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1::1'.!11! : Hill, Austin Bradford (1965). 'The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?". Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Medicine. 58 (5): 295-300. PMC 1898525. PMID 14283879.

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65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 :!j:~

#ml : Shigeoka. Hitoshi. 2014. "The Effect of Patient Cost Sharing on Utilization. Health. and
Risk Protection." American Economic Review, 104 (7): 2152-84.

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import tensorfl.O'tol u tt' i"'PPrt kern

K • t f. placeholde.t(tf .t loat.32, sha-p!!• (None , 784)) fl'OII kuu.lnodels li'IIPOr t Seq\lcntial
y_ • t!.plac:eholdu(tt,floatl2, sha~· ( t+one, 19)) (.t'Oinlc:tr.5.l.lyeri iiiiPOr t O~se , DTopout, Ac:t1v:!.t1011, Fla tten
W • tt .VJ.dable(t.f.zeros((784, 19))) fro~~ ker as. lo~.yezs irlpoz:t Conv20, liuPoolinoZO
b • t f.Vuiabte(tf .z:eros((19)})

de{ ~rr,>e1Qht_¥ar:hbte(•h•pt):
.-.odel • Sequential()
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input_shape•X_trd.n. s~pe(1:]))
_j
intt hl • t:C. t runcated_nomal(sNpt, stddev•8.1) IIOdel.add(Ac:tivationt'_~J{nf
return tf.VuUble(1n1thl) ....t'.•~ConV!0(32,-(' '
.odel.o~.dd(Activ&tton( 'relu' ))
dd bhs_vulablt(shape) :
Jnit.h.l • t! .coru.tant(l.l, sh.ape• shape) 1 :=i:::=~~~~~~rol_sh.-(2. 2)))
return ct.VuUble(1n1tbl) I
def convld(x, W):
reto:m tf.m.conv2d(x, W, str1dts•[l,1,1,1), ~dding • 'SAtt E ')

w_convl • weltht_vni•blt([}.3. 1 ,32)) I

b_convl • biu_vuhblt([32))
x_U.ge • U,resNpe(x, [·1, 28, 28, 1))
h_convl • tt'.nn.relo(conv2d(x.iluge, t(c:onvl) + b_~l)

221
 • ONNX(Open Neural Network Exchange)
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9 0 2017 if: I<: ~~-i) " ' - t--
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• MXNet
Amazon tJ' Amazon Web Service (AWS) ffl It: :J:i~ 9 ~ 7 L.-- b '7- ? l' 9 o
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• CNTK(Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit)

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8
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Cha iner C7J ::::1-- ~~J (~1!§/~ - 12 :1 1-- o Y)

import chainer
import chainer.functions as F
import chainer.links as L

class MLP(chainer.Chain):
def __ init __ (self, n_units, n_out) :
super(MLP , se lf). __ i nit __ ()
wi th self .init_scope():
self.ll = L.Linear(None, n_units)
self.l2 = L.Linear(None, n_units)
self.l3 = L.Li near(None, n_out)

def forward(self, x):

hl = F. relu(self . ll(x))
h2 = F.relu(se lf .l2(hl))
r eturn self.l3(h2)

• fast.ai
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tr9t.::: 61JO) -:J - 7' -1 ':..1?"1.J~.I:t~~1.J'Ivt.:::lv "Z'9 a

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5 120 CUDA.
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640 Tensor

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fJ:<I:l,~~l~:l<l: NVIDIA TITAN VIHPUC" I <tii'>~J;t:tt/u,
~~.ll:http://cs23 1n.stanford.edu/slides/2019/cs231 n_20 19_lecture06.pdf 8

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~~ll: https:/ /github.com/ jc johnson/cnn-benchmarks

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DAE (Denoising Autoencoder) .......... 198 One-Class SVM .................................. 111
Define-and-Run .................................. 218 One-Hot I / :J -7 1 / 1' .................. 66
Define-by-Run .................................... 218 One-s hot ~~ ..................................... 177
DL4J (DeepLearning4J) .................... 223 ONNX (Open Neural Network Exchange)
DSP (Demand-Side Platform) ............. 56 ........................................................ 222
Elastic Netl91~ ................................... 107 OpenAI Gym ....................................... 195
end-to-end ......................................... 207 OpenCV .............................................. 216
e-Stat .................................................... 63 Open Images Dataset ......................... 208
Experience Replay .............................. 191 pandas ................................................ 215
False Negative : il%~11 ....................... 83 Pool-Based Sam ping ........................... 92
False Positive : ~!l;tt ........................ 83 Python ................................................ 211
fast.ai ......................................... ......... 223 PyTorch ............................................... 220
F fift (f-score) ........................................ 85 Q~N ....................................... .......... 191
GAN (~X<J-8(]~Ji.lt ;?. ·:; I- '7- ?) ........ 200 Qfii ........................................... .. .. .. ...... 39
Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) ............. 186 R2 (;1c:lE:i~~) ............................ .. .. ....... 82
GPU .................................................... 224 RANSAC (Random Sample Consensus)
Java .................................................... 213 ...... ................................................... 105
Kaggle .................................................. 33 region proposal method ................ ..... 206
Keras ....................................... ........... 221 REINFORCE ....................................... 193
kil:if~;* .............................................. 134 REP (reduced error pruning) ............. 11 5
K- 71~3.::ii~U RMSE (-¥n-¥i$J ::.~~:ii) .................. 82
(K-fold ? [J .Ar\ 1) 7 - :/3 /) ........ 78 RMSprop ............................................ 171
k-¥i$J$ .............................................. 136 R~~ ................................................. 212
L1 :iUIHt ............................................ 107 SAMME .............................................. 11 9
L21U IHt ............................................ 107 Scibids .................................................. 56
Leave-one-out 3t:ii .............................. 79 scikit-learn .......................................... 215

234
 ~51 Index

sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) ... 187 )/&$~ ................................................... 86

SGD (!li$9~1!1re~"f$ ) ...... ............. 171 ~~-=t-T'Jv ............................................ 17
sliding window method ....... .. ............. 205 ~'a'i¥ ............................... .................... 75
Sonnet ................................................ 222 ~~$<1)~:iE ...................................... 171
Stream-Based Selective Sampling ....... 92 fli$8'\J7'D'f7 2_ /'f~Mj ................ 129

SVM .................................................... 108 1\itl./8 ........................................... 20, 149

TensorBoard ....................................... 219 1\int::. 7 1- !-" ' ' ·:; '7 Jv-7' ............. 100
Tensorflow ......................................... 219 1.JO!i:iftS.I ............................................. 117
Theano ................................................ 222 iiiDfi!~~ ............................................. 156

TPU ..................................................... 224 i!11fl:: ~~ .......................................... 150

Transfomer .......................................... 188 :IJ7' :::i' 1) 7 - $1 .......... .. ......... .... ........... 66

True Negative : Ji~tt ......................... 83 ~~ .................. .......................... .. ........ 70

True Positive : Ji~1'i ........................... 83 ~~<1)1;)~ ( i~~) .......................... .... 169

VAE (Variational Autoencoder) .......... 199 U.iliU~~ ............................................. 133
Vfi ....................................................... 39 U.i!llji!£~ ............................................. 201
Warren .................................................. 55 .#,!!~$~ ............................................... 16
Word2Vec ........................................... 161 .#,!!~$~/' J(., : j' I) /;'J.,.,<1))K:}R ............... 60
YOLO .................................................. 207 r.IUJ&~~ -tt- I:: 'A ....................... ........ 226
til~111!R ............................................. 162
(f.,j' ~c~::ta ............................................... 23
7' ') "::t '':/ :J 7"~~ ............................. 75 Ufttffi~ ............................................... 95
lli!c~'2' ............................................... 16 ~rfil3 21EJ~f07tf;Jb:if:I$.J (SARIMA)
7"/ -tt /::f n· ~~ ............................... 11 6 ......................................................... 132
Jlf~ll\J7' Jv :::1' 1J 'A' .1..>.. .... ................. 89, 144 :\'- '\' 7'~ 3 /~lilG ............................... 159
~ti:iftS.i (MA) ............................ ...... 132 5~11::$~ .................................... ... 38, 190
::t - " I./ :J- 5( .................. ... .. ........ 196 ~~ili.tli J ~~ ............... .... .. ................... 30
::t - 1- 7-~- = :-.-? ........... .... .... .......... 88 ~~iliid: [.,~~ ........................................ 34
::t 7 71 /$~ ................. ................... 74 }ii)PJT~Ji ......................... .................... 167
~JJ. ................................. .. ................. 148 JiiJpJi:ft)OO~~ .......................................... 170
.g.~.g.liJG ............................................. 164 ).frjij~Ji ............................................... 87
'1iiF!'Mlr.l .................... .... ..................... 164 MJ.JJ..g.t.>-tHI~ .................................. 144
::t /71 /~'a .................................... 75 '7 7 'A $1 1) / 'f ...... .. ............................ 36
'f I) ·:; 1-"-f.t -'f- .................................... 88
J j ~~~~~Ji ............................................... 72
:n - *Jv 1- IJ ·:; -7 ............................... 11 o ~11 ~7- $1 ........................ .. .................. 30
n-:i:Jv$ .......................................... 11 0 ff~:>t = ~- 0 / .................................. 152
IEJ~ ...................................................... 18 ff~l!ll~MtT .......................................... 161
il!JIIl\J '7 7 'A $1 1) /'f ............. ............. 36 i;l(:iE;;f: ................................................. 112
:IJ '} / 1- I./:::J - 71 /'/ ...... ............ 66 ~]ii./1-D~-~Ji .......................... ~

235
 frl!l ...................................................... 39 .A'T - 1J / 1
/ ...................... .................. 68
~i!fi:~""f)! .......................................... 169 .A~ ·:~ '\'- / 'f ...................................... 121
~re;111~rp,n ...................................... 173 iEM$ (Accuracy) ............................... 84
1il~:7'-.A71 /'} ........................... 122 .iEm71til ............................................... 41
~~i2'!{~tl$ (I~'/ 7 7" 0 1~-T-::,. 3 / ) ~JOCn (Generator) ............................ 200
......................................................... 167 .iEJ!IHt&'J'=•$ ............................... 106
: :] * 7 ::,. 3 =-.A' J.. ................................. 23 ffi!J~-:>~#Jt.- ';1"/":// (RBM) .... 154
)~.g-fi?IJ ............................................... 83 U:ff~71- ............................................. 109
~*6-g-JI (Full Connected Layer) ...... 181
~fj ~'!±:at~ ..................................... 197, 201
jij1j~ =. .:2. -7 Jt.- ;?-. ·:~ 1- '7- 7 (RNN) ~~~* ................................................. 144
..................................... .. .................. 184 91f:lt (;tlj.lj I) ) ............ .. ...... .. ........ ....... 115
jij~lfHz Jt.- ......................... .. .................. 185 *§1*1~1if- ............................................... 94
jijl~$ (Recall) .................................... 84 5l.l!15rPJ RNN (Bidirectional RNN) ........ 187
ijj;Jji_::J!~:$ .......................................... 102 './ 7 1- ::J / 1::".:2.- 7 1 / 'f .................. 27
Jii;Jm{t ................................................. 142 './ 7 1- " - :/ / SVM .......................... 109
iiir:tfftlE: ................. .. .. .. .. .. .................. 126 til~~*!~ ............................ ................. 167
-if"#- t-«7 ~ -"::,. / .................... 108
-if"#- t-«7 1-Jt.-lf!)')i (SVR) ............ 111 1tfi
zlf*1~JH ............................................... 28 ')[- 1- " .A ~ni .................................... 23
~~IJn (Discriminator) ....................... 200 ~1 /XJ...I1iiJ~g:i-J.. .......................... 25
:/~/-Tf ""~~ .................................. 173 ~2/XJ... I 1iiJ~gj'-J.. .......................... 26
Pil~?IJ~HIT .......................................... 130 ~3/XJ...I1illliE7· - J.. .......................... 27
;.~j[;l!jlj)~ ....................................... 37, 138 :k~liii®M .......................................... 170
*J[;O)n}(.~' .......................................... 139 M~:3£fft! ............................................... 68
El c!EJ~ (AR) .................................... 132 M~'li :/ .A 7 J.. ...................................... 164
El c !EJ9if~l!J.!j!.:l$J (ARMA) ................ 132 ~J}'t<t!EJ~; ....... ................................... 104
13 c!EJ9if071~1JJ.!j!.t.$.J (ARIMA) ........ 132 ~11;J:HJ~1i .......................................... 103
El cffiP-11 ............................................. 131 ~~;~ ................................................. 11 7
E1 ~~~~H/11! ...................................... 160 :l:,i~j.}6,i~j.=..:~.-7Jt.-;?.·:~ 1- '7-'7 (CNN)
::E/OC71MIT ...................................... .... 141 .............. ..................................... ...... 180
)i'j{~:jl ...................................... ..... ... ... 166 .!jl.lf!)!)i ................................................. 102
t.UIHI~il .......................................... 141 %i~'J...I1illlm ........................................ 13
::,. / ~.:!. 7 IJ T 1 ................................. 13 =-
71 - :1 .:1. -7 Jt.- ;?-. ·:~ 1- '7- 7 ...... 149
J...I9illliE ............................................... 12 71 -7"7- =./'f ............................. 20
J...I9ill~E 7 1 ·f7 1J ........................... 210 :O::~J1l: ................................................. 148
~111s~ ;?-. ·:~ 1- '7 - 7 (DBN) ........... 154 )i.g-$ (Precision) ............................... 85
fftiE:~ ii (Validation Loss) .................. 87 ~l~~~ ....................................... ...... 174
.A ?l...-f t::' / 'f ( 7 CJ- IJ /-~;1") .......... 64 *1t:ilt .................................... .. .. .. ............ 40

236
 ~51 Index

............................................. 175
~i\'r.R~IIltl:l 1tiiH'H J!. ............................................. 161
~i\'~? ·:; / .......................................... 182 3Z::Iit~f.J ...................... .. ..................... 162
~i\'r.R.ii: ············································· 20, 45 )t~ft ................. .... .. ............................... 18
~i\'~-~~t ............................................ 45 :lj!f.;J .................................................... 11 7
~i\'1 t!M A.I ~O~~ .................................... 14 :lj!f.;)= * ~f£ ......... ...... ......................... 32
I'" j. 1 /)~ ~ ...................................... 176 «1 ;z'~ ili .......................................... 126
I'" j. 1 ;....)M-&!J ...................... ................ 174 «1 ;z'1i);JM1t ............ ...... ...................... 89
~· Q ·:; /7 rJ r- .................................. 149 /'( 1 ;z'tt:lE .......................................... 126
« 1 ;z'(J):lf:!f ...................................... 127
~rr JJ'#f .......................... .... ........................ 39
.=.l - 7 Jv.::f..·:; t- '7-? .............. 20,1 49 1J'#f1!lllC'Ji. .......................................... 192
;f.. ::t :::J ? .= I- D / ............ .... ............... 155 ;t- Jv 1"7 '7 ~- ~~iE ........ ..................... 78
jtgjj)~ ~ ....... ... ....... .............. .......... ...... 90
./-!'" ............................. .... ........ 14 9, 166 *rr · '('.>fr · srr
""'<' ·:; ? A 7' - 1) ;.... ? (Max Po oling) ... 183
r;;rr "Jv79 :;;z ?~'g' ............................... 177
I ~ - 'E 7 ' f- Q / ........ .... .. . ....... ............ 148 *~~ .......... . ....................... ... ............. 86
l\ 1 1~-l 't 7;t.-9 ....................... 61, 86 ~.=1'1 ·:; 7 ............................................ 75
r\ rJ ;.... 7 1 ;.... ~hf ·:; ? :;;z .................... 204 'E- l"iili:tl .................................... ...... 203
1\=¥;...-'f ............................................. 118 El l'l'iJ!l.!l~ ............................................. 168
iill!Ulli (iU Ht:rli) ...... ...... .................. 106 'E 7 Jv .... ............................... .......... 17,70
1\ ·:; 7 ~~ .......... ...... .. .......................... 74 99~ 'AI~ fiE ........... .. .. ......................... 13
/ ~ 7 j. - 9 ...................... ...................... 16 7 ·:; './@J1i .......................................... 107
.'J'Im1J1!f (oracle) ........ ...... ...................... 92 5«Jvi /:::J-71/'/ ...................... 66
5RfflA.I~ IiE ........................................ 14 5r( J v i-:t~7-9 ................................. 30
~~= mMI'l'iJ? 7 :;;z 9 IJ ;.... 'f ...................... 36 5 ;.... "/ .L. -if- 7 .......... .... ...................... 89
1:::'·:;?7- 9 ........................................ 16 5 ;.... -'j' J.,. 7 ::t 1/ :;;z r- ........................... 120
~~= ~~:X ............................................. 170 Mft1t ................................................... 68
+l~1t ........ ... .. .... ... ............................... 68 ~~1~ ............ .. ..................................... 31
77 1 /7.l-.=;....? ........................ 175 I) •:; :J@Ji; .......................................... 107
7 1 - I" 1\ ·:; ? Jv- / .......................... 99 D V'A7-1·:;?@]~ ........................... 124
·:f- A-7- 1 ;.... ? (boosting) ................ 11 9 Q V' AT 1 ·:; ?~tlt ( :/ 1'-'E 1 ~·~~ )
7· - I- A I- 7 ·:; /'$. ........................... 11 8 ......................... ..... ........................... 124
7' -IJ /1'JI( Pooling l ayer) ........... 181 Q I "i :;;l. I- (iilifi.t) @l ~j ......................... 105
~.J5-1 t (7 :::1 - I") .............................. 197
1<!-J5-1t (.I/:::J - I'") .......................... 197
4mit~tl:l ............................................. 158
1i11.(J)*iil~ (negative transfer) .............. 176
7 1/ -].,.'7 - ? .................................. 2 18

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