Q1) Discuss The Concept of Ashtanga Yoga.: Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana-Are Not Correctable and Can Be Dangerous To The

Q1)Discuss the concept of Ashtanga Yoga.
ANS—
The Yoga Sutra describes the Aṣṭāṅga Yoga, the eight means of emancipation. Here aṣṭa means eight
and aṅga means limbs/means. So, Aṣṭāṅga Yoga means ‘eight limbs of Yoga’. Yoga Sutra says that
by the gradual practice of the Aṣṭāṅga Yoga, the light of wisdom reaches up to the viveka-khyāti
(intellective revelation ).
The eight limbs of Yoga are:
1. Yama: The Yama is the first limb of the Aṣṭāṅga Yoga. There are five Yamas:
○ Ahiṃsā: Nonviolence, non-harming other living beings
○ Satya: Truthfulness, non-falsehood
○ Asteya: Non-stealing
○ Brahmacharya: Chastity, celibacy
○ Aparigraha: Non-possessiveness
2. Niyama: The Niyama is the second limb of the Aṣṭāṅga Yoga. Niyamas are also five.
○ Śauca: Purity, cleanliness of mind, speech and body
○ Santoṣa: Contentment
○ Tapas: Endurance, persistence, self-discipline
○ Svādhyāya: Study of sacred scriptures, the study of self, self-reflection, introspection
○ Īśvarapraṇidhāna: Commitment to the Īśvara Dedication
3. Āsana: A stable and comfortable posture which helps attain mental equilibrium
4. Prāṇāyāma: Extension and control of breath
5. Pratyāhāra: A mental preparation to increase the power of the mind
6. Dhāraṇā: Concentration of mind on one object
7. Dhyāna (meditation): Uninterrupted contemplation of the object
8. Samādhi (Salvation)
The first four limbs—yama, niyama, asana, pranayama—are considered external

cleansing practices. According to Pattabhi Jois, defects in the external practices
are correctable. However, defects in the internal cleansing practices—
pratyahara, dharana, dhyana—are not correctable and can be dangerous to the
mind unless the correct Ashtanga yoga method is followed (Stern and
Summerbell 35). For this reason, Pattabhi Jois emphasizes that the "Ashtanga
Yoga method is Patanjali Yoga" (Flynn).
Q2) Discuss in brief about Purushartha and Dharma in the context of concept of good life
in Indian Tradition.
ANS---
PURUSARTHA:
Purusartha is a key concept in Hinduism, which holds that every human has four proper goals
that are necessary and sufficient for a fulfilling and happy life,
 Dharma – signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with rta, the order
that makes life and universe possible, ] and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct,
virtues and right way of living. Hindu dharma includes the religious duties, moral
rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order,
right conduct, and those that are virtuous.
 Artha – signifies the "means of life", activities and resources that enables one to be in
a state one wants to be in. Artha incorporates wealth, career, activity to make a
living, financial security and economic prosperity. The proper pursuit of artha is
considered an important aim of human life in Hinduism.
 Kama – signifies desire, wish, passion, emotions, pleasure of the senses,
the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without sexual
connotations. Gavin Flood explains kāma as "love" without violating dharma (moral
responsibility), artha (material prosperity) and one's journey towards moksha
(spiritual liberation).
 Moksha – signifies emancipation, liberation or release.] In some schools of
Hinduism, moksha connotes freedom from saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth, in
other schools moksha connotes freedom, self-knowledge, self-realization and
liberation in this life.
DHARMA--
Dharma is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. It has multiple
meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. It is difficult to provide a single concise
definition for dharma, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of
meanings and interpretations. There is no equivalent single-word synonym for dharma in western
languages.
Dharma is an important term in Indian religions. In Hinduism it means 'duty', 'virtue',
'morality', even 'religion' and it refers to the power which upholds the universe and
society. Hindus generally believe that dharma was revealed in the Vedas although a
more common word there for 'universal law' or 'righteousness' is rita. Dharma is the
power that maintains society, it makes the grass grow, the sun shine, and makes us
moral people or rather gives humans the opportunity to act virtuously
Q3) Describe the tradition of the Gurukul System in India.

ANS------
In ancient India the whole system of education ran on

the specific system of institution called ‘GURUKUL
SYSTEM OF EDUCATION’.
Objectives of Gurukul-Self control,Development of
character, Social awareness,Integral development of
personality ,Propagation of purity and Preservation of
knowledge and culture
The education in Gurukuls was not only
theoretical but a practical content that included
meditation, seminars, and religious practices.
With the combination of theoretical and practical
knowledge the pupil used to develop healthy
civic and aesthetic sense to lead a successful life.
The purpose of education was to train and
exercise the five layers – physical (gross body),
vital (subtle body), mental, intellectual and
spiritual – in such a way to make them the sound
instruments for leading a good life.
the gurukul system was the only education system known at the time. The students gained their
education with the in-depth knowledge. Not only the education but also they had been taught
essential aspects for their cultured and disciplined life. The Shisyas lived under the gurukul roof
with the good brotherhood and there was a good humanity, love and discipline.
All were considered equal at the Gurukul and guru (teacher) as well
as shisya (student) resided in the same house or lived near to each other. This
relationship between guru and shishya was so sacred that no fee was taken from the
students. However, the student had to offer a gurudakshina which was a token of
respect paid to the teacher. It was mainly in the form of money or a special task that
the student had to perform for the teacher.
Q4) Discuss salient aspects of Macaulay minute and its impact on Indian Education
System.
ANS—
The Main Features of Lord Macaulay Minute of 1835
The following are the main features of Macaulay Minute of 1835 in which he
epithet of the Charter Act of 1813:
1. Macaulay promotes English literature and not Sanskrit or Arabic or Persian

literature.
2. He did not favor the use of the mother tongue as the medium of education.
He gave strong support to English as the medium of education.
3. In giving western culture to Indian education, Macaulay had a definite and
specific purpose before him. He works what is known as Downward
Filtration Theory.
Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 is a great historical document in Indian Education. It

brought a great effect on the educational system and policy in shaping the modem
Indian Education System. Thus, the following are important of Macaulay’s Minute
of 1835:
1. It brought the importance of English education and Western knowledge of

sciences in the country.
2. This Minute resolved the great controversy between Anglicist and Classicist
for some time. After this western education began to be widespread in the
country.
3. It laid the foundation of the Western System of Education on the Indian soil.
The role of Lord Macaulay in Indian education is a controversial subject. Some

regard him as “the torchbearer in the path of progress”. On the other hand, some
blame him for his condemnation of the languages of the Indian people and
lowering Indian culture and tradition, and considered a cause for all troubles.

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Q1)Discuss the concept of Ashtanga Yoga.

The eight limbs of Yoga are:

○ Ahiṃsā: Nonviolence, non-harming other living beings

○ Satya: Truthfulness, non-falsehood

○ Brahmacharya: Chastity, celibacy

○ Śauca: Purity, cleanliness of mind, speech and body

○ Tapas: Endurance, persistence, self-discipline

○ Svādhyāya: Study of sacred scriptures, the study of self, self-reflection, introspection

○ Īśvarapraṇidhāna: Commitment to the Īśvara Dedication

4. Prāṇāyāma: Extension and control of breath

5. Pratyāhāra: A mental preparation to increase the power of the mind

6. Dhāraṇā: Concentration of mind on one object

7. Dhyāna (meditation): Uninterrupted contemplation of the object

The first four limbs—yama, niyama, asana, pranayama—are considered external

Q3) Describe the tradition of the Gurukul System in India.

In ancient India the whole system of education ran on

The Main Features of Lord Macaulay Minute of 1835

1. Macaulay promotes English literature and not Sanskrit or Arabic or Persian

Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 is a great historical document in Indian Education. It

1. It brought the importance of English education and Western knowledge of

The role of Lord Macaulay in Indian education is a controversial subject. Some

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