Package Aspace': September 19, 2011

Package ‘aspace’
September 19, 2011

Type Package
Title A collection of functions for estimating centrographic

statistics and computational geometries for spatial point patterns
Version 3.0
Date 2011-03-28
Author Randy Bui, Ron N. Buliung, Tarmo K. Remmel
Maintainer Ron N. Buliung <[email protected]>
Description A collection of functions for computing centrographic

statistics (e.g., standard distance, standard deviation
ellipse, standard deviation box) for observations taken at
point locations. Separate plotting functions have been
developed for each measure. Users interested in writing results
to ESRI shapefiles can do so by using results from aspace
functions as inputs to the convert.to.shapefile and
write.shapefile functions in the shapefiles library. The aspace
library was originally conceived to aid in the analysis of
spatial patterns of travel behaviour (see Buliung and Remmel,2008). Major changes in the cur-
rent version include (1) removal
of dependencies on several external libraries (e.g., gpclib,maptools, sp), (2) the separa-
tion of plotting and estimation capabilities, (3) reduction in the number of functions, and (4)
expansion of analytical capabilities with additional functions
for descriptive analysis and visualization (e.g., standard
deviation box, centre of minimum distance, central feature).
License GPL (>= 2)
Depends R (>= 2.12.2), splancs, Hmisc, shapefiles
LazyData yes
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2011-03-31 08:55:53
1
2 aspace-package
R topics documented:
aspace-package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
acos_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
activities2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
asin_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
as_radians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
atan_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
calc_box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
calc_sdd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
calc_sde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CF2PTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
CMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
cos_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
mean_centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
median_centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
plot_box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
plot_centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
plot_sdd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
plot_sde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
r.BOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
r.SDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
r.SDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
sin_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
tan_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
wts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Index 35
aspace-package A collection of functions for estimating centrographic statistics and

computational geometries for spatial point patterns
Description
A collection of functions for computing centrographic statistics (e.g., standard distance, standard
deviation ellipse, standard deviation box) for observations taken at point locations. Separate plot-
ting functions have been developed for each measure. Users interested in writing results to ESRI
shapefiles can do so by using results from aspace functions as inputs to the convert.to.shapefile and
write.shapefile functions in the shapefiles library. The aspace library was originally conceived to
aid in the analysis of spatial patterns of travel behaviour (see Buliung and Remmel, 2008). Major
changes in the current version include (1) removal of dependencies on several external libraries
(e.g., gpclib, maptools, sp), (2) the separation of plotting and estimation capabilities, (3) reduction
in the number of functions, and (4) expansion of analytical capabilities with additional functions
acos_d 3
for descriptive analysis and visualization (e.g., standard deviation box, centre of minimum distance,
central feature).
Details
Package: aspace
Type: Package
Version: 3.0
Date: 2011-03-28
License: GPL (>= 2.0)
Author(s)
Randy Bui, Ron N. Buliung, Tarmo K. Remmel
References
Bachi, R. 1963. Standard distance measures and related methods for spatial analysis. Papers of the
Regional Science Association 10: 83-132.
Buliung, R.N. and Remmel, T. (2008) Open source, spatial analysis, and activity travel behaviour
research: capabilities of the aspace package. Journal of Geographical Systems, 10: 191-216.
Buliung, R.N. and Kanaroglou, P.S. (2006) Urban form and household activity-travel behaviour.
Growth and Change, 37: 174-201.
Ebdon, D. 1988. Statistics in Geography 2nd Edition. Oxford UK: Blackwell.
Levine, N. 2002. CrimeStat II: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident
Locations (version 2.0) Houston TX/National Institute of Justice, Washington DC: Ned Levine &
Associates.
acos_d Compute inverse cosine with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of acos, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
acos_d(theta = 0)
4 activities
Arguments
theta A numeric angular measurement in degrees from north.
Details
Since the R default is to compute trigonometric functions on angular measurements stored in radi-
ans, this simple function performs the conversion from degrees, reducing the need to do so a priori,
outside the function.
Value
Returns a numeric value for the inverse cosine of the specified angular measurement
Note
To reduce the need for unit conversions prior to calling trigonometric functions, this function accepts
input in angular degrees rather than radians. Depending on the data source, this function may be
preferred to the existing version requiring input in angular radians.
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, atan_d
Examples
acos_d(theta = 90)
activities Demo Data: x and y coordinates of 10 specified point locations
Description
This is a simple two-column data frame (or matrix) containing x,y coordinates for a series of point
locations. These data mimic UTM coordinates such that the first column contains Easting (x), and
the second Northing (y) coordinates for the set of unique points.
Usage
data(activities)
activities2 5
Format
A data frame with 10 observations on the following 2 variables.
col1 A numeric vector of x-coordinates

col2 A numeric vector of y-coordinates
Details
The coordinates of the points must have the same units and projection as the specified center.
Source
This demonstration data has been manufactured for illustrative purposes only.
Examples
data(activities)
str(activities)
plot(activities)
activities2 Demo Data: x and y coordinates of 10 specified point locations
Description
This is a simple two-column data frame (or matrix) containing x,y coordinates for a series of point
locations. These data mimic UTM coordinates such that the first column contains Easting (x), and
the second Northing (y) coordinates for the set of unique points.
Usage
data(activities2)
Format
A data frame with 10 observations on the following 2 variables.
col1 A numeric vector of x-coordinates

col2 A numeric vector of y-coordinates
Details
Source
6 asin_d
Examples
data(activities2)
str(activities2)
plot(activities2)
asin_d Compute inverse sine with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of asin, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
asin_d(theta = 0)
Arguments
Details
Value
Returns a numeric value for the inverse sine of the specified angular measurement.
Note
input in angular degrees rather than radians. Depending on the data source, this function may be
preferred to the existing version requiring input in angular radians.
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, acos_d, atan_d
Examples
asin_d(theta = 90)
as_radians 7
as_radians Converts degrees to radians
Description
This function converts an angular measure stored in degrees to radians. This is an alternative to the
rad function available in the package circular.
Usage
as_radians(theta = 0)
Arguments
Details
Achieves a very simple conversion with a convenient function call.
Value
Returns a numeric value for an angle in radians that is equivalent to the input theta in degrees.
Note
The purpose of this function is to reduce computer code clutter when using angular measuremnts
in R. The simple function call ensures that degree to radian conversions are completed consistently
and accurately. Since trigonometric functions in R require angular measures in radians rather than
degrees, this simple function can be used for simple angular unit conversion.
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d, atan_d
Examples
as_radians(theta = 90)
8 atan_d
atan_d Compute inverse tangent with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of atan, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
atan_d(theta = 0)
Arguments
Details
Value
Returns a numeric value for the inverse tangent of the specified angular measurement.
Note
input in angular degrees rather than radians. Depending on data, this function may be preferred to
the existing version requiring input in angular radians.
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d
Examples
atan_d(theta = 90)
calc_box 9
calc_box Calculate the Standard Deviation Box
Description
The orthogonal dispersion of a set of points can be described using the standard deviation of the x-
and y-coordinates of a set of point observations. The orthogonal dispersion can then be visualized
with a Standard Deviation Box. This function computes the properties of the Standard Deviation
Box (SD Box) from a set of point observations.
Usage
calc_box(id=1, filename="BOX_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
weighted=FALSE, weights=NULL, points=activities, verbose=FALSE)
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify a SD Box
filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where the box coordinates will be written
centre.xy A vector of length 2, containing the x- and y-coordinates of the geographic cen-
tre of the SD Box
calccentre Boolean: Set to TRUE if the mean center is to be calculated
weighted Boolean: Set to TRUE if the weighted mean center is to be computed with
weighted coordinates
weights Weights applied to point observations, number of weights should equal the num-
ber of observations
points A 2-column matrix or data frame containing the set of point observations input
to the calc_box function
verbose Boolean: Set to TRUE if extensive feedback is desired on the standard output
Details
Use the boxloc (coordinates) and boxatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
and write.shapefile from the shapefiles library
Value
The returned result is a list:
id Identifier for the SD Box shape - it should be unique

calccentre Boolean: TRUE if the mean centre was estimated
weighted Boolean: TRUE if the weighted mean centre was estimated
CENTRE.x X-coordinate of the centre
CENTRE.y Y-coordinate of the centre
10 calc_sdd
SD.x Orthogonal standard deviation in the x-axis

SD.y Orthogonal standard deviation in the y-axis
Box.area Area of the standard deviation box
NW.coord North-west coordinates of SD Box
NE.coord North-east coordinates of SD Box
SW.coord South-west coordinates of SD Box
SE.coord South-east coordinates of SD Box
Note
Results are stored in the r.BOX object (required for plot_box). This function can be used on its
own (once) or repetitively in a loop to process grouped point data stored in a larger table. When
used repetitively, be sure to increment the id parameter to ensure that each SD BOX has a unique
identifier. The output ASCII coordinate file can be further processed using the shapefiles package
to generate an ESRI Shapefile for SD BOX polygons.
Author(s)
See Also
plot_box, calc_sde, calc_sdd, wtd.var
Examples
## BOX example
calc_box(id=1, filename="BOX_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
## SD Box to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(boxloc,boxatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "BOX_Shape", arcgis=T)
calc_sdd Calculate the Standard Distance Deviation (Standard Distance)
Description
This function computes the Standard Distance Deviation (SDD) or Standard Distance from a set of
points.
Usage
calc_sdd(id=1, filename="SDD_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
calc_sdd 11
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify a SDD estimate
filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where shape coordinates will be written
centre.xy A vector of length 2, containing the x- and y-coordinates of the SDD centre
ber of observations
points A 2-column matrix or data frame containing the set of point observations input
to the calc_sdd function
Details
Use the sddloc (coordinates) and sddatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
Value
The result is a list of terms:
id Identifier for the SDD shape - it should be unique

calccentre Boolean: TRUE if mean centre is computed
weighted Boolean: TRUE if the weighted mean centre is to be used instead
SDD.radius SDD value, radius of the SDD
SDD.area Area of the SDD circle
Note
Results are stored in the r.SDD object (required for plot_sdd). This function can be used on its own
(once) or repetitively in a loop to process grouped point data stored in a larger table. When used
repetitively, be sure to increment the id parameter to ensure that each SDD has a unique identifier.
The output ASCII coordinate file can be further processed using the shapefiles package to generate
an ESRI Shapefile for SDD polygons.
Author(s)
Randy Bui, Ron Buliung, Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
plot_sdd, calc_sde, calc_box
12 calc_sde
Examples
## SDD example
calc_sdd(id=1, filename="SDD_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
## SDD to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(sddloc,sddatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "SDD_Shape", arcgis=T)
calc_sde Calculate the Standard Deviation Ellipse
Description
This function computes the Standard Deviation Ellipse (SDE) from a set of points. The SDE is
a centrographic measure used to characterize the dispersion of point observations along two or-
thogonal axes. The SDE also captures directional bias in a spatial point pattern, the ellipse will be
oriented in the direction of maximum dispersion.
Usage
calc_sde(id=1, filename="SDE_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the shape
filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where shape coordinates will be written
centre.xy A vector of length 2, containing the x- and y-coordinates of the SDE centre
(Planar Coordinates Only!)
ber of observations
points A 2-column matrix or data frame containing point coordinates
Details
Use the sdeloc (coordinates) and sdeatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
calc_sde 13
Value
The returned result is a list:
id Identifier for the SDE shape - it should be unique

Sigma.x Half-length of axis along x-axis
Sigma.y Half-length of axis along y-axis
Major String indicating which axis is the major elliptical axis
Minor String indicating which axis is the minor elliptical axis
Theta Rotation angle in degrees
Eccentricity A measure of eccentricity (i.e., the flatness of the ellipse)
Area.sde Area of the SDE
TanTheta Trigonometric result
SinTheta Trigonometric result
CosTheta Trigonometric result
SinThetaCosTheta
Trigonometric result
Sin2Theta Trigonometric result
Cos2Theta Trigonometric result
ThetaCorr Corrected theta angle for rotation of major axis from north
Note
Results are stored in the r.SDE object (required for plot_sde). This function can be used on its own
(once) or repetitively in a loop to process grouped point data stored in a larger table. When used
repetitively, be sure to increment the id parameter to ensure that each SDE has a unique identifier.
The output ASCII coordinate file can be further processed using the shapefiles package to generate
an ESRI Shapefile for SDE polygons..
Author(s)
References
See chapter 4 of the documentation manual for CrimeStat at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CRIMESTAT/
and Ebdon, D. 1987. Statistics in geography. 2nd edition. New York, NY Basil Blackwell Ltd. 232
p.
14 centre
See Also
plot_sde, calc_sdd, calc_box,gridpts
Examples
## SDE example
calc_sde(id=1, filename="SDE_Output.txt", centre.xy=NULL, calccentre=TRUE,
## SDE to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(sdeloc,sdeatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "SDE_Shape", arcgis=T)
centre Demo Data: Coordinates of a single source, centre, location
Description
This is a simple two-element vector containing x,y coordinates for a source or central location
associated with a spatial point pattern. In this example, the center location represents a point of
importance in an individuals daily activity pattern. Surrounding point locations are places physically
contacted by an individual during a particular time interval. Demonstration data mimics UTM
coordinates such that the first element represents Easting (x), and the second, Northing (y).
Usage
data(centre)
Format
The format is a two-element vector of numeric entries.
Details
The coordinates of the center must have the same units and projection as the remaining point obser-
vations.
Source
Examples
data(centre)
str(centre)
plot(centre)
CF 15
CF Central Feature (CF) Calculator
Description
Identifies the central feature within a set of point locations.
Usage
CF(id=1, filename="CF_Output.txt", points=activities)
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the CF
filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where the central feature coordinates will
be written
points A 2-column matrix or data frame containing the set of point observations
Details
Use the cfloc (coordinates) and cfdatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
Value
id Identifier for the central feature - it should be unique

CF.x X-coordinate of the central feature
CF.y Y-coordinate of the central feature
Note
Results are stored in the r.CF object and can be passed through plotting functions. This function
can also be used repetitively within a loop to compute multiple CF centres from different datasets.
Author(s)
Randy Bui, Ron Buliung
See Also
mean_centre, CMD, median_centre
16 CF2PTS
Examples
## CF example
CF(id=1, filename="CF_Output.txt", points=activities)
## CF to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(cfloc,cfatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "CF_Shape", arcgis=T)
CF2PTS Central feature between 2 point patterns (CF2PTS) Calculator
Description
Central feature of point2 within point1. Identifies the central feature as the point location in the first
pattern that has the smallest cummulative distance to features in a second point pattern.
Usage
CF2PTS(id=1, filename="CF2PTS_Output.txt", points1=activities, points2=activities2)
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the CF2PTS
filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where the central feature coordinates will
be written
points1 A 2-column matrix or data frame containing the set of point observations
points2 A 2-column matrix or data frame containing the set of point observations
Details
Use the cf2ptsloc (coordinates) and cf2ptsatt (attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
Value
id Identifier for the central feature - it should be unique

CF2PTS.x X-coordinate of the central feature
CF2PTS.y Y-coordinate of the central feature
Note
Results are stored in the r.CF2PTS object and can be passed through plotting functions. This func-
tion can also be used repetitively within a loop to compute multiple CF2PTS centres from different
datasets.
CMD 17
Author(s)
See Also
CF, CMD, median_centre
Examples
## CF2PTS example
CF2PTS(id=1, filename="CF2PTS_Output.txt", points1=activities, points2=activities2)
## CF2PTS to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(cf2ptsloc,cf2ptsatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "CF2PTS_Shape", arcgis=T)
CMD Centre of Minimum Distance (CMD) Calculator
Description
Compute the CMD within a set of point locations.
Usage
CMD(id=1, filename="CMD_Output.txt", dist=100,

points=activities)
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the CMD

filename A string indicating the ASCII textfile where centre coordinates will be written
dist Hold distance value between i and ith iterations
Details
Use the cmdloc (coordinates) and cmdatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
18 cos_d
Value
id Identifier for the CMD - it should be unique
CMD.x X-coordinate of the CMD
CMD.y Y-coordinate of the CMD
distance Hold distance value between i and ith iterations (metres
Number of Cells
Hold number of cells in each grid created for each iteration
Note
Results are stored in the r.CMD object and can be passed through plotting functions. The dist
parameter specifies the distance threshold between i and ith iterations. This function can also be
used repetitively within a loop to compute multiple CMD centres from different datasets.
Author(s)
See Also
mean_centre, median_centre, CF
Examples
## CMD example
CMD(id=1, filename="CMD_Output.txt", dist=100,
points=activities)
## CMD to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(cmdloc,cmdatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "CMD_Shape", arcgis=T)
cos_d Compute cosine with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of cos, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
cos_d(theta = 0)
Arguments
distances 19
Details
Value
Returns a numeric value for the cosine of the specified angular measurement
Note
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d, atan_d
Examples
cos_d(theta = 90)
distances Multiple Euclidean distance calculator
Description
Compute distances from a source location (point) to a series of destination locations (points).
Usage
distances(centre.xy = centre, destmat = activities, verbose = FALSE)
Arguments
centre.xy Two-element vector containing x,y coordinates of the source location
destmat Two-column matrix or data frame containing x,y coordinates of the activity lo-
cations
verbose Boolean: Set to T if verbose output is desired
Details
Distance computations are strictly Euclidean between the source point and each destination point.
20 mean_centre
Value
A vector of distances, where each element corresponds to one of the distance between the source
point and a destination (one row) from the destinations matrix.
Note
The order of distances in the output vector corresponds to the order of destination points in the
destinations object starting at row = 1 through row = n.
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
Examples
data(centre)
data(activities)
distances(centre.xy=centre, destmat=activities, verbose=FALSE)
mean_centre Mean Centre Calculator
Description
Compute the mean centre from a series of point locations.
Usage
mean_centre(id=1, filename="mean_centre_Output.txt",
weighted=FALSE, weights=NULL, points=activities)
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the mean centre
ber of observations
Details
Use the meanloc (coordinates) and meanatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the convert.to.shapefile
median_centre 21
Value
id Identifier for the mean centre - it should be unique

weights Weights applied to point observations
CENTRE.x X-coordinate of the mean centre
CENTRE.y Y-coordinate of the mean centre
Note
Results are stored in the r.mean object and can be passed through plotting functions. This function
can also be used repetitively within a loop to compute multiple mean centres from different datasets.
Author(s)
See Also
median_centre, CMD, CF
Examples
## Mean centre example
mean_centre(id=1, filename="mean_centre_Output.txt",
weighted=FALSE, weights=NULL, points=activities)
## Mean centre to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)
## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(meanloc,meanatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "Mean_Shape", arcgis=T)
median_centre Median Centre Calculator
Description
Compute the median centre from a series of point locations.
Usage
median_centre(id=1, filename="median_centre_Output.txt",
points=activities)
22 median_centre
Arguments
id A unique integer to identify the median centre

Details
Use the medianloc (coordinates) and medianatt(attributes) to produce shapefiles using the con-
vert.to.shapefile and write.shapefile from the shapefiles library
Value
id Identifier for the median centre - it should be unique

median.x X-coordinate of the median centre
median.y Y-coordinate of the median centre
Note
Results are stored in the r.median object and can be passed through plotting functions. This func-
tion can also be used repetitively within a loop to compute multiple median centres from different
datasets.
Author(s)
See Also
mean_centre, CMD, CF
Examples
## Median centre example
median_centre(id=1, filename="median_centre_Output.txt",
points=activities)
## Median centre to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)
## shp <- convert.to.shapefile(medianloc,medianatt,"id",5)
## write.shapefile(shp, "Median_Shape", arcgis=T)
plot_box 23
plot_box Plot the Standard Distance Box
Description
This function plots the standard deviation of x- and y-coordinates as a box, with the edges set,
respectively, to the standard deviation of the x- and y-coordinates.
Usage
plot_box(plotnew=TRUE, plothv=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
weightedpts.col=’black’, weightedpts.pch=19, plotpoints=TRUE,
points.col=’black’, points.pch=1, plotcentre=TRUE, centre.col=’black’,
centre.pch=19, titletxt="Title", xaxis="Easting (m)",
yaxis="Northing (m)", box.col=’black’, box.lwd=2, jpeg=FALSE, ...)
Arguments
plotnew Boolean: Set to TRUE to create a new plot. Set to FALSE to overlay current
plot.
plothv Boolean: Set to TRUE if the orthogonal N-S, E-W axes are to be plotted through
the centre
plotweightedpts
Boolean: Set to TRUE if the weighted point observations are to be plotted
weightedpts.col
Specify a colour for the weighted point observations
weightedpts.pch
Specify a plotting symbol for the weighted point observations
plotpoints Boolean: Set to TRUE if the point observations are to be plotted
points.col Specify a colour for the point observations
points.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the point observations
plotcentre Boolean: Set to TRUE if the mean/weighted/user-defined centre is to be plotted
centre.col Specify a colour for the centre
centre.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the centre
titletxt A string to indicate the title for the plot
xaxis A string to label the x-axis of the plot
yaxis A string to label the y-axis of the plot
box.col Specify a line colour for the SD Box
box.lwd Specify a line width for the SD Box
jpeg Boolean: Set to TRUE if the plot should be saved in JPEG format
... Arguments to be passed to graphical parameters
24 plot_centres
Details
The r.BOX object (generated using the calc_box function) is required to plot an SD Box.
Author(s)
See Also
plot_sdd, plot_sde
Examples
plot_box(plotnew=TRUE, plothv=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
plotpoints=TRUE, plotcentre=TRUE, titletxt="Title",
xaxis="Easting (m)", yaxis="Northing (m)")
plot_centres Plot centres
Description
This function plots various centre of a set of point observations.
Usage
plot_centres(plotnew=FALSE, plotSDE=FALSE, xaxis="Easting (m)", yaxis="Northing (m)",
robject=NULL, plotweightedpts=FALSE, weightedpts.col=’black’, weightedpts.pch=19,
plotpoints=TRUE, points.col=’black’, points.pch=1, plotcentre=FALSE, centre.col=’black’,
centre.pch=19, plotcentral=FALSE, central.col=’green’, central.pch=19,
plotCF2PTS=FALSE, CF2PTS.col=’orange’, CF2PTS.pch=19, plotmedian=FALSE,
median.col=’blue’, median.pch=17, plotCMD=FALSE, CMD.col=’red’, CMD.pch=17, ...)
Arguments
plot.
plotSDE Boolean: Set to TRUE if the centres for the SDE are to be plotted
robject Specify the results object from the computation function. Can be either r.SDD,
r.SDE, or r.BOX.
plotweightedpts
weightedpts.col
plot_centres 25
weightedpts.pch
plotcentral Boolean: Set to TRUE if the central feature is to be highlighted
central.col Specify a colour for the central feature
central.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the central feature
plotCF2PTS Boolean: Set to TRUE if the central feature between 2 point patterns is to be
highlighted
CF2PTS.col Specify a colour for the central feature
CF2PTS.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the central feature
plotmedian Boolean: Set to TRUE if the median centre is to be plotted
median.col Specify a colour for the median centre
median.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the median centre
plotCMD Boolean: Set to TRUE if the centre of minimum distance is to be plotted
CMD.col Specify a colour for the centre of minimum distance
CMD.pch Specify a plotting symbol for the centre of minimum distance
Details
The results object, for example, r.SDD object (generated in calc_sdd function) is required to plot
the centres for the SDD.
Author(s)
See Also
plot_sde, plot_box
Examples
plot_centres(plotnew=FALSE, plotSDE=FALSE, robject=NULL, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
xaxis="Easting (m)", yaxis="Northing (m)",
points.col=’black’, points.pch=1, plotcentre=FALSE, centre.col=’black’,
centre.pch=19, plotcentral=FALSE, central.col=’green’, central.pch=19,
plotCF2PTS=FALSE, CF2PTS.col=’orange’, CF2PTS.pch=19,
plotmedian=FALSE, median.col=’blue’, median.pch=17, plotCMD=FALSE,
CMD.col=’red’, CMD.pch=17)
26 plot_sdd
plot_sdd Plot the Standard Distance Deviation (Standard Distance)
Description
This function plots the SDD as a circle with radius (standard distance), centred on a mean/weighted-
mean/user-defined centre of a set of point observations.
Usage
plot_sdd(plotnew=TRUE, plothv=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
yaxis="Northing (m)", sdd.col=’black’, sdd.lwd=2, jpeg=FALSE, ...)
Arguments
plot.
plothv Boolean: Set to TRUE if the orthogonal N-S, E-W axes are to be plotted through
the centre
plotweightedpts
weightedpts.col
weightedpts.pch
titletxt A string to indicate the title on the plot
sdd.col Specify a line colour for the SDD circle
sdd.lwd Specify a line width for the SDD circle
plot_sde 27
Details
The r.SDD object (generated in calc_sdd function) is required to plot the SDD circle.
Author(s)
See Also
plot_sde, plot_box
Examples
plot_sdd(plotnew=TRUE, plothv=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
plot_sde Plot the Standard Deviation Ellipse
Description
This function plots the SDE as an ellipse centred on the mean/weighted/user-defined centre of a
set of point observations. The plot characterizes the dispersion of point observations along two
orthogonal axes.
Usage
plot_sde(plotnew=TRUE, plotSDEaxes=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
yaxis="Northing (m)", sde.col=’black’, sde.lwd=2, jpeg=FALSE, ...)
Arguments
plot.
plotSDEaxes Boolean: Set to TRUE if the orthogonal axes through the centroid are to be
plotted
plotweightedpts
weightedpts.col
weightedpts.pch
28 r.BOX

titletxt A string to indicate the title on the plot
sde.col Specify a line colour for the SDE circle
sde.lwd Specify a line width for the SDE circle
Details
The r.SDE object (generated in calc_sde function) is required to plot the SDE circle.
Author(s)
See Also
plot_sdd, plot_box
Examples
plot_sde(plotnew=TRUE, plotSDEaxes=FALSE, plotweightedpts=FALSE,
r.BOX Demo Data: Standard Deviation Box Output Object
Description
Results from the Standard Deviation Box Calculator (calc_box) are stored in a list object. This
object is required for the plot function (plot_box).
Usage
data(r.BOX)
r.SDD 29
Format
The list object contains the following results:
id Identifier for the SD box

points a simple two-column data frame (or matrix) containing x,y coordinates for a series of point
locations.
calcentre Boolean: Indicates whether the mean centre was computed
CENTRE.x Actual, used x-coordinate of centre
CENTRE.y Actual, used y-coordinate of centre
SDD Standard deviation distance value
SDx Orthogonal standard deviation in x-direction
SDy Orthogonal standard deviation in y-direction
Box.area Area of orthogonal standard deviation box
NW.coord Coordinates of the north-west extent of the SD Box
NE.coord Coordinates of the north-east extent of the SD Box
SW.coord Coordinates of the south-west extent of the SD Box
SE.coord Coordinates of the south-east extent of the SD Box
Details
Source
Examples
data(r.BOX)
str(r.BOX)
r.SDD Demo Data: Standard Deviation Distance Output Object
Description
Results from the Standard Deviation Distance Calculator (calc_sdd) are stored in a list object. This
object is required for the plot function (plot_sdd).
30 r.SDE
Format
id Identifier for the SDD estimation - it should be unique

locations.
coordsSDD coordsSDD value, coordinates of the SDD
SDD SDD value, radius of the SDD
SDD.area Area of the SDD circle
Details
Source
Examples
data(r.SDD)
str(r.SDD)
r.SDE Demo Data: Standard Deviation Ellipse Output Object
Description
Results from the Standard Deviation Ellipse Calculator (calc_sde) are stored in a list object. This
object is required for the plot function (plot_sde).
Usage
data(r.SDE)
r.SDE 31
Format
id Identifier for the SDE estimate - it should be unique

locations.
coordsSDE coordsSDE value, coordinates of the SDE
Sigma.x Half-length of axis along x-axis
Sigma.y Half-length of axis along y-axis
Major String indicating which axis is the major elliptical axis
Minor String indicating which axis is the minor elliptical axis
Theta Rotation angle in degrees
Eccentricity A measure of eccentricity (i.e., the flatness of the ellipse)
Area.sde Area of the SDE
TanTheta Trigonometric result
SinTheta Trigonometric result
CosTheta Trigonometric result
SinThetaCosTheta Trigonometric result
Sin2Theta Trigonometric result
Cos2Theta Trigonometric result
ThetaCorr Corrected theta angle for rotation of major axis from north
Details
Source
Examples
data(r.SDE)
str(r.SDE)
32 sin_d
sin_d Compute sine with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of sin, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
sin_d(theta = 0)
Arguments
Details
Value
Returns a numeric value for the sine of the specified angular measurement
Note
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d, atan_d
Examples
sin_d(theta = 90)
tan_d 33
tan_d Compute tangent with angle given in degrees
Description
Provides the functionality of tan, but for input angles measured in degrees (not radians).
Usage
tan_d(theta = 0)
Arguments
Details
Value
Returns a numeric value for the tangent of the specified angular measurement
Note
Author(s)
Tarmo K. Remmel
See Also
sin_d, cos_d, asin_d, acos_d, atan_d
Examples
tan_d(theta = 45)
34 wts
wts Weights vector
Description
This is a single column vector for weighting the importance of point locations.
Usage
data(wts)
Format
A single column vector of numeric values.
Details
The weights can be specified according to any reasonable criteria specified by the user
Source
Examples
data(wts)
str(wts)
plot(wts)
Index
∗Topic arith calc_box, 9, 11, 14

aspace-package, 2 calc_sdd, 10, 10, 14
calc_box, 9 calc_sde, 10, 11, 12
calc_sdd, 10 centre, 14
calc_sde, 12 CF, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22
CF, 15 CF2PTS, 16
CF2PTS, 16 CMD, 15, 17, 17, 21, 22
CMD, 17 cos_d, 4, 6–8, 18, 32, 33
distances, 19
mean_centre, 20 distances, 19
median_centre, 21
plot_box, 23 gridpts, 14
plot_centres, 24
mean_centre, 15, 18, 20, 22
plot_sdd, 26
median_centre, 15, 17, 18, 21, 21
plot_sde, 27
∗Topic array plot_box, 10, 23, 25, 27, 28
acos_d, 3 plot_centres, 24
as_radians, 7 plot_sdd, 11, 24, 26, 28
asin_d, 6 plot_sde, 14, 24, 25, 27, 27
atan_d, 8
cos_d, 18 r.BOX, 28
sin_d, 32 r.SDD, 29
tan_d, 33 r.SDE, 30
∗Topic datasets
activities, 4 sin_d, 4, 6–8, 19, 32, 33
activities2, 5
centre, 14 tan_d, 4, 6–8, 19, 32, 33
r.BOX, 28
r.SDD, 29 wtd.var, 10
r.SDE, 30 wts, 34
wts, 34
acos_d, 3, 6–8, 19, 32, 33

activities, 4
activities2, 5
as_radians, 7
asin_d, 4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 32, 33
aspace (aspace-package), 2
aspace-package, 2
atan_d, 4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 32, 33
35

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Package ‘aspace’

September 19, 2011

Title A collection of functions for estimating centrographic

Author Randy Bui, Ron N. Buliung, Tarmo K. Remmel

Maintainer Ron N. Buliung <[email protected]>

Description A collection of functions for computing centrographic

License GPL (>= 2)

Depends R (>= 2.12.2), splancs, Hmisc, shapefiles

Date/Publication 2011-03-31 08:55:53

aspace-package A collection of functions for estimating centrographic statistics and

Ebdon, D. 1988. Statistics in Geography 2nd Edition. Oxford UK: Blackwell.

acos_d Compute inverse cosine with angle given in degrees

theta A numeric angular measurement in degrees from north.

sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, atan_d

activities Demo Data: x and y coordinates of 10 specified point locations

col1 A numeric vector of x-coordinates

activities2 Demo Data: x and y coordinates of 10 specified point locations

col1 A numeric vector of x-coordinates

asin_d Compute inverse sine with angle given in degrees

as_radians Converts degrees to radians

theta A numeric angular measurement in degrees from north.

Achieves a very simple conversion with a convenient function call.

sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d, atan_d

atan_d Compute inverse tangent with angle given in degrees

theta A numeric angular measurement in degrees from north.

sin_d, cos_d, tan_d, asin_d, acos_d

calc_box Calculate the Standard Deviation Box

id Identifier for the SD Box shape - it should be unique

SD.x Orthogonal standard deviation in the x-axis

## SD Box to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

calc_sdd Calculate the Standard Distance Deviation (Standard Distance)

id Identifier for the SDD shape - it should be unique

## SDD to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

calc_sde Calculate the Standard Deviation Ellipse

id Identifier for the SDE shape - it should be unique

## SDE to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

centre Demo Data: Coordinates of a single source, centre, location

CF Central Feature (CF) Calculator

id Identifier for the central feature - it should be unique

## CF to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

CF2PTS Central feature between 2 point patterns (CF2PTS) Calculator

id Identifier for the central feature - it should be unique

Randy Bui, Ron Buliung

CF, CMD, median_centre

## CF2PTS to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

CMD Centre of Minimum Distance (CMD) Calculator

Compute the CMD within a set of point locations.

CMD(id=1, filename="CMD_Output.txt", dist=100,

id A unique integer to identify the CMD

## CMD to shapefile example (exclude the comments below to run script)

cos_d Compute cosine with angle given in degrees

distances Multiple Euclidean distance calculator

mean_centre Mean Centre Calculator

id Identifier for the mean centre - it should be unique

median_centre Median Centre Calculator

id A unique integer to identify the median centre

The result is a list of terms:

id Identifier for the median centre - it should be unique

Randy Bui, Ron Buliung