Helping North Coast landholders reduce soil erosion

Fact sheet 5: Gully erosion

Gully erosion occurs when running water erodes
soil to form channels deeper than 30cm.
Gullies start when fast flowing runoff hits a ‘nick’
point such as a rabbit burrow, root hole,
stock/vehicle track, or bare soil. The energy of the
water scours away the soil, undermining the
vegetation. Once the vegetation and topsoil are
removed, gullies spread rapidly up and down
drainage lines until there is insufficient runoff to
continue the erosion.
New gullies can spread quickly, but once they
stabilise they lose very little soil, despite their often
Above: An active gully head in the Clarence Valley
dramatic appearance.
Gully erosion occurs on most cleared soils, but the Gully head
most vulnerable soils are poorly structured If the gully head is active you will see it cutting
dispersive soils, where the soil structure disperses into the drainage line above the gully, moving back
or collapses when wet. In such soils gullies often up the slope. If you are not sure whether there is
start as tunnel erosion underneath the soil surface. movement, take regular photographs of the site and
The roof of the tunnel eventually collapses and the compare them.
tunnel becomes a gully. Other vulnerable soils are
Gully sides
those developed from granitic or sandstone rocks
Active gullies tend to have vertical sides. Once
where there are low levels of groundcover in dry
they stabilise, gully walls slump to a natural batter
seasons.
and grass over.
On the north coast gully erosion is relatively
Gully floor
common, particularly in the Upper Clarence, the
In active gullies the floor lowers over time as more
Copmanhurst area, Upper Nambucca, and
soil is scoured out. Regularly measure the distance
Rappville area in the Richmond catchment. Around
from the floor to natural land level and compare
the Lismore area there are old gullies in basalt
the measurements to check floor movement.
soils, but most of these have now stabilised and
grassed over. 2. Check water source
If the gully is active find out if the erosion is
Fixing gully erosion caused by surface water or groundwater. If it is
surface water, you may be able to divert it away
1. Check whether the erosion is active
from the gully by earthworks, or slow it down
Gully erosion can look dramatic, but if the gully using vegetation. If it is groundwater you will not
has stabilised it may be better to leave it alone. be able to divert it, but you may be able to
Disturbing dispersive soils may reactivate the gully revegetate surrounding areas to take up some of the
and cause more erosion. To check whether the groundwater.
erosion is active, look at the gully head, walls and
floor. 3. Improve groundcover
Vegetation is vital for soil protection. Plants break
the force of raindrops hitting the ground and slow
the speed of surface runoff. Plant roots hold the
soil together and take up groundwater that may Drainage lines and ephemeral waterways may have
otherwise cause subsurface erosion. areas that could be ‘erosion starters’. Remove such
As a general rule of thumb 70% groundcover is erosion risks by removing stock, fencing off the
needed to protect soil, but in areas of high water area, or planting grasses.
flow this needs to be thicker, up to 100% cover.
Where possible increase groundcover where the
rain is most likely to fall above the gully to reduce More information
runoff. NSW DPI’s website has information on soil
erosion at:
If vegetation above the gully is sparse, look at
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/resources/s
removing stock from the area and fencing it off so
oils/erosion
that plants can regenerate. Keeping stock out of
gullies will encourage faster stabilisation and To discuss your specific soil erosion issues, contact
natural revegetation. NSW DPI soils advisory officer Abigail Jenkins,
Wollongbar, on 6626 1357 or
Plant deep-rooted perennial grasses in and on the
[email protected].
sides of gullies and ephemeral waterways that have
the potential to become gullies. Plant trees further
away from the gully to take up groundwater. Below: Severe gully erosion in the Upper Mann
catchment, photo courtesy P Roberts
4. Review land management
All gully erosion indicates that the soil is beyond
its capacity to cope with the land use. You may
need to review your current land management and
look at other options for the affected land.
5. Install earthworks
Sometimes gullying is so severe that earthworks
are needed. It is important to seek advice before
undertaking any earthworks as some activities
may worsen the erosion. For general advice, talk
to your local CMA community support officer. For
specific technical advice you may need to consult
private soils experts.
Useful earthworks can include
• structural works to stabilise gully heads so
that they no longer erode
• gully reshaping, battering and revegetating to
prevent further erosion
• diversion banks to divert runoff and prevent it
building up energy
• drop structures to control water flow.
In small catchments under 1ha small dams can
help intercept runoff and sediment. However,
these need to be permanently half full to be
effective, and you need Department of Natural
Resources approval to construct dams.
6. Prevent erosion occurring
Regular inspection of your land will help you
detect early signs of gully erosion. It is much
cheaper to prevent erosion than repair gullies. Produced by NSW DPI Wollongbar for Northern
Rivers CMA project ‘Revegetation/improved
Bare soil tracks made by stock provide drainage management of areas with high erosion risk’.
lines for runoff and ‘nick points’ where gullies can
start easily. Overgrazing can also reduce
groundcover and encourage soil erosion.