 11/2 inches at 90°F. Also determine and show
dimension at 45°F, checking that the opening at -30°F does not
exceed 31/2 inches. If so reduce accordingly at 45°F and 90°F.
14.2.3 Modular Modular expansion joints shall be used when dividing the bridge into
Expansion Joints segments will not reduce the joint expansion to less than 4 inches.
Provide a joint setting schedule with modular joints that lists the opening
the joint should have at different construction temperatures. Show joint
openings for a temperature range from 45°F to 90°F in 15°F increments.
Note that conventional modular joints are one-directional units. Bridges

with skews or horizontal curvature may require the use of “swivel”
modular joints. These accommodate lateral movement as well as
longitudinal movements.
14.2.4 Expansion Show the elevation at the top of the extrusion at crown break points,
Joint Detailing gutter lines, and the start and end of curved sections. Dimension the
lengths for straight and curved portions of the expansion joint.
For skews up to 20°, detail expansion joint as straight from edge of deck
to edge of deck. See Figure 14.2.4.1.
For skews greater than 20° and up to 50°, detail expansion joint opening
as straight between the top inside edge of barriers. Kink the joint
opening at top inside edge of barriers so it is normal with outside edge of
deck. See Figure 14.2.4.1.
For skews greater than 50°, curve the expansion joint ends. Use a 2'-0"
radius for new bridges. A minimum radius of 1'-6" is allowed on bridge
rehabilitation/reconstruction projects. Terminate the curved section
6 inches from gutter line. See Figure 14.2.4.1.
Use bend-up details for all bridges with curbs or barriers. For bridges
with skewed joints, verify that the bend-up details in the barrier do not
project out of the front face of the rail.
Use snowplow protection for expansion joint devices (Bridge Details Part
II Fig. 5-397.628) when joints are skewed greater than 15° and less than
50°.
Figure 14.2.4.1
Expansion Joint Details
14.3 Bearings The purpose of a bridge bearing is to transmit loads from the
superstructure to the substructure while facilitating translation and
rotation. Four types of bearings are typically used:
1) Expansion Bearing:
• Transfers vertical load
• Allows lateral movement in two directions
• Allows longitudinal rotation
2) Guided Expansion Bearing:
• Transfers vertical load and lateral load in one direction
• Allows lateral movement in one direction
3) Limited Expansion Bearing:
• Transfers vertical load and lateral load
• Allows limited lateral movement in one direction
4) Fixed Bearing:
• Transfers vertical load and lateral load
• Resists lateral movement
[4.7.4.4] In order to meet seismic requirements, bridges that are greater than
[3.10.9] 600'-0" in length and are placed on poor soils shall have the piers tied to
the superstructure with fixed bearings or with limited displacement
expansion bearings. Check the width of pier caps and abutment seat
lengths to ensure the minimum support length requirements for Seismic

Performance Category 1 are satisfied.
14.3.1 Loads and Design bearings for movements associated with a temperature range of
Movements 150°F (-30°F to 120°F) and a base construction temperature of 45°F.
Design elastomeric bearings for service loads and without Dynamic Load
Allowance (IM).
[14.6.1] Uplift at bearings is not permitted. Bearings shall be checked for uplift
using the Strength I load combination with the minimum load factor for
dead load.
14.3.2 Bearing Identify the type of bearing used at each support location on the
Details superstructure framing plan.
For bearing components, the length is measured parallel to the centerline

of the beam and the width is measured perpendicular to the centerline of
the beam.
Check the dimensions of the bearing. The bearing shall have adequate
clearance to other bearings (pier locations), be consistent with the beam
end details (pier and abutment locations), and have adequate clearance
to vertical faces of supporting elements. For fixed bearings, provide a
minimum of 1 inch clear from the face of the bearing seat to the bearing
pad or masonry plate. For expansion bearings, increase this minimum
dimension to 3 inches.
Locate bearing anchor rods to permit field drilling of holes and provide
2 inch minimum clearance to reinforcement in bridge seat.
Bearings typically provide a modest amount of lateral restraint.

However, designers must consider whether or not additional restraint
needs to be provided. Typically, this additional restraint is provided by
reinforced concrete guide lugs in the substructure or slotted hole fixed
bearing assemblies adjacent to the center beam at expansion piers and
abutments for bridges on large skews or curves. A 1 inch clear
dimension must be provided between elements for either of these
restraint methods. Provide additional restraint for pedestrian bridges.
The service life of bearings is less than the anticipated service life of a
bridge. To simplify future maintenance operations and potential
replacement, provide adequate clearance for the installation of jacks (at

least 6 inches) and also provide a jacking load path. The load path may
involve properly designed and detailed diaphragms or a suitable
superstructure element.
[14.8.2] When the slope of steel beam or plate girder superstructures exceeds
3%, incorporate tapered sole plates into the bearings. Exceptions to this
include bearings at integral abutments.
For proper load distribution, set masonry plates on a plain elastomeric

pad, a grout bed, sheet lead or a seat that has been ground flat.
14.3.3 Elastomeric Use of elastomeric bearings is preferred over other types of bearings.
Bearings Fixed and expansion elastomeric bearing types are used most frequently.
Mn/DOT’s fixed elastomeric bearing consists of a plain elastomeric pad
with a curved plate to allow rotation, and anchor rods for fixity. The
expansion elastomeric bearing consists of a steel reinforced elastomeric
pad with a curved plate to allow rotation. See Details B310, B311, B354,
and B355.
14.3.3.1 Design Use the tables found in Article 14.7 of this manual whenever possible for
consistency and economy among bearing designs.
Elastomeric bearings are to be designed using Method A of the AASHTO

LRFD Specifications.
Designs shall be based on an elastomer with a durometer hardness of 55.

The minimum shear modulus (G) for this material is 115 psi. The
maximum shear modulus is 165 psi.
The minimum size bearing pad for prestressed concrete beams is a

12" by 24" pad.
Except for special designs, use steel with a yield strength Fy equal to
36 ksi for all bearing assembly plates.
For Mn/DOT bridges with curved plate bearings, rotations need not be
considered in the design.
For maximum compressive stress checks, use the minimum shear

modulus value.
Holes are not permitted in elastomeric bearings.
14.3.3.1.1 Size and The shape factor, S, is limited to the following for plain pads and internal
Stability elastomeric laminates:
5.0 ≤ S ≤ 10.0
For fixed bearings use 1/2 inch or 3/4 inch thickness plain pads. For
expansion bearings, use 3/8 inch, 1/2 inch, or 3/4 inch thickness internal
laminates with 1/8 inch thick steel reinforcing plates and 1/4 thick cover
layers.
Minimum dimensions for elastomeric bearings shall be rounded to the

nearest 2 inch increment. For prestressed beams the minimum length
(A) is 12 inches and the minimum width (B) is 24 inches. For steel
beams, the minimum length (A) is 8 inches. The width (B) shall not be
less than the bottom flange width and not more than 2 inches greater
than the bottom flange width for steel beams.
Based on the past performance of elastomeric bearings, Mn/DOT places a

limit on the plan aspect ratio of a bearing. The length (A) is limited by
the following equation:
B ≤ 2.5 ⋅ A
[14.7.6.3.6] Additionally, the total elastomer thickness for the bearing ( hrt ) must be
no more than 1/3 of the bearing pad length and width:
A B
hrt ≤ and
3 3
14.3.3.2 Fixed Design fixed elastomeric bearings for a maximum compressive stress of
Bearings 0.880 ksi. This includes a 10% increase for fixity.
Provide transverse fixity for 2/3 of beams at fixed piers or fixed

abutments for widths along skew greater than 70'-0".
14.3.3.3 Expansion Expansion elastomeric bearings are reinforced and shall be designed for a
Bearings maximum compressive stress of 1.00 ksi or less.
[14.7.6.3.4] The total height or thickness of elastomer ( hrt ) must be greater than
[Table 3.4.1-1] twice the maximum design movement. The LRFD Specification lists a
load factor of 1.2 to be used for thermal movement calculations.
However, based on past performance of bearings, use a load factor of 1.3
with half the design temperature range (75°F) when computing
movement ∆ s for the height check.
14.3.3.3.1 LRFD 14.7.6.4 requires that elastomeric bearings be secured against

Minimum horizontal movement when 1/5 of the minimum vertical load is less than
Compressive Load the factored horizontal shear force Hu generated in the bearing due to
[14.7.6.4] temperature movement.
∆u
[14.6.3.1] Hu = G ⋅ A pad ⋅
hrt
Pmin ∆
Therefore, ≥ G ⋅ A pad ⋅ u
5 hrt
For the minimum compressive load check, use the maximum shear
modulus value and a load factor of 1.0 with half the design temperature
range (75°F) to calculate the horizontal force at the bearing. The LRFD
Specification lists a load factor of 1.2 for this calculation. However,
based on past performance of bearings, use a load factor of 1.0. Also,
we know that A pad = A ⋅ B .
Then the minimum required compressive load is:
1.0 ⋅ ∆ u
Req’d. Pmin ≥ 5 ⋅ 0.165 ⋅ A ⋅ B ⋅
hrt
0.825 ⋅ A ⋅ B ⋅ ∆ u
which, becomes Req’d. Pmin ≥
hrt
If the check is not satisfied, revise the number and/or thickness of the
laminates as needed. If the requirement still cannot be met, the
standard curved plate expansion bearing assemblies (B318 and B355)
contain knock-off weld studs welded to the bearing plate. The studs can
be considered as a mechanism that secures the pads.
14.3.4 Pot Use pot or disk bearings where the loads are too high or the movements
Bearings and rotations are too large to be readily accommodated with elastomeric
bearings. See Details B312, B313, B314, B315, and B316.
To reduce the possibility of generating large lateral forces in wide bridges

supported on pot bearings, do not use guided or fixed bearings for beam
lines outside of the center 45 feet of the bridge (distance measured along
the substructure).
All applicable design loads and movements for pot bearings must be
provided in the contract documents. Due to a variety of preferences
among pot bearing fabricators, explicit details are not provided in the
plans. Instead, the fabricator determines the sizes of all of the bearing
components, from the masonry plate to the sole plate. As a guide, the
following equation may be used to estimate the height (rounded to the
nearest 1/4 inch) of the assembly for design:
Height (inches) = 6.5 + Load (kips ) / 400
Include the following note on the appropriate substructure sheets when

pot bearings are used:
Final construction elevations for bridge seats shall be determined
based on the actual height of pot bearing assemblies furnished by the
Contractor. Any required adjustment of seat elevations shall be made
by the Contractor at no cost to Mn/DOT.
Fixed pot bearings provide rotation, but no movement.
Guided expansion pot bearings allow for free movement in one direction
and provide rotational capacity. However, movement perpendicular to
the free movement direction is restrained. For curved bridges, assume
the free movement direction to be along a chord connecting the ends of
the beam. Guide bars must resist a minimum of 10% of the vertical load
applied to the bearing.
Expansion pot bearings provide for rotation and unguided movement in

all horizontal directions.
For computation of movement for design of pot bearings, use a load

factor of 1.2.
14.3.5 Other Types Steel Bearings

of Bearings This type of bearing does not contain elastomeric components to
accommodate horizontal movement. Rather, horizontal movement takes
place at the interface of a machined masonry plate and a lubricated
bronze plate. Bridge Details Part I B351, B352, and B353 detail fixed,
expansion, and guided expansion steel bearings respectively. They have
all been archived, but can be retrieved if necessary for a repair plan.
Note that these bearings are for repair and replacement only and are not
for new construction.
Modify the standard bearings as necessary to accommodate unusually

wide flanges or to provide movement capacities greater than those
permitted with the standard details.
Check the clearances on the guide bars for curved bridges.
To reduce the possibility of generating large lateral forces in wide bridges

supported on steel bearings, do not use guided or fixed bearings for
beam lines outside of the center 45'-0" of the bridge (distance measured
along the substructure).
Bearings for Railroad Bridges

Due to the extremely large loads associated with railroad bridges,
spherical bearings, rocker bearings or pot bearings are normally required.
Rocker bearings may be considered for other applications where there is
a combination of large load and large movement.
14.4 Curved Plate Width

Design For prestressed concrete beams, set the width (H) equal to the bearing
pad width (B) plus 2 inches. The width may change slightly (2 inches to
4 inches) for special designs. For steel beams, set the width equal to the
bearing pad width (B).
Thickness
Use allowable stress design for curved plate thickness determination.
Design for maximum allowable bending stress given in Standard
Specifications Table 10.32.1A:
Allowable fs = 0.55 ⋅ Fy
The all around weld, together with the friction between plates, causes the
curved plate and bearing plate to act compositely. Therefore, the
thickness for design can be considered to include the curved plate
thickness plus the bearing plate thickness. The minimum thickness for
curved plates is 11/4 inches. When greater thickness is required, increase
plate thickness in 1/4 inch increments.
Length
The minimum length (G) for the curved plate is 41/2 inches. The next
permitted length is 6 inches, after which the length may be increased by
increments of 2 inches up to a maximum of 12 inches. If the bearing
plate thickness exceeds 2 inches, increase the length of the curved plate
to reduce the length of the cantilever for the bearing plate design.
Increase the curved plate length until the bearing plate thickness alone
and the composite plate thickness are approximately equal.
Radius
The radius of curved plates is to be no less than 16 inches. Check
contact stresses to make sure that an adequate radius is provided.
Based on past satisfactory performance of curved plate bearing
assemblies, use LRFD Equations C14.7.1.4-1 and C14.7.1.4-2 for
determination of curved plate radius. If the resulting radius exceeds
24 inches, a special design must be completed using LRFD Equation
14.7.1.4-1 and steel with a yield strength Fy equal to 50 ksi.
14.5 Bearing Plate Width

Design For prestressed concrete beams, set the width (E) equal to the curved
plate width (H) plus 1 inch for expansion bearings. For fixed bearings,
set the width (E) equal to the beam bottom flange width plus 8 inches.
For steel beams, set the width (E) equal to the curved plate width (B)
plus 2 inches for expansion bearings and plus 10 inches for fixed
bearings.
Length
Set the length of the bearing plate (C) 2 inches larger than the bearing
pad length (A).
Thickness
Use allowable stress design for bearing plate thickness determination.
The minimum thickness for bearing plates is 11/2 inches. When greater
thickness is required, increase plate thickness in 1/4 inch increments.
14.6 Sole Plate Width

Design (Steel Set the width of the sole plate 2 inches larger than the curved plate width
Beams) (B). The width cannot be equal to the beam flange width because of the
fillet weld used to attach the sole plate to the flange. Increase the sole
plate width by 1 inch if this occurs.
Length
The minimum length is 6 inches. Also, the length shall not be less than
the curved plate length (G).
Thickness
Use allowable stress design for sole plate thickness determination.
The minimum sole plate thickness is 11/4 inches. When greater thickness
is required, increase plate thickness in 1/8 inch increments.
14.7 Tables The following tables contain standard curved plate bearing designs for
prestressed concrete and steel beam superstructures based on the
guidance given in this manual.
Table 14.7.1 Fixed Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for
Prestressed Concrete I-Beams (B310)
Table 14.7.2 Expansion Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for
Table 14.7.3 Fixed Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for
Steel Beams (B354)
Table 14.7.4 Expansion Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for
Steel Beams (B355)
Table 14.7.5 Elastomeric Bearing Pad thickness for Expansion
Bearings
The tables should be used whenever possible to increase consistency and

economy among bearing designs. When actual calculated loads are
greater than the maximum loads given in the table, two options are
available to designers:
1) Complete a special elastomeric bearing design. Use LRFD Equation

14.7.1.4-1 for determination of curved plate radius. Also, use steel
with a yield strength equal to 50 ksi for the curved plate. Modify the
B-Detail by specifying that the curved plate shall comply with Mn/DOT
Spec. 3310.
2) Use a pot bearing.
Table 14.7.1
Fixed Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for
Minimum Radius
DL + LL (kips)
Thickness (in)
Shape Factor
Bearing
Maximum
Plain Pad
Pad Size Bearing Plate Size Curved Plate Size
(in)
(in) (in) (in)
A B C E F G H J
1 1 1 1
253 12 24 /2 8.0 14 c 1 /2 4 /2 26 1 /4 16
3
295 14 ↓ ↓ 8.8 16 ↓ 1 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
337 16 ↓ ↓ 9.6 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓
3
380 18 ↓ /4 6.9 20 ↓ 21/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
422 20 ↓ ↓ 7.3 22 ↓ ↓ 8 ↓ ↓ 20
c 34" for all “M” series I-beams

38" for all “MN” series I-beams.
Table 14.7.2
Expansion Curved Plate Bearing Assembly
for Prestressed Concrete I-Beams (B311)
Minimum Radius
Max. Number of
DL + LL (kips)
Thickness (in)
Laminates c
Shape Factor
Bearing
Maximum
Laminate
Pad Size Bearing Plate Size Curved Plate Size
(in)
(in) (in) (in)
A B C E F G H J
1 1 1 1
264 12 24 /2 7 8.0 14 27 1 /2 4 /2 26 1 /4 16
336 14 ↓ ↓ 8 8.8 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
384 16 ↓ ↓ 9 9.6 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ ↓
3 1
401 20 ↓ /4 8 7.3 22 ↓ 2 /4 8 ↓ ↓ 18
c See Table 14.7.5 for determination of required number of laminates.

Table 14.7.3 – Fixed Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for Steel Beams (B354)
Beam Beam
Max. Bearing Pad Plain Bearing Plate Curved Plate Sole Plate
Flange Flange Min.
DL + Size (in) Pad Shape Size (in) Size (in) Size (in)
Min. Max. Radius
LL Thick. Factor
Width Width (in)
(kips) (in)
(in) (in) A B C E F G B H Length Width Thick.
AUGUST 2006
1 1 1 1
12 14 98 8 14 /2 5.1 10 24 1 /2 4 /2 14 1 /4 16 6 16 11/4
↓ ↓ 123 10 ↓ ↓ 5.8 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 147 12 ↓ ↓ 6.5 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 172 14 ↓ ↓ 7.0 16 ↓ 13/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

1 1 1 1 1
14 16 112 8 16 /2 5.3 10 26 1 /2 4 /2 16 1 /4 16 6 18 1 /4
↓ ↓ 140 10 ↓ ↓ 6.2 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 168 12 ↓ ↓ 6.9 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 197 14 ↓ ↓ 7.5 16 ↓ 13/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 225 16 ↓ ↓ 8.0 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ 17 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
16 18 126 8 18 /2 5.5 10 28 11/2 41/2 18 11/4 16 6 20 11/4
↓ ↓ 158 10 ↓ ↓ 6.4 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 190 12 ↓ ↓ 7.2 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 221 14 ↓ ↓ 7.9 16 ↓ 1 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
↓ ↓ 253 16 ↓ ↓ 8.5 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 285 18 ↓ ↓ 9.0 20 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 19 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
18 20 140 8 20 /2 5.7 10 30 11/2 41/2 20 11/4 16 6 22 11/4
↓ ↓ 176 10 ↓ ↓ 6.7 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 211 12 ↓ ↓ 7.5 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 246 14 ↓ ↓ 8.2 16 ↓ 1 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 281 16 ↓ ↓ 8.9 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 316 18 ↓ ↓ 9.5 20 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 18 ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 352 20 ↓ ↓ 10.0 22 ↓ ↓ 8 ↓ ↓ 22 8 ↓ ↓
14-15
Table 14.7.3 (Cont.) – Fixed Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for Steel Beams (B354)
Beam Beam
Max. Bearing Pad Plain Bearing Plate Curved Plate Sole Plate
Flange Flange Min.
DL + Size (in) Pad Shape Size (in) Size (in) Size (in)
Min. Max. Radius
LL Thick. Factor
Width Width (in)
(kips) (in)
(in) (in) A B C E F G B H Length Width Thick.
AUGUST 2006
1 1 1 1
20 22 193 10 22 /2 6.9 12 32 1 /2 4 /2 22 1 /4 16 6 24 11/4
↓ ↓ 232 12 ↓ ↓ 7.8 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 271 14 ↓ ↓ 8.6 16 ↓ 1 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 309 16 ↓ ↓ 9.3 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 348 18 ↓ ↓ 9.9 20 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 17 ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 387 20 ↓ /4 7.0 22 ↓ ↓ 8 ↓ ↓ 21 8 ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 418 22 ↓ ↓ 7.3 24 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 24 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
22 24 211 10 24 /2 7.1 12 34 11/2 41/2 24 11/4 16 6 26 11/4
↓ ↓ 253 12 ↓ ↓ 8.0 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 295 14 ↓ ↓ 8.8 16 ↓ 13/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 337 16 ↓ ↓ 9.6 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 380 18 ↓ /4 6.9 20 ↓ 21/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 422 20 ↓ ↓ 7.3 22 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 20 ↓ ↓ ↓
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
↓ ↓ 464 22 ↓ ↓ 7.7 24 ↓ ↓ 8 ↓ ↓ 24 8 ↓ ↓
3 1 1 1 1
24 26 228 10 26 /8 9.6 12 36 1 /2 4 /2 26 1 /4 16 6 28 1 /4
1
↓ ↓ 274 12 ↓ /2 8.2 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 320 14 ↓ ↓ 9.1 16 ↓ 1 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 366 16 ↓ ↓ 9.9 18 ↓ 2 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3 1
↓ ↓ 411 18 ↓ /4 7.1 20 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 457 20 ↓ ↓ 7.5 22 ↓ ↓ 8 ↓ ↓ 19 8 ↓ ↓
3
↓ ↓ 503 22 ↓ ↓ 7.9 24 ↓ 2 /4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 23 ↓ ↓ ↓
14-16
Table 14.7.4 – Expansion Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for Steel Beams (B355)
Beam Beam Max.

Max. Bearing Pad Bearing Plate Curved Plate Sole Plate
Flange Flange Laminate Number Min.
DL + Size (in) Shape Size (in) Size (in) Size (in)
Min. Max. Thick. of Radius
LL Factor
Width Width (in) Lamin- (in)
(kips)
(in) (in) A B ates c C E F G B H Length Length Thick.
AUGUST 2006
3 1 1 1
12 14 87 8 14 /8 5 6.8 10 16 1 /2 4 /2 14 1 /4 16 6 16 11/4
↓ ↓ 125 10 ↓ ↓ 7 7.8 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 166 12 ↓ ↓ 9 8.6 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 196 14 ↓ ↓ 11 9.3 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ 18 ↓ ↓ ↓
3 1 1 1 1
14 16 104 8 16 /8 5 7.1 10 18 1 /2 4 /2 16 1 /4 16 6 18 1 /4
↓ ↓ 150 10 ↓ ↓ 7 8.2 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 192 12 ↓ ↓ 9 9.1 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 224 14 ↓ ↓ 11 10.0 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 235 16 ↓ /2 9 8.0 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ 18 ↓ ↓ ↓
3
16 18 122 8 18 /8 5 7.4 10 20 11/2 41/2 18 11/4 16 6 20 11/4
↓ ↓ 177 10 ↓ ↓ 7 8.6 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 216 12 ↓ ↓ 9 9.6 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 228 14 ↓ /2 8 7.9 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
↓ ↓ 280 16 ↓ ↓ 9 8.5 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ 19 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 322 18 ↓ ↓ 11 9.0 20 ↓ 2 /2 ↓ ↓ ↓ 24 ↓ ↓ ↓
3
18 20 140 8 20 /8 5 7.6 10 22 11/2 41/2 20 11/4 16 6 22 11/4
↓ ↓ 200 10 ↓ ↓ 7 8.9 12 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 240 12 ↓ ↓ 9 10.0 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 265 14 ↓ /2 8 8.2 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 320 16 ↓ ↓ 9 8.9 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ 18 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 360 18 ↓ ↓ 11 9.5 20 ↓ 2 /2 ↓ ↓ ↓ 23 ↓ ↓ ↓

14-17
Table 14.7.4 (Cont.) – Expansion Curved Plate Bearing Assembly for Steel Beams (B355)
Beam Beam Max.

Max. Bearing Pad Bearing Plate Curved Plate Sole Plate
Flange Flange Laminate Number Min.
DL + Size (in) Shape Size (in) Size (in) Size (in)
Min. Max. Thick. of Radius
LL Factor
Width Width (in) Lamin- (in)
(kips)
(in) (in) A B ates c C E F G B H Length Width Thick.
AUGUST 2006
3 1 1 1
20 22 220 10 22 /8 7 9.2 12 24 1 /2 4 /2 22 1 /4 16 6 24 11/4
1
↓ ↓ 235 12 ↓ /2 ↓ 7.8 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 303 14 ↓ ↓ 8 8.6 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 352 16 ↓ ↓ 9 9.3 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ 17 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 396 18 ↓ ↓ 11 9.9 20 ↓ 2 /2 ↓ ↓ ↓ 22 ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 408 22 ↓ ↓ 9 7.3 24 ↓ 23/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 23 ↓ ↓ ↓

3 1 1 1 1
22 24 240 10 24 /8 7 9.4 12 26 1 /2 4 /2 24 1 /4 16 6 26 1 /4
1
↓ ↓ 264 12 ↓ /2 ↓ 8.0 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 336 14 ↓ ↓ 8 8.8 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 384 16 ↓ ↓ 9 9.6 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ 17 ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 401 20 ↓ ↓ 8 7.3 22 ↓ 2 /4 8 ↓ ↓ 18 8 ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 464 22 ↓ ↓ 9 7.7 24 ↓ 23/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 24 ↓ ↓ ↓

3 1 1 1 1
24 26 260 10 26 /8 7 9.6 12 28 1 /2 4 /2 26 1 /4 16 6 28 1 /4
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
1
↓ ↓ 294 12 ↓ /2 ↓ 8.2 14 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 364 14 ↓ ↓ 8 9.1 16 ↓ 2 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 416 16 ↓ ↓ 9 9.9 18 ↓ ↓ 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
1
↓ ↓ 450 20 ↓ ↓ 8 7.5 22 ↓ 2 /4 8 ↓ ↓ 19 8 ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ 513 22 ↓ ↓ 9 7.9 24 ↓ 23/4 ↓ ↓ ↓ 24 ↓ ↓ ↓

14-18
Table 14.7.5
Elastomeric Bearing Pad Thickness for Expansion Bearings c
Total Elastomer Maximum
D Number of
Thickness, hrt Movement
(in) d Laminates
(in) d (in) e
1 7 7
1 /8 1 /8 /16
5 1 5
1 /8 2 1 /4 /8
1 5 13
2 /8 3 1 /8 /16
5
2 /8 4 2 1
31/8 5 23/8 13/16
3
/8" Interior
35/8 6 23/4 13/8
Laminates
1 1
4 /8 7 3 /8 19/16
45/8 8 31/2 13/4
51/8 9 37/8 115/16
5 1
5 /8 10 4 /4 21/8
61/8 11 45/8 25/16
11/4 1 1 1
/2
7 1 3
1 /8 2 1 /2 /4
1
2 /2 3 2 1
31/8 4 21/2 11/4
33/4 5 3 11/2
1
/2" Interior 3 1
4 /8 6 3 /2 13/4
Laminates
5 7 4 2
5 1
5 /8 8 4 /2 21/4
1
6 /4 9 5 21/2
67/8 10 51/2 23/4
1
7 /2 11 6 3
1 1 5
1 /2 1 1 /4 /8
3
2 /8 2 2 1
31/4 3 23/4 13/8
41/8 4 31/2 13/4
3
/4" Interior 1
5 5 4 /4 21/8
Laminates
57/8 6 5 21/2
63/4 7 53/4 27/8
5 1
7 /8 8 6 /2 31/4
81/2 9 71/4 35/8
c Table is based on requirements of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Section 14.7.6.3.4: hrt ≥ 2∆ s . Engineer
must also check that the minimum compressive load requirement (discussed in Article 14.3.3.1.2) is satisfied.
Specifically:
⎛∆u ⎞
Pmin ≥ 0.825 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ A ⋅B
⎜h ⎟
⎝ rt ⎠
where Pmin is the minimum factored load ( 0.9 ⋅ DC + 1.75 ⋅ LL min ) and ∆ u is the movement of the bearing pad from
the undeformed state using a 75°F temperature change with a 1.0 load factor.
d hrt includes interior laminates plus 1/4" cover layers. Pad thickness “D” includes hrt and 1/8" steel reinforcement
plates.
e Maximum movement is the movement of the bearing pad from the undeformed state to the point of maximum
deformation. Use a 75°F temperature change with a 1.3 load factor for calculation of maximum movement.
14.8 Design Two design examples follow. The first is a fixed elastomeric bearing. The
Examples second is an expansion elastomeric bearing.
14.8.1 Fixed This example is a continuation of the prestressed girder design example
Elastomeric found in Section 5.7.2. The bearing used in this example is based on
Bearing Design Bridge Details Part I B310. The elastomeric bearing pad is designed
Example using Method A (LRFD 14.7.6). Figure 14.8.1.1 shows the bearing
components. The length, width, and thickness labels used for the
different elements of the bearing are consistent with Detail B310. See
Figure 14.8.1.4.
Figure 14.8.1.1
With the maximum reaction calculated, the bearing design should be

selected from the standard tables found in Section 14.7. If a standard
design will not work due to unusual loads or geometric constraints, a
custom design will be required.
This example will outline the procedure to custom design a fixed

elastomeric bearing. First, design the elastomeric pad. Next determine
the steel plate requirements for the rest of the bearing assembly.
A. Design Unfactored reactions from Table 5.7.2.4 of the prestressed beam design
Elastomeric example are used as the design loads for this example. They are:
Bearing Pad
[14.7.6] Dead Load = Pdl = 146 kips
79
Maximum Live Load = Pllmax = 37 +
1.33
= 96.4 kips (Does not include dynamic load

allowance; IM)
Minimum Live Load = Pllmin = 0 kips
Maximum Ps = Pdl + Pllmax = 242.4 kips at the service limit state
Minimum Pu = 0.9 ⋅ Pdl + 1.75 ⋅ Pllmin = 0.9 ⋅ 146 + 1.75 ⋅ 0 = 131.4 kips at
the strength limit state. Therefore, there is no uplift.
For prestressed beams, the minimum bearing pad width (B) is 24 inches.
[14.7.6.3.2] The allowable compressive stress for plain pads is 0.80 ksi. The
allowable is increased by 10% for a fixed bearing because shear
deformation is prevented.
Allowable σ s = 1.10 ⋅ 0.80 = 0.88 ksi
Using the vertical load, the allowable compressive stress, and width (B)
of the bearing pad, a trial length (A) can be found.
Ps 242.4
A= = = 11.48 in
0.88 ⋅ B 0.88 ⋅ 24
Try a bearing pad with the following dimensions:
A = 12 in, B = 24 in, and thickness hrt = 0.50 in
Then the maximum service load stress under total load is:
Ps 242.4
Actual σ s = = = 0.842 ksi < 0.880 ksi OK
A ⋅ B 12 ⋅ 24
There are two geometric checks on the bearing pad to ensure that it has
good proportions. First, in plan, the length of the long side can be no
more the 2.5 times the length of the short side. Second, the height of
the elastomeric portion can be no more than 1/3 the length of the short
side of the pad.
2.5 ⋅ A = 2.5 ⋅ 12 = 30 in ≥ 24 in OK
[14.7.6.3.6] A 12
= = 4 in > 0.50 in = hrt OK
3 3
Mn/DOT specifies a range of permissible values for the shape factor (S).
5.0 ≤ S ≤ 10.0
A ⋅B 12 ⋅ 24
[14.7.5.1] Actual S = = = 8.0
2 ⋅ (A + B) ⋅ hrt 2 ⋅ (12 + 24) ⋅ 0.50
5.0 ≤ S = 8.0 ≤ 10.0 OK
B. Curved Plate Set the curved plate width 2 inches wider than the bearing pad.
Design
H = B + 2 = 24 + 2 = 26 in
The all around weld, together with the friction between plates, causes the
curved plate and bearing plate to act compositely. Therefore, the
thickness for design can be considered to include the curved plate
thickness plus the bearing plate thickness.
Begin by checking the thickness for a curved composite plate with a

length of 4.5 inches. If the thickness of the bearing plate is more than
2 inches, increase the length of the curved plate until the bearing plate
thickness and composite plate thickness are approximately equal. After
4.5 inches, try 6 inches. If 6 inches does not work, increase length by
increments of 2 inches thereafter.
Curved Plate length = G = 4.5 in

The radius of the contact surface is the first parameter to determine for
the curved plate. The radius of the curved plate is a function of the yield
strength of the steel and the load intensity.
The contact length of the sole plate with the curved plate is equal to the
sole plate width minus the chamfers at each side, the pintles, and the
associated bevels around each of the pintles. See Figure 14.8.1.2.
Figure 14.8.1.2
Contact length L sp is equal to
L sp = 26 − 2 ⋅ (0.125) − 2 ⋅ (0.75) − 2 ⋅ (2.25) = 19.75 in
[14.7.1.4] Based on past satisfactory performance of curved plate bearing

assemblies, the minimum radius permitted is determined with LRFD
Equation C14.7.1.4-1 and C14.7.1.4-2. Start by assuming radius is
12.5 inches or less, so use the first equation. Rearranging the equation
to solve for d , and dividing by 2 (to compute a radius) results in the
following:
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ 242.4 ⎞
10 ⋅ ⎜ s ⎟ 10 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
10 ⋅ p ⎜ L sp ⎟ 19.75 ⎠
R min = = ⎝ ⎠ = ⎝ = 8.9 in < 12.5 in
0.6 ⋅ (Fy − 13) 0.6 ⋅ (Fy − 13) 0.6 ⋅ (36 − 13)
Assumption was correct.

The radius of curved plates is to be no less than 16 inches. Therefore,

specify the minimum radius for the curved plate to be 16 inches.
The required thickness of the curved composite plate is based on a

simple model in which a uniform pressure is applied to the bottom of the
plate and the reaction is a line load. See Figure 14.8.1.3.
Figure 14.8.1.3
Pressure on the composite plate is:
Ps 242.4
σ cp = = = 2.07 ksi
G ⋅ H 4.5 ⋅ 26
Maximum moment on the composite plate on a 1 inch wide strip is:
G G 4.5 4.5
Mcp = σ cp ⋅ ⋅ = 2.07 ⋅ ⋅ = 5.24 kip-in/in width
2 4 2 4
The required curved composite plate thickness is determined by finding

the thickness of plate that has sufficient section modulus to carry the
moment. (i.e., σ = M / S , rearranged to S = M / σ ). Past designs based on
allowable stress have performed well. Size the plate with the maximum
allowable bending stress permitted in the Standard Specifications

[Table 10.32.1A].
fs = 0.55 ⋅ Fy = 0.55 ⋅ 36 = 19.8 ksi
The required section modulus is:
Mcp 5.24
Sreq = = = 0.265 in 3
fs 19.8
Solving for thickness, J
Minimum J = 6 ⋅ Sreq = 1.26 in ≈ 11/4 in
This is the same as the standard curved plate thickness of 11/4 inches, so
in this case composite action is not needed.
Use curved plate with thickness J = 11/4 inches.
C. Bearing Plate Per Detail B310, the length (C) is set at 2 inches longer than the pad
Design length. This provides room for the keeper studs to be attached to the
bottom of the bearing plate. The width (E) is set 8 inches greater than
the beam bottom flange width. This provides room on each side for the
anchor rods.
E = b f + 8 = 26 + 8 = 34 in
C = A + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14 in
The bearing plate is assumed to act as a cantilever (See Figure 14.8.1.3)

that carries the bearing pad pressure back to the curved plate. The
cantilever length is half the difference in length between the bearing pad
and the curved plate.
A G 12 4.5
L cr = − = − = 3.75 in
2 2 2 2
2
L cr 3.752
Mbp = σ s ⋅ = 0.842 ⋅ = 5.92 kip-in/in width
2 2
Use the same procedure that was used to arrive at a curved plate
thickness. Note that the minimum thickness for bearing plates is
1
1 /2 inches.
Mbp 5.92
Sreq = = = 0.299 in 3
fs 19.8
Freq = 6 ⋅ Sreq = 6 ⋅ 0.299 = 1.34 in
Use bearing plate with thickness F = 11/2 inches.
D. Anchor The standard 11/2 inch anchor rods and pintles with Detail B310 have a
Rods/Pintles service load capacity of 70 kips. For many projects, such as the
superstructure assumed for this design example, the capacity of the
anchor rods and pintles will be adequate by inspection. For projects
where two or more piers are fixed or where significant longitudinal forces
are anticipated, evaluate the capacity of the anchor rods and pintles.
The anchor rod offset dimension (M) is to be calculated such that the
anchor rods are located along the beam centerline of bearing. In this
case, the skew is zero, so M = 0 inches.
The bearing design is summarized in Figure 14.8.1.4.

Figure 14.8.1.4
14.8.2 Expansion This example illustrates the design of an expansion curved plate
Elastomeric elastomeric bearing. It is a continuation of the steel plate girder design
Bearing Design example found in Section 6.9. The example is based on Bridge Details
Example Part I, B355. The elastomeric bearing pad is designed using Method A
[LRFD 14.7.6]. Figure 14.8.2.1 labels the primary components for this
type of bearing. The length, width, and thickness variables for the
different components are consistent with Detail B355. See Figure
14.8.2.4.
Figure 14.8.2.1
With the maximum reaction calculated, the bearing design should be

selected from standard bearing tables in Section 14.7. If a standard
design will not work due to unusual loads or geometric constraints, a
custom design will be required.
This example will outline the procedure to custom design an expansion

elastomeric bearing. First determine the size of the pad required. Next
determine the steel plate requirements for the rest of the assembly.
Two movements are accommodated with this type of bearing, rotation

and horizontal translation. The rotation takes place at the interface
between the sole plate and the curved plate. The horizontal translation
takes place in the reinforced elastomeric bearing pad.
A. Design The bearing pad needs sufficient plan area to ensure that compression
Reinforced stresses are below the limit. It also needs sufficient thickness to
Elastomeric accommodate the horizontal translation. Begin by determining the
Bearing Pad design movements and loads for the bearing.
Design Movements
The plate girder design example is for a two-span bridge with equal
spans of 152'-0".
Fixity is assumed at the middle of the bridge. The bearing for this design
example is assumed to be located at one of the abutments.
Expansion length = L exp = 152 ft
[6.4.1] Coefficient of thermal expansion for steel = α steel = 0.0000065
Design temperatures:
Base Construction Temperature: Tconstr = 45 °F
Low: Tlow = −30 °F High: Thigh = 120 °F
Fall: Tfall = Tconstr − Tlow = 75 °F
Rise: Trise = Thigh − Tconstr = 75 °F
Movement for minimum compressive stress (Load Factor = 1.0 )
∆ u = 1.0 ⋅ Tfall ⋅ α steel ⋅ L exp = 1.0 ⋅ 75 ⋅ 0.0000065 ⋅ 152 ⋅ 12 = 0.89 in
Movement for shear deflection (Load Factor = 1.3 )
∆ s = 1.3 ⋅ Tfall ⋅ α steel ⋅ L exp = 1.3 ⋅ ∆ u = 1.3 ⋅ 0.89 = 1.16 in

The material properties for 55 durometer elastomer can be found by

interpolating between the values for 50 and 60 durometer materials. The
minimum shear modulus is found to be 0.115 ksi and the maximum is
0.165 ksi.
Design Loads
The design loads for the bearing are obtained from the steel plate girder
design example. They are as follows:
Dead load = Pdl = 117 kips
Maximum live load = Pllmax = 108 kips
Minimum live load = Pllmin = −15 kips
The bearing is sized with service limit state loads
Maximum Ps = Pdl + Pll = 117 + 108 = 225 kips
The minimum compressive load check is made with Strength I limit state
loads
Minimum Pu = 0.9 ⋅ Pdl + 1.75 ⋅ Pllmin = 0.9 ⋅ 117 + 1.75 ⋅ (− 15) = 79.1 kips
Size Elastomeric Bearing Pad

Begin by sizing the elastomeric pad. The total thickness of elastomer
must be at least twice the design movement. The movement with the
1.3 multiplier is used for this check.
[Eq. 14.7.6.3.4-1] Minimum hrt = 2 ⋅ ∆ s = 2 ⋅ 1.16 = 2.32 in
Thickness of cover elastomer laminate, hcover = 0.25 in
Try an internal elastomer laminate thickness, hri = 0.375 in
Thickness of steel plates, hs = 0.125 in
Determine the number of internal laminates, n, required:
Min. hrt − 2 ⋅ hcover 2.32 − 2 ⋅ 0.25

n= = = 4.85 Use n = 5
hri 0.375
Number of steel plates, ns = n + 1 = 6
Total elastomer thickness:
hrt = 2 ⋅ (hcover ) + n ⋅ (hri ) = 2 ⋅ (0.25) + 5 ⋅ (0.375) = 2.375 in
Height of reinforced elastomeric pad, D = hrt + ns ⋅ hs = 3.125 in
For preliminary pad sizing, assume the pad allowable compression is

1.0 ksi. Round the pad width and length dimensions to even inch
dimensions.
Try a pad width, B = 20 in
Solve for the minimum pad length (A):
Max. Ps 225
A min = = = 11.25 in
1.0 ⋅ B 1.0 ⋅ 20
Try a pad length, A = 12 in
Shape Factor Check

Check the shape factor of the internal laminate:
A ⋅B 12 ⋅ 20
S= = = 10.0
2 ⋅ (A + B ) ⋅ hri 2 ⋅ (12 + 20) ⋅ 0.375
5.0 ≤ S = 10.0 ≤ 10.0 OK
Compute the shape for the cover layers for later use in the deflection
computations.
A ⋅B 12 ⋅ 20
S= = = 15.0
2 ⋅ (A + B ) ⋅ hri 2 ⋅ (12 + 20) ⋅ 0.25
Pad Dimensional Checks

Check that the bearing satisfies aspect ratio checks. The total
1
elastomeric thickness must be less than /3 the length of the pad's
shortest side.
A 12
[14.7.6.3.6] = = 4 in > 2.375 in OK
3 3
Also check that maximum pad dimension (B) is no greater than 2.5 times
the smallest pad dimension (A):
2.5 ⋅ A = 2.5 ⋅ 12 = 30 in > 20 in OK
[14.7.6.3.2] Maximum Compressive Stress Check

Now check the maximum compressive stress in the pad. Use the
minimum shear modulus for this computation ( Gmin = 0.115 ksi).
Maximum σ s = 1.0 ⋅ Gmin ⋅ S = 1.15 ksi > 1.0 ksi Use 1.0 ksi
Using σ s = 1.0 ksi results in a maximum load for the bearing of:
Maximum Ps = σ s ⋅ A ⋅ B = 1.0 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 20 = 240 kips > 225 kips OK
[14.7.6.3.3] Compressive Deflection

[14.7.5.3.3] To ensure that joints and appurtenances perform properly, the vertical
deflection in elastomeric bearings is checked. Due to the nonlinear
behavior of the elastomer, the movement associated with live load is
computed by subtracting the dead load deflection from the total load
deflection.
Begin by determining the average vertical compressive stress in the

bearings under dead load alone and under total load.
Pdl 117
σ dl = = = 0.488 ksi
A ⋅ B 12 ⋅ 20
P 225
σ tl = tl = = 0.938 ksi
A ⋅ B 12 ⋅ 20
Using the stress strain figures in the commentary to Article 14.7.5.3.3,

one can estimate the strain in the interior laminates and the cover layers.
To arrive at strain values for 55 durometer bearings, the strains from the
50 durometer figure and the 60 durometer figure are averaged.
50 60 Average
Stress
Laminate Load S durometer durometer Strain
(ksi)
Strain Strain (ε)
Dead Load 10 0.488 2.4% 2.1% 2.3%

Interior
Total Load 10 0.938 4.1% 3.6% 3.9%
Dead Load 15 0.488 2.1% 1.9% 2.0%

Cover
Total Load 15 0.938 3.4% 3.1% 3.3%
The initial compressive deflection of a single interior laminate under total

load is:
[14.7.6.3.3] ∆ tlhri = hri ⋅ ε ri = hri ⋅ 0.039 < hri ⋅ 0.07 OK
With five interior laminates and two cover layers the deflection under
total load is:
∆ tl = 5 ⋅ hri ⋅ ε ri + 2 ⋅ hcover ⋅ ε cover
= 5 ⋅ 0.375 ⋅ 0.039 + 2 ⋅ 0.25 ⋅ 0.033 = 0.090 in
The deflection under dead load is:
∆ dl = 5 ⋅ hri ⋅ ε ri + 2 ⋅ hcover ⋅ ε cover
= 5 ⋅ 0.375 ⋅ 0.023 + 2 ⋅ 0.25 ⋅ 0.020 = 0.053 in
[Table 14.7.5.2-1] The deflection due to creep is:
∆ cr = 0.30 ⋅ ∆ dl = 0.30 ⋅ 0.053 = 0.016 in
The difference between the two deflections is the estimated live load
[C14.7.5.3.3] deflection. The total deflection due to live load plus creep should be no
greater than 1/8 inch.
∆ ll = ∆ tl − ∆ dl = 0.090 − 0.053 = 0.037 in
∆ ll + ∆ cr = 0.037 + 0.016 = 0.053 in < 0.125 in OK

[14.7.6.4] Minimum Compressive Load Check

[14.6.3.1] Using the equation derived in Article 14.3.3.1.2 of this manual:
0.825 ⋅ A ⋅ B ⋅ ∆ u
Req'd. Pmin =
hrt
0.825 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 0.89
= = 74.2 kips
2.375
Actual Min. Pu = 79.1 kips > 74.2 kips OK
[14.7.5.3.7] Check Service and Fatigue of Steel Plates

Check the service and fatigue limit states for the steel plates. At the
service limit state the following equation must be satisfied:
3 ⋅ hmax ⋅ σ s
hs ≥
Fy
The yield strength of the steel plates ( Fy ) is 36 ksi.
hmax = hri = 0.375 in
Ps 225
σs = = = 0.938 ksi
A ⋅ B 12 ⋅ 20
3 ⋅ hmax ⋅ σ s 3 ⋅ 0.375 ⋅ 0.938
Min. hs = = = 0.029 in < 0.125 in OK
Fy 36
When considering the fatigue limit state, the following equation must be
satisfied:
2 ⋅ hmax ⋅ σL
hs ≥
∆ FTH
[Table 6.6.1.2.5-3] where, ∆ FTH = 24 ksi (Category A steel detail).
Note that the live load used for this check is not based on reactions from
the fatigue truck. Rather, it is the total live load for the service limit
state.
Pll 108
σL = = = 0.450 ksi
A ⋅ B 12 ⋅ 20
Minimum steel plate thickness for this check is
2 ⋅ hmax ⋅ σL 2 ⋅ 0.375 ⋅ 0.450

Min. hs = = = 0.014 < 0.125 in OK
∆ FTH 24
Use a 12" x 20" x 31/8" bearing pad, composed of two 1/4 inch cover
laminates, five 3/8 inch interior laminates, and six 1/8 inch steel plates.
B. Curved Plate The thickness of the plate is H. The curved plate has a width (B), which
Design is equal to the width of the bearing pad. The length (G) is determined in
an iterative process with the thickness. Begin by checking the thickness
for a curved composite plate with a length of 4.5 inches. If thickness of
the bearing plate is more than 2 inches, increase the length of the curved
plate until the bearing plate thickness and composite plate thickness are
approximately equal. After 4.5 inches, try 6 inches. If 6 inches does not
work, increase length by increments of 2 inches thereafter.
Try a 20" x 4.5" curved plate ( B = 20 in, G = 4.5 in).
First, determine the radius of the contact surface. The radius of the
curved plate is a function of the yield strength of the steel and the load
intensity.
The contact length of the sole plate with the curved plate is equal to the
curved plate width minus the pintles and bevels. Refer to Figure
14.8.2.2.
Contact length L sp is equal to
L SP = 20 − 2 ⋅ (1.75) − 2 ⋅ (0.25) − 2 ⋅ (0.25) = 15.50 in
Figure 14.8.2.2
[14.7.1.4] Based on past satisfactory performance of curved plate bearing

assemblies, the minimum radius permitted is determined with LRFD
Equation C14.7.1.4-1 and C14.7.1.4-2. Start by assuming radius is
12.5 inches ore less, so use the first equation. Rearranging the equation
to solve for d , and dividing by 2 (to compute a radius) results in the
following:
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ 225 ⎞
10 ⋅ ⎜ s ⎟ 10 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
10 ⋅ p ⎜ L ⎟ 15.50 ⎠
R min = = ⎝ sp ⎠
= ⎝ = 10.5 in < 12.5 in
0.6 ⋅ (Fy − 13) 0.6 ⋅ (Fy − 13) 0.6 ⋅ (36 − 13)
Assumption was correct.
The radius of curved plates is to be no less than 16 inches. Therefore,

specify the minimum radius for the curved plate to be 16 inches.
The required thickness of the curved composite plate is found using a

simple model where a uniform load is applied to the bottom of the plate
and the reaction is a line load. See Figure 14.8.2.3. Pressure on the
composite plate is:
Ps 225
σ cp = = = 2.50 ksi
B ⋅ G 20 ⋅ 4.5
The maximum moment on a 1 inch strip of the composite plate is:
G G 4.5 4.5
Mcp = σ cp ⋅ ⋅ = 2.50 ⋅ ⋅ = 6.33 kip-in/in width
2 4 2 4
The maximum allowable bending stress from Table 10.32.1A of the

Standard Specifications is used to size the plate:
fs = 0.55 ⋅ Fy = 0.55 ⋅ 36 = 19.8 ksi
The required composite plate thickness is found by finding the thickness

of plate that has sufficient section modulus to carry the moment.
Mcp 6.33
Sreq = = = 0.32 in 3
fs 19.8
Minimum H = 6 ⋅ Sreq = 6 ⋅ 0.32 = 1.39 in

The standard curved plate thickness is 11/4 inches. Since composite

action is assumed and the bearing plate thickness will be more than
1
/8 inch, use a 11/4 inch thick curved plate.
Figure 14.8.2.3
C. Bearing Plate Now determine the thickness of the bearing plate. The bearing plate has
Design plan dimensions that are slightly larger than the bearing pad to provide
adequate space for the attachment of knock-off weld studs. One inch is
provided on all sides for this purpose.
Bearing Plate width, E = 22 in
Bearing Plate length, C = 14 in
The bearing plate is assumed to act as a cantilever that carries the

bearing pad pressure back to the curved plate. See Figure 14.8.2.3.
The cantilever length is half the difference in length between the bearing
pad and the curved plate.
A G 12 4.5
L cr = − = − = 3.75 in
2 2 2 2
2
L cr 3.752
Mbp = σ s ⋅ = 0.938 ⋅ = 6.60 kip-in/in width
2 2
Use the same procedure that was used to arrive at a curved plate
thickness. Note that the minimum thickness for bearing plates is
11/2 inches.
Mbp 6.60
Sreq = = = 0.333 in 3
fs 19.8
Freq = 6 ⋅ Sreq = 6 ⋅ 0.333 = 1.41 in
Use a 11/2 inch thick bearing plate.
D. Sole Plate Set the sole plate width 2 inches greater than the curved plate width and
Constraints check that it is sufficiently wider than the beam bottom flange to allow
welding.
Sole plate width = 20 + 2 = 22 in > 20 in flange OK
The sole plate length must be 6 inches minimum, but not less than the
curved plate length. Therefore, set sole plate length equal to 6 inches.
The minimum sole plate thickness is 11/4 inches. When the bearing pad
width exceeds the bottom flange width, the sole plate must be designed
as a cantilever to resist the load from the pad that extends outside the
flange. In this case, the bottom flange width equals the pad width, so set
sole plate thickness equal to 11/4 inches.
The bearing design is summarized in Figure 14.8.2.4.

Figure 14.8.2.4
15. BRIDGE Bridge load ratings are administered and performed by the Bridge Rating
LOAD RATING Unit of the Mn/DOT Bridge Office. Bridge load ratings may also be
performed by other qualified engineers.
Bridge ratings are calculated in accordance with the AASHTO Manual for
Condition Evaluation of Bridges (MCE). This manual refers the user to the
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (Std Specs) for
much additional needed information.
A new rating method, Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR), has
been introduced. This method is described by AASHTO in The Manual for
Bridge Evaluation, First Edition, 2008.
Minnesota Statute Chapter 169 prescribes weights of vehicles. Other

references related to bridges, ratings, inspections, vehicles, trucks, and
weights include Minnesota Statutes, Chapters 163, 165, and 168, and
Minnesota Rules, Chapters 8810 and 8820.
All bridges in Minnesota open to the public, carrying cars and trucks, with
spans of 10 feet and more are rated. This includes all county, local, and
private bridges. Railroad bridges are rated by the operating railroad.
Bridges that carry pedestrians or recreational traffic are rated only in
special cases. Culverts, with spans of 10 feet or more, are also rated, but
by a different method. See the Article 15.10 of this Manual for more
information.
15.1 General Mn/DOT rates the bridges on the state highway system (Interstate, US,
and Minnesota). Counties, cities, etc. each rate their own bridges. Where
there are privately owned bridges on public roads, the owners are
responsible for the ratings.
Mn/DOT does not rate bridges that are owned by railroads. The RR is to
perform necessary load ratings for their bridges since they control
railroad loads. In our Pontis database bridge inventory we record only the
design RR load.
Temporary bridges are rated, similarly to permanent bridges. Also,

overweight truck permits for temporary bridges are evaluated in the
same manner as for permanent bridges.
Bridges are rated by the Load Factor Rating (LFR) method whenever
possible. The Allowable Stress Rating (ASR) method is accepted for
timber bridges or when there are no LFR provisions available for use. The
Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) method is acceptable for new
bridges that are designed by LRFD and are not compatible with Virtis.
Bridges are rated at two different stress levels, Inventory level and
Operating level. The Operating level is used for load posting and for
evaluation of overweight permits.
In almost all cases only the primary load carrying members of the
superstructure are rated. Decks or substructures may have to be
investigated in unusual circumstances such as severe deterioration.
Unusually heavy permit loads may also require investigation of the deck
and substructures.
Generally ratings are calculated for shear and for bending moment, and
at the tenth points of each span. Other points are rated as needed, for
example at changes of section. Other force effects that are checked, as
needed, are axial load and curvature forces.
When rating a bridge, the final overall bridge rating will be the rating of
the weakest point of the weakest member within the whole bridge. This
rating is recorded on the cover sheet of the rating form. This member is
called the controlling member (controlling rated member) of the bridge.
The weakest link may change with different rating vehicles. This is
because rating vehicles of different weights, axle spacings, and/or
lengths have different effects on different members and spans. The
identification of the controlling member, location, and limit state for each
rated vehicle is recorded on page two (or a subsequent page) of the
rating forms.
Design load ratings (inventory and operating) are calculated and reported
in terms of the HS 20 design load. For example, if the calculated rating
factor is 1.15, the rating is recorded as HS 23.0.
For bridges rated by LRFR, report the design load ratings by their rating
factors. For example, “RF = 1.11” and “RF = 1.99,” respectively for
inventory and operating.
Sources of information for a new rating or a rerating include the original

plan, as-built plan, the repair plan(s), existing rating, bridge inventory
data, shop drawings, and inspection reports.
Use the material strengths as given on the plan. If there is no plan and
no other source is available, select from the values given in the MCE
based on the year of construction.
In the past, most continuous steel beam spans have been designed as
non-composite in the negative moment region. Rate them the same way.
Conversely, if the beam was designed for composite action in the
negative moment region, rate it as composite and with the longitudinal
slab rebars included in the section properties.
Bridge load raters have the option of using the plastic capacity of steel
per Article 10.50 of the Std Specs.
Use the overload requirements of Article 10.57 of the AASHTO Std Specs
when performing steel beam ratings.
15.2 Analysis
15.2.1 Computer The use of computer programs is preferred for rating.

Programs
Virtis is an AASHTOWare rating program introduced in 2001. It is capable
of rating most bridge types.
Other programs may be used for rating, provided they follow the MCE
and all applicable AASHTO specifications.
Bridges entered in Virtis shall use the "Girder System Definition"

whenever the bridge geometry will fit within the limitations of Virtis.
When using the "Girder Line Superstructure Definition", rate an interior

beam under a vehicle traffic lane.
If a rating is being done with Virtis, there are additional rating

instructions available specific to Virtis. Inquire to the Bridge Rating
Engineer.
15.2.2 Refined A refined analysis is a bridge rating done by more rigorous methods than
Analysis usual. Some of these methods include: finite element analysis, yield line
theory, strut and tie analysis, three dimensional modeling and analysis,
and load testing. Although not common practice, bridge load raters have
the option to do a refined analysis to improve the rating if the project
meets certain criteria. The criteria include: the avoidance of posting a
bridge, improving the rating for overweight permit trucks, improving the
capacity to qualify for rehabilitation work, and at the District’s request.
Some bridge types will by default receive a refined analysis. Examples

are curved steel girders, segmental concrete boxes and cable stayed
bridges. These bridges are designed with specialized software developed
specifically for these complex structures.
The use of refined analysis is limited. The increased time, effort, and cost
of the analysis must be balanced against the workload of the staff and
the potential benefits.
15.3 Loads Dead loads and their distribution are calculated according to AASHTO.
Railings, sidewalks, utilities and medians may be divided uniformly
among all beams if they are located symmetrically on the deck cross
section. Otherwise a different distribution method should be used which
is logically sound.
Low slump concrete wearing courses and latex modified wearing courses
are considered to be fully composite with the base slab.
The topmost 0.5 inch of the wearing course or slab is not considered to
be effective for composite action or section properties.
When the deck is poured in two steps, the composite section usually
consists of a 7 inch thick initial pour followed by a 2 inch low slump
wearing course. DL1 Is defined as noncomposite dead load (stage 1) and
DL2 as composite dead load (stage 2). DL1 includes the weight of the
beam, diaphragms, and the initial slab pour. The remainder of the dead
load is part of DL2. Mn/DOT considers the effective composite deck
supporting DL2 to be the initial slab pour thickness. The effective
composite deck supporting the live load (stage 3) is the full deck
thickness including the wearing course minus 0.5 inch. Most computer
programs including BARS and Virtis will not accept these two different
thicknesses of composite deck for stages 2 and 3. It is then necessary to
use the effective composite deck for live load as the one that also
supports DL2.
Unless otherwise confirmed by inspection, include a dead load for utilities

of 2 psf of deck area in rural areas and 3 psf in cities and urban areas.
Higher loads may be required if heavier utilities are shown on the plan or
are known to exist.
Use a stool height of 1.5 inches for bridges designed in or after 1990 and
1 inch for bridges designed before. Add as uniform dead load an
additional weight to account for additional stool, residual camber, slope of
the deck, superelevation, etc.
If the design includes an allowance for future dead loads, such as a

wearing course, these should not be included in the ratings until such
time as they are actually placed.
For steel bridges, account for the extra dead loads such as welds, splices,
bolts, connection plates, etc. For beam bridges, this generally ranges
from 2 % to 5 % of the main member weight.
Use the Std Spec for lateral distribution of live loads. Standard gage
width (also called tread width) is 6 feet. For overweight permits treat
gages of up to 7.0 feet as though they are 6 feet. For gage widths wider
than this, an adjustment may be made to the axle weight so that an
analysis can be completed as if it is a conventional truck. Virtis version
5.5.0 introduced the analysis of non-standard gages. Axle configurations
with more than four tires may need to be analyzed manually to
determine their distribution factors.
The AASHTO Guide Specification for Distribution of Loads for Highway

Bridges (1994) (LRFD live load distribution) may by used for ratings
otherwise done by LFR methods.
When rating for overweight permits on members that support more than
one traffic lane (trusses, two-girder systems, floor beams, etc.), apply
the permit truck to the lane that has the greatest effect on that member.
Apply the design load (HS 20) to the adjacent lanes. In the rating
equation the adjacent lane load may be applied as a negative term in the
numerator. These loads shall be limited to the traffic lanes.
When rating for posting, apply the loads to the lanes in the same manner
as is used for design.
When rating a bridge with a sidewalk, use the AASHTO pedestrian loads.
In the rating equation, apply the sidewalk dead and live loads as negative
numbers in the numerator.
15.4 Rating Use a phi factor of 0.91 for prestressed concrete flexure in load
Equation Factors factor rating.
For bridges with an NBI superstructure condition of fair (SCC = 5), apply
a capacity reduction factor of 0.95 to the bridge or to the member whose
condition led to this code. If the condition is poor (SCC = 4), or lower
apply a capacity reduction factor of 0.85. These factors may be modified
if inspection reports clearly show different factors are appropriate for
rating, i.e., if the condition is clearly documented with measured section
losses that can be incorporated into the rating calculations. These
reduction factors should not be used if the reason for the reduced
condition rating is not in the direct load path of the bridge support
system.
15.5 Rating New New bridges should be rated prior to the bridge being opened to traffic.
Bridges The operating rating for the bridge should be computed and listed with
other design data on the plan. Additional overweight permit vehicle
ratings are also computed for all TH bridges and on other routes where
overweight loads are permitted by local agencies.
For Mn/DOT bridges, the records remain inactive until Bridge

Management is informed that the bridge has been opened to traffic.
If any changes are made to the bridge during construction that would
affect the rating, report these changes to the Bridge Ratings Unit (or the
person who did the original rating). Also record these changes on the
as-built plans. This includes strand pattern changes for prestressed
beams. The bridge rating is then recalculated.
15.6 Re-rating A new bridge rating should be calculated whenever a change occurs that
Existing Bridges would significantly affect the rating. The most commonly encountered
types of changes are:
• A modification that changes the dead load on the bridge. (For

example: a deck overlay.)
• Damage that alters the structural capacity of the bridge. (For

example: being hit by an errant or oversize load.)
• Deterioration that alters the structural capacity of the bridge. (For

example: rust, corrosion or rot. Scheduled inspections are usually
the source of this information).
• Settlement, movement, or scour of a pier or abutment.
• Repairs or remodeling.
• A change in the AASHTO rating specification.
• An upgrading of the rating software.
• A change in laws regulating truck weights.
The new rating should be completed, signed, dated, and filed, as outlined
in Articles 15.16 and 15.17 of this manual.
When requested, a new TH rating may be calculated for a proposed

repair or rehabilitation project. This type of rating is kept on temporary
hold until the Bridge Rating Unit is informed that the project has been
completed.
The request for a rerating is passed from the Program Administrator to a

Bridge Rating Engineer. The Bridge Rating Engineer will do preliminary
evaluation upon receipt of the information. The time frame of when the
rerating is to be completed will depend on the level of importance
determined from this evaluation. The rerating shall be completed
immediately if the request is due to damage or severe deterioration and
for other issues no more than 45 days later.
15.7 Substructures Substructures are not normally rated. Rating may be required, at the
judgment of the engineer, in these circumstances:
• If an unusually heavy truck applies for a permit.
• If inspections reveal there is substantial damage or deterioration

to a substructure.
• If for any other reason, the capacity for the usual legal and permit
traffic is questioned.
15.8 Non-Standard Some types of bridges can not be rated by the rating software we now
Bridge Types use or by any rating software available on the market. For these bridges
the designers should compute the ratings using the design software.
The bridge types to which this applies include: post-tensioned concrete

(simple span and continuous, segmental and non-segmental), curved
steel (simple span and continuous), arches, rigid frames, continuous
trusses, “single point”, suspension, and cable stayed bridges.
For trunk highways, in addition to rating, provisions are needed to

evaluate trucks that apply for overload permits. If the design software
will accept custom truck configurations, rate for the Mn/DOT Standard
Permit Trucks. Record the lowest or controlling rating factor for each
truck.
If custom trucks cannot be run, one solution is to provide the capacity

along with the influence line, for the critical points. Rating information is
needed for the critical locations of negative and positive moment. If shear
is or could be critical at any point in a member, data should be provided
for that also. The information needed for each location is the moment (or
shear/axial force) capacity, dead load effects, secondary prestress effects
(if applicable), the capacity remaining for live load and the live load
influence line. These should all be equated to the width of one beam
spacing. State the load factors, capacity reduction factors, and live load
distribution factors that were applied.
The complete submittal is to include plan sheets necessary to convey the

essential information used in the rating. This includes the general plan
and elevation, the deck cross section, the framing plan, and the beam
elevation.
Any questions about this procedure should be directed to the Bridge

Rating Engineer.
15.9 Timber Timber plank decks shall be rated. Use all the provisions of Std Specs,
Bridges Fig. 3.7.7 A with applicable footnotes. In other words, rate decks with
individual axles of 17 k or whatever the posting truck has.
Use wet condition for all rated timber members.
The repetitive use factor, Cr , can be used for plank decks, if they are
covered by bituminous or perpendicular planks for load distribution.
Cr may also be used for laminated decks if the panels do not show any
separation or loss of lamination.
If timber members are in a deteriorated condition, their reduced capacity

may be accounted for by reducing either the allowable stress or the
section modulus.
When the original plan cannot be found, and the original design
stresses cannot be determined from any other source, the following
may be used for fb (Assumed species is Douglas Fir-Larch):
Timber planks…………………………………….….… ............... 1.5 ksi

Timber beams…………………………………...….… ............... 1.6 ksi
Transverse Glu-Laminated Decks *……….………... ....... 1.5 ksi
Transverse Nail-Laminated Decks **………………..… .... 1.35 ksi
Longitudinal Glu-Laminated Decks ***……………....….. 1.4 ksi
Longitudinal Nail-Laminated Decks ****…………….…. . 1.2 ksi
Glu-Laminated Beams………………………….….…..….…...... 2.0 ksi
* Commonly used for decks on temporary bridges.

Usual depth = 5 1/8 in.
** Seldom used
*** Used less often
**** Commonly used for county and local bridges.
The stresses given above are for the inventory level. Increase them by
33% for the operating level.
For the other stress categories such as shear, bearing, etc, refer to the
Std Specs Article 13.5 tables on a line corresponding to the fb given
above.
15.10 Culverts Standard culvert designs have been used since the 1930s. Standard
designs conservatively have an inventory rating at least equal to their
design load. Operating ratings can conservatively be estimated to be at
least 1.5 times higher than the inventory rating.
Culverts in good condition are assigned ratings based on their type,

design load and year of construction, as shown in the table of Form 90.
Form 90 may be used for rating all culverts in the State of Minnesota,
including county, city, township, etc.
Form 90 is to be filled out by the Bridge Office for state owned culverts,
and local personnel for locally owned culverts.
The procedure for the completion of a rating with Form 90 is as follows:
• Review the latest inspection report
• Confirm that the culvert condition code is 5 or greater
• Fill in the general information at the top.
• Fill in the inventory and operating ratings, HS xx and HS zz. The

Rating Guidelines table may be used for these numbers.
• If the table guidelines are not followed, an explanation should

be added.
• Fill in the blanks at the bottom with the names and dates of the
last inspection and the rating.
If a culvert is in a deteriorated or damaged condition and/or has an NBI

Culvert Condition Code of 4 or less, rate by Physical Inspection Rating
(Form PIR) and give a final rating less than the guidelines printed on
Form 90. (See Article 15.15 of this manual.)
See the FHWA Culvert Inspection Manual, Chapter 5.
Culverts may be posted for reduced loads. Form PIR is also used to
document these posted load limits.
Box culverts with a clear span over 20 feet are to be rated as bridges,
not with Form 90.
Precast concrete arches on footings (type 512) with spans up to 43 feet,

may be rated as culverts using Form 90.
In most cases the bridge type will indicate if the structure is a culvert or
a bridge. This may not be true for the Pontis bridge types: concrete arch,
steel arch, and prestress arch. For these types, the barrel length or span
length can be checked.
Box culverts of the design “Type W” were built mostly in the era of 1929
to 1944. They had a single layer of reinforcement and were designed as
simple span elements on all sides. For this reason they are rated lower.
Pre-1929 box culverts may be included with this category.
15.11 Gusset Plates Truss bridge gusset plates are to be rated. There are separate Mn/DOT
documents which can be used as guidelines. They include: Mn/DOT Truss
Bridge Gusset Plate Design Review Procedure, Mn/DOT Interpretation of
Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Review Results, Excel spreadsheets, and a
sample calculation.
The spreadsheet and sample calculation can be obtained by request from

the Bridge Rating Engineer. The other documents are found in the Memo
to Designers (2008-02): Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Analysis located in the
Memos section of this manual.
15.12 Load Testing Load testing is the rating method where a controlled test is conducted on
a bridge. The bridge is monitored with strain gages and other
instruments. Normal traffic is stopped and calibrated test trucks are
directed across the bridge. Extensive calculations are required before and
after the test. A computer model is “calibrated” to the load test results.
Load testing is used when the bridge cannot be rated by ordinary

methods or when the ordinary methods give unrealistic results. See
MCE 5.0.
Proof load testing is not recommended due to safety considerations.
15.13 Load Posting
15.13.1 General The Minnesota Posting Trucks are:
“Minnesota Legal (Posting) Loads” used for bridges on both 9 ton and
10 ton routes. These can be found in Appendix 15-D.
Bridge Posting Loads for Single-Unit SHVs that Meet Federal Bridge
Formula B. See Figure 7.4.3.2 in MCE revisions: Trucks SU4, SU5,
SU6, and SU7.
The Posting Signs are:
Sign R 12–1A, which is usually used for lower posting weights and
shorter bridges.
Sign R 12 – 5, which is used for most postings at or below 40 tons.

The posting trucks associated with the three silhouettes are, top to
bottom: M 3, M 3S2, and M3S3. Trucks SU4 thru SU7 are associated
with the top silhouette, the single truck.
Sign R12 – X 11, which is used where higher posting limits are
required due to seasonal or permit loads. (45 tons only)
These signs can be found at:

http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/otepubl/mnstdsigns/TABLEOFCON
TENTS.pdf , Group 12.
Supplemental signs, advance warning signs, other related bridge signs,

and instructions on their use can be found in the above manual and in
the Minnesota Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
All calculations for posting should be done in accordance with the MCE, at
the operating level.
Any bridge with an operating rating of less than HS 27 should be checked

to see if posting is required.
If any rating factor for any vehicle is below the maximum level as shown
in Article 15.13.2, fill in Form PW completely. It will then become the
third sheet of the rating documents.
The posting weights that are to be placed on the posting sign are entered
on the front page Form RC – CL or Form RC - TH. The sign type should
also be indicated there.
Round the calculated posting tonnages down to the nearest even ton.
(Exception: 3 T or 5 T may be used on sign R 12-1A.)
With sign R 12–5, post the two combination vehicles at the same
tonnage, at the lesser of the two calculated tonnages.
With sign R 12–5, all three vehicles must be posted. The maximums for
this sign are: 40 T, 40 T, 40 T.
The explanation for posting for rating factors above 1.00 is that
Minnesota Statutes provide for many exceptions to the basic legal loads.
There are increases of 10% in the winter, harvest increases, the
“Timber Haulers Bill”, etc.
On state highways the posting notification is sent by memo from the

State Bridge Engineer to the District Engineer. The district office must
inform the Bridge Management Unit when the posting signs are in place.
When a rating is completed and indicates a bridge is to be posted, the

posting signs must be erected within 30 days after notification of their
requirement. If there are significant changes in the bridge condition or in
the posted weight, temporary signs should be erected in the interim.
Notify the permit office immediately of any new trunk highway bridge
posting.
15.13.2 Rating Truck M 3 (24 T)

Factors for Posting For RF (Rating Factor) < 0.125 the bridge must be closed.
For 0.125 ≤ RF ≤ 1.10 post at indicated tonnage.
For 1.10 < RF this model is not applicable, defer to Truck SU 4.
Truck SU 4 (27 T)
For 0.89 ≤ RF ≤ 1.10 post at indicated tonnage and use sign R 12-5.
Truck SU 5 (31 T)
For 0.87 < RF < 1.10 post at indicated tonnage and use sign R 12-5.
Truck SU 6 (34.75 T)
Truck SU 7 (38.75 T)
For 1.026 < RF < 1.13 post at 40 T.
For 1.13 < RF no posting required.
Truck M 3S2 – 40, and Truck M 3S3 (40 T)

For RF < 0.35, post as indicated by truck M3 and use sign R 12-1A.
For 0.35 ≤ RF ≤ 1.00 post as indicated with sign R 12-5.
For 1.00 < RF ≤ 1.12 post at 40 T with sign R 12-5.
For 1.12 < RF ≤ 1.24 post with the sign R12-X11, unless one of the
single trucks, M 3 thru SU 7, requires posting, then use sign R 12-5
and use 40 T for these two trucks.
For 1.24 < RF no posting required, unless one of the single trucks, M 3
thru SU 7, requires posting, then use sign R 12-5 and use 40 T for
these two trucks.
15.14 Overweight This section applies to state trunk highways only.

Permits
Maximum vehicle weights are defined in Minnesota Statutes. Under
certain conditions, trucks may obtain permits to travel at greater weights.
Overweight and overdimension permits are issued by the Office of Freight

and Commercial Vehicle Operations (OFCVO).
Among the tasks the OFCVO performs in the issuance of a permit are:
communication with the trucking company, recording of information,
checking legal requirements for the truck, issuing the permit, collecting
fees, determining the route (except for certain annual permits), and
forwarding pertinent information to the Bridge Office for bridge checks.
The computer program they use for processing permits is called
RoutebuilderNT.
The OFVCO issues annual permits for trucks weighing up to a maximum

of 145,000 pounds. A holder of an annual permit may make an unlimited
number of trips during the year of the permit. For routing they utilize the
permit codes as recorded on our rating forms and maps. The trucker may
make his own judgment as to which weight class (A, B, or C) his truck
fits, or he may ask the permit office to determine the weight class. The
permit office forwards these to the Bridge Office if they are uncertain of
the weight class. These are commonly called “general checks.”
The OFVCO also issues single trip permits. There is no maximum weight
for single trip permits other than bridge capacity. All permit trucks have
weight limits for single axles, and for certain axle groups.
Single trip permits are screened by the permit technicians at the permit
office. Those permits with routes that cross bridges which are of
questionable capacity are sent to the Bridge Rating Unit of the Bridge
Office, for further evaluation. This is commonly called a “bridge check”.
The permit office screening techniques utilize the permit codes as
recorded on our rating forms.
Minnesota Standard Permit Trucks G-80, are shown in Appendix 15-E.

Rating factors and restriction codes are recorded on the rating forms for
these trucks. The Bridge Management unit enters the codes into Pontis.
They are also copied to permit bridge logs, and the annual permit routing
maps. In this procedure, Class C is considered to be the composite of the
three trucks: Std. C, P411, and P413 (sometimes called P4).
Minnesota Standard Permit Trucks G-07 are shown in Appendix 15-F.

These are a new generation of permit trucks. See separate instructions
for their use.
If the initial RF for a permit truck is less than 1.0, the truck might still be
allowed to cross the bridge under a restriction. Overweight Permit
Restrictions are shown in Appendix 15-C.
The standard gage of an axle is 6.0 feet, as given in the Std Specs,
Figure 3.7.7A. Permits of 6 to 6.5 feet gage are evaluated as though they
were 6.0 ft. Axles wider than this and axles with more than 4 tires may
be evaluated at a reduced equivalent weight, then run in Virtis. (This
reduced weight may be different for different type bridges depending on
which live load distribution formula applies for the bridge.)
Virtis has a non-standard gage feature. It is slow to use and works only
with bridges that are entered as a system.
A truck traveling under an overweight permit is by law prohibited from

crossing a load posted bridge.
15.15 Physical This method of rating is to be used when the capacity cannot readily be
Inspection Rating calculated because of one or more of these reasons:
(PIR)
• No bridge plan is available
• Concrete bridges with amount of the reinforcement unknown
• A bridge that has a poor or deteriorated condition
• Deteriorated piling or substructures
• A bridge that has been carrying a known amount of traffic and not
suffering any apparent distress
• A culvert that has a poor or deteriorated condition
Follow AASHTO MCE 7.4.1.
A registered professional engineer thoroughly familiar with the bridge

shall do this rating.
The rating is determined by the engineer upon careful consideration of all

available information, including bridge condition (corrosion, spalling,
damage, deflection, settlement, cracking, etc.), age, type of construction,
redundancy, ADTT, loading (past, present, and future), etc. Engineering
judgment or a combination of calculations, experience, and judgment is
used.
The numbers in the rating should follow the ratios (approximately) in the
following table, where T is the posting tonnage:
Single Posting Sign

Rating
Weight R 12 - 5
Posting,
Sign Single Combination
Inventory Operating
R 12 – 1A Vehicle Vehicles
T T 1.6 x T HS (0.6 x T) HS (T)
A PIR rating is documented with Form PIR and accompanied by the cover
form, RC - TH or RC – CL. For type of analysis check “Other” and write in
“PIR” and for method of rating check “No Rating Computations
Performed.”
Owners should schedule inspections for bridges rated by PIR at intervals

of 12 months or less.
Bridges or culverts rated by this method shall be re-rated after each

inspection if there is a change in the superstructure condition code
stemming from a problem in the direct load path.
Bridges rated with this method shall have all overweight permits
prohibited, unless the bridge has a documented history of carrying known
heavier trucks without any problems.
15.16 Forms and As new ratings are needed, rating reports should be prepared on Mn/DOT
Documentation forms according to the following guidelines:
This report should include summaries of the controlling members,

controlling locations, rating factors, capacity reduction factors, and limits
states for all unique members and/or member types within the bridge.
Include a sketch or layout of the bridge to identify where the referenced
rating locations are. The report will be a minimum of two pages (a
routine Virtis bridge, for example). Additional pages of documentation

may be required, for complex bridges, when the rating software is not
available to Mn/DOT, when refined analysis is used, gusset plate analysis,
etc.
Fully document the loading conditions used for the rating. This includes
changes from the original plan, deck replacements or thickness
modifications, railing modifications or replacements, bridge widening,
unusual loading conditions, and damage or deterioration incorporated in
the rating. List the condition or event, its key details, and the date of the
event. In documenting the deck changes, list thicknesses of: 1) original,
2) amount milled, 3) overlay, and 4) final thickness.
Also document rating considerations given for damage or deterioration. A

bridge in a deteriorated condition will require more detail and explanation
in the rating.
Clearly document assumptions used in the rating calculations or

structural modeling. If the information is readily found in the computer
files (Virtis or other software) it need not be repeated.
Form RC – TH (or RC – CL) is the cover sheet required for all bridges that
have a calculated bridge rating. That is all bridges that have a span over
10 ft and are not culverts. It is to be accompanied by at least one
additional sheet, usually FORM RD - TH (or RD – CL).
The cover page of the completed rating must be signed by a registered

professional engineer. The rating is to be checked by a second engineer.
The rating forms can be found on the Bridge Office Web Site at
Documents, Downloads, Forms, and Links, in the section titled Bridge
Rating and Load Posting Reports. The url is:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/docsdown.html
The forms are also listed and summarized in Appendix 15-B of

this manual.
The most recent rating supersedes any and all preceding ratings.
15.17 Submittal / The original copy of the rating should be retained in the files of the bridge
Filing owner. For TH bridges these are the files of the Mn/DOT Bridge
Ratings Unit.
Deliver copies of all ratings (township, county, city, state, etc.) to:
Bridge Management Unit

Mn/DOT Bridge Office
3485 Hadley Avenue North
The copies are kept on file and selected information will be entered
in Pontis. From there annual reports are prepared and sent to the FHWA.
Copies of Mn/DOT bridge ratings will be scanned and entered in EDMS.

From there they can be accessed by bridge inspecters.
APPENDIX 15-A
GLOSSARY
AASHTO --- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ADTT --- Average Daily Truck Traffic. (In Pontis this is called HCADT)
ASD --- Allowable Stress Design: The original AASHTO design method. The safety factors are
applied to the material strength portion of the structure capacity. Also called working stress design
(WSD).
ASR --- Allowable Stress Rating: The rating version of ASD
Dead Load --- Those loads that are constant in magnitude, fixed in location, and remain in place
permanently or for a long period of time.
EDMS --- Electronic Document Management System
FHWA --- Federal Highway Administration
GVW or Gross Vehicle Weight --- Total weight of the vehicle including the empty weight plus all
variable loads such as freight, passengers, fuel, etc. (See also Minn Stat 169.01, Subd. 46.)
Impact --- An additional live load expressed as a per cent increase of the vehicle live load. It
represents the vertical forces due to vibrations and bouncing of a vehicle as it passes over a
bumpy bridge deck. AASHTO specifies the methods of calculation. It is always applied with the
vehicle live load unless a specific reason is given otherwise.
Inventory Rating Level --- As defined by AASHTO, it is equivalent to the design level of stress.
A bridge subjected to no more than this stress level can be expected to safely function for a life of
75 or more years.
Kip or k --- A weight of 1000 pounds
Legal Load --- The maximum GVW a truck may have without a permit. Minnesota Statute 169
defines this.
Legal Trucks --- These are the model trucks used to determine load postings on bridges. The
MCE defines them. Minnesota has adopted variations of them as given in Appendix 15-D.
(Sometimes called Posting Trucks)
LFD or Load Factor Design --- The AASHTO design method used for bridges from approximately
1975 to 1995. Separate load factors (or safety factors) are applied to the dead load, and to the
live load.
LFR or Load Factor Rating --- The rating version of LFD.
Live Loads --- Loads that remain in place for a relatively short time. These are mainly vehicle
loads: cars, busses, trucks, etc. Bridge rating is usually concerned with only the truck live loads.
Other live loads are: construction equipment, pedestrian, wind, stream flow, and several others as
given in the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
Load Rating --- The determination of the safe live load carrying capacity of a new or an existing
bridge. This is calculated using existing bridge plans supplemented by information gathered from a
field inspection. The basic equation is given in MCE 6-1a. (This is sometimes known as “Capacity
Rating”.) Load Ratings may be subdivided into specific types depending on which live load is used
in the denominator of rating equation. Some of these types are:
Design Load Rating --- The AASHTO design HS Loading (truck and/or lane)
is used for the live load. The final rating is usually expressed relative to HS
20. This is usually calculated at both the inventory and operating levels.
Legal Load Rating --- (Sometimes called Posting Rating.) The live load is
one or more of the “legal trucks”. If the RF is less than 1.00 (or another
specified amount), the bridge will be posted.
Annual Permit Load Rating --- The live load model used represents a
possible truck or class of trucks that may operate under an annual overweight
permit.
Single Trip Permit Load Rating --- The specific overweight permit truck
model is used in the denominator of the rating equation.
LRFD or Load and Resistance Factor Design --- AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
introduced in 1994. It has been gradually implemented by designers over the approximate period
of 1996 to 2005. Safety factors are applied to both the bridge capacity and to the loads.
LRFR or Load and Resistance Factor Rating --- AASHTO bridge rating specification introduced
in 2006. It has been implemented on only a limited basis at this time.
MCE --- Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges, published by the American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The second edition was published in 1994.
Its use should also include all interims as added in 1995,1998, 2000, 2001, and 2003.
NBI or National Bridge Inventory --- The aggregation of structure inventory and appraisal data
collected to fulfill the requirements of the NBIS.
NBIS or National Bridge Inspection Standards --- Federal regulations establishing

requirements for inspection procedures, frequency of inspections, qualifications of personnel,
inspection reports, and preparation and maintenance of bridge inventory records. The NBIS apply
to all structures defined as bridges located on or over all public roads.
OFCVO or Office of Freight and Commercial Vehicle Operations --- Issuing permits for
overweight and overdimension vehicles is one of the functions of this office. They are in the
Program Management Division of Mn/DOT. Their website:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/motorcarrier
Operating Rating Level --- As defined by AASHTO. The maximum permissible live load stress
level to which a structure may be subjected. Allowing an excessive volume of vehicles to use a
bridge at Operating Level may shorten the life of the bridge.
Permit Office --- The unit of the Office of Freight and Commercial Vehicle Operations (OFCVO)
that issues overweight / overdimension permits.
Pontis --- The database that includes information on all bridges in Minnesota. It is maintained by
the Bridges Office’s Bridge Management Unit. Bridge ratings are part of that information. The
“Mn/DOT Structure Inventory Report” contains a summary of the information.
Posted --- The maximum loads allowed on a bridge are indicated by signs erected at each end of
the bridge. Also known as Load Posted or Load Posting.
Rating Equation --- Equation 6-1a of the MCE.
RF or Rating Factor --- The result of calculating the rating equation, MCE 6-1a. Generally a RF ≥
1.0 indicates that the member or bridge has sufficient capacity for the applied live load and is
acceptable; and a RF < 1.0 indicates overstress and requires further action. The RF may be
converted to a weight by applying the equation, MCE 6-1b. A RF is always associated with a
particular live load.
Rating --- See Load Rating. (Another type of bridge rating is called “appraisal rating.” or
“condition rating”. It is based on the Condition Codes of a bridge. Refer to the Bridge Inspectors
Manual for more information on this.)
Standard Permit Trucks --- Model trucks used to determine the capacity of bridges for a broad
group of overweight trucks. See diagrams in Appendix 15-E.
Std Spec --- AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition-1992
TH or Trunk Highway --- This consists of all highways under the jurisdiction of the State of
Minnesota, including Interstate highways, U. S. highways and Minnesota highways.
Type --- Bridge type refers to a brief description of the bridge superstructure. The names and
numerical codes for these are found in this manual, Appendix 2-A.
APPENDIX 15-B
RATING FORMS
Form Date Form Use
Apr The summary, cover, and certification for all

RC – TH
2007 bridges on the State Trunk Highway system
Sheet 2 of a standard rating. It shows some

Feb details of the rating including the rating
RD – TH
2007 factors, the critical locations, and the critical
limit cases. For Trunk Highways
Mar The summary, cover, and certification for all

RC – CL
2005 bridges on the county and local bridges
Sheet 2 of a standard rating. It shows some

Feb details of the rating including the rating
RD – CL
2005 factors, the critical locations, and the critical
limit cases. For county and local bridges.
Physical Inspection Rating, in accordance

Apr with AASHTO MCE 7.4.1. This form makes
Form PIR
2007 up the second page of the rating, with the
first being either RC – TH or RC – CL.
Apr Used for culverts in good condition. One

Form 90
2007 sheet only.
Posting Worksheet, this is an additional

Apr sheet (sheet 3) to be filled out for any bridge
Form PW
2007 with an operating rating < HS 27 or requiring
posting.
Used for truss bridges to record ratings for

individual members within the truss and the
Apr
TrussR bridge. Fill in inventory and operating ratings
2007
for all truss members, at least one stringer,
and at least one floor beam.
APPENDIX 15-C
OVERWEIGHT PERMIT RESTRICTIONS FOR BRIDGES
Allowed
Restriction
Code
Detailed Bridge
Annual
Permit
Permit
Restriction Restriction Check
Single
Trip
Description Description Operation
No restrictions to drive
1 None YES YES Normal
over bridge.
Drive on the centerline
between two lanes, in a
manner that prevents The AASHTO
any other vehicle from “Single Lane”
Straddle two
2 YES YES occupying a part of either live load
lanes
lane on either side of the distribution is
permit vehicle. Drive in used.
the center of a single
lane bridge.
The impact
Maximum factor is reduced
speed of YES YES Drive at a speed of 10 from the
10 miles per ① ① miles per hour or less. AASHTO
3 hour impact,
to 5 %
The AASHTO
Similar to restriction 2, “Single Lane”
Drive in center
5 YES YES but used for one lane live load
of bridge
bridges. distribution is
used.
See specific Depends on the
YES More specific instructions
6 Mn/DOT
Instructions
② NO
must be attached
individual
situation.
Need Mn/DOT
Depends on the
District More specific instructions
7 YES NO individual
Engineer must be attached
situation.
approval
Used when
The overweight permit
requirements for
vehicle is NOT
X DENIED YES YES restrictions 1
ALLOWED on this
thru 7 are not
bridge.
met
① Not allowed where there is a posted minimum speed, such as most interstate mainline routes.
② Minimum escort: police at the front of permit vehicle.

APPENDIX 15-D
MINNESOTA LEGAL (POSTING) LOADS

APPENDIX 15-E
MINNESOTA STANDARD PERMIT TRUCKS G-80

APPENDIX 15-F

APPENDIX 15-F (Continued)


&@% Minnesota Department of Transportation
gp MemoBridge Office Office Tel: (651)747-2106

Mail Stop 610 Fax: 747-2108
3485 Hadley Ave.
Oakdale, MN 55128
February 14,2005
To: Bridge Design Engineers
From: Kevin Western -3

Bridge Design Engineer
MEMO TO DESIGNERS: LRFD and Bridge Load Rating Issues
As we continue with LRFD Implementation we have noted a few low LFD load ratings on
bridges designed with LRFD methods. The following modifications to design procedures are
to be incorporated into all designs immediately:
LLDF Correction for Skew (LRFD 4.6.2.2.2e and 4.6.2.2.3~)

As skews increase over 45 degrees the moment skew reduction factor for live load
distribution can exceed 10%. Several LFD load ratings have shown a significant capacity
shortfall since current rating methods do not account for this reduction with skew.
Designers shall no longer utilize the moment reduction for skew. The shear magnification
for skew should continue to be used.
Ultimate Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Beams

For most prestressed concrete beam designs, service limit state checks control the design.
As sections become more lightly prestressed, the ultimate capacity (Strength Limit State) of
the member begins to control the design. Bridges with lightly prestressed beams have
resulted in very low operating ratings. To ensure an adequate minimum load rating level,
designers must provide moment capacity in excess of 1.30 of the required moment, that is:
Longitudinal Steel Check (LRFD 5 3.3.5)

The longitudinal steel check requires adequate transfer length of prestressing steel to resist
the applied shear and moment. The LRFD Specifications allow designers to ignore the
moment component of the equation at simply supported beam ends. MnDOT agrees with
this allowance for our typical prestressed beams. Our design guidance states that strands
should be placed from the bottom up in the cross section, filling one row before filling rows
higher in the beam. This method keeps the center of gravity of the strands as low as
possible. It also limits the moment component for the longitudinal check. If this guidance
for placing strands as low as possible is not followed, designers must also verify the
longitudinal capacity with the equation including the moment component at the section.
Page 1 of 2
MEMO #2005-01
Desian Live Load for Continuous Bridges
Over the last year we have noted several LRFD continuousgirder designs that exhibited
low load ratings over sections at the piers. To ensure that these load ratings are at
acceptable minimum levels, designers shall consider the following amplified double truck
plus lane load case (in place of the double truck plus lane load case required by LJWD
3.6.1.3) when designing continuous beams for the Strength I Limit State. This load is for
moment and reaction only.
For bridges with longest span below 100 feet:

90% of the HL-93 double truck with DLA plus lane load (same as in LRFD 3.6.1.3)
For bridges with longest span between 100 and 200 feet:
(90 + (span - 100)*0.2)% of the HL-93 double truck with DLA plus lane load
For bridges with longest q a n above 200 feet:

110% of the HL-93 double truck with DLA plus lane load
\
When your superstructure design is to the point where load ratings can be completed, please
supply the information to the Bridge Load Rating Unit. Additional lead time will allow load
ratings to be completed and comments given back to the designer on possible modifications
before plan details are finalized.
If you have any questions about these issues please bring them to my attention. As you continue
with LRFD designs, more rating concerns may be noted. Please contact Dave Dahlberg or me if
you have additional concerns.
cc: D. Dorgan
L. Johnson
E. Lutgen
G. Peterson
D. Dahlberg
B.Miller / Design Consultants
Page 2 of 2
MEMO #2005-01
Memo
Bridge Office Office Tel:(651) 747-2106
3485 Hadley Ave.
Oakdale, MN 55128
November 9, 2005
From: Kevin Western

MEMO TO DESIGNERS (2005-02): Discontinue Use of Cast Bearing Option
A few years ago MnDOT, at the urging of the casting industry, developed a cast bearing
option that could be used in lieu of our fabricated curved plate bearing assembly. The reason
for development of the cast bearing option was to create competition with a lower cost
alternative, thereby realizing MnDOT a cost savings. Since development of the details, no
contractor has utilized the cast bearing option.
At this time we are discontinuing the use of the cast bearing option. Designers should no
longer place Standard Details B317 and B318 in their bridge plans as an alternate to our
fabricated assembly. In addition, the detail standards will no longer be available on our web
site.
If you have any questions or concerns on this issue, please contact Erik Wolhowe or me.
cc: D. Dorgan
D. Dahlberg
E. Wolhowe
Page 1 of 1
Memo
3485 Hadley Ave.
Oakdale, MN 55128
November 10, 2005

From: Kevin Western

MEMO TO DESIGNERS (2005-03): New MN45 and MN54 Prestressed Concrete Beams
A short time ago MnDOT began examining prestressed beam shapes used around the country
to determine if any shape provided a cost effective advantage over our current shape. The new
shape that Iowa DOT developed a few years ago appears to meet this criteria. This shape is
also very similar to the Wisconsin shape which will allow our fabricators to market beams to
all three states with the use of a common form. Estimates show the beams can span up to 8 %
longer or can be spaced up to 30% wider than the previous beams. Attached below are
Figures 5.4.6.1 and 5.4.6.2 of the LRFD Manual showing beam section properties and the
beam selection chart modified to include the MN45 and MN54 beams.
Tables 14.7.1 and 14.7.2 from the MnDOT LRFD Manual provide expansion and fixed curved
plate bearing assembly standard sizes. These tables are in the process of being modified. With
the new beams you will notice that although they have a wider bottom flange, the standard
bearing pad remains 24 inches wide and the plates keep their same dimensions except for the
width of the bearing plate for the fixed bearing. This dimension has been increased by 4 inches
(to 38 inches) to allow for placement of the anchor rods.
Below is a listing of the Standard Plans and B-Details that were developed or modified for the
new shape:
5-397.507 MN45 Prestressed Concrete Beam

5-397.508 MN54 Prestressed Concrete Beam
B303 Sole Plate
B310 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly - Fixed
B311 Curved Plate Bearing Assembly - Expansion
B403 Steel Intermediate Diaphragm
B811 Concrete End Diaphragm – Contraction Abutment
B814 Concrete End Diaphragm – Parapet Abutment
We are evaluating the addition of a MN63 PCB shape to this family of shapes. A final
decision on that addition will be made early next year after concurrence with our producers.
Please do not utilize the MN63 until we announce that they are available.
Page 1 of 2
Please utilize these new MN shapes on prestressed beam bridges requiring 45 or 54 inch high
beams. If you have any questions or concerns about these standards, please contact Erik
Wolhowe or me.
cc: D. Dorgan
D. Dahlberg
E. Wolhowe
Attachments: 5-29 and 5-30 of LRFD Bridge Design Manual
Page 2 of 2
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM CHART:
2004 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition.
HL-93 Live Load
Beam Concrete: fc′ = 9.0 ksi ′ = 7.5 ksi

fci wbm = 0.155 kips/ft
Ec = 1265 fc′ + 1000 ksi

Deck Concrete: fc′ = 4.0 ksi Ec = 3644 ksi wc = 0.150 kips/ft
0.6" diameter low relaxation strands, Es = 28,500 ksi

fpu = 270 ksi with initial pull of 0.75 fpu
Simple supports with six beams and deck without wearing course.
Deck carries two F-Rails with no sidewalk or median, skew = 0 degrees.
Effective deck thickness is total deck thickness minus 1/2" of wear.
11/2" stool height used for composite beam section properties.

21/2" average stool height used for dead load calculations.
Rail dead load applied equally to all beams.

Dead load includes 0.020 ksf future wearing course.
Refined losses are used.
Service Concrete Tensile Stress Limits:

After Initial Losses: ′ ≤ 0.2 ksi
0.094 fci
After All Losses: 0.19 fc′
Beam Properties
h SHAPE AREA W c I SB Ac d
BEAM
2 4 3 2
(in) (in ) (lb/ft) (in) (in ) (in ) (in )
14RB 14 Rect. 364 392 7.00 5,945 849 312
18RB 18 Rect. 468 504 9.00 12,640 1,404 364
22RB 22 Rect. 572 616 11.00 23,070 2,097 416
27M 27 I-Beam 516 555 13.59 43,080 3,170 296
36M 36 I-Beam 570 614 17.96 93,530 5,208 323
45M 45 I-Beam 624 672 22.34 167,050 7,478 350
54M 54 I-Beam 678 730 26.75 265,830 9,938 377
63M 63 I-Beam 732 788 31.17 392,060 12,580 404
72M 72 I-Beam 786 846 35.60 547,920 15,390 431
81M 81 I-Beam 840 904 40.04 735,620 18,370 458
MN45 45 I-Beam 690 743 20.63 179,000 8,677 427
MN54 54 I-Beam 749 806 24.68 285,690 11,580 457
c Based on 155 pounds per cubic foot.
d Based on a 9" slab with 1/2" of wear and 11/2" stool.
Figure 5.4.6.1
Precast Prestressed Concrete Beam Data
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM CHART
(Chart is for preliminary use only. See Figure 5.4.6.1 for design assumptions.)
180
DESIGN CRITERIA
170 81M [email protected] HL-93 LOADING f 'c = 9.0 ksi f 'ci = 7.5 ksi
0.6"φ STRANDS
NOVEMBER 2005
160 72M [email protected] NUMBERS ADJACENT TO POINTS ON THE

[email protected] GRAPH REPRESENT AN APPROXIMATE DESIGN
150 VERIFY NUMBER OF STRANDS AND CENTER OF
63M [email protected] [email protected] SHIPPING GRAVITY AT MIDSPAN.
[email protected]
140 MN54 [email protected]
130 54M
MN45 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

45M [email protected]
36M
Figure 5.4.6.2
[email protected]
S P A N L E N G T H (F E E T )
LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
27M
[email protected]
22RB
50 18RB [email protected]
14RB [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
30
[email protected]
20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
5-30
BEAM SPACING (FEET)

Memo
3485 Hadley Ave.
Oakdale, MN 55128
May 31, 2006

From: Kevin Western

MEMO TO DESIGNERS (2006-01): New MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beam
Late last year we transitioned over to a new shape (namely MN) for our 45 and 54 inch height
prestressed beams. At that time we stated that we would be developing a new 63 inch shape
utilizing the same flange sizes as the MN shape. This memo is to inform designers that the
details and manual references are now available for use and should be utilized for all bridges
specifying 63 inch beams. Comparisons have shown that these beams can span up to 8%
longer or can be spaced up to 30% wider than the previous beam shape.
The following LRFD Bridge Design Manual and Bridge details have been modified for the
MN63 prestressed concrete beams.
• MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beam Standard Detail

• Figures 5.4.6.1 and 5.4.6.2 of the LRFD Manual showing beam section properties and
the beam selection chart modified to include the MN63 beam.
• B303 - Sole Plate
• B403 - Steel Intermediate Diaphragm
• B811 - Concrete End Diaphragm – Contraction Abutment
• B814 - Concrete End Diaphragm – Parapet Abutment
• Table 14.7.1 from the MnDOT LRFD Manual provides fixed curved plate bearing
assembly standard sizes. (The standard bearing pad will remain 24 inches wide and
the other plates keep their same dimensions except the width of the bearing plate for
the fixed bearing assembly is increased by 4 inches to 38 inches to allow for
placement of anchor rods. This table is in the process of being modified.)
Please utilize the new MN63 prestressed beam shape on all future bridge lettings utilizing
beams 63 inches in height. If you have any questions or concerns about these standards,
please contact Erik Wolhowe or me.
cc: D. Dorgan
D. Dahlberg
E. Wolhowe
Page 1 of 1
Mn/DOT Bridge Office Substructure Protection Policy
The purpose of this document is to define the Mn/DOT policy for design of bridge
substructures as it relates to Article 3.6.5 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications.
Article 3.6.5 of the LRFD Specifications includes requirements for the protection of
structures against vehicle and railway train collision. The intent of the article is to
protect bridges from vehicle and train hits on a substructure that could trigger
progressive collapse of the bridge. The article states that all bridge substructures
located within 30 feet of a roadway or within 50 feet of a railway track must be
protected by a structurally independent Test Level 5 (TL-5) barrier or be designed to
resist an equivalent static load of 400 kips. The barrier must be 54 inches high when
placed within 10 feet of the substructure and 42 inches high when placed more than 10
feet from the substructure. The 400 kip load is to be applied at 4 feet above the
ground, in any direction in a horizontal plane.
Mn/DOT considers Article 3.6.5 to be overly restrictive because it does not include any
variation in requirements due to the probability of vehicle collision. There is no
allowance for reduction in the load or protection due to amount of truck traffic or speed
of traffic adjacent to the substructure. Mn/DOT has raised this issue in the AASHTO
Loads Committee along with suggested revisions to Article 3.6.5. Pending revisions to
the LRFD Specifications, the following guidelines for substructure protection shall apply:
Abutments
Due to the existence of soil behind abutment walls, abutments are not affected by the
collision load and are considered exempt from meeting the substructure protection
requirements.
Piers of New Bridges Spanning Roadways with Low Risk of Vehicle Collision
Bridges spanning over roadways with low design speeds or minimal traffic are at a low
risk of vehicle collision. Piers with sufficient redundancy (i.e. - containing a minimum of
3 columns) that are adjacent to roadways fitting the following categories may be
considered exempt from meeting pier protection requirements:
• Roadways with design speed ≤ 40 mph
• Roadways with design speed > 40 mph that are not on the National Highway
System and have ADTT ≤ 250 (Note: If ADTT is not available, assume it is equal
to 10% of ADT)
All other bridges must meet the protection requirements given below.
Piers of New Bridges Spanning Roadways with Normal to High Risk of Vehicle
Collision
Bridges spanning over roadways with high design speeds and substantial traffic are at
risk and are of major concern.
Designers shall meet the requirements below for piers within 30 feet of a roadway edge
(defined as edge of lane nearest the pier). Designers must also coordinate the
barrier/crash wall requirements and any traffic protection requirements with the Road
Designer.
1 July 23, 2007

Mn/DOT Bridge Office Pier Protection Policy
• Piers with one column (nonredundant, with options listed below in order of
preference):
o Protect with a 54 inch high TL-5 barrier placed within 10 feet from the
face of pier or a 42 inch high TL-5 barrier placed more than 10 feet from
the face of pier.
or
o Provide column with an area greater than 30 square feet (based on
AREMA “heavy construction” requirements) and design individual column
for a 400 kip collision load.
• Piers with two columns (nonredundant, with options listed below in order of
preference):
the face of pier.
or
o Provide columns with an area greater than 30 square feet per column
(based on AREMA “heavy construction” requirements) and design
individual columns for a 400 kip collision load.
or
o Design for a 400 kip collision load by utilizing a crash strut (see Figure 1).
Extend the strut from the top of column footings to a minimum of 54
inches above the ground. Provide a 3 foot minimum strut thickness with
the strut vertical face located 2 inches minimum outside of each pier
column face. In the column footing region of the strut, dowel the strut to
the footings using #19 vertical bars at 6 inch spacing and provide a
minimum of #19 horizontal bars at 12 inch spacing (with horizontal bars
inside of vertical bars). Provide dowels over a minimum length of 7 feet in
each column footing region. In the region between columns, design the
strut as a horizontal beam to resist the lateral crash load. (Note that this
is the least preferred option due to the nonredundant nature of a two
column pier.)
• Piers with three or more columns (redundant, with options listed below in order
of preference):
o Design for a 400 kip collision load by utilizing a crash strut (see Figure 1).
Extend the strut from the top of column footings to a minimum of 54
inches above the ground. Provide a 3 foot minimum strut thickness with
the strut vertical face located 2 inches minimum outside of each pier
column face. In the column footing region of the strut, dowel the strut to
the footings using #19 vertical bars at 6 inch spacing and provide a
minimum of #19 horizontal bars at 12 inch spacing (with horizontal bars
inside of vertical bars). Provide dowels over a minimum length of 7 feet in
each column footing region. In the region between columns, design the
strut as a horizontal beam to resist the lateral crash load.
or
o Design individual columns for a 400 kip collision load.
or
the face of pier.
or
o Validate that the structure will not collapse by analyzing the structure
considering removal of any single column. Consider all dead load with a
1.1 load factor. Use live load only on the permanent travel lanes, not the
shoulders, with a 1.0 load factor.
2 July 23, 2007
Piers of New Bridges Spanning Railways

Designers shall meet the bullet requirements of the section above titled, Piers of New
Bridges Spanning Roadways with Normal to High Risk of Vehicle Collision, for piers
within 50 feet of the centerline of railroad tracks. For piers located within 25 feet of the
centerline of railroad tracks, the requirements of AREMA 2.1.5.1 must also be met.
Piers of Bridges Which are Included in Bridge Preservation, Improvement, or

Rehabilitation Projects
For Bridge Improvement and Bridge Rehabilitation projects that include substructure
widening, designers should meet the requirements of this policy. Other bridge repair
projects generally will not require upgrading.
Requirements for Test Level 5 Barrier Protection

When the TL-5 barrier protection option is used, note that it can be tied into a concrete
roadway pavement or shoulder, or it can consist of a stand-alone barrier on a moment
slab. The plan layout for the barrier is dependent on the pier and roadway geometrics.
(See Figure 2 for begin/end geometric requirements.)
Requirements for Application of Vehicle and Railway Train Collision Load

When designing for the 400 kip collision load, apply the load in a horizontal plane 4 feet
above the groundline. Assume the load can act on the pier at any angle up to a
maximum of 30 degrees from the direction of the roadway or railway tangent.
Foundation Requirements
The lateral collision load will transfer to the foundation, but resistance is provided by
passive soil pressure, friction, and pile structural capacity. In addition, movement
beyond what is reasonable for service loading is allowed for an extreme event situation
where survival of the bridge is the goal. As a result, spread footing and pile/drilled shaft
foundations are considered adequate to resist the lateral collision load and are exempt
from analysis when the other requirements of this policy are met.
3 July 23, 2007

4 July 23, 2007

Memo
Bridge Office Office Tel: (651)366-4506
3485 Hadley Ave.
Oakdale, MN 55128
October 20, 2008

From: Kevin Western

MEMO TO DESIGNERS (2008-02): Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Analysis
The collapse of the I35W bridge over the Mississippi River sparked a structural review of
gusset plates in truss bridges throughout the state. In order to accomplish this task, a
procedure for analyzing and rating the gusset plates was developed. This has resulted in the
following Mn/DOT Bridge Office policy for analysis and rating of truss bridge gusset plates:
1) Mn/DOT Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Design Review Procedure (see attachment)
This document details the gusset plate checks to be made for determination of
inventory and operating ratings.
2) Mn/DOT Interpretation of Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Review Results (see attachment)
This document describes how the gusset plate review results are to be interpreted and
also details refined analysis methods for buckling and shear checks.
This Memo to Designers is being published now in order to make it official policy while
structural review of the truss bridges on the local system is occurring. A comprehensive
section on bridge rating is currently being developed for insertion in the LRFD Bridge Design
Manual and will include the guidance contained in this memo when complete.
If you have any questions or concerns about the policy, please contact Dave Dahlberg at
[email protected] or by phone at 651-366-4491.
cc: D. Dorgan
D. Dahlberg
E. Wolhowe / Design Consultants
G. Peterson
T. Styrbicki
R. Garcia (FHWA)
10/20/2008
Mn/DOT Truss Bridge Gusset Plate

Design Review Procedure
1) Gather information and determine loads for gusset plate review.
a. Obtain the original bridge plan, any subsequent repair plans, the shop
drawings, and the most current inspection report.
b. Verify (by approximate methods or frame analysis) the original dead load
from the original plan truss load table (if available) and the live load where
appropriate. The gusset plates will be rated for an HS20 loading. Note that
original live load will likely not be HS20. Therefore, the live load will need
to be increased by the ratio of HS20 to the original live load or be
recalculated using an analysis program or BARS influence line data. Note
that for bridges designed before 1931, the H15 loading used was not the
same as H15 used today, so live load values for this case must be
regenerated. Also note that the HS20 lane load concentrated load for
moment (18 kips) is to be used for determination of top and bottom chord
loads. The HS20 lane load concentrated load for shear (26 kips) is to be
used for determination of diagonal and vertical loads. The original plan
truss load tables typically include only the maximum member forces.
Therefore for flexure and shear checks, coincident member live load forces
must also be generated.
c. Determine increased dead load in truss joint members due to additional
loads (overlays, railings, etc) using one of the following methods:
• Use influence lines from BARS or original truss design calculations
(if available) to calculate truss member tension/compression due to
additional loads.
• Model truss using STAAD or another analysis program to determine
truss member forces due to additional loads.
d. Review the most current inspection report and identify gusset plates with
appreciable section loss. If appreciable loss is reported, discuss with bridge
inspector to determine the percentage of section loss. Otherwise, report
ratings for the following scenarios:
• For rivet/bolt shear and bearing check, report ratings for capacity
reduction factors CRF = 1.00 and CRF = 0.95, both with 0% section loss
• For all other checks, report ratings for capacity reduction factors
CRF = 0.95 and CRF = 0.85, both with 0% section loss
The range of results will be considered upon completion of the review.
e. Confirm that gusset plates shown in the plans match those shown in the
shop drawings in thickness and material.
2) Check tension in gusset plates.

a. Consider all truss joints with tension members. Use engineering judgement
to eliminate checking of similar member connections.
1
10/20/2008
b. Determine “Whitmore effective width” for each member. This is done by

finding the first set of rivets in the member to gusset plate connection and
drawing lines that start at the outside rivets radiating at 30 degrees outward
from the direction of the member. The “Whitmore effective width” is equal
to the distance between the 30 degree lines where they intersect a line
through the last set of rivets. See Attachment 1, taken from the AISC Steel
Construction Manual 13th Edition.
c. Determine factored resistance per LRFD 6.8.2.1 using “Whitmore effective
width” for calculation of gusset plate gross and net area.
d. Calculate the inventory and operating rating factor (RF) as a function of
HS20 live loading:
RFinv = (φ·Pn – 1.3·PDL)/ 2.17·PHS20LL
RFop = (φ·Pn – 1.3·PDL)/ 1.3·PHS20LL
If pedestrian live load is present, include entire amount when calculating
rating factors:
RFinv = (φ·Pn – 1.3·PDL – 2.17·Pped LL)/ 2.17·PHS20LL
RFop = (φ·Pn – 1.3·PDL – 1.3·Pped LL)/ 1.3·PHS20LL
3) Check flexural capacity of gusset plates.

a. Consider all truss joints. Use engineering judgement to eliminate checking
of similar member connections.
b. Cut a section through the gusset plate at a line parallel to the chord that
passes through the last line of rivets in diagonal/vertical members.
c. Determine gross section properties. Consider all plates that will resist
bending at the joint being checked. This includes gusset plates as well as
top, bottom, and side plates (if they exist).
d. Determine combined axial and bending stress (f = P/A + My/I) on the gross
section due to eccentricity of max loading to neutral axis of plates for DL
and LL. Use coincident LL forces determined by analysis. For cases where
the coincident live load force is greater than the maximum force determined
for the member (which may happen for top or bottom chords where max
forces were determined with the 18 kip concentrated load, but coincident
forces were determined using the 26 kip concentrated load), limit the
coincident live load force to the maximum live load force.
e. Determine factored resistance based on a limiting stress of φf·Fy per Guide
Specs for Strength Design of Truss Bridges Article 1.11 and LRFD 6.14.2.8.
f. Determine rating factors:
RFinv = (φf·Fy – 1.3·fDL)/ 2.17·fHS20LL
RFop = (φf·Fy – 1.3·fDL)/ 1.3·fHS20LL
rating factors:
RFinv = (φf·Fy – 1.3·fDL – 2.17·fped LL)/ 2.17·fHS20LL
RFop = (φf·Fy – 1.3·fDL – 1.3·fped LL)/ 1.3·fHS20LL
g. Cut a section through the gusset plate at a line normal to the chord that
passes through the centerline of the joint and repeat steps above.
2
10/20/2008
h. Consider cutting sections through the gusset plate at other locations in order
to maximize the combined axial and bending stress and repeat steps above.
4) Check shear in gusset plates.

b. Cut a section through the gusset at a line parallel to the chord that passes
through the line of rivets in the chord closest to the diagonal/vertical
members.
c. Determine shear for DL and LL at the cut section. Use coincident LL forces
determined by analysis.
d. Determine both gross area and net area of the plates at the cut section.
e. Determine factored yield resistance φ·Vny = φvy·Ω·(0.58·Fy)·Ag and factored
rupture resistance φ·Vnu = φvu·(0.58Fu)·An per the FHWA Guidance for Load
Rating Evaluation of Gusset Plates in Truss Bridges, LRFR Method.
Determine the factored shear resistance φ·Vn, which is the smaller of φ·Vny
and φ·Vnu. Use φvy = 0.95, φvu = 0.80, and Ω = 0.74.
RFinv = (φ·Vn – 1.3·VDL)/ 2.17·VHS20LL
RFop = (φ·Vn – 1.3·VDL)/ 1.3·VHS20LL
rating factors:
RFinv = (φ·Vn – 1.3·VDL – 2.17·Vped LL)/ 2.17·VHS20LL
RFop = (φ·Vn – 1.3·VDL – 1.3·Vped LL)/ 1.3·VHS20LL
g. Cut a section through the gusset plate at a line normal to the chord that
passes through the centerline of the joint and repeat steps above.
5) Check block shear in gusset plates.

a. Consider all truss joints with tension members. Check block shear
considering fracture line for each tension member connection. Use
engineering judgement to eliminate checking of similar member
connections.
b. Determine nominal and factored resistance using LRFD 6.13.4.
c. Determine rating factors:
RFinv = (Rr – 1.3·PDL)/ 2.17·PHS20LL
RFop = (Rr – 1.3·PDL)/ 1.3·PHS20LL
rating factors:
RFinv = (Rr – 1.3·PDL – 2.17·Pped LL)/ 2.17·PHS20LL
RFop = (Rr – 1.3·PDL – 1.3·Pped LL)/ 1.3·PHS20LL
3
10/20/2008
6) Check edge buckling of gusset plates.

a. Consider all truss joints with compression members. Use engineering
judgement to eliminate checking of similar member connections.
b. Check Guide Specs for Strength Design of Truss Bridges Article 1.11
requirement for length of unsupported edge:
b/t ≤ 11,000 / √Fy .
c. If requirement is not met, the edge may need stiffening with an angle.
7) Check gusset plate buckling at end of diagonals.

a. Consider all truss joints with compression diagonals. Use engineering
judgement to eliminate checking of similar member connections.
b. Determine “Whitmore effective width” (wwh) for diagonal member.
c. Determine DL and LL compression on a 1 inch wide portion of one gusset
plate equal to PDL / 2·wwh and PHS20LL / 2·wwh .
d. Determine unbraced length of gusset plate in compression beyond the end of
diagonal equal to the distance along the centerline of the diagonal from the
center of the last row of rivets in the diagonal to the centerline of the closest
rivet line in the horizontal chord.
e. Determine buckling capacity for a 1 inch wide column with unbraced length
as determined above per Std Specs 10.54.1.1. Use K = 1.00.
RFinv = (φPu – 1.3·pDL)/ 2.17·pHS20LL
RFop = (φPu – 1.3·pDL)/ 1.3·pHS20LL
rating factors:
RFinv = (φPu – 1.3·pDL – 2.17·pped LL)/ 2.17·pHS20LL
RFop = (φPu – 1.3·pDL – 1.3·pped LL)/ 1.3·pHS20LL
g. Repeat steps above, but use a K = 0.75. The range of results for both values
of K will be considered upon completion of the review.
8) Check bearing and shear of rivets.

b. Determine number of rivets in single shear and in double shear based on the
number and size of plates in the joint.
c. Determine load per rivet due to maximum tension and compression loads for
DL and LL.
d. Determine the thickness of plates in bearing for the rivets in single shear and
double shear.
e. Determine factored bearing and shear capacity using Std Specs 10.56.1.3.
RFinv = (φ·R – 1.3·pDL)/ 2.17·pHS20LL
RFop = (φ·R – 1.3·pDL)/ 1.3·pHS20LL
4
10/20/2008

rating factors:
RFinv = (φ·R – 1.3·pDL – 2.17· pped LL)/ 2.17·pHS20LL
RFop = (φ·R – 1.3·pDL – 1.3· pped LL)/ 1.3·pHS20LL
9) Checking fatigue stress in gusset plates due to riveted connections is deferred in

accordance with Appendix F of the Bridge Preservation, Improvement and
Replacement Guidelines for Fiscal Year 2006 through 2008. A fatigue analysis
will be done when fatigue cracks are found or major work is planned for the
bridge.
10) At the completion of each bridge review, provide the following documentation
in the form of a printed report and electronic files:
a. This design review procedure document.

b. Copies of original plan sheets and shop drawings for the truss joints
reviewed.
c. Copy of the latest inspection report.
d. A copy of the truss member load table sheet from the original plan (if
available).
e. Sketches of the truss joints analyzed in flexure and shear showing the
section cuts and dimensions used in the analysis.
f. The calculations for the truss joints reviewed, including the date and name
of the engineers who did the review and check.
g. A summary table that reports all truss joints with an inventory and operating
rating.
5
10/20/2008
Attachment 1
6
10/20/2008
Mn/DOT Interpretation of Truss Bridge

Gusset Plate Review Results
For a given truss, the results of the Mn/DOT Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Design
Review include a spreadsheet that calculates inventory and operating rating factors
(RFinv and RFop) of the gusset plates and a rating factor summary table for each
joint in the truss. Ratings are included for the following scenarios:
• For rivet/bolt shear and bearing check, report ratings for capacity
reduction factors CRF = 1.00 and CRF = 0.95, both with 0% section loss
• For all other checks, report ratings for capacity reduction factors
CRF = 0.95 and CRF = 0.85, both with 0% section loss
After the spreadsheet is complete, a field inspection of the gusset plates must be
scheduled to look for corrosion, section loss, missing rivets, or other distress in the
plates. All joints must receive a visual inspection. Of particular concern are truss
joints located in the salt spray zone, below deck joints, and below deck drains with
a calculated RFop less than or close to 1.00 for a CRF = 0.85. Check these joints
thoroughly to verify that corrosion does not exceed 15%. Other critical joints
include those located outside of the salt spray zone (such as joints in the top chord
of a high truss) with RFop less than or close to 1.00 for a CRF = 0.95. These joints
should be field inspected to verify that corrosion does not exceed 5%. For the
critical joints where corrosion loss measurements are taken during the inspection,
revise the spreadsheet such that CRF = 1.00 and input the actual percentage of
section loss.
The long term goal for all truss bridge gusset plates is an adequate rating factor
based on analysis using the Mn/DOT Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Design Review
Procedure (Mn/DOT Procedure). If this cannot be achieved, the short term goal is
an adequate rating factor based on refined analysis until strengthening can be done
(within two years). If neither goal is achieved, critical joints must be strengthened
immediately. Therefore, the completed rating factor summary table results are to be
interpreted in light of the following:
1) Joints with an operating rating factor RFop ≥ 1.00 for HS20 determined
using the Mn/DOT Procedure that meet the edge buckling stiffness
requirements of AASHTO LRFD Article 6.14.2.8 are considered
adequate. However, all joints with an RFop < 1.30 must also be evaluated
for load posting.
2) For joints that do not meet the edge buckling stiffness requirements, if the
HS20 operating rating factor RFop ≥ 1.50 with K = 1.00 for the interior
plate buckling check, the joint is considered adequate. If RFop < 1.50, a
refined analysis based on the Dowswell paper and Salmon & Johnson (see
below) must be completed. If the joint is shown to be adequate by the
refined analysis, the bridge should be scheduled within two years for
strengthening of the joint by adding edge stiffeners.
1
10/20/2008
3) For joints that meet the edge buckling stiffness requirements, if the HS20
operating rating factor RFop ≥ 1.00 with K = 0.75 for the interior plate
buckling check, the joint is considered adequate. If RFop < 1.00, a refined
analysis based on the Dowswell paper and Salmon & Johnson (see below)
must be completed. If the joint is shown to be adequate using refined
analysis, the bridge should be scheduled within two years for
strengthening of the joint by adding angles to the compression area of the
gusset plate. If it is decided not to strengthen the joint, load posting of the
bridge is recommended based on the Mn/DOT Procedure rating.
4) For joints with an HS20 operating rating factor RFop < 1.00 for shear
governed by the gross section yield criterion, a refined analysis based on
the paper by Drucker (see below) must be completed. If the joint is shown
to be adequate using refined analysis, the bridge should be scheduled
within two years for strengthening of the joint. For joints with RFop
values between 1.00 and 1.10 by the Mn/DOT Procedure, inspect the joint
and perform any needed maintenance to guard against further
deterioration. If it is decided not to strengthen the joint, load posting of
the bridge is recommended based on the Mn/DOT Procedure rating.
5) For joints with an HS20 operating rating factor RFop < 1.00 for the rivet
bearing/shear check, reanalyze considering the rivet diameter to be equal
to the size of the hole. If the joint is shown to be adequate using the hole
diameter, the bridge should be scheduled within two years for
strengthening of the joint.
6) For bridges subject to pedestrian loads that do not result in an acceptable
operating rating factor based on the criteria above, consideration should be
given to reducing the pedestrian load for calculation of the operating
rating factor.
The refined analysis procedures for buckling and shear evaluation are given
below. Refined analysis examples are available from the Bridge Office.
Based on the guidance given above, provide a summary report of the final HS20
inventory and operating rating for each truss joint. This will become a page of the
final rating form package. Other forms required for the rating form package can
be found at:
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/DocumentsFormsLinks/discDOCS.html
2
10/20/2008
Refined Plate Buckling Check Per Dowswell Paper and Salmon & Johnson Book
This method is based on:

Bo Dowswell, Effective Length Factors for Gusset Plate Buckling, AISC
Engineering Journal, 2nd Quarter, 2006
Salmon & Johnson, Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, 3rd Edition,
Harper Collins Publishers Inc., 1990
Procedure:
1) Check whether section is compact (whether section can reach yield
stress before sidesway buckling occurs) using Dowswell method.
The section is compact for Dowswell method if:

tgp ≥ tβ
where tgp = gusset plate thickness

tβ = 1.5·√[Fy·c3/(E·l1)]
Fy = yield stress
c = minimum clear distance between last line of rivets in
diagonal and rivet line in chord/vertical
E = elastic modulus
l1 = clear distance between last line of rivets in diagonal
and rivet line in chord/vertical measured along
diagonal centerline
2) Check whether section is compact (whether section can reach yield

stress before sidesway buckling occurs) using Salmon & Johnson
method.
Plates under uniform compression are governed by:

Fcr = k· {π2·E / [12·(1-μ2)·(b/t)2]}
where Fcr = elastic critical buckling stress for plates, ksi

k = buckling coefficient
E = elastic modulus, ksi
μ = Poisson’s ratio
b = width of rectangular plate
t = thickness of plate
Determine Fcr for gusset plate assuming an equivalent rectangular

plate with the following characteristics:
E = 29000 ksi
μ = 0.3
3
10/20/2008
b = width of equivalent rectangular plate

a = length of equivalent rectangular plate
k = value from attached Figure 6.15.2 from Salmon &
Johnson for fixed-fixed supports along unloaded
edges and loaded edges fixed (dashed Curve A)
The section is compact for the Salmon & Johnson method if Fcr > Fy
3) Determine the capacity of the section in compression.
The section is considered compact for buckling only if it satisfies both

of the compactness criteria found in 1) and 2).
If section is compact:
φPu = φ· Fy· Wwh· t
where φ = 0.9
Fy = yield stress
Wwh = Whitmore effective width
t = thickness of plate
If section is noncompact:
Determine φPuD based on AASHTO Std. Specs. 10.54.1.1, using
φ = 1.0, K = 1.0, and a buckling length Lc equal to the average L1,
L2, and L3 per Dowswell paper.
Determine φPuSJ based on AASHTO Std. Specs. 10.54.1.1, using

Fcr (if Fcr > Fy, take Fcr = Fy) calculated per Salmon & Johnson
method.
Take φPu as equal to the smallest of the values φPuD and φPuSJ
calculated by the two above methods.
4) Determine HS20 operating rating factor RFop based on φPu calculated

previously in 3).
4
10/20/2008
Figure 6.15.2 taken from:

Salmon & Johnson, Steel Structures: Design and Behavior,
3rd Edition, Harper Collins Publishers Inc., 1990
5
10/20/2008
Refined Shear Check Per Drucker Paper
This method is based on:

D. C. Drucker, The Effect of Shear on the Plastic Bending of Beams, National
Applied Mechanics Division Conference, Urbana, IL, 1956, ASME
The paper considers the effects of normal stress acting in conjunction with shear
at the critical section of a stable plate. Drucker recommends the following
interaction equation:
Mu / M0 ≤ 0.98 · [1-(Vu / V0)4]
where Mu = factored applied moment
M0 = plastic moment capacity
Vu = factored applied shear
V0 = plastic shear capacity = 0.58· Fy·A
Solve for Vu and add a resistance factor φ:

Vu ≤ φ·[1-( Mu / 0.98·M0)]1/4 · (0.58· Fy·A)
or
Vu ≤ φ·Ω · (0.58· Fy·A) (similar to equation found
where Ω = [1-(Mu / 0.98·M0)]1/4 in FHWA guidance)
Note that for Mu = My, Vu = 0.75V0 which is ≈ AASHTO value of 0.74V0
Procedure:
1) Determine factored applied shear Vu and moment Mu.
2) Determine plastic moment capacity M0 :

M0 = 1.5·My = 1.5 Fy·S
3) Determine shear/moment interaction reduction factor Ω :

Ω = [1-(Mu / 0.98·M0)]1/4
4) Determine factored shear capacity φ·Vn, which is the smaller of:

φ·Vny = φvy· Ω · (0.58· Fy·Ag)
φ·Vnu = φvu· (0.58· Fu·An)
5) Determine HS20 operating rating factor RFop based on φ·Vn calculated

previously in 4).
6
Bridge Office Phone No: 651/366-4500

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
May 13, 2009
DISTRIBUTION: Mn/DOT Bridge Office Web site
TRANSMITTAL NOTICE (2009-02) ISSUED BY Bridge Office
MANUAL LRFD Bridge Design Manual DEVELOPED BY Bridge Office
Title Page
Table of Contents
SUBJECT
Section 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Section 6: STEEL STRUCTURES
The Mn/DOT Bridge Office LRFD Bridge Design Manual is available for download in Adobe PDF
(Portable Document Format) at http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ . This Web site should be
checked regularly for updates.
INSTRUCTIONS:
(for two-sided printing)
1. Remove from the manual:

• Title Page
• Table of Contents (iii and iv)
• 4-3 through 4-8
• 6-3 through 6-10
2. Print and insert in the manual:

• Title Page
• 4-3 through 4-6
• 6-3 through 6-10
Any technical questions regarding this transmittal should be directed to David Dahlberg,
LRFD Engineer, at [email protected] or by phone at 651/366-4491.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
April 21, 2009
Title Page
SUBJECT Table of Contents
Section 15: BRIDGE LOAD RATING
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Title Page
• Table of Contents (ix and x)

• Title Page
• Table of Contents (ix - xii)
• Section 15 (15-1 through 15-30, inclusive)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
October 20, 2008
Title Page
MEMOS
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Title Page

• Title Page
• MEMO #2008-02 Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Analysis (dated October 20, 2008)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
September 18, 2008
Title Page
MEMOS
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Title Page

• Title Page
• MEMO #2008-01 Prestressed Concrete Design – Calculation of Prestress Losses and
Beam Camber & Deflection (dated September 18, 2008)
Any technical questions regarding this transmittal should be directed to Dave Dahlberg,
LRFD Implementation, at 651/366-4491.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
August 12, 2008
Title Page
SUBJECT
Section 2: General Design and Location Features
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Title Page
• 2-11 through 2-16, 2-49 through 2-52, 2-57 through 2-60, 2-63 & 2-64, 2-67 & 2-72,
2-83 & 2-84, 2-89 through 2-92, 2-101 through 2-104

• Title Page
• 2-11 through 2-16, 2-49 through 2-52, 2-57 through 2-60, 2-63 & 2-64, 2-67 & 2-72,
2-83 & 2-84, 2-89 through 2-92, 2-101 through 2-104
LRFD Engineer, at 651/366-4491.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
June 10, 2008
Title Page
Section 6: Steel Structures
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Title Page
• Table of Contents (v through viii)
• Section 6 (6-1 through 6-97)

• Title Page
• Table of Contents (v through viii)
• Section 6 (6-1 through 6-124)
Note: Due to the large number of changes, Section 6 is being republished in its entirety
without any vertical revision lines in the margins.
LRFD Engineer, at 651/366-4491.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
May 5, 2008
Manual Cover
SUBJECT
Section 13: Railings
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Manual Cover
• 13-31 & 13-32, 13-39 through 13-42

• Manual Cover
• 13-31 & 13-32, 13-39 through 13-42
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
April 9, 2008
Manual Cover
SUBJECT
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Manual Cover (ii)
• 1-9 & 1-10, 1-13 & 1-14

• 1-9 & 1-10, 1-13 & 1-14
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
October 5, 2007
Manual Cover
A. MEMOS
INSTRUCTIONS:


• MEMO #2007-02 Adhesive Anchors Under Sustained Tensile Loads
(dated October 3, 2007)
• MEMO #2007-03 Prestressed Beam Camber and Deflection
(dated October 3, 2007)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/366-4497
July 23, 2007
Manual Cover
A. MEMOS
INSTRUCTIONS:


• MEMO #2007-01 Bridge Office Substructure Protection Policy
(dated July 23, 2007)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/747-2108
February 7, 2007
Manual Cover
Section 2: GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Table of Contents (i, ii and iii)
• 2-1 through 2-116 (entire section)

• Table of Contents (i, ii and iii)
Note: The “FEBRUARY 2007” update of Section 2 is the fourth update to the section.
Therefore, it is being republished in its entirety. All vertical revision lines added during the
previous three updates have been removed. A single vertical line in the margin indicates a
revision made to the text during the fourth update.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651/747-2108
October 19, 2006
Manual Cover
Table of Contents
SUBJECT
Section 3: LOAD AND LOAD FACTORS
Section 4: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
INSTRUCTIONS:


Daniel L. Dorgan
Bridge Office Phone No: (651) 747-2100

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
August 21, 2006
Manual Cover
Section 14: JOINTS AND BEARINGS
INSTRUCTIONS:


LRFD Implementation, at (651) 747-2116.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
May 31, 2006

Manual Cover
Table of Contents
SUBJECT Section 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Section 13: RAILINGS
A. MEMOS
The Mn/DOT Bridge Office LRFD Bridge Design Manual is available for download in Adobe
PDF (Portable Document Format) at http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ . This Web site
should be checked regularly for updates.
INSTRUCTIONS:

• 5-1 and 5-2, 5-29 and 5-30

• 5-1 and 5-2, 5-29 and 5-30
• MEMO #2006-01 New MN63 Prestressed Concrete Beam
(dated May 31, 2006)
3. Any technical questions regarding this transmittal should be directed to Dave Dahlberg,
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
April 5, 2006
Manual Cover
SUBJECT
INSTRUCTIONS:

• 2-5 and 2-6, 2-9 and 2-10, 2-11 and 2-12, 2-15 and 2-16, 2-23 and 2-24, 2-25 and
2-26, 2-43 and 2-44, 2-57 and 2-58, 2-67 and 2-68, 2-101 through 2-106, 2-109 and
2-110, 2-113 and 2-114.

• 2-5 and 2-6, 2-9 and 2-10, 2-11 and 2-12, 2-15 and 2-16, 2-23 and 2-24, 2-24a and
2-24b, 2-25 and 2-26, 2-43 and 2-44, 2-57 and 2-58, 2-67 and 2-68, 2-101 through
2-106, 2-109 and 2-110, 2-113 and 2-114.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
March 14, 2006

Manual Cover
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Table of Contents (i and ii)
• 1-1 through 1-18 (entire section).

• Table of Contents (i and ii)
• 1-1 through 1-21 (entire section).
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
November 14, 2005

Manual Cover
Table of Contents
SUBJECT
Section 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
A. MEMOS
The following pages in Section 5 have been changed:

5-2, 5-17, 5-19, 5-20, 5-22, 5-25, 5-28, 5-29, 5-30, 5-36, 5-43, 5-44, 5-77, 5-82, 5-99, 5-119,
5-120 and 5-121.
INSTRUCTIONS:

• 5-1 and 5-2, 5-17 through 5-22, 5-25 through 5-30, 5-35 and 5-36, 5-43 and 5-44,
5-77 and 5-78, 5-81 and 5-82, 5-99 and 5-100, 5-119 through 5-122.

• 5-1 and 5-2, 5-17 through 5-22, 5-25 through 5-30, 5-35 and 5-36, 5-43 and 5-44,
5-77 and 5-78, 5-81 and 5-82, 5-99 and 5-100, 5-119 through 5-122.
• MEMO #2005-02 Discontinue Use of Cast Bearing Option
(dated November 9, 2005)
• MEMO #2005-03 New MN45 and MN54 Prestressed Concrete Beams
(dated November 10, 2005)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
March 24, 2005
Manual Cover
SUBJECT
The following pages in Section 2 have been changed:

2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-19, 2-21, 2-22, 2-30, 2-31.
2-41, 2-42, 2-53, 2-62, 2-88, 2-89, 2-90, 2-94, 2-95, 2-96, 2-97, 2-100, 2-101, 2-102, 2-103,
2-104, 2-105, 2-106, 2-107, 2-108, 2-109, 2-111, 2-112, 2-113, and 2-114.
INSTRUCTIONS:

• 2-3 through 2-16, 2-19 through 2-22, 2-29 through 2-32, 2-41 and 2-42,
2-53 and 2-54, 2-61 and 2-62, 2-87 through 2-90, 2-93 through 2-114.

• 2-3 through 2-16, 2-19 through 2-22, 2-29 through 2-32, 2-41 and 2-42,
2-53 and 2-54, 2-61 and 2-62, 2-87 through 2-90, 2-93 through 2-114.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
March 22, 2005
Table of Contents
SUBJECT:
A. MEMOS
INSTRUCTIONS:


• Memo #2005-01 LRFD and Bridge Load Rating Issues (dated 02-14-2005)
You may already have this memo.

Replace it with the one attached to this transmittal notice,
which is numbered in the lower-right corner.
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
December 17, 2004
Manual Cover and Table of Contents

SUBJECT:
Section 9: DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Manual Cover (ii) and Table of Contents (vii and viii)

• Manual Cover (ii) and Table of Contents (vii and viii)
Daniel L. Dorgan

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: (651) 747-2108
October 20, 2004
Manual Cover and Table of Contents

SUBJECT:
Section 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
INSTRUCTIONS:

• Manual Cover (ii) and Table of Contents (i through x, inclusive)

• Manual Cover (ii) and Table of Contents (i through x, inclusive)
Daniel L. Dorgan
Bridge Office Phone No: 651-747-2101

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651-747-2108
April 30, 2004
SUBJECT: Section 2: GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Remove from the manual: Section 2, pages 2-1 through 2-121 inclusive.
2. Print and insert in the manual: Section 2, pages 2-1 through 2-116 inclusive.
LRFD Implementation, at 651-747-2116.
Daniel L. Dorgan
Bridge Office Phone No: 651-747-2101

Mail Stop 610 Fax No: 651-747-2108
April 30, 2004
SUBJECT: Manual Cover and Table of Contents
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Remove from the manual: Manual Cover (page ii) and Table of Contents (page i, ii, and
iii).
2. Print and insert in the manual: Manual Cover (page ii) and Table of Contents (page i, ii,
and iii).
LRFD Implementation, at 651-747-2116.
Daniel L. Dorgan

LRFD-Manual de Puente

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LRFD-Manual de Puente

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LRFD-Manual de Puente

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LRFD Bridge

MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

LRFD Bridge Design Manual

Minnesota Department of Transportation

2. GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES........................................ 2-1

2.4 Final Bridge Plans and Special Provisions .......................................... 2-43

2.6 Construction Requirements............................................................. 2-87

3. LOAD AND LOAD FACTORS .................................................................... 3-1

3.11.1 Temperature Effects ............................................................... 3-8

4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ........................................... 4-1

5. CONCRETE STRUCTURES ....................................................................... 5-1

5.1.2 Reinforcing Steel.................................................................... 5-4

5.7.2 Prestressed I-Beam Design Example ....................................... 5-71

6. STEEL STRUCTURES............................................................................... 6-1

8. WOOD STRUCTURES .............................................................................. 8-1

8.2.5 Camber/Deflections ................................................................ 8-6

9. DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS................................................................... 9-1

10. FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................... 10-1

Appendix 10-A: Sample Bridge Construction Unit Recommendations .......... 10-19

11. ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND WALLS ....................................................... 11-1

12. BURIED STRUCTURES .......................................................................... 12-1

13. RAILINGS ........................................................................................... 13-1

14. JOINTS AND BEARINGS ...................................................................... 14-1

14.3.3 Elastomeric Bearings ............................................................ 14-6

15. BRIDGE LOAD RATING ....................................................................... 15-1

15.13.2 Rating Factors for Posting ................................................... 15-14

[ This page intentionally left blank ]

Appendix 10-A: Sample Bridge Construction Unit Recommendations .......... 10-19

11. ABUTMENTS, PIERS, AND WALLS ....................................................... 11-1

Mn/DOT utilizes a decimal numbering system to classify documents. The

The original bridge design manual, numbered 5-392, provided guidance

11) Abutments, Piers, and Walls

In accordance with Minnesota Statute 15.06 Subd. 6, the Commissioner

The Office is under the direction of the State Bridge Engineer. It is

i) Selects and negotiates with consulting engineers and

b) Bridge Ratings Unit

iii) Provides technical assistance to counties and municipalities

The numbering scheme followed in assigning bridge numbers depends on

2) Since about 1950, a five-digit number has been assigned to each

a. 001-499 are used for regular trunk highway bridges.

3) In 1991, additional numbers were required for bridges on the state

To allocate more numbers on the Interstate road system, the 400

As of September, 2006, the following numbering scheme was added for:

Use the format RZZZZ where:

4) In cases of twin bridges, a westbound or southbound lane bridge is

Table 1.2.3.1 Minnesota County Identification Numbers

For more complex or unusual designs, the checker is advised to discuss

Three types of design checking will apply:

Generally, an independent analysis to confirm the adequacy of the

When circumstances prevent a complete independent analysis, as a

However, for the elements not independently analyzed, the original

When doing a separate analysis, the checker may make simplifying

Whether the check is a completely independent analysis or a minimal

To keep consultant plan reviews consistent and timely, a procedure was

Thorough Check refers to performing complete mathematical

Cursory Review refers to a comparative analysis for agreement with

The review procedure is listed on the CONSULTANT BRIDGE PLAN

PARTIAL PLAN: In order to assure that the consultant is proceeding in

THOROUGH CHECK: Items indicated for checking on the consultant’s

Checking on the final plan should be thorough to eliminate possible errors