Compendium On Pesticide Use in Vegetables

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Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables
Book · March 2013

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2537.9524
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Indian Institute of Vegetable Research Central Potato Research Institute
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Technical Bulletin No. 51
Vegetable Statistics
Percentage share of different states in vegetable production in India (2010-2011)

Vegetable production in India (2000 -2001 to 2010-2011)
Others, 19.8 WB, 18.2
17.3
20
16.7
16.4
16.2
15.4
15.2
18
14.5
14.4
15
15
13.9
16
14
14.66
13.37
12
12.91
12.85
11.5
10
11.14
Haryana, 3.2
10.13
9.39
8
8.86
8.83
8.5
8.48
7.99
7.98
7.85
7.58
UP, 12.1
7.21
6
6.74
6.25
6.16
6.09
6.08
Maharashtra, 5.1
4
2
0
Odisha, 5.3
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Area (million ha) Production (10 x million t) Productivity (t/ha)
Bihar, 10
TN, 5.6
Karnataka, 6.2
AP, 8.1
Gujarat, 6.4 (Source: NHB, 2011)
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Varanasi - 221 305 (Uttar Pradesh)
Extension Bulletin No. 50
Compendium on Pesticide
Use in Vegetables
Label Claim
Food safety
Rational
Pesticide
Use
gj dne] gj Mxj
fdlkuksa dk gelQj Selectivity & Efficacy
Hkkjrh; Ñd̀f"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn
M.H. Kodandaram
Sujoy Saha
A.B. Rai
Prakash S. Naik

Use in Vegetables
M.H. Kodandaram
Sujoy Saha
A.B. Rai
Prakash S. Naik

(Indian Council for Agriculture Research )
Varanasi – 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India
IIVR Extension Bulletin No. 50
Printed: March 2013, 500 copies
Correct citation
Kodandaram, M.H., Sujoy Saha, A.B. Rai and Prakash S. Naik 2013.
Compendium on pesticide use in vegetables. IIVR Extension Bulletin
No. 50, IIVR, Varanasi, pp. 133
Published by
Dr. Prakash S. Naik
Director
Post Bag No. 01, Post Office: Jakhini (Shahanshahpur)
Varanasi – 221 305, UP
E-mail: [email protected]
Printed at
Nirmal Vijay Printer, New Delhi - 110 028
Ph. : 45576780, M. : 98110 53617, E-mail: [email protected]
Foreword
Vegetables are rich sources of dietary
fibre, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants,
phytochemicals and are important for food
and nutritional security of the country. Area
under vegetable crops is expanding
contributing to increase in per capita income
of the farmers and health benefits to the
society. Presently, India produces about 156.33
million tonnes of vegetables from an area of 8.99 million hectares
with an average productivity of 17.4 t/ha.
The crop losses in the country due to various pests range from 10
to 30 percent. Pesticides play an important role in sustaining
vegetable production in keeping pest population below economic
threshold. Per hectare consumption of pesticide in India is 381 g a.i.,
which is much less compared to the world average of 500 g a.i.
However, comprehensive information on selection of pesticide, label
claims and safe use of pesticides is not available at a single place
leading to non-judicious and indiscriminate use of pesticides in
vegetables resulting to several pesticide hazards including harmful
residues.
The publication titled, “Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables”

brought out by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi
is commendable effort in this direction. This compendium contains
complete information on pesticide use/status in vegetables,
classification based on chemistry/mode of action, label claim,
dosage, pre-harvest interval (PHI) and maximum residual limit
(MRL).
The compilation will be very useful to the scientists, subject matter
specialists (SMS) of KVK, agricultural extension officers, farmers
and policy makers.
The efforts made by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,

Varanasi deserve appreciation in bringing out such a useful
publication.
(N.K. Krishna Kumar)

Deputy Director General (Horticulture)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
New Delhi-110012
Preface
Pesticides are the most essential agricultural inputs for protecting
crop plants and increasing agricultural production. In India, 241
pesticides and 41 combination products are registered as on date
for use in agriculture. Out of these 62 insecticides, 40 fungicides
and 7 plant growth promoters have been registered for use only in
vegetable crops. The average pesticide consumption in India is
around 0.381 kg a.i./ha as compared to world average of 0.5 kg a.i./ha.
Around 13-14 per cent of pesticides are used in the country are
applied on vegetables, maximum use is in chilli (5.13%) followed
by brinjal (4.6%).
The information on status and safe use of pesticides on vegetable
crops is scattred in various documents and is not readily available
at one platform. This bulletin is inspired by the disscusions
regarding safe use of pesticides in agriculture on various platforms.
It has been designed to serve as ready reference on different aspects
of pesticide use in vegetable pest management and contains useful
information on the different groups/classes of pesticides, IRAC/
FRAC classification, mode of action, registered and banned
pesticides and their formulations in India, dosage, target pests, label
calims, permitted MRL values and their safe use.
The authors express deep sense of gratitude to Dr. N.K. Krishna
Kumar, Deputy Director General (Horticulture), ICAR, New Delhi
for his valuable suggestions and encouragement. We hope that this
bulletin will be useful for researchers, extension functioneries,
students, farming community, policy makers and all the stake
holders.
Authors
Abbreviations
a.i. Active ingredient
AChE Acetylcholinesterase
AE Aerosol dispenser
APEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
BB Block Bait
CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission
CB Bait Concentrate
CG Encapsulated Granule
CIB & RC Central Insecticide Board and Registration
Committee.
CS Capsule Suspension
DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
DBM Diamond Back Moth
DC Dispersible Concentrate
DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
DP Dustable Powder
DS Powder of Dry Seed
EC Emulsifiable Concentrate
ES Emulsion for Seed Treatment
EU European Union
EW Emulsion, oil in water
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation
FRAC Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
FS Flowable Concentrate for Seed Treatment
FSB Fruit and Shoot Borer
FSSA Food Safety and Standards Act
FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
g Grams
GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GB Granular Bait
GluCl Glutamate-gated chloride channels
GR Granule
ha Hectare
IGR Insect Growth Regultaor
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
IRM Insecticide Resistance Management
Kg Kilogram
l Litre
ml Mililitre
MoA Mode of Action
MRL Maximum Residue Limits
nAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
NHB National Horticultutre Board
NPOP National Programme for Organic Production
OD Oil Dispersion
PAM Pralidoxime
PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration
PGR Plant growth regulators
PHI Pre-harvest Interval
ppm Parts per million
RB Bait (ready for use)
SC Suspension Concentrate
SE Suspension Emulsion
SG Water Soluble Granule
SL Soluble Concentrate
SP Water Soluble Powder
t Tonnes
ULV Ultra Low Volume
UV Ultra Violet
WG Water Dispersible Granules
WHO World Health Organisation
WP Wettable Powder
WS Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry Treatment
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
1. Status of pesticide use in India 1
2. Classification of pesticides 7
3. Pesticides registered for use in India 33
4. Label claim of pesticides in different vegetable crops 79
5. Maximum residual limits (MRLs) for vegetable crops 99
6. Selection of eco-friendly pesticides for protecting 110
honey bees/pollinators
7. Guidelines for pest management in organic vegetable 115
production
8. Pesticide doses calculations 120
9. Safe use of pesticides and standard guidelines for 124
handling pesticide poisoning
10. References 132
1. Status of Pesticide Use in India
Vegetables are important component of Indian agriculture.

Diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country permit growing of
several vegetables round the year. Among these potato, tomato,
onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower and okra are most important
and they have major share in vegetable production (Figure 1).
Presently, India produces about 156.33 million tonnes of vegetables
from an area of 8.99 million hectares with an average productivity
of 17.4 t/ha. Though there has been phenomenal increase in area
(2.99 folds), production (8.88 folds) and productivity (2.96 folds) of
vegetables in our country during the last 6 decades, still there is
huge gap between present production and future requirements.This
necessitates enhancing vegetable production for meeting current
and future needs.
Figure 1: Production share (%) of major vegetable crops in India

(NHB 2010-11)
One of the major constraints in vegetable production is pest

problem and crop losses in the country due to various pests range
from 10 to 30 percent each year depending upon the severity of
pest attack (Figure 2). The estimated loss due to pests in horticultural
crops is approximately Rs. 40,000-50,000 crores. Pest control by use
of chemicals has been playing a vital role in sustainable increase in
the vegetable production. Farmers use pesticides as first line of
defense for the management of pests and frequently resort to
1
Figure 2: Losses caused by different pests
indiscriminate and non-judicious use of pesticides, which leads to

several problems such as resistant development in insects /
pathogens, resurgence of pests due to destruction of natural
enemies, toxic hazards due to pesticide residues on the edible
products and deficient pollination due to destruction of pollinators
resulting in non setting of fruits and low yields.
Pesticide consumption in India and other countries

In developed countries like USA, Europe, Japan, China, etc.,
pesticide use is 20 times more than in India. Per hectare consumption
of pesticide in India is 381 g a.i./ha which is lower than the world
average of 500 g a.i/ha (Figure 3). Lower consumption of pesticides
Figure 3: Pesticide consumption (a.i.kg/ha) in different countries
2
in India can be attributed to the fragmented land holdings,

dependence on monsoons, inadequate awareness among farmers
and low investment capabilities of small and marginal farmers.
Only 25-30 percent of the total cultivated area in the country is
under pesticide cover.
In India, annual consumption of pesticides showed a rising trend
from 1955-56 to 1990-91 and thereafter it started declining (Table 1).
The present consumption of technical grade pesticides in the
country during year 2010-11 is around 55,542 tonnes. India’s
consumption of pesticides is only 2 percent of the total world
consumption. Several reasons could be ascribed to this trend
including the new eco-friendly novel molecules, where the
quantities of newer pesticide molecules required per unit area are
almost 8-100 times less than the conventional molecules
(Bambawale 2007).
Table 1: Consumption of Pesticides in India
Year Consumption Year Consumption Year Consumption

(Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech. (Tonnes Tech.
Grade) Grade) Grade)
1955-56 2353 1995-96 61,260 2004-05 40,672

1965-66 14,630 1996-97 56,114 2005-06 39,773
1975-76 45,613 1997-98 52,240 2006-07 41,510
1985-86 61,881 1998-99 49,160 2007-08 44,770
1990-91 75,033 1999-00 46,200 2008-09 43,860
1991-92 72, 133 2000-01 43,584 2009-10 41,824
1992-93 70,794 2001-02 47,020 2010-11 55,542
1993-94 63,651 2002-03 48,300
1994-95 61,360 2003-04 41,000
(Source: Anonymous, 2002 and 2012)
Among different classes of pesticides used in India the percent

share of insecticides (60%) is high followed by fungicides (19%),
herbicides (16%), biopesticides (3%) and others (3%) (Figure 4). It
is estimated that around 13-14 % of total pesticides used in the
country are applied on vegetables, of which insecticides account
3
for two-thirds of total pesticides used in vegetables (Figure 5).

Among different vegetable crops the maximum pesticide usage is
in chilli (5.13 a.i kg /ha) followed by brinjal (4.60 a.i kg /ha), cole
crops (3.73 a.i kg /ha) and okra (2-3 a.i kg /ha) (Figure 6). The
global agro-chemical consumption on the other hand, is dominated
by fruits and vegetables, which account for 25% of the total market.
Figure 4: Share (%) of different classes of pesticides used in India
Figure 5: Consumption of pesticides (%) in different crops
Role of novel molecules in pest management

During last two decades the focus on insecticide research shifted
to search and develop new green chemistries or newer bio-rational
or “low risk” pesticides having novel modes of action, which have
replaced many old and conventional pesticides. Biorational or
4
Figure 6: Pesticide consumption (a.i. kg/ha) in major vegetable crops
“reduced risk” insecticides are synthetic or natural compounds that

effectively control insect pests, but have low toxicity to nontarget
organisms and the environment (Hara, 2000). In India, around 27
new insecticides and their different formulations belonging to new
chemistry with unique mode of action have been registered since
late 1990s to early 2010, for insect control in vegetables. These new
classes of insecticides belong to neonicotinoids, oxadiazines,
diamides, tetramic/tetronic acid derivatives, phenylpyrazoles,
pyridine, avermectins, spinosyns, pyrroles and insect growth
regulators (IGRs). Most of the newer insecticides have several
advantages over conventional insecticides like:
• greater specificity to target pests
• excellent efficacy at low rates or dosage
• high level of selectivity
• non persistance in the environment
• low mammalian toxicity
• less harmfull to natural enemies than other broad spectrum
insecticides
• less likely to cause outbreaks of secondary pests that are well
controlled by natural enemies
• extremely helpful for delaying development of resistance in
key pests and have no cross-resistance with the old and already
established insecticides.
5
All these advantages make many of the new insecticides safer,

highly suitable and fit well into integrated pest management (IPM)
or insect resistance management (IRM) programs. As growers and
pest control advisors become familiar and aware of unique
characteristics, novel mode of action, usage rates, their target pest
spectrum and selectivity of these new insecticides, their adoption
and judicious use is likely to increase.
6
2. Classification of Pesticides
(A) Classification of Insecticides
(i) Based on chemistry
Insecticide Group IRAC Examples

mode of
action
class
Synthetic insecticides
1 Organochlorines 2A Dicofol, Endosulfan
2 Organophosphates 1B Acephate, Chlorpyrifos, Ethion,

Quinolphos, Triazophos, Dimethoate,
Malathion etc.
3 Carbamates 1A Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan,

Methomyl etc.
4 Synthetic pyrethroids 3A Bifenthrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin,

Lamda cyhalothrin, Fenvalrate,
Fenpropathrin etc.
5 Neonicotinoids 4A Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid,

Thiamethoxam, Thiacloprid,
Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Nitenpyram
6 Phenylpyrazoles 2B Fipronil, Ethiprole
7 Pyridine 9A Pymetrozine
8 Oxadiazines 22A Indoxacarb
9 METI acaricides 21A Pyridaben, Fenzaquin, Fenpyroximate
10 Nereistoxin 14A Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-

sodium
11 Formamidines 19A Chlordimeform and Amitraz
12 Ketoenols 23A Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,

Spirotetramat
13 Diamides 28A Flubendamide, Chlorantraniliprole,

Cyantraniliprole
7
Insecticide Group IRAC Examples

mode of
action
class
Insecticides derived from soil microorganisms /macrocyclic lactones

1 Avermectins 6A Abamectin, Emamectin Benzoate,
Ivermectin
2 Milbemycins 6A Milbemectin, Milbemycin D
3 Spinosyns 5A Spinosad, Spinetoram
4 Pyrrole Insecticides 13A Chlorfenapyr
Insect growth regulators

1 Chitin Synthesis 15A Diflubenzuron, Chlorofluazuron,
Inhibitors Teflubenzuron, Hexaflumuron,
(for lepidopterans) Novaluron, Lufenuron, and
Flufenoxuron
2 Chitin Synthesis 16A Buprofezin
Inhibitors
(for Homoptera)
3 Chitin Synthesis 17A Cryomazine
Inhibitors (for dipterans)
4 Ecdysone Agonists 18A Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide,
and Diacylhdrazines Halofenozide, Methofenozide
5 Juvenile Hormone 17A Pyriproxifen, Fenoxycarb, Diofenolan,
Mimics Hydroprene, Methoprene and
Kinoprene
(Source: Kodandaram et al., 2010)
8
(ii) Based on mode of action
Main Group and Primary Chemical Sub-group Active Ingredients

Site of Action or exemplifying
Active Ingredient
Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase 1A Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb,
(AChE) inhibitors Carbamates Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl,
Nerve action Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb,
Inhibit AChE, causing hyperexcitation. Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb,
AChE is the enzyme that terminates the Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb,
action of the excitatory neurotransmitter Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox, Triazamate,
acetylcholine at nerve synapses. Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb
1B Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl,
Organophosphates Azinphos-methyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlorpyrifos,
9
Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,
Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP,
Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos,
Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos,
Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion,
Fosthiazate, Isofenphos, Isoxathion, Malathion,
Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion,
Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate,
Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl,
Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet,
Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos- methyl,
Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos,
Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep,
Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Tetrachlorvinphos,
Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon
Active Ingredient
Group 2: GABA-gated 2A Endosulfan

chloride channel antagonists Cyclodiene
Nerve action Organochlorines
Block the GABA-activated
chloride channel, causing hyper-excitation 2B Ethiprole, Fipronil
and convulsions. GABA is the major Phenylpyrazoles
inhibitory neurotransmitter in insects
Group 3: Sodium channel 3A Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans
modulators Pyrethroids and Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin S-
Nerve action Pyrethrins cyclopentenyl isomer, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin,
Keep sodium channels open, causing Cyfluthrin, beta-Cyfluthrin,
10
hyperexcitation and, in some cases, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin,

nerve block. Sodium channels are Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-
involved in the propagation of action Cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-
potentials along nerve axons. Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans- isomers],
Deltamethrin, Empenthrin [(EZ)- (1R)- isomers],
Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin,
Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, tau-
Fluvalinate, Halfenprox, Imiprothrin, Kadethrin,
Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)- trans- isomer],
Prallethrin, Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin,
Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin
[(1R)-isomers], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin
3B
DDT DDT
Methoxychlor Methoxychlor
Active Ingredient
Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor 4A

(nAChR) agonists Neonicotinoids Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran,
Nerve action Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram,
Mimic the agonist action of acetylcholine Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam
at nAChRs, causing hyperexcitation.
Acetylcholine is the major excitatory 4B
neurotransmitter in the insect central Nicotine Nicotine
nervous system.
Group 5: Nicotinic 5A
acetylcholinereceptor Spinosyns Spinosad, Spinetoram
11
(nAChR) allosteric
activators
Nerve action
Allosterically activate nAChRs,
causing hyperexcitation of the nervous system.
Acetylcholine is the major excitatory neuro-
transmitter in the insect central nervous system.
Group 6: Chloride channel activators 6A
Nerve and muscle action Avermectins, Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin,
Allosterically activate glutamate-gated chloride Milbemycins Milbemectin
channels (GluCls), causing paralysis. Glutamate
is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in
insect.
Active Ingredient
Group 7 : Juvenile hormone mimics 7A Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene

Growth regulation Juvenile hormone
Applied in the pre-metamorphic instar, analogues
these compounds disrupt and 7B
prevent metamorphosis. Fenoxycarb Fenoxycarb
7C
Pyriproxyfen Pyriproxyfen
Group 8: Miscellaneous non-specific 8A
(multi-site) inhibitors Alkyl halides Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides
12
8B
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin
8C
Sulfuryl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride
8D
Borax Borax
8E
Tartar emetic Tartar emetic
Group 9: Selective homopteran feeding 9B
blockers Pymetrozine Pymetrozine
Incompletely defined MoA causing selective 9C
inhibition of aphid and whitefly feeding Flonicamid Flonicamid
Active Ingredient
Group 10: Mite growth inhibitors 10A

Growth regulation Clofentezine Clofentezine, Hexythiazox, Diflovidazin
Incompletely defined MoA leading to Hexythiazox
growth inhibition Diflovidazin
10B
Etoxazole Etoxazole
Group 11: Microbial disruptors of insect Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
midgut membranes Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus sphaericus
Protein toxins that bind to receptors on the the insecticidal proteins Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
midgut membrane and induce pore formation, they produce Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
13
resulting in ionic imbalance and septicemia. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Bt crop
proteins: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A,
Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1
Group 12 : Inhibitors of mitochondrial 12A
ATP synthase Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron
Energy metabolism 12B
Inhibit the enzyme that synthesizes ATP Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
12C
Propargite Propargite
12D
Tetradifon Tetradifon
Active Ingredient
Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phospho- 13 A

rylation via disruption of the proton gradient Chlorfenapyr Chlorfenapyr
Energy metabolism DNOC DNOC
Protonophores that short-circuit the Sulfluramid Sulfluramid
mitochondrial proton gradient so that
ATP can not be synthesized.
Group 14 : Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 14 A
(nAChR) channel blockers Nereistoxin analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam,
Nerve action Thiosultap-sodium
Block the nAChR ion channel, resulting in
14
nervous system block and paralysis.

Acetylcholine is the major excitatory
neurotransmitter in the insect central
nervous system.
Group 15 : Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, 15 A
type 0 Benzoylureas Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron,
Growth regulation Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron,
Incompletely defined MoA leading to Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron,
inhibition of chitin biosynthesis. Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron
Group 16 : Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, 16 A
type 1 Buprofezin Buprofezin
Incompletely defined MoA leading to
inhibition of chitin biosynthesis in a number
of insects, including whiteflies
Active Ingredient
Group 17: Moulting disruptor, Dipteran 17 A

Growth regulation Cyromazine Cyromazine
Incompletely defined MoA that leads to
moult disruption.
Group 18: Ecdysone receptor agonists 18 A
Growth regulation Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide,
Mimic the moulting hormone, ecdysone, Tebufenozide
inducing a precocious moult
Group 19: Octopamine receptor agonists 19 A
Nerve action Amitraz Amitraz
Activate octopamine receptors, leading to
15
hyperexcitation. Octopamine is the insect
equivalent of adrenaline, the fight-or-flight
neurohormone
Group 20: Mitochondrial complex III electron 20A
transport inhibitors Hydramethylnon Hydramethylnon
Energy metabolism 20B
Inhibit electron transport complex III, Acequinocyl Acequinocyl
preventing the utilization of energy by cells. 20C
Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim
Group 21: Mitochondrial complex I electron 21A
transport inhibitors METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyrimidifen,
Energy metabolism insecticides Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
Inhibit electron transport complex I, preventing 21B
the utilization of energy by cells. Rotenone Rotenone (Derris)
Active Ingredient
Group 22: Voltage-dependent sodium channel 22A

blockers Indoxacarb Indoxacarb
Nerve action 22B
Block sodium channels, causing nervous Metaflumizone Metaflumizone
system shutdown and paralysis.
Sodium channels are involved in the
propagation of action potentials along nerve
axons.
Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA 23 A

carboxylase. Lipid synthesis & growth Tetronic and Tetramic Spiromesifen, Spirodiclofen, Spirotetramat
16
regulation acid derivatives

Inhibit acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, part
of the first step in lipid biosynthesis, leading
to insect death.
Group 24: Mitochondrial complex IV 24A

electron transport inhibitors Phosphine Aluminium phosphide, Calcium Phosphide,
Energy metabolism Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
Inhibit electron transport complex IV, 24B
preventing the utilization of energy by cells. Cyanide Cyanide
Group 25: Mitochondrial complex II electron 25 A
transport inhibitors Beta-ketonitrile Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen
Energy metabolism derivatives
Inhibit electron transport complex IV,
preventing the utilization of energy by cells.
Active Ingredient
Group 28: Ryanodine receptor modulators 28 A

Nerve and muscle action Diamides Flubendiamide, Chlorantraniliprole,
Activate muscle ryanodine receptors, leading Cyantraniliprole
to contraction and paralysis. Ryanodine
receptors mediate calcium release into the
cytoplasm from intracellular stores
UN Compounds of unknown or uncertain Azadirachtin Azadirachtin
MoA2 Benzoximate Benzoximate
17
(Target protein responsible for biological Bifenazate Bifenazate
activity is unknown, or uncharacterized) Bromopropylate Bromopropylate
Chinomethionat Chinomethionat
Cryolite Cryolite
Cyflumetofen Cyflumetofen
Dicofol Dicofol
Pyridalyl Pyridalyl
(Source: Insecticides Resistance Action Committee, IRAC April 2012 Version 7.2)
(B) Classification of fungicides
(i) Based on chemistry
Chemical group Sub group FRAC Fungicides

Code
Aliphatic nitrogen Quinones M9 Cymoxanil

fungicides (anthraxquinones)
Amide Thiophene 38 Silthiofam, Carpropamid,
Fungicides carboxamides Fenoxanil,
Mandipropamid,
Metominostrobin,
Prochloraz
Acylamino acid 4 Benalaxyl, Metalaxyl,
Metalaxyl M, Valifenalate.
Anilide fungicides 4 Boscalid, Carboxin,
Fenhexamid, Fluxapyroxad
isotianil, Oxycarboxin,
Thifluzamide, Tiadinil
Benzanilide fungicides 7 Flutolanil
Furanilide fungicides 7 Furalaxyl, Furcarbanil
Sulfonanilide fungicides 36 Flusulfamide
Benzamide fungicides 43 Fluopicolide
Toluamides 22 Zoxamide
Valinamide fungicides 40 Benthiavalicarb, Iprovalicarb
Antibiotic Hexopyranosyl antibiotic 24 Kasugamycin
fungicides Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 25 Streptomycin
Glucopyranosyl antibiotic 26 Validamycin
Strobilurin Methoxyacrylate 11 Azoxystrobin
fungicides Methoxycarbanilate 11 Pyraclostrobin,
Pyrametostrobin
Methoxyiminoacetamide 11 Dimoxystrobin,
Fenaminstrobin,
Metominostrobin
Methoxyiminoacetate 11 Kresoxim-methyl,
Trifloxystrobin
Aromatic Chloronitriles M5 Chlorothalonil
fungicides (phthalonitriles)
Benzophenone U8 Metrafenone,
Benzimidazole Benzimidazoles 1 Benomyl, Carbendazim,
fungicides
Benzimidazole Thiophenates 1 Thiophanate-methyl
precursor
fungicides
18
Chemical group Sub group FRAC Fungicides

Code
Carbamate Vanilamides 40 Iprovalicarb

fungicides Carbamates 28 Propamocarb
Carbanilate fungicides 10 Diethofencarb
Conazole fungicides 3 Difenoconazole,
(triazoles) Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole,
Flusilazole, Hexaconazole,
Ipconazole, Myclobutanil,
Penconazole, Propiconazole,
Simeconazole, Tebuconazole,
Tetraconazole, Triadimefon.
Copper fungicides - Bordeaux mixture, Basic
copper hydroxide
Dicarboximide Phthalimide fungicidesx 11 Famoxadone
fungicides M4 Captan
Dinitrophenol Dinitrophenol 29 Dinocap
fungicides
Dithiocarbamate Dithiocarbamate M3 Thiram, ziram
fungicides Polymeric dithiocarbamate M3 Mancopper, Mancozeb,
fungicides Maneb, Metiram, Propineb,
Zineb
Dithiolane Dithiolanes 6 Isoprothiolane
fungicides Imidazolinones 11 Fenamidone
Dicarboximides 2 Iprodione
Conazole fungicides 3 Prochloraz, Triflumizole
(imidazole)
Mercury fungicides Inorganic mercury - Mercuric chloride
fungicides
Organomercury fungicides - 2-methoxyethylmercury
chloride
Morpholine - 5 Dimethomorph, Flumorph,
fungicides Tridemorph
Organophosphorus Phosphoro-thiolates 6 Edifenphos

fungicides
Oxathiin fungicides Oxathin-carboxamides 7 Carboxin, Oxycarboxin
Pyrimidine - 3 Fenarimol
fungicides
Triazolopyrimidine - 45 Ametoctradin
fungicides
Urea fungicides Phenylureas 20 Pencycuron, Quinazamid
Unclassified Benzo- thiadiazole P Acibenzolar-s-methyl
fungicides
(Source: Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) 2012)
19
(ii) Based on mode of action
MOA Target Site Group Name Chemical Group Common Name

And Code
A: Nucleic acid A1: RNA PA – fungicides Acylalanines Benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M

synthesis polymerase I (Phenyl Amides) (=kiralaxyl), Furalaxyl,
Inhibits RNA Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M
polymerase I and (=mefenoxam)
DNA topoisomerase
type II (gyrase) Oxazolidinones Oxadixyl
enzymes required
for the synthesis of Butyrolactones Ofurace
nucleic acids
20
A2: Adenosin Hydroxy-(2-amino-) Hydroxy-(2-amino- Bupirimate, Dimethirimol,

deaminase pyrimidines pyrimidines) Ethirimol
A3:DNA/RNA Hetero Isoxazoles Hymexazole
synthesis aromatics Isothiazolones Octhilinone
A4: DNA Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids Oxolinic acid
topoisomerase
type II (gyrase)
B: Mitosis and cell B1: ß-tubuline MBC-fungicides Benzimidazoles Benomyl,
division assembly in mitosis (Methyl Carbendazim,
Inhibits ß-tubulin Benzimidazole Fuberidazole
assembly in mitosis. Carbamates) Thiabendazole
and Code
Causes several target Thiophanates Thiophanate

site mutations, mostly Thiophanate-methyl
E198A E198/G/K, F200Y
in b-tubulin gene. B2:ß-tubulin N-phenyl N-phenyl Diethofencarb
Also causes assembly carbamates carbamates
delocalisation of in mitosis
spectrin-like proteins
B3:ß-tubulin Benzamides Toluamides Zoxamide
assembly
in mitosis
B4:Cell division Phenylureas Phenylureas Pencycuron
21
(proposed)
B5:Delocalisation of Benzamides Pyridinylmethyl- Fluopicolide
spectrin-like proteins benzamides
C. Respiratory enzyme C1:Complex I Pyrimidin amines Pyrimidinamines Diflumetorim
inhibitors NADH
Inhibits several Oxido-reductase
enzymes involved in
pathogen respiration C2:Complex II: SDHI Phenyl-benzamides Benodanil, Flutolanil,
e.g. I NADH Oxido- succinate- (Succinate Mepronil
reductase dehydrogenase dehydrogenase Pyridinyl-ethyl- Fluopyram
(pyrimidinamines); inhibitors) benzamides
succinate-dehydro- Furan-carboxamides Fenfuram
genase SDHI Oxathiin-carboxamides Carboxin Oxycarboxin
and Code
(Succinate Thiazole-carboxamides Thifluzamide

Dehydrogenas Pyrazole-carboxamides Benzovindiflupyr, Bixafen,
inhibitors)with target Fluxapyroxad, Furametpyr,
site mutations in sdh Isopyrazam, Penflufen,
gene, e.g. H/Y (or H/L) Penthiopyrad, Sedaxane
at 257, 267, 272 or Pyridine-carboxamides Boscalid
P225L, dependent on C3: Complex III: QoI-fungicides Methoxy-acrylates Azoxystrobin,
fungal species; cytochrome bc1 (Quinone outside Coumoxystrobin,
cytochrome bc1 (ubiquinol oxidase) Inhibitors) Enoxastrobin,
(ubiquinol oxidase) at at Q site (cyt bgene) Flufenoxystrobin,
Qo site (cyt b gene) Picoxystrobin,
22
with target site Pyraoxystrobin

mutations in cyt b gene Methoxy-carbamates Pyraclostrobin,
(G143A, F129L); Pyrametostrobin
cytochrome bc1 t Oximino acetates Kresoxim-methyl
Qi site. also inhibits Trifloxystrobin
oxidative phos- Oximino-acetamides Dimoxystrobin,
phorylation and ATP Fenaminostrobin
synthase Metominostrobin,
Orysastrobin
Oxazolidine-diones Famoxadone
Dihydro-dioxazines Fluoxastrobin
Imidazolinones Fenamidone
Benzyl-carbamates Pyribencarb
and Code
C4: Complex III: QiI - fungicides Cyano- imidazole Cyazofamid

cytochrome (Quinone inside Sulfamoyl-triazole Amisulbrom
bc1(ubiquinone Inhibitors)
reductase)
at Qi site
C5: Uncouplers of - Dinitrophenyl- Binapacryl, Meptyldinocap,
oxidative phos- crotonates Dinocap
phorylation
2,6-dinitro-anilines Fluazinam
23
Pyr-hydrazones Ferimzone
C6: Inhibitors of Organo tin Tri phenyl tin Fentin acetate,
oxidative phos- compounds compounds Fentin chloride,
phorylation, ATP Fentin hydroxide
synthase
C7:ATP production Thiophene- Thiophene- Silthiofam
(proposed) carboxamides carboxamides
C8:Complex III: QxI – fungicide Triazolo- Ametoctradin
cytochrome bc1 (Quinone x pyrimidylamine
(ubiquinone Inhibitor)
reductase) at
Q x (unknown)
site
and Code
D: Amino acid and D1: Methionine AP - fungicides Anilino-pyrimidines Cyprodinil

protein synthesis biosynthesis (Anilino-Pyrimidines) Mepanipyrim
Inhibits methionine (proposed) Pyrimethanil
biosynthesis (cgs gene) (cgs gene)
and protein synthesis
D2: Protein synthesis Enopyranuronic Enopyranuronic Blasticidin-S
acid antibiotic Acid antibiotic
D3: Protein synthesis Hexopyranosyl Hexopyranosyl Kasugamycin
antibiotic antibiotic
D4: Protein synthesis Glucopyranosyl Glucopyranosyl Streptomycin
24
D5: Protein synthesis Tetracycline Tetracycline Oxytetracycline

E: Signal transduction E1: Signal Aza-naphthalenes Aryloxyquinoline Quinoxyfen
Inhibits G-proteins in transduction Quinazolinone Proquinazid
early cell signalling. (mechanism
Histidine-Kinase in unknown)
osmotic signal E2:MAP/ Histidine- PP-fungicides Phenylpyrroles Fenpiclonil
transduction Kinase in osmotic (Phenyl Pyrroles) Fludioxonil
signal transduction
(os-2, HOG1)
E3: MAP/ Histidine- Dicarboximides Dicarboximides Chlozolinate
Kinase in osmotic Iprodione
signal transduction Procymidone
(os-1, Daf1) Vinclozolin
and Code
F: Lipid synthesis and F1: - Formerly

membrane integrity dicarboximides
Inhibits phospho F2: Phospholipid Phosphoro-thiolates Phosphoro-thiolates Edifenphos, Iprobenfos (IBP),
lipid biosynthesis, by biosynthesis, Pyrazophos
inactivating methyl methyltrans-ferase Dithiolanes Dithiolanes Isoprothiolane
transferase enzymes F3:Lipid peroxidation AH-fungicides Aromatic Biphenyl, Chloroneb,
or lipid peroxidation. (proposed) (Aromatic hydrocarbons Dicloran, Quintozene
Hampers the cell Hydrocarbons) (PCNB), Tecnazene
membrane (chlorophenyls (TCNB), Tolclofos-methyl
permeability and nitroanilines)
disrupts cell wall Heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles Htridiazole
25
deposition F4: Cell membrane Carbamates Carbamates Iodocarb
permeability, Propamocarb
fatty acids (proposed) Prothiocarb
F5: - Formerly CAA- - -
fungicides
F6: Microbial Microbial Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus subtilis
disrupters of (Bacillus sp.) the fungicidal strain QST 713
pathogen cell lipopeptides Bacillus subtilis
membranes produced strain FZB24
F7:Cell membrane Plant extract Terpene hydrocarbon Extract from
disruption (proposed) Sand terpene alcohols Melaleuca alternifolia
(tea tree)
and Code
G: Sterol biosynthesis G1: C14- demethylase DMI-fungicides Piperazines Triforine

in membranes in sterol biosynthesis (DeMethylation Pyridines Pyrifenox, Pyrisoxazole
Inhibits C14- (erg11/cyp51) Inhibitors) Pyrimidines Fenarimol, Nuarimol
demethylase in sterol (SBI: Class I) Imidazoles Imazalil, Oxpoconazole,
biosynthesis Pefurazoate, Prochloraz
(erg11/cyp51) Triazoles Azaconazole, Bitertanol,
(De Methylation Triazolinthiones Bromuconazole,
Inhibitors) or Cyproconazole,
∆14Reductase and Difenoconazole,
∆8→∆7 Isomerase in Diniconazole, Epoxiconazole,
sterol biosynthesis or Etaconazole, Fenbuconazole,
3-keto reduc-tase, or Fluquinconazole,
26
squalene-epoxidase Flusilazole, Flutriafol,

Hexaconazole,
Imibenconazole, Ipconazole,
Metconazole, Myclobutanil,
Penconazole, Propiconazole,
Simeconazole, Tebuconazole,
Tetraconazole, Triadimefon,
Triadimenol, Triticonazole,
Prothioconazole
G2: ∆14Reductase Amines Morpholines Aldimorph, Dodemorph,
and ∆8→∆7 (Morpholines) Fenpropimorph,
Isomerase in (SBI: Class II) Tridemorph
sterol biosynthesis Piperidines Fenpropidin, Piperalin
(erg24, erg2) Spiroketal-Amines Spiroxamine
and Code
G3:3-keto reduc-tase, Hydroxy anilides Hydroxyanilides Fenhexamid

C4- de-methylation (SBI: Class III)
(erg27)
G4:squalene- (SBI class IV) Thiocarbamates Pyributicarb
epoxidase in sterol Allylamines Naftifine, Terbinafine
biosynthesis (erg1)
H: Cell wall H3: trehalase and Glucopyranosyl Glucopyranosyl Validamycin
biosynthesis inositol-biosynthesis antibiotic antibiotic
Inhibits trehalase and H4: Chitin Synthase Polyoxins Peptidyl Polyoxin
inositol-biosynthesis Pyrimidine
Nucleoside
27
H5: Cellulose synthase CAA-fungicides Cinnamic Acid Dimethomorph, Flumorph
(Carboxylic Amides
Acid Amides) Valinamide Benthiavalicarb, Iprovalicarb,
Carbamates Valifenalate
Mandelic acid amides Mandipropamid
I: Melanin synthesis I1: Reductase in MBI-R Isobenzo-Furanone Fthalide
in cell wall melanin biosynthesis (Melanin Pyrrolo-Quinolinone Pyroquilon
Inhibits reductase in Biosynthesis Triazolobenzo-Thiazole Tricyclazole
melanin biosynthesis or Inhibitors –
dehydratase Reductase)
I2: Dehydratase in MBI-D Cyclopropane- Carpropamid
melanin biosynthesis (Melanin Carboxamide
Biosynthesis Carboxamide Diclocymet
Inhibitors – Propionamide Fenoxanil
Dehydratase)
and Code
P: Host plant defence P1:Salicylic Acid Benzo-Thiadiazole Benzo-Thiadiazole Acibenzolar-S-Methyl

induction Pathway BTH BTH
Plays a role in initiating P2 Benz-isothiazole Benzisothiazole Probenazole
salicylic acid pathway (also antibacterial and
which induces antifungal activity)
resistance and also P3 Thiadiazole- Thiadiazole- Tiadinil
antibacterial and Carboxamide Carboxamide Isotianil
antifungal activity P4 Natural Compound Polysaccharides Laminarin
P5 Plant extract Complex mixture, Extract from Reynoutria
ethanol extract sachalinensis
(giant knotweed)
28
Unknown mode of Unknown Cyano acetamide- Cyano-acetamide- Cymoxanil
action oxime oxime

(The mode of action is Unknown Phosphonates Ethyl -phosphonates Fosetyl-Al
under study) Phophorous acid
and salts
Unknown Phthalamic Acids Phthalamic Acids Teclofthalam (Bactericide)
Unknown Benzotriazines Benzotriazines Triazoxide
Unknown Benzene- Benzene- Flusulfamide
Sulfonamides Sulphonamides
Unknown Pyridazinones Pyridazinones Diclomezine
Unknown Thiocarbamate Thiocarbamate Methasulfocarb
Microtubule Thiazole Ethylamino-Thiazole Ethaboxam
disruption Carboxamide Carboxamide
(proposed)
and Code
Unknown Phenyl-Acetamide Phenyl-Acetamide Cyflufenamid

Actin disruption Aryl-phenyl-ketone Benzophenone Metrafenone
(proposed) Benzoylpyridine Pyriofenone
Cell membrane Guanidines Guanidines Dodine
disruption (proposed)
Unknown Thiazolidine Cyano-methylene- Flutianil
thiazolidine
Unknown Pyrimidinone- Pyrimidinone- Ferimzone
hydrazones hydrazones
Not Classified Unknown Diverse Diverse Mineral oils, Organic oils,
Potassium bicarbonate,
Material of biological origin
29
Multi-site contact Multi-site contact Inorganic Inorganic Copper (Different Salts)
activity activity Inorganic Inorganic Sulphur
Dithio-carbamates Dithio-carbamates Ferbam, Mancozeb, Maneb,
and relatives and relatives Metiram, Propineb, Thiram,
Zineb, Ziram
Phthalimides Phthalimides Captan, Captafol, Folpet
Chloronitriles Chloronitriles Chlorothalonil
(Phthalonitriles) (Phthalonitriles)
Sulfamides Sulfamides Dichlofluanid, Tolylfluanid
Guanidines Guanidines Guazatine, Iminoctadine
Triazines Triazines Anilazine
Quinones Quinones Dithianon
(Anthrax-Quinones) (Anthra-Quinones)
(Source: Fungicides Resistance Action Committee, FRAC 2012)

(iii) Classification of insecticides and fungicides based on

toxicity/hazard
(i) WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard
WHO Class LD50 for the rat Colour of Symbol in

(mg/kg body weight) toxicity toxicity
Oral Dermal triangle triangle
Ia Extremely hazardous <5 < 50 Red Skull+Poision

Ib Highly hazardous 5–50 50–200 Yellow Poison
II Moderately hazardous 50–2000 200–2000 Blue Danger
III Slightly hazardous Over 2000 Over 2000 Green Caution
U Unlikely to present 5000 or higher Green Caution
acute hazard
(Source: Anonymous, 2009)
(ii) Grouping of approved pesticides based on WHO

recommended classification by hazard for use in vegetables
Common name Insecticide/ Strength and Formulation

Fungicides
Ia = Extremely hazardous
1 Phorate Insecticide 10% G
2 Phosphamidon Insecticide 40% SL
Ib = Highly hazardous
3 Carbofuran Insecticide 3%G
4 Dichlorvos Insecticide 76% EC
5 Methomyl Insecticide 40 % SP
6 Oxydemeton methyl Insecticide 25% EC
7 Triazophos Insecticide 40% EC
II = Moderately hazardous
8 Carbaryl Insecticide 5% DP, 10 % DP
9 Carbosulfan Insecticide 25 % EC
10 Cartap Hydrochloride Insecticide 50 % SP, 4% G
11 Chlorfenpyre Insecticide 10 % SC
12 Chlorpyrifos Insecticide 20% EC
13 Cypermethrin Insecticide 0.25 % DP
14 Deltamethrin Insecticide 2.8 % EC
30

Fungicides
15 Dicofol Insecticide 18..5 % EC

16 Dimethoate Insecticide 30% EC
17 Endosulfan Insecticide 35 % EC
18 Ethion Insecticide 50 % EC
19 Fenazaquin Insecticide 10 % EC
20 Fenpropathrin Insecticide 30 % EC
21 Fenpyroximate Insecticide 5 % EC
22 Fenvalrate Insecticide 20 %EC
23 Fipronil Insecticide 5 % SC
24 Imidacloprid Insecticide 70 % WG, 48 % FS,
70 % WS, 17.8 % SL
25 Indoxacarb Insecticide 14.5% SC, 15.8 % SC
26 Lambda Cyhalothrin Insecticide 5 % EC
27 Permethrin Insecticide 25 %EC
28 Phosalone Insecticide 35 % EC
29 Quinalphos Insecticide 25% Gel
30 Thiacloprid Insecticide 21.7% SC
31 Thiodicarb Insecticide 75% WP
32 Trichloforon Insecticide 5% Gr, 5% Dust,50% EC
33 Copper Sulphate Fungicide 2.62% SC
34 Copper Hydroxide Fungicide 77% WP
35 Difenoconazole Fungicide 25% EC
36 Dinocap Fungicide 48% EC
37 Flusilazole Fungicide 40% EC
38 Myclobutanil Fungicide 10% WP
39 Triadimefon Fungicide 25% WP
40 Tebuconazole Fungicide 25.9% m/m EC
41 Ziram Fungicide 80% WP
III = Slightly hazardous
42 Buprofezin Insecticide 25 % SC
43 Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticide 5% WP
var. kurstaki
44 Difenthiuron Insecticide 50 % WP
45 Flufenoxuron Insecticide 10 % DC
46 Malathion Insecticide 50% EC
47 Propargite Insecticide 57%EC
31

Fungicides
48 Spinosad Insecticide 2.5% SC, 45% SC

49 Fenarimol Fungicide 12%EC
50 Hexaconazole Fungicide 2% SC
51 Sulphur Fungicide 80% WP, 80% WG,
40% WP, 52% SC, 85% DP
U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
52 Chlorantranilprole Insecticide 18.5% SC
53 Flubendamide Insecticide 39.5 % SC , 20 % WG
54 Hexythiazox Insecticide 5.45 % EC
55 Novaluron Insecticide 10% EC
56 Azoxystrobin Fungicide 23% SC
57 Benomyl Fungicide 50% WP
58 Carbendazim Fungicide 50% WP
59 Captan Fungicide 50% WG
60 Dimethomorph Fungicide 50% WP
61 Mancozeb Fungicide 75% WG, 35% SC,
75% WP
62 Mandipropamid Fungicide 23.4%SC
63 Metarim Fungicide 70% WG
64 Propineb Fungicide 70% WP
65 Thiophanate Methyl Fungicide 70% WP
66 Zineb Fungicide 75% WP
Unclassified group
1 Acetamiprid Insecticide 20% SC
2 Emamectin benzoate Insecticide 5 % SG
3 Flubendamide Insecticide 39.35 % SC
4 Flumite/ Flufenzine Insecticide 20 % SC
5 Lufenuron Insecticide 5.4% EC
6 Metaflumizone Insecticide 22 % Sc
7 Milbemectin Insecticide 1 % EC
8 Pyridalyl Insecticide 10%EC
9 Spiromesifen Insecticide 22.9% SC
10 Thiamethoxam Insecticide 25% WDG 70% WG
11 Thiameton Insecticide 25 % EC
(Source: Anonymous, 2009)
32
3. Pesticides Registered for Use in India
(A) List of pesticides registered under Section 9(3) of the

Insecticides Act, 1968 for use in India (As on 30.11.2012)
Insecticides
1. Acephate 31. Dimethoate

2. Acetamiprid 32. Dinotefuron
3. Allethrin 33. D-trans Allethrin
4. Alphacypermethrin 34. Emamectin Benzoate
5. Bendiocarb 35. Endosulfan*
6. Benfuracarb 36. Ethiprole
7. Beta Cyfluthrin 37. Ethion
8. Bifenazate 38. Ethofenprox (Etofenprox)
9. Bifenthrin 39. Fenazaquin
10. Buprofezin 40. Fenitrothion
11. Carbaryl 41. Fenobucarb
12. Carbofuran 42. Fenpropathrin
13. Carbosulfan 43. Fenpyroximate
14. Cartap Hydrochloride 44. Fenthion
15. Chlorantraniliprole 45. Fenvalerate
16. Chlorfenapyr 46. Fipronil
17. Chlorfluazuron 47 Flonicamid
18. Chlorpyriphos 48 Flubendiamide
19. Chlorpyriphos Methyl 49 Flufenoxuron
20. Chlothianidin 50 Flufenzine
21. Chromafenozide 51 Fluvalinate
22. Cyfluthrin 52 Hexythiazox
23. Cypermethrin 53 Imidacloprid
24. Cyphenothrin 54 Imiprothrin
25. Deltamethrin 55 Indoxacarb
26. Diafenthiuron 56 Lambdacyhalothrin
27. Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) 57 Lufenuron
28. Diclorvos (DDVP) 58 Malathion
29. Dicofol 59 Metaldehyde
30. Diflubenzuron 60 Methomyl
33
61 Methyl Parathion 77 Pyridalyl

62 Milbemectin 78 Pyriproxyfen
63 Monocrotophos 79 Quinalphos
64 Novaluron 80 S-bioallethrin
65 Oxydemeton-Methyl 81 Spinosad
66 Permethrin 82 Spiromesifen
67 Phenthoate 83 Temephos
68 Phorate 84 Thiacloprid
69 Phosalone 85 Thiodicarb
70 Phosphamidon 86 Thiomethoxain
71 Prallethrin 87 Thiometon
72 Primiphos-methyl 88 Transfluthrin
73 Profenophos 89 Triallate
74 Propergite 90 Triazophos
75 Propetamphos 91 Tricholorofon
76 Propoxur
Rodenticide (R) and Fumigant(F)

1 Aluminium Phosphide(F) 6 Ethylene Dichloride and
Carbon Tetrachloride mixture
(EDCT Mixture 3:1) (F)
2 Barium Carbonate (R) 7 Magnesium Phosphide Plates (F)
3 Bromadiolone (R) 8 Methyl Bromide (F)
4 Coumachlor (R) 9 Sodium Cyanide (F)
5 Coumatetralyl (R) 10 Zinc Phosphide (R)
Fungicides
1. Aureofungin 14. Cymoxanil
2. Azoxystrobin 15. Diazinon
3. Benomyl 16. Difenoconazole
4. Bitertanol 17. Dimethomorph
5. Captan 18. Dinocap
6. Carbendazim 19. Dithianon
7. Carboxin 20. Dodine
8. Carpropamid 21. Edifenphos
9. Chlorothalonil 22. Famoxadone
10. Copper Hydroxide 23. Fenamidone
11. Copper Oxychloride 24. Fenarimol
12. Copper Sulphate 25. Flusilazole
13. Cuprous Oxide 26. Fosetyl-Al
34
27. Hexaconazole 44 Pencycuron

28. Iprobenfos 45 Propiconazole
29. Iprodione 46 Propineb
30. Iprovalicarb 47 Pyrachlostrobin
31. Isoprothiolane 48 Streptomycin + Tetracycline
32 Kasugamycin 49 sulphur
33 Kresoxim Methyl 50 Tebuconazole
34 Lime Sulphur 51 Thifluzamide
35 Mancozeb 52 Thiobencarb (Benthiocarb)
36 Mandipropamid 53 Thiophanate-Methyl
37 Metalaxyl 54 Thiram
38 Metalaxyl-M 55 Triadimefon
39 Methoxy Ethyl Mercury 56 Tricyclazole
Chloride (MEMC) 57 Tridemorph
40 Metiram 58 Trifloxistrobin
41 Myclobutanil 59 Validamycin
42 Oxycarboxin 60 Zineb
43 Penconazole 61 Ziram
Herbicides
1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid 20 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl
2 Alachlor 21 Fluazifop-p-butyl
3 Anilophos 22 Fluchloralin
4 Atrazine 23 Flufenacet
5 Azimsulfuron 24 Glufosinate Ammonium
6 Bensulfuron Methyl 25 Glyphosate
7 Bispyribac Sodium 26 Hexazinone
8 Butachlor 27 Imazamox
9 Carfentazone Ethyl 28 Imazethapyr
10 Chlorimuron ethyl 29 Isoproturon
11 Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) 30 Linuron
12 Chlorpropham 31 Mepiquate Chloride
13 Clodinafop-propargyl 32 Mesosulfuron Methyl +
14 Clomazone Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium
15 Cyhalofop-butyl 33 Metaflumizone
16 Dazomet 34 Methabenzthiazuron
17 Diclofop-Methyl 35 Methyl Chlorophenoxy Acetic
18 Diuron Acid (MCPA)
19 Ethoxysulfuron 36 Metolachlor
35
37 Metribuzin 47 Propanil
38 Metsulfuron Methyl 48 Propaquizafop
39 Orthosulfamuron 49 Pyrazosulfuron ethyl
40 Oxadiargyl 50 Pyrithiobac sodium
41 Oxadiazon 51 Quizalofop ethyl
42 Oxyfluorfen 52 Quizalofop-P-tefuryl
43 Paraquat dichloride 53 Sirmate
44 Pendimethalin 54 sulfosulfuron
45 Pinoxaden 55 Trifluralin
46 Pretilachlor
Plant Growth Regulators
1 Alphanaphthyl Acetic Acid 5 Hydrogen Cyanamide
2 Ethephon 6 Paclobutrazol
3 Forchlorfenuron 7 Triacontanol
4 Gibberellic Acid
Biopesticides
1 Ampelomyces quisqualis 9 Nuclear polyhyderosis virus
of Helicoverpa armigera
2 Azadirachtin (Neem Products) 10 Nuclear polyhyderosis virus
of Spodoptera litura
3 Bacillus sphaericus 11 Pseudomonas fluorescens
4 Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis 12 Pyrethrins
5 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 13 Trichoderma harzianum
6 Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae 14 Trichoderma viride
7 Beauveria bassiana 15 Verticillium lecanii
8 Metarhizium anisopliae
*Endosulfan has been banned by the Supreme Court of India w.e.f. 13-05-2011 for
production, use & sale, all over India.
[Source: Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee (CIB & RC)]
(B) Combination products registered for agricultural use

Insecticide Combinations
1. Acephate 25% + Fenvalerate 3% EC
2. Acephate 5% + Imidacloprid 1.1%
3. Acephate 50% + Imidacloprid 1.8% SP
4 Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD
36
5 Cypermethrin 3% + Quinalphos 20% EC

6 Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
7 Chloropyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC
8 Deltamethrin 0.72% + Buprofezin 5.65% EC
9 Deltamethrin 0.75% + Endosulfan 29.75% EC
10 Ethion 40% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
11 Endosulfan 35% + Cypermethrin 5% EC
12 Indoxacarb 14.5% + Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC
13 Novaluron 5.25% + Indoxacarb 4.5% SC
14 Phosphamidon 40% + Imidacloprid 2% SP
15 Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC
16 Pyriproxyfen 5% EC + Fenpropathrin 15% EC
Fungicide Combinations
1 Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% WP
2 Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP
3 Carbendazim 25%+ Mancozeb 50% WS
4 Carbendazim 25 + Flusilazole 12.5% SE
5 Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% DS
6 Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP
7 Famoxadone 16.6% + Cymoxanil 22.1% SC
8 Fenamidone 4.44% + Fosetyl AI 66.7% WG
9 Fenamidone 10% + Mancozeb 50% WDG
10 Iprodione 25% + Carbendazim 25% WP
11 Metalaxyl M 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP
12 Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP
13 Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG
14 Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG
Herbicide combinations
1 Anilofos 24% +2,4-D ethyl Ester 32% EC
2 Bensulfuron methyl 0.6%+Pretilachlor 6% GR
3 Clodinafop Propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron Methyl 1% WP
37
4 Clomazone 20%+2,4-D EE 30% EC

5 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 7.77% w/w + Metribuzin 13.6% w/w EC
6 Hexazinone 13.2% + Diuron 46.8 % WP
7 Imazamox 35% + Imazethapyr 35% WG
8 Mesosulfuron Methyl 3% + Iodosulfuron Methyl Sodium 0.6% WG
9 Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Chlorimuron ethyl 10% WP
10 Pendimethalin 30%+ Imazethapyr 2% EC
11 Sulfosulfuran 75%+ Metsulfuron Methyl 5%WG
(Source: CIB & RC)
(C) Pesticides and formulations banned for use in India

(i) Pesticides banned for manufacture, import and use
S.No Name of the pesticide Type of pesticide
1. Aldrin Insecticide
2. Benzene Hexachloride Insecticide
3. Calcium Cyanide Insecticide and Rodenticide
4. Chlordane Insecticide
5. Copper Acetoarsenite Fungicide
6. Clbromochloropropane Insecticide
7. Endrin Insecticide
8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride Insecticide
9. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide
10. Heptachlor Insecticide
11. Menazone
12. Nitrofen Herbicide
13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate Herbicide
14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene Fungicide
15. Pentachlorophenol Herbicide
16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate Fungicide
17. Sodium Methane Arsonate Herbicide
18. Tetradifon Acaricide
19. Toxafen Insecticide
20. Aldicarb Insecticide
38
S.No Name of the pesticide Type of pesticide
21. Chlorobenzilate Insecticide

22. Dialdrine Insecticide
23. Maleic Hydrazide Herbicide
24. Ethylene Dibromide Fumigant/Insecticide
25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) Herbicide
26. Metoxuron Herbicide
27. Chlorofenvinphos Insecticide
28. Lindane* Insecticide
*Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-Banned for
Manufecture, Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March, 2011 and banned for use
w.e.f. 25th March, 2013.
(ii) Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture

and use
1 Carbofuron 50% SP Insecticide
2 Methomyl 12.5% L Insecticide
3 Methomyl 24% formulation Insecticide
4 Phosphamidon 85% SL Insecticide
(iii) Pesticide banned for use but continued to manufacture

for export
1 Captafol 80% Powder Fungicide
2 Nicotin Sulfate Insecticide
(iv) Pesticides withdrawn**

1 Dalapon Herbicide
2 Ferbam Fungicide
3 Formothion Insecticide
4 Nickel Chloride Fungicide
5 Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB) Insecticide
6 Simazine Herbicide
7 Warfarin Rodenticide
**Withdrawal may become in operative as soon as required complete data as per the
guidelines is generated and submitted by the Pesticides Industry to the Government and
accepted by the Registration Committee. (S.O 915(E) dated 15th June, 2006)
39
(v) List of pesticides refused registration

1. Calcium Arsonate Insecticide
2. EPM Not available
3. Azinphos Methyl Insecticide
4. Lead Arsonate Insecticide
5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) Insecticide
6. 2,4, 5-T Herbicide
7. Carbophenothion Insecticide
8. Vamidothion Insecticide
9. Mephosfolan Insecticide
10. Azinphos Ethyl Insecticide
11. Binapacryl Fungicide
12. Dicrotophos Insecticide
13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton Insecticide
14. Fentin Acetate Fungicide
15. Fentin Hydroxide Fungicide
16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) Fungicide
17. Ammonium Sulphamate Herbicide
18. Leptophos (Phosvel) Insecticide
(vi) Pesticides restricted for use in India
S.N Name of Pesticide Insecticide/ Types of Restriction imposed

Fungicide
1. Aluminium Insecticide The Pest Control Operations with

Phosphide (Fumigant) Aluminium Phosphide may be
undertaken only by Govt./Govt.
undertakings / Govt.
Organizations / Pest control
operators under the strict
supervision of Govt. Experts or
experts whose expertise is
approved by the Plant Protection
Advisor to Govt. of India.
[RC decision circular F No. 14-
11(2)-CIR-II (Vol. II) dated 21-09-
1984 and G.S.R. 371(E) dated
20th May 1999].
40

Fungicide
The production, marketing and

use of Aluminium Phosphide tube
packs with a capacity of 10 and 20
tablets of 3 g each of Aluminium
Phosphide are banned completely.
(S.O.677 (E) dated 17th July, 2001)
2. Captafol Fungicide The use of Captafol as foliar spray
is banned. Captafol shall be used
only as seed dresser.
The manufacture of Captafol 80 %
powder for dry seed treatment
(DS) is banned for use in the
country except manufacture for
export.
3. Cypermethrin Insecticide Cypermethrin 3 % Smoke
Generator is to be used only
through Pest Control Operators
and not allowed to be used by the
General Public. [Order of Hon,ble
High Court of Delhi in WP(C)
10052 of 2009 dated 14-07-2009
and LPA-429/2009 dated
08-09-2009]
4. Dazomet Herbicide The use of Dazomet is not
permitted on Tea
(S.O.3006 (E) dated 31st Dec., 2008)
5. Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon is banned for use in
agriculture except for household
use. (S.O.45 (E) dated 08th Jan.,
2008)
6. Dichloro Diphenyl Insecticide The use of DDT for the domestic
Trichloroethane Public Health Programme is
(DDT) restricted up to 10,000 Metric
Tonnes per annum, except in case
of any major outbreak of
epidemic. M/S Hindustan
Insecticides Ltd., the sole
manufacturer of DDT in the
country may manufacture DDT
for export to other countries for
41

Fungicide
use in vector control for public

health purpose. The export of
DDT to Parties and State non-
Parties shall be strictly in
accordance with the paragraph
2(b) article 3 of the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs).
(S.O.295 (E) dated 8th March, 2006)
Use of DDT in Agriculture is
withdrawn. In very special
circumstances warranting the use
of DDT for plant protection work,
the state or central Govt. may
purchase it directly from M/S
Hindustan Insecticides Ltd. to be
used under expert Governmental
supervision.
(S.O.378 (E) dated 26th May, 1989)
7. Fenitrothion Insecticide The use of Fenitrothion is banned
in Agriculture except for locust
control in scheduled desert area
and public health.
(S.O.706 (E) dated 03rd May, 2007)
8. Fenthion Insecticide The use of Fenthion is banned in
Agriculture except for locust
control, household and public
health.
(S.O.46 (E) dated 08th Jan., 2008)
9. Lindane Insecticide Lindane is banned for
(Gamma-HCH) manufacture, import or formulate.
However it is allowed for use up
to 24th March, 2013 for termite
control in building including
wood, and termite control in
Agriculture as per approved label
claims by the Registration
Committee and for exports.
[S.O.637 (E) dated 25th March, 2011
AND S.O.1472 (E) dated 29th Aug.,
2007]
42

Fungicide
10. Methoxy Ethyl Fungicide The use of MEMC is banned

Mercuric Chloride completely except for seed
(MEMC) treatment of potato and
sugarcane.
11. Methyl Bromide Insecticide Methyl Bromide may be used only
(Fumigant) by Govt./Govt. undertakings/Govt.
Organizations / Pest control
operators under the strict
supervision of Govt. Experts or
Experts whose expertise is
approved by the Plant Protection
Advisor to Govt. of India.
[G.S.R.371 (E) dated 20th May, 1999
and earlier RC decision]
12. Methyl Parathion Insecticide Methyl Parathion 50 % EC and 2%
DP formulations are banned for
use on fruits and vegetables.
The use of Methyl Parathion is
permitted only on those crops
approved by the Registration
Committee where honeybees are
not acting as pollinators. (S.O.658
(E) dated 04th Sep., 1992.)
13. Monocrotophos Insecticide Monocrotophos is banned for use
on vegetables.
(S.O.1482 (E) dated 10th Oct, 2005)
14. Sodium Cyanide Insecticide/ The use of Sodium Cyanide shall
Fumigant be restricted for Fumigation of
Cotton bales under expert
supervision approved by the Plant
Protection Advisor to Govt. of
India.
(S.O.569(E) dated 25th July, 1989)
(Source: CIB & RC)
43
(D) Formulations of pesticides registered for use in India
Name of the Type of Formulation* registered

Pesticides pesticides
1 2 ,4-Dichlorophenoxy Herbicide a) 2,4-D Sodium Salt used as Tech

Acetic Acid (2,4-D a.i. 80% w/w min.b)2,4-D Amine
Sodium Amine and Salt 58% SL 22.5% SLc)2,4-D Ethyl
Ester Salt Ester 38% EC, 4.5% Gr., 20%WP,
2 Acetamiprid Insecticide 20 SP
3 Acephate Insecticide 75% SP
4 Alachlor Herbicide 50%EC, 10% GR
5 Allethrin Insecticide 0.5% Coil, 4% Mat, 0.5% Aer., 3.6%
L, 0.2% & 0.02% Coil
6. Alphacypermethrin Insecticide 10% EC, 5% WP, 0.5% Chalk, 10%
SC, 0.1%RTU
7. Alphanaphthyl Plant Growth 4.5% Sol.
Acetic Acid Regulator
8. Aluminium Insecticide 56% Tab’, 56% P,77.5% GR
phosphide **(R)
9. Anilofos Herbicide 30% EC, 18% EC
10. Atrazine Herbicide 50% WP
11. Aureofungin Fungicide 46.15% SP
12. Azadirachtin Insecticide 25%, 10%, 0.03% EC 0.1 EC, 0.15
(neem products) EC, 5 EC, 0.3% 15% extract
concentrate, 1% EC
13. Azoxystrobin Fungicide 23% SC(FI)
14. Bacillus thuringiensis Biopesticide Liquid & WP formulations, 5% AS
(B.t.)
15. Barium Carbonate Rodenticide 1% P
16. Betacyfluthrin Insecticide 2.45% SC
17. Beauveria bassiana Biopesticide 1.15% WP, 1.0% WP
18. Bendiocarb Insecticide 80% WP
19. Benfuracarb Insecticide 40%EC, 3.0% GR
20. Bensulfuron Methyl Herbicide 60% DF(FI)
21. Bispyribac sodium Herbicide 10% SC
22. Benomyl Fungicide 50% WP
23. Bitertanol Fungicide 25% WP
24. Bifenthrin Insecticide 10% EC,2.5%EC,23.4%, MUP(Imp),
8% SC(FI)
25. Bromadiolone Rodenticide 0.25% CB, 0.005% RB & 0.005% RB
cake
26. Buprofezin Insecticide 25% SC
44
Name of the Type of Formulation*registered

27. Butachlor Herbicide 50% EC, 5% Gr., 50% EW,

28. Captan Fungicide 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% WDG
29. Carbaryl Insecticide 5% DP, 10% DP, 50% WP, 85% WP,
4% Gr., 40% LV, 42% Flow
30. Carbendazim Fungicide 25% DS, 50% WP, 46.27% SC
31. Carbofuran Insecticide 3% CG, 50% SP for Govt use.
32. Carbosulfan Insecticide 25% DS, 25% EC, 6% Gr.
33. Carboxin Fungicide 75% WP
34. Carpropamid Fungicide 27.8% SC
35. Cartap Hydrochloride Insecticide 4% Gr., 50% SP
36. Chlorfenapyr Insecticide 10% SC (FI)
37. Chlorimuron ethyl Herbicide 25% WP,
38. Chlormequat Chloride Herbicide 50% Sol.
39. Chlorofenviphos Insecticide 10% Gr.
40. Chlorothalonil Fungicide 75% WP
41. Chlorpyriphos Insecticide 20% EC, 10% Gr, 1.5% DP, 50% EC,
2% RTU
42. Chlorpyriphos Methyl Insecticide 40% EC
43. Chlopropham Herbicide 50% HN
44. Cinmethylene Rodenticide 10% EC
45. Chlorantraniliprole Insecticide 18.5% SC, 0.4% Gr.
46. Clodinafop-propargyl Herbicide 15% WP
(Pyroxofop-propinyl)
47. Clomazone Herbicide 50% EC
48. Clothianidin Insecticide 50%WG(FI)
49. Copper Oxychloride Fungicide 50% WP, 40% Paste, 5% DP, 50 WG
50. Copper Hydroxide Fungicide 77% WP
51. Copper Sulphate Fungicide Used as Tech. 8%, 25% w/w min.,
2.62% SC
52. Coumachlor Rodenticide 0.5% CB, 0.025% RB
53. Coumatetralyl Rodenticide 0.75% TP, 0.037% Bait.
54. Cuprous Oxide Fungicide 4% DP
55. Cyfluthrin Insecticide 10% WP, 5% EW,Cyfluthrin +
Propoxur (0.5%) (0.015%)
56. Cyhalofop-butyl Herbicide 10% EC
57. Cymoxonil Fungicide 80% WP
58. Cypermethrin Insecticide 10% EC, 25% EC, 1% Chalk, 0.1%
Aquous (HH), 0.25 DP, 3% Smoke
Generator
59. Cyphenothrin Insecticide 5% EC, 0.15% in combination as
Aer.
60. Dazomet Herbicide Dazomet Technical GR
45

61. Deltamethrin Insecticide 2.5% Flow, 2.5% WP, 2.8% EC, 0.5%
Chalk, 1.25% ULV, 25% Tab., 11%
EC, 0.5% Tablet bait
62. Diafenthiuron Insecticide 50% WP
63. Diazinon Insecticide 20% EC, 10% GR, 2% DP, 40% WP,
5% GR, 25% Micro Encapsulation
64. Dichloro Diphenyl Insecticide 50% WP, 75% WP
Trichloroethane (DDT)
65. Dichloropropene and Insecticide 1:1
Dichloropropanes
mixture
(DD Mixture) **
66. Diclorvos (DDVP) Insecticide 76% EC
67. Diclofop-methyl Herbicide 28% EC
68. Dicofol Insecticide 18.5% EC
69. Difenoconazole Fungicide 25% WP
70. Diflubenzuron Insecticide 25% WP,2%Tab,2%GR.(FI)
71. Dimethoate Insecticide 30% EC
72. Dimethomorph Fungicide 50% WP
73. Dinocap Fungicide 48% EC
74. Dithianon Fungicide 75% WP
75. Diuron Herbicide 80% WP
76. Dodine Fungicide 65% WP, 50% flow
77. D-trans allethrin Insecticide 2% Mat, 0.1% coil, 0.1% coil (12 hr.)
78. Edifenphos Fungicide 50% EC
79. Emamectin Benzoate Insecticide 5% SG (FI) & (FIM)
80. Endosulfan Insecticide 2% DP, 4% DP, 35% EC, 4% GR
81. Ethephon Plant 39% SL, 10% Paste
Growth
Regulator
82. Ethion Insecticide 50% EC
83. Ethofenprox Insecticide 10% EC
(Etofenprox)
84. Ethoxysulfuron Herbicide 10% EC
85. Ethylene Dichloride Fumigant 3:1
and Carbon
Tetrachloride mixture
(EDCT mixture 3:1)
86. Fenarimol Fungicide 12% EC
87. Fenazaquin Insecticide 10% EC
46

88. Fenitrothion Insecticide 5% DP, 40% WP, 50% EC, 82.5%

EC, 2% Spray, 20% OL
89. Fenobucarb (BPMC) Insecticide 50% EC
90. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl Herbicide 10% EC, 9.3% EC one time
import, 6.7% EC
91. Fenpropathrin Insecticide 10% EC, 30% EC
92. Fenthion Insecticide 82.5% EC, 2% GR, 2% Spray
93. Fenvalerate Insecticide 0.4% DP, 20%EC
94. Fenpyroximate Insecticide 5% SC
95. Fipronil Insecticide 0.3% Gr., 5% SC, 0.05% Gel
(Import) & FIM, 80%WG
96. Flubendiamide Insecticide 39.35% SC, 20% WG
97. Fluchloralin Herbicide 45% EC
98. Flumite Insecticide 20% SC
99. Flusilazole Fungicide 40% EC
100. Flufenacet Herbicide 60% WP
101. Flufenoxuron Insecticide 10% DC
102. Fluvalinate Insecticide 25% EC
103. Forchlorfenuron Plant 0.1%, 0.12% EC (FI)
(CPPU) Growth
Regulator
104. Fosetyl-Al Fungicide 80% WP
105. Gibberellic Acid Plant Tech. P, 0.186% SP, 0.001% W/W
Growth
Regulator
106. Glufosinate Herbicide 13.5% SL
Ammonium
107. Glyphosate Herbicide 41% SL, 20.2% SL, 5% SL
108. Glyphosate Herbicide 71% SG
ammonium salt
109. Hexaconazole Fungicide 5% EC, 5% SC, 2% SC
110. Hexythiazox Insecticide 5.45% EC
111. Hydrogen cyanamid Fumigant 50% SC, 49%
112. Imazethapyr Herbicide 10% EC
113. Imidacloprid Insecticide 17.8% SL, 70% WS, 48% FS, 30.5%
SC, 2.5% Gel, 70%WG
114. Iprobenfos (Kitazin) Fungicide 48% EC, 17% GR
47

115. Imiprothrin Insecticide 50% MUP (Imiprothrin 0.1% +

Cyfenothrin 0.15%)
116. Indoxacarb Insecticide 14.5% SC,15.8%EC
117. Iprodione Fungicide 50% WP
118. Isoprothiolane Fungicide 40% EC
119. Isoproturon Herbicide 50% WP, 75% WP, 50% Flow
120. Kasugamycin Fungicide 3% SL
121. Kresoxim-methyl Fungicide 44.3%
122. Lambdacyhalothrin Insecticide 5% EC, 10% WP, 2.5% EC, 0.5%
Chalk, 22.9%CS(FI), 4.9%
123. Lime Sulphur Fungicide 22% SC
124. Lindane ** Insecticide 0.65% DP, 1.3% DP, 6.5% WP, 20%
EC, 6% GR
125. Linuron Herbicide 50% WP
126. Lufenuron Insecticide 5.4% EC
127. Magnesium Fumigant 56%Min. Plates (FI)
phosphide Plates
128. Malathion Insecticide 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% EC, 0.25%
Spray and 96% ULV, 2% Spray, 5%
Spray
129. Mancozeb Fungicide 75% WP, 35% SC, 75%WG
130. Mepiquat Chloride Herbicide 5%AS, 50% TK
131. Milbemectin Insecticide 1% EC
132. Metaflumizone Herbicide 22% SC (FI)
133. Metalaxyl Fungicide 35% WS, 40% WS
134. Metalaxyl – M Fungicide 31.8% ES
135. Metaldehyde Molloscucide 2.5% DP
136. Metiram Fungicide 70% WG
137. Methomyl Insecticide 40% SP
138. Methabenzthiazuron Herbicide 70% WP
139. Methoxy ethyl Fungicide 3% FS, 6% FS
mercury chloride **
140. Methyl bromide ** Fungicide 99% L, 98% L
141. Methyl chlorophenoxy Herbicide 40% SL or 40% AS
acetic acid (MCPA)
142. Methyl Parathion ** Insecticide 2% DP, 50% EC
48

143. Metasulfuron -methyl Herbicide 20% WD, 20%WG(FI)

144. Metolachlor Herbicide 50% EC
145. Metoxuron Herbicide 80% WP
146. Metribuzin Herbicide 70% WP
147. Monocrotophos Insecticide 36% SL
148. Myclobutanil Fungicide 36% SL
149. Novaluron Insecticide 10% EC (FI)
150. NPV of Helicoverpa Biopesticide 0.43% AS, 2.0% AS
armigera
151. NPV of Spodoptera Biopesticide 0.5% AS
litura
152. Oxadiazon Herbicide 25% EC
153. Oxadiargyl Herbicide 80% WP, 6% EC
154. Oxycarboxin Fungicide 20% EC
155. Oxydemeton-methyl Insecticide 25% EC
156. Oxyfluorfen Herbicide 23.5% EC, 0.35% GR
157. Paclobutrazol Plant Growth 23% SC
Regulator
158. Paraquat dichloride Herbicide 24% SL
159. Penconazole Fungicide 10% EC
160. Pendimethalin Herbicide 30% EC, 5% GR,38.7% CS
161. Pencycuron Fungicide 22.9% SC
162. Permethrin Insecticide 25% EC, 5% SG
163. Phenthoate Insecticide 2% DP, 50% EC
164. Phorate Insecticide 10% CG
165. Phosalone Insecticide 4% DP, 35% EC
166. Phosphamidon Insecticide 40% SL,
167. Pinoxaden Herbicide 5.1% EC
168. Primiphos-methyl Insecticide 25% WP, 50% EC, 1% Spray
169. Prallethrin Insecticide 0.8% mat for 12 hours, 1% Mat,
0.8% L, 1.6% L, 0.5% mosquito coil,
0.04% Mosquito coil, 1.2% mat, 19%
w/w VP, 0.6% mat
170. Pretilachlor Herbicide 50% EC, 30.7% w/w EC, 37.0% EW
171. Profenophos Insecticide 50% EC
172. Propanil Herbicide 35% EC
173. Propergite Insecticide 57% EC
49

174. Propetamphos Insecticide 20% EC, 1% Spray

175. Propiconazole Fungicide 25% EC
176. Propineb Fungicide 70% WP
177. Propoxur Insecticide 20% EC, 1% Aer., 2% Aer. 1% HH
Spray, 2% Bait
178. Propaquizafop Herbicide 10% EC(FI)
179. Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum) Insecticide 0.2% DP, 2.5% EC, 0.05% Spray,
0.2% PH, 2.0% EC
180. Pyraclostrobin Fungicide 20% WG
181. Pyrazosulfuron -ethyl Herbicide 10% WP
182. Pyriproxifen Insecticide 0.5% GR
183. Quinalphos Insecticide 1.5% DP, 25% EC, 20% AF
184. Quizalofop ethyl Herbicide 5% EC (FI)
185. Quizalofop-p-tefuryl Herbicide 4% EC (FI)
186. S-Bioallethrin Insecticide 2.4% mat
187. Sirmate Herbicide 38 WP, 4 GR
188. Sodium Cyanide ** Rodenticide Used as Tech., 96% a.i. min
189. Spinosad Insecticide 45% SC, 2.5% SC
190. Spiromesifen Insecticide 22.9% SC
191. Streptomycin + Bactericide 90: 10 SP
Tetracycline
192. Sulfosulfuron Herbicide 75% WG
193. Sulphur Fungicide 85% DP, 80% WP, 40% SC, 80%
WG/WDG, 55.16 SC (800 gm / L)
194. Tebuconazole Fungicide 2.5% DS, 2% DS, 25.9% EW
195. Temephos Insecticide 50% EC, 1% Sand Granules
196. Tetraconazole Fungicide 3.8% EC (FI)
197. Thiobencarb Fungicide 50% EC, 10% GR
(Benthiocarb)
198. Thiodicarb Insecticide 75% WP
199. Thiamethoxam Insecticide 25% WG, 70% WS, 30% FS
200. Thiometon Insecticide 25% EC
201. Thiophanate-methyl Insecticide 70% WP
202. Thiacloprid Insecticide 21.7% SC
203. Thiram Fungicide 80% WP
204. Thifluzamide Fungicide 24% SC
50

205. Transfluthrin Insecticide 0.88% Liquid Vaporiser, 0.03% Mos.

Coil, 20% MV Gel(30 days mat
tray)
206. Triadimefon Fungicide 25% WP
207. Trichoderma viride Biopesticide 1% WP (CFU 2x106 gm/min), 0.5%
WP, 5% WP
208. Triallate Insecticide 50% EC
209. Triazophos Insecticide 40% EC, 20% EC
210. Trichlorfon Insecticide 5% DP, 50% EC, 5% GR
211. Tricontanol Plant 0.05% EC, 0.1% EW, 0.05% GR
Growth
Regulator
212. Tricoderma harzianum Biopesticide 0.5% WS
213. Tricyclazole Fungicide 75% WP
214. Tridemorph Fungicide 80% EC
215. Trifluralin Herbicide 48% EC
216. Validamycin Fungicide 3% L
217. Zinc Phosphide Fumigant 2% RB
218. Zineb Fungicide 80% WP, 27% Colloidal Suspension
219. Ziram Fungicide 80 WP, 27% CS
(Source: CIB & RC)
*Formulation
Solids Liquids Others
BB: Block Bait DC: Dispersible Concentrate AE: Aerosol
CB: Bait Concentrate EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate dispenser
CG: Encapsulated Granule ES: Emulsion for Seed Treatment
CS: Capsule Suspension EW: Emulsion, Oil in Water
DP: Dispersible Powder FS: Flowable Concentrate for Seed Treatment
DS: Powder of Dry Seed OD: Oil Dispersion
GB: Granular Bait SC: Suspension Concentrate
GR: Granule SE: Suspension Emulsion
RB: Bait (ready for use) SL: Soluble Concentrate
SG: Water Soluble Granule
WP: Wettable Powder
SP: Water Soluble Powder
WG:Water Dispersible Granules
WS: Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry Treatment
**R= Restricted
51
(E) Insecticides and combination products approved for

insect control in vegetable crops
Sl Common Strength and Target Pests Dosage /Ha

No name Formulation a.i Formu-
(g) lation
(g/ml)
Insecticides
1 Acetamiprid 20% SP Aphids 15 75
Thrips 10-20 50-100
2 Azadirachtin 1% Fruit Borer, FSB* - 1000-1500
(10000 ppm)
3 Azadirachtin 0.03 % Fruit Borers, - 2500-5000
(300 ppm) Whiteflies,
Leaf Hoppers,
Beetles, Aphids,
DBM**
4 Azadirachtin 5% Fruit Borers, - 200
Whiteflies,
Leaf Hoppers,
Aphids, DBM,
Spodoptera
5 Bacillus 5% WP DBM 25-50 500-1000
thuringiensis
var. krustaki
6 Buprofezin 25 % SC Yellow mite 75-150 300-600
7 Carbaryl 5% DP Jassid 1000 20000
Borers 600 12000
10 % DP Fruit borer, 2500 25000
jassids, DBM,
Armyworm
8 Carbofuran 3%G Aphids 1000 33300
Nematodes 1000 50000
Shoot fly 1000 33.10/plant
Thrips 500 16600
Whitefly 1200 40000
Jassids 1000 33300
9 Carbosulfan 25 % EC Whitefly, 200-250 800-1000
Aphids
10 Chlorantranil- 18.5% SC DBM 10 50
prole Fruit borer 30 150
FSB 40 200
52

(g) lation
(g/ml)
11 Chlorfenpyre 10 % SC DBM 75-100 750-1000

Yellow mite 75-100 750-1000
12 Chlorpyrifos 20% EC FSB 200 1000
DBM 400 2000
Pod borer/ 600 3000
Pod bugs
Root grub 1000 5000
13 Cypermethrin 0.25 % DP FSB 50-60 20000-24000
10 % EC DBM 60-70 650-760
Fruit borer, FSB 50-70 550-760
25 % EC FSB, Jassids 37-50 150-200
Epilachna beetle 37-50 150-200
14 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC FSB, Jassids 10-15 400-600
Fruit borer 10-12.5 400-600
15 Dichlorvos 76% EC Red pumpkin 500 627
beetle
16 Dicofol 18..5 % EC Red spider mite 250-500 1350-2700
17 Difenthiuron 50 % WP DBM 300 600
Mites 300 600
Whitefly 300 600
18 Dimethoate 30% EC Aphid, 700 2310
Leafhopper 600 1980
Bugs 200 660
Mites 300 990
Thrips 200 660
Whitefly 300 990
19 Emamectin 5 % SG FSB 6.75-10 135-200
benzoate DBM 7.5-10.0 150-200
Fruit borer, 10 200
Thrips, Mite
20 Endosulfan 35 % EC Aphids 140 400
21 Ethion 50 % EC Mite, Thrips 750-1000 1500-2000
22 Fenazaquin 10 % EC Yellow mite 125 1250
53

(g) lation
(g/ml)
23 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC FSB, Thrips, 75-100 250-340

Whitefly, Mites
24 Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Yellow Mite 15-30 300-600
25 Fenvalerate 20 % EC DBM, Borers 60-75 300-375
FSB 75-100 375-500
26 Fipronil 5 % SC DBM 40-50 800-100
Fruitborer, 40-50 800-100
Thrips, Aphids
27 Flubendamide 39.35 % SC Fruit borer 48-60 100-125
28 Flufenoxuron 10 % DC DBM 40 400
29 Flumite/ 20 % SC Mites 80-100 400-500
Flufenzine
30 Hexythiazox 5.45 % EC Yellow mite 15-25 300-500
31 Imidacloprid 70 % WG Jassids, 21-24.5 30-35
Aphids, Thrips
48 % FS Jassids, 300-540 500-900
Aphids (per 100
kg seed)
70 % WS Jassids, 350-700 500-1000
Aphids (per 100
kg seed)
Jassids, 700-1050 500-1000
Aphids, Thrips (per 100
kg seed)
17.8 % SL Jassid, Aphid, 25-20 125-250
Thrips
Whitefly 30-35 150-175
32 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC DBM 30-40 200-266
Fruit borer 50-75 333-500
15.8 % SC DBM 40 266
33 Lambda- 5 % EC FSB,Fruit borer 15 300
cyhalothrin Thrips, Mite, 15 300
Jassids
34 Lufenuron 5.4% EC DBM, Fruit borer 30 600
35 Malathion 50% EC Fruit borer 750 1500
Jassids 625 1250
54

(g) lation
(g/ml)
Mites, Aphids, 750 1500

Head borer
Whitefly,
Stem Borer,
Pod borer
36 Metaflumizone 22 % SC DBM 165-220 150-1000
37 Methomyl 40 % SP Pod borer, 300-450 750-1125
Thrips
38 Milbemectin 1 % EC Mites 3.25 325
39 Novaluron 10% EC DBM 75 750
Fruit borer 75 750
Tobacco caterpillar 33.5 375
40 NPV of 0.43 % AS Helicoverpa armigera - 1500
H armigera 2.0 % AS Helicoverpa armigera - 250-500
41 Oxydemeton 25% EC Whitefly, 250 1000
methyl Aphids, Jassid 400 1600
Leaf beetles
Mites 500 2000
Thrips 250 1000
42 Permethrin 25 % EC Fruit borer, 100-125 400-500
Aphids, Jassids
DBM 50-125 200-500
43 Phorate 10% G Aphids, Jassids 1000-1500 15000-20000
Mites, Thrips
Whitefly 1500 15000
44 Phosalone 35 % EC Fruit borer 450-525 1500
FSB 500 1285-1428
Aphids 500 1428
Aphid 700 2000
Mite 450 1285
Thrips 700 2000
45 Phosphomidon 40% SL Jassids, Aphid 250-300 625-750
Whitefly
46 Propargite 57% EC Mite 850 1500
47 Pyridalyl 10% EC Fruit borers, 50-75 500-750
DBM
55

(g) lation
(g/ml)
48 Quinalphos 25% Gel Aphids 250 100

20% AF Fruit borer 250-300 1250-1500
FSB, Jassids, 300-350 1500-1750
Epilachana
beetle
25% EC Fruit borer, 250 1000
Leaf hopper, Mite
FSB 375 1500
Leaf hopper 250 1000
Aphid 250 1000
Head borer 500 2000
Mite 375 1500
Fruit borer 250 1000
Stemfly 250 1000
Thrips 3000 1200
49 Spinosad 2.5% SC DBM 15.0-17.5 600-700
45% SC Fruit borer 73 160
50 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC Red spider mite 96 400
Yellow mite 96-120 400-500
51 Thiacloprid 21.7% SC Thrips 54-72 225-300
51 Thiodicarb 75% WP FSB, Fruitborer 470-750 625-500
53 Thiamethoxam 25% WG Jassid, aphid, 25 100
Whitefly 50 200
70% WDG Aphids 200 286
54 Thiameton 25% EC Aphids, 250 100
Jassids FSB
55 Trichloforon 5% GR FSB, DBM 500-750
Red pumpkin
beetle
5% D FSB, DBM 500-750
Red pumpkin
beetle
50% EC FSB, DBM 500-750
Red pumpkin
beetle
56 Triazophos 40% EC FSB 500 1250
Epilachana bettle
56

(g) lation
(g/ml)
Combination Insecticides
1 Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Aphids, Jassids, 15.75+36.75 175-200
+ Imidacloprid 19.81% OD FSB to 18 + 42
2 Cypermethrin 3% + 20% EC FSB 350-400 500-600
+ Quinalphos
3 Deltamethrin 1% + 35% EC FSB, Jassids 10+350- 1000-1250
+ Triazophos Aphid, Epilachna 12.5+
beetle 450
4 Indoxacarb + 14.5 %+ Thrips 88.8-111 400-500
Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC Fruit borer
5 Novaluron + 5.25% + Fruit borer & 43.31+ 825-875
Indoxacarb 4.5% SC Leaf eating 37.13 to
caterpillar 45.94 +
39.38
6 Pyriproxyfen 5% +15% EC Whitefly, FSB 25+75 – 500-750
+ Fenpropathrin 37.5 +112.5
(Source: CIB & RC)
FSB: Fruit & Shoot borer; DBM: Diamond Back Moth
(F) Fungicides and combination products approved for

disease control in vegetable crops
Sl Common Strength and Target Disease Dosage /Ha

(g) lation
(g/ml)
Fungicides
1 Azoxystrobin 23% SC Fruit rot, Powdery 125 500
mildew
Early & Late 125 500
blight Powdery
mildew
2 Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew, 100 200
Anthracnose,
Fruit rot, Leaf spot
3 Carbendazim 50% WP Powdery mildew 125-175 250-350
Leaf spot, Fruit 150 300
rot
57

(g) lation
(g/ml)
4 Copper 2.62% SC Early & Late - 1.0 l

Sulphate blight, Fruit rot,
anthracnose
5 Captan 50% WG Fruit rot & 750 1500
Anthracnose,
Early & Late blight
75% WP Damping off 0.25% 2500
(Nursery)
Early & Late blight 1250 1667
Fruit rot 1500 2000
75% WS Damping off 15-25 per 20-30 per
(soil drench) kg seed kg seed
50% WP Early & Late 1250 2.5 kg
blight
6 Copper 77% WP Anthracnose, 625 1250
Hydroxide leaf spot
Cercospora
7 Chlorothalonil 75% WP Early & Late 0.66-0.937 0.875-1.250
blight
Fruit rot 600 800
8 Difenoconazole 25% EC Die-back 0.0125% 0.05% or
Fruit rot or 12.5g/100 50 ml/ 100
l. water l. water
9 Dinocap 48% EC Powdery mildew 108 225
10 Dimethomorph 50% WP Late blight 500 1000
11 Fenarimol 12% EC Powdery mildew 0.005% 0.04 ml%
(5g/100 l (40 ml/100
of water) l of water)
12 Flusilazole 40% EC Powdery Mildew 40-60 100-150
13 Hexaconazole 2% SC Powdery mildew 60 3.0 l
& Fruit rot
Early & Late blight 60 3.0 l
14 Iprodione 50% WP Early blight 0.75 kg 1.5 kg
15 Kresoxim- 44.3% SC Early blight 30-37.5 ml 1000-1250
methyl 0.03- 0.037%
16 Kitazin 48% EC Fruit rot 0.10% or 0.20% or
dieback 100 in 100 200 ml in
l. of water 200 l. of
water
58

(g) lation
(g/ml)
Early blight 0.10% or 0.20% or

100 gram in 200 ml in
100 l. of 200 l. of
water water
17 Lime Sulphur 22% SC Rust The liquid is used at one
per cent in conventional
sprayers (Doses 2-5 l/ha)
18 Mancozeb 75% WG Early Blight 750 1000
Late Blight 750 1000
35% SC Early & Late 0.175% or 0.5% or 500
blight 175 gm/100 gm/100 l
l. water water
75% WP Early & Late 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
blight, Buck
eye Rot, Leaf
spot
Damping off 2.25 3 g (soil
drench)
Fruit rot, 1.125 kg 1.5-2 kg
Leaf spot
Collar rot 2.25 3
19 Mandi- 23.4% SC Late blight 0.02% 0.08%
propamid
20 Metriam 70% WG Alternaria blight 1750 2500
21 M.E.M.C. 6% FS Tuber 0.025 /kg 0.415 /kg
seed seed
22 Myclobutanil 10% WP Leaf spot & 0.004% 0.04%
Die back
23 Propineb 70% WP Early & Late 0.21% or 0.30% or
blight 210g/100 l. 300/ 100
water l. water
Dieback 0.35% or 0.5% or
350 g/100 500 gram/
l. water 100 lwater
Buck eye rot 0.21% or 0.30% or
210 /100 300/ 100
l.water l.water
24 Pyraclostrobin 20% WG Early blight 75-100 375-500
59

(g) lation
(g/ml)
25 Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew, 2.5 kg 3.13 kg

Rust 2.5 kg 3.13 kg
80% WG Powdery mildew 1.50- 1.875-
2.00 kg 250 kg
40% WP Powdery mildew 2.25- 5.65 kg
3.00 kg
52% SC Powdery mildew 1.04 kg 2.00 l.
85% DP Powdery mildew 12.75- 15-20 kg
17 kg
Rust, Powdery 12.75-17 15-20 kg
mildew kg
26 Streptomycin 9%+1% SP Halo blight Spray Streptocycline

Sulphate + @ 100 to 150 ppm
Tetracylin solution thrice at
Hydrocloride interval of 7 days.
For prevention apply
first spray 10 days
after emergence of
leaf.
Bacterial leaf spot Spray seedlings with
streptocycline 40 to
100 ppm solution in
seed beds and fields
after the appearance
of first true leaves.
Two sprays of
streptocycline, one
before transplanting
and another after, are
effective for
controlling the
disease.
27 Triadimefon 25% WP Rust 0.025% 0.100%
Powdery mildew 38 0.150 kg
28 Thiophanate 70% WP Ring rot 500 715
Methyl Anthracnose 1000 1430
Powdery mildew 1000 1430
60

(g) lation
(g/ml)
29 Tebuconazole 25.9% m/m Fruit rot 0.125- 0.50-0.75

EC Powdery mildew 0.1875 kg kg
30 Ziram 80% WP Early blight 1.2-1.6 kg 1.5-2.0 kg
31 Zineb 75% WP Early & Late 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
blight, Grey
leaf mould
Fruit rot & 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
Leaf spot
Blight 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
Downy mildew
Anthracnose 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
Leaf spot 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg
Combination Fungicides
32 Carboxin DS Black scurf 1.87 gm/ 2.5 gm/kg
37.5% + kg seed seed
Thiram 37.5%
33 Metalaxy WP Late blight 1800 or 2500 or
l 8% + 0.18% 0.25%
Mancozeb
64%
34 Captan 70% WP Fruit rot, 375-750 500-1000
+ Anthracnose
Hexaconazole Early & Late
5% blight
35 Cymoxanil WP Late blight 1080 1500
8% + Downy mildew
Mancozeb 64%
36 Metalaxyl WP Late blight 0.17 % 0.25%
M 4% + or1700 or 2500
Mancozeb 64%
37 Famoxadone SC Early and 210 500
16.6% + Late Blight
Cymoxanil
2.1%
38 Fenamidone WDG Late blight 125 + 625- 1250-1500
10% + 150 + 750
Mancozeb 50%
61

(g) lation
(g/ml)
39 Carbendazim WS Late blight (1.5 + 3.0) to 6-7

25% + Black scurf (1.75 + 3.5)
Mancozeb 50% For 10 kg
of seed
40 Metiram 55% + WG Late blight 900-1050 1500 - 1750
Pyraclostrobin
5%
(Source: CIB & RC)
62
(G) Herbicides approved for use in agriculture
Name of Strength and Approved Dosage /ha Waiting

Herbicide Formulation crop a.i Formulation Dilution in Period
water (Litre) (days)
1 Alachlor 50% EC Cotton 2-2.5 kg 4-5 l 250-500 210-240

Maize 2.5 kg 5l 250-500 90
Groundnut 2.5 kg 5l 250-500 120-150
Soybean 2.5 kg 5l 250-500 90
10% GR Cotton 2.0-2.5 kg 20-25 kg - -
Maize / Groundnut 1.5-2.5 kg 15-25 kg - -
/ Soybean
2 Anilofos 30% EC Soybean 1.25-1.5 kg 4.20-5.0 l 500 100-120
63
18% EC - 0.30-0.45 kg 1.66-2.5 kg 500-600 -
2%G - 0.4-0.5 kg 20-25 kg - 30
24%+ 2,4-D - (0.24+ 0.32) 1-1.5 l 300 90
ethyl Ester
32% EC
3 Atrazine 50% WP Maize 0.5-1.0 kg 1-2 kg 500-700 -
Sugarcane 0.5-2.0kg 1-4 kg 500-700 -
4 Carfentrazone- ethyl 40% DF Wheat 20 g 50 g 400 80
5 Chlorimuron- ethyl 25% WP Soybean 9g 36 g 300 l. + 45
Surfactant
0.2 % (Iso-
octylhenoxyl-
poloxethanol
12.5 %)
6 Clodinafop-propargyl 15% WP Wheat 60g 400 g 375-400 110

7 Clomazone 50%EC Soybean 0.75-1.00 kg 1.5-2.0 l 500-600 90
8 2,4-D Dimethyl- 58% WSC Maize 0.5 kg 2.6 l 400-500 50-60
amine salt Wheat 0.5-0.75 kg 1.25-1.87 l 500-600 -
Sorghum 1.8 kg 2.5 l 500-600 -
Potato 2.0 kg 4.0 l 400 -
Sugarcane 3.5 5.0 l 500 -
Non crop area 2.65 kg 6.0 l 300-400 15-20
64
9 2,4-D Sodium salt (80% minimum) Citrus 1.00-2.5 kg 1.25-2.05 kg 600 > 6 months
Technical (Earlier Grapes 2.0 2.5 kg 500 > 90 days
Registered as Maize 1.00 kg. 1.25 kg 500 120(Pre-em)
80% WP) 90(post-em)
Sugarcane 2.0-2.6 2.5-3.25 ks 600-900 300
Wheat 0.5-0.84 kg. 0.625-1.0 kg 500 90
Non crop land 2.5-6.0 kg. 3.2-7.5 kg 600-1000 -
10 2,4-D EthylEster 38 % (having 2,4-D Maize 0.9 kg 2.65 l 400-450 50-60
acid 34 % Sorghum 1.0 kg 2.94 l 425 -
w/w) EC Wheat 0.45-0.75 kg 1.32-2.2 l 450-500 -
Sugarcane 1.2 to 1.8 3.53- 5.29 l 500 300-330
11 Diclofop methyl 28% EC Wheat 0.7-1.0 kg 2.5-3.5 l 500 90
12 Diuron 80% WP Cotton 0.75-1.5 kg 1-2.2 kg. 625 -

Banana 1.60 kg 2 kg. 625 -
Rubber 1.6-3.2 kg 2-4 kg. 625 -
Maize 0.8 kg 1.0 kg. 600 -
Citrus 2-4.0 kg 2.5-5.0 kg 600 -
Sugarcane 1.6-3.2kg 2.0-4.0 kg. 600 -
Grapes 1.6 kg 2.0 kg. 625 -
13 Fluchloralin 45% EC Cotton 0.9-1.2 kg 2.0-2.68 l 500-800 180
65
Soybean 1.0-1.5kg. 2.22-3.33 l 500-800 120-150
14 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% w/w EC Soybean 100 g 1.11 l 250-300 100
(9% w/v)
10% EC Wheat 100-120 g 1.0-1.20 kg 250-300 110
15 Glyphosate 20.2% Non Crop area 0.82-1.23 kg 4.1-6.15 l 400-500 N/A
SL IPA salt
41% SL IPASalt Tea 0.820-1.230 kg 2.0-3.0 l 450 21
54% SL (IPASalt) Non Crop Area 1.8 kg 3.33 l 400-500 -
16 Glyphosate 5% SL Tea 1.5 kg. 30 l 500 7 days
Ammonium Salt Non Crop area 2 kg. 40 l 500 -
71% SG Tea & Non Crop area 2.13 kg 3.0 kg. 500 7
17 Gulfosinate Ammonium 13.5% SL Tea 0.375-0.500 kg 2.5-3.3 l 375-500 15

(15% w/v)
18 Hexazinone 13.2% +Diuron Sugarcane 1200 g (264 + 936) 2 kg 500 282-306
46.8 % WP
19 Isoproturon 50% WP Wheat 1.0 kg 2.0 kg 750 -
75% WP Wheat 1.0 kg 1.33 kg. 750 60 days
20 Imazethapyr 10% SL Soybean 100 gm 1.0 l 500-600 75
Groundnut 100-150 gm 1.0-1.5 l 500-700 90
21 Linuron 50% WP Pea 0.625-1.0 kg 1.25-2.0 kg 500 80-90
66
22 MCPA, Amine salt 40% WSC Wheat 1.0 kg 2.5 kg 300-600 -

23 Metolachlor 50% EC Soybean 1.0 kg 2.0 l 600-750 -
24 Mesosulfuron Methyl 3% + Wheat (12+2.4 g) 400 ml. 400-500 + 96
Iodosulfuron Surfactant
Methyl (Genopol
Sodium 0.6% LRO fluid) @
WG 500 ml/ha
20% WP Wheat 4g 20 g 500-600 + 80
Surfactant
(Iso-Octyl
Phenoxyl-
Poloxethanol
12.5%)
@ 500 ml/ha
20% WG Wheat 4g 20 g 500-600+ 76

Surfactant
(Iso-Octyl
Phenoxyl-
Poloxethanol
12.5%) @ 0.2%
25 Methabenzthiazuron 70% WP Wheat 1.05-1.4 kg 1.5-2.0 kg. 700-1000 100
(PE – 2 DAS)
Wheat 1.05-1.75 kg 2.0-2.5 kg. 700-1000 100
(Post – EM 30 DAS)
67
Wheat (Early POE. 0.7-0.87 kg 1.0-1.25 kg 700-1000 100
16-18 DAS)
26 Metribuzin 70% WP Soybean 0.35-0.525 kg 0.5-0.75 kg. 750-1000 30
Wheat 0.175- 0.21 kg 0.25-0.30 kg 500-750 120
27 Oxyflorfen 23.5% EC Tea 150-250 g 650-1000g 500-750 15 days
Onion 100-200 g 425-850 g 500-750 -
Potato 100-200 g 425-850 g 500-750 -
Groundnut 100-200 g 425-850 g 500-750 -
28 Oxadiargyl 6 % EC Cumin 60-75g 1.0-1.25 l 500 87
29 Pendimethalin 30% EC Wheat Light soil-1.0 kg 3.3 l 500 -700 -
Cotton 0.75-1.25kg 2.5-4.165 l 500-700 150
Soybean 0.75-1.0 kg 2.5-3.3 l 500-700 100

Groundnut 0.75-1.5 kg 2.5-5.0 l 500-700 120
Chillies 1.0-1.25 kg 2.5-4.16 l 500-700 15
Onion 0.75-1.0 2.5-3.3 l 500-700 15
38.7% CS Soybean 580.5- 677.25 g 1500-1750 ml 500 40
30%+ Soybean (750+50) to 2.5-3.0 l 500-600 90
Imazethapyr (900+60) g
2% EC
68
30 Paraquatdichloride 24% SL Tea 0.2-1.0 kg 1.0-5.0 l 200-400 90-120

Potato 0.5 kg 2.5 l 500 40-60
Cotton 0.3-0.5 kg 1.5-2.5 l 500 150-180
Rubber 0.3-0.5 kg 1.5-2.5 l 670 40-60
Wheat 1.0 kg 5.0 l 500 120-150
Maize 0.2-0.5 kg 1.0-2.5 l 500 90-120
Grape 0.5 kg. 2.5 l 500 20-30
Apple 0.75 kg 3.75 l 700-1000 60-90
31 Pyrithiobac Sodium 10% EC Cotton 62.5-75 g 625-750 ml 500 160
32 Quizalofop ethyl 5% EC Soybean 37.5-50 g 0.75-1.0 l 500-600 95
4.41% EC Soybean 30-40 g 750-1000 ml 400 30
33 Sulfosulfuron 75% WG Wheat 25 g 33.3 kg 200-250 gm 110

+ cationic
surfactant
69
500 ml/ha
75%+ Wheat (30+2 g) 40 g 250-500 + 110
Metsulfuron surfactant
Methyl 5%WG 1250 ml/ha
34 Triallate 50% EC Wheat 1.25 kg 2.5 kg. 250-500 150
(Source: CIB &RC)
(H) Plant growth regulators (PGR) approved for use in vegetable crops
Name of PGR Approved Time of application Dose

crop a.i Formulation Dilution
(ppm/g) (g/ml) in water
(Litre)
1 Alpha Naphthyl Tomato At the time of flowering. Two spray. 45ppm - -

nd
Acetic Acid 4.5% SL Chillies Ist spray during flowering & 2 spray 10 ppm - -
20 -30 days later
2 Chlormequat Brinjal Before sowing, seed soaking for 24 hours. 50 ppm - -
Chloride 50% SL
3 Ethephon 39% SL Tomato For uniform ripening post harvest dip 2500 ppm - -
70
treatment on fruits
4 Gibberellic Brinjal a) seed treatment (dipping) 10 ppm
Acid (Technical) b) When 4 weeks old - weekly spray 50 ppm - -
5 Gibberellic Tomato / a) First spray 45 DAS 0.018g 180 ml. 450-500
Acid 0.001% L Cabbage/ b ) Second spray 65 DAS
Cauliflower
Brinjal, a)First spray 34 DAP 0.045 g 450 ml. 450-500
Bhindi b)Second spray 70 DAP
c)Third spary 105 DAP
6 Triacontano Chilli Three sprays at 25, 45 and 65 days 0.125 g 0.25 l 400-500
l0.05% EC after planting
Tomato Three sprays at 25, 45 and 65 days 0.125 g 0.25 l 400-500
after planting
Name of PGR Approved Time of application Dose
crop a.i Formulation Dilution
(ppm/g) (g/ml) in water
(Litre)
7 Triacontanol Chilli Broadcast & mix the desired quantity of 12.5 g 25 kg. -
0.05%w/w min. GR granules in soil 2-3 days before sowing.
71
Tomato Broadcast & mix the desired quantity of 12.5 g 25 kg. -
granules in soil 2-3 days before sowing.
8 Triacontanol Chilli Three sprays at 25, 45 and 65 days after 025 g 0.25 l 400-500
0.1% EW. planting
Tomato Three sprays at 25, 45 and 65 days 025 g 0.25 l 400-500
after planting
(Source: CIB & RC)
(I) Biopesticides for use in vegetable pest control
(i) Microbial biopesticides currently used in vegetable pest

management in India
Biopesticides Target Insects / Diseases Crops
Microbial Insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis Plutella xylostella Cruciferous crops
Helicoverpa armigera Tomato, Pulses
Leucinodes orbonalis Brinjal
Earias vitella Okra
Diaphania indica Gherkins
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus H. armigera Legumes, Tomato,

Cole crops, Okra
Spodoptera litura Tobacco, Cabbage,

Soybean, Tomato
Nomuraea rileyi Helicoverpa armigera Tomato, Cole crops
Spodoptera litura
Trichoplusia ni
Verticillium lecanii Whiteflies, Mealybugs Vegetables
Paecilomyces lilacinus Nematodes Vegetables
Metarhizium anisopliae Root Grubs Vegetables
Beauveria bassiana White grubs, P. xylostella Cole crops
Antagonist
T. viride Root rots Cowpea, Black

gram, Green gram
T. viride Damping off, Wilts, Tomato, Brinjal,

T. harzianum Root rots Beans, Chillies,
P. fluorescens Cabbage, Carrot
T. harzianum, T. viride Root rot Soybean

(Source: Rabindra, R.J., 2005)
72
(ii) Biopesticides and their formulations registered for use

in India
Common name Formulations
Microbial Pesticides
1. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 2% WP, 2.5% AS
a) Serotype H-3a, strain A-97 35 WP
b) Serotype (3a,3b,3c) Strain DOR Bt-1, 0.5% WP
c) Serotype (3a,3b) Strain HD-1, 3.5% ES
d) Serotype (3a,3b) Strain Z-52
2. Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae, 1.3% FC
Serotype 3a,3b, strain R1539m
3. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
a) Serotype H-14, strain 164
b) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 Slow release granules
c) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 WP
d) Serotype H-14, 12 AS
e) Serotype H-14, strain VCRC B-17 5 AS
4. Bacillus sphaericus Serotype 5a, 5b, 1.3% FC
Strain 1593 m
5. Beauveria bassiana 1% WP, 1.15% WP, 2.15% WP, 10%
SC, 1.5% WP, 5% WP
6. Trichoderma viride 1% WP, 0.5% WS, 1.5% WP, 0.5%
WP
7. Trichoderma harzianum 1% WP, 2% WP, 0.5% WS
8. Pseudomonas fluoresens 0.5% WP, 1.0% WP, 1.25% WP, 1.5%
WP, 1.25% WP
9. Verticillum lecanii 1.15% WP
10. NPV of Helicoverpa armigera 0.43% AS, 0.5% AS, 0.64% AS, 1.0%
AS, 2% AS
11. NPV of Spodoptera litura 0.5% AS
12. Metarrhizium anisopliae 1.0% WP, 1.15% WP
13. Verticillium chlamydosporium 1% WP
14. Paecilomyces lilacinus 0.5% WP, 1.15% WP, 1.0% WP
15 Ampelomyces quisqalis 2% WP
16. Bacillus subtilis 1.5% AS
73
Common name Formulations
Botanical Pesticides
17. Azadirachtin 0.03% EC, 0.3%, 0.1% EC, 0.15%
EC, 1% EC, 1%, 2.5%, 25%
18. Pyrethrum/Pyrethrin 0.2% Aerosol, 0.4% Mat, 0.3%
Agarbatti, 0.2% Coil, 0.05% Spray,
25% Extract, 0.2% DP, 0.2% PH, 2%
EC & 2.5% EC
(Source: CIB &RC)
(iii) List of biopesticides included in the schedule of the

Insecticide Act, 1968
Microbial Insecticides
1. Bacillus species
2. Bacillus subtilis
3. Gliocadium species
4. Pseudomonas species
5. Trichoderma species
6. Beauveria bassiana
7. Metarrhizium anisopliae
8. Nomuraea rileyi
9. Verticileum lecani
10. Granulosis viruses (GV)
11. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV)
12. Verticillium chlamydosporium
13. Streptomyces griseoviridis
14. Streptomyces lydicus
15. Ampelomyces quisqualis
16. Candida oleophila
74
17. Fusarium oxysporum (non pathogenic)

18. Burkholderia cepacia
19. Coniotyrium minitans
20. Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 84
21. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
22. Pythium oligandrum
23. Erwinia amylovora (hairpin protein)
24. Phlebia gigantean
25. Paecilomyces lilacinus
26. Penicillium islanidicum (for groundnut)
27. Alcaligenes sp.
28. Chaetomium globosum
29. Aspergillus niger – strain AN27
30. VAM – Vesicular arbuscular mycorrihiza
31. Myrothecium verrucaria
32. Photorhabdus luminescences akhurustii strain K-1
33. Serratia marcescens GPS 5 (Bacteria)
34. Hirsutella sp
Botanical Insecticides
35. Piriformospora indica
36. Pyrethrins (Pyrethrum)
37. Neem products
38. Karanjin
39. Extracts of Cymbopogan species
40. Oxymatrine
75
41. Reduced Azadirachtin (s)

42. Triptericium of wilfordii Hook GTW – Plant extract
43. Bitterbarkomycin
44. Squamocin
45. Eucalyptus leaf extract
(iv) Field recommendations of Neem based insecticides for

vegetable crops
Name Crop Target Pests Formulation

(Dose/ha.)
1. Azadirachtin Cow pea Pod Borer 1.6-2.0 l

0.03% (300 ppm) Okra Fruit & Shoot 1.25-4.5 l
Borer, Jassids,
Aphids, Leaf
Folder
Cauliflower Diamond back 1.25-2.0 l
moth (DBM)
Cabbage DBM, Aphids 0.80-2.5 l
Tomato Whitefly 2.5 l
Field bean Pod borer, Aphids 0.8-1.5 l
2. Azadirachtin Okra Aphids, Jassids 1-2 l
0.15% (1500 ppm) Cabbage Aphids, DBM 2-2.5 l
Tomato Fruit borer and 3.25 l
Whitefly
Field bean Pod borer 2l
3. Azadirachtin Cabbage DBM 1.67 – 3.34 l
0.3% (3000 ppm)
4. Azadirachtin 5% Cauliflower DBM, Aphids, 0.2 l
(50000 ppm) Spodoptera litura
Okra Whitefly, Jassids, 0.2 l
Aphids and Shoot
and Fruit borer
(Source: Pawar, 2001)
76
(v) Field recommendations of Bacillus based bio pesticides
Name Crop Target Pests Formulation

(Dose/ha.)
1. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage & Diamond back 0.5 kg/ha.

var. kurstaki, 3a, 3b, Cauliflower moth (DBM)
SA-II WG
2. Bacillus thuringiensis Brinjal Shoot and fruit 0.25-0.5 kg/ha
var. kurstaki, BMPn borer
123 (2x) WDG, 3a,
3b
3. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage, DBM 300-500 g/ha
var. kurstaki, HPWP Cauliflower
4. Bacillus thuringiensis Cabbage, DBM 0.60- 1.0 l/ha
var. galleriae Serotype, Cauliflower
3a, 3b,
Tomato Fruit borer 1 – 1.5 l/ha
Okra Fruit and 1 – 1.5 l/ha
shoot borer
5. Bacillus thuringiensis Okra Fruit and shoot 0.4-1.0 kg
var. kurstaki, strain borer
Z-523, serotype H3a,
3b
6. Bacillus thuringiensis Soybean Spodoptera litura, 0.75-1.0 kg/ha
var. kurstaki, WP Spilosoma,
Semilooper,
leaf miner
Legumes Pod borer 0.75-1.0 kg/ha
(Source: Pawar, 2001)
(J) Approved pesticides for controlling termites, storage

insect pests and rodents
(i) Insecticides for protecting buildings from termites
S.N Insecticides Dosage
1 Chlorpyriphos 50% EC 50 ml in 5 litre water

2 Ethion 50% EC 50 ml in 5 litre water
3 Imidacloprid 30.50% SC 10.5 ml in 5 litre water
4 Lindane 20% EC 250 ml in 5 litre water
77
(ii) Insecticides to control termites in agricultural crops
S.N. Insecticide Formulations
1. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
2. Endosulfan 35% EC, 4% DP
3. Imidacloprid 17.8% SL
(iii) Insecticides for the control of stored grain pests
S.N. Insecticides
1 Aluminium Phosphide 56% m/m*

2 Aluminium Phosphide 15% Tablet*
3 Deltamethrin 2.5% WP
4 Lindane 6.5% WP
5 Methyl Bromide Technical*
6 Methyl Bromide 98% + Chloropicrin 2% w/w Fumigant
*To be used by Govt. approved agencies under expert supervision only
(iv) Rodenticides for rodent control in field and house/

godown
S.N Rodenticides Formulations
1 Bromadiolone 0.005% RB
2 Bromadiolone 0.25% CB
3 Coumatetralyl 0.0375% Bait
4 Warfarin 0.5% (HH)
5 Warfarin 0.025% w/w
6 Zinc Phosphide Technical
7 Zinc Phosphide 2% RB
(Source: CIB & RC)
78
4. Label Claim of Pesticides in Different Vegetable Crops
Tomato
Common Name Strength Target Dose /Ha Waiting

and Pests a.i (g) Formulation Dilution Period /
formulation (g/ml) in water PHI* (days)
(Litre)
Insecticides
1 Azadirachtin 1% Fruit borer - 1000-1500 500 3
2 Azadirachtin 5% Aphids Whitefly - 200 400 5
79
Fruit borer
3 Carbofuran 3%G Whitefly 1200 40000 - -
4 Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC Fruit borer 30 150 500 3
5 Dimethoate 30% EC Whitefly 300 990 500-1000
6 Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL Whitefly 30-35 150-175 500 3
7 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Fruit borer 60-75 400-500 300-600 5
8 Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC Fruit borer 15 300 400-600 4
9 Malathion 50% EC Whitefly 750 1500 500-1000
10 Methomyl 40 % SP Pod borer 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 5-6
11 Novaluron 10% EC Fruit borer 75 750 500-100 1-3
12 NPV of H armigera 0.43 % AS Helicoverpa armigera 1500 400-600 -
2.0 % AS H.armigera 250-500 500 -
(Litre)
13 Oxydemeton methyl 25% EC Whitefly 250 1000 500-1000 -

14 Phorate 10% G Whitefly 1500 15000 - -
15 Phosalone 35 % EC Fruit borer 450 1285 500-1000 -
16 Quinalphos 20 % AF Fruit borer 300-350 1500-1750- 750-1000 7
25 % EC Fruit borer 250 1000 500-1000 -
17 Thiamethoxam 25% WG Whitefly 50 200 500 5
18 Trichloforon 5% GR Fruit borer 500-750 - - -
5% Dust Fruit borer 500-750 - - -
80
50% EC Fruit borer 500-750 - - -

Fungicides
19. Azoxystrobin 23% SC Early/ Late 125 g 500 g 500 3
Powdery mildew
20. Copper Sulphate 2.62% SC Early/Late blight 1.0 l 500 3 days
75% WP Damping off 0.25% 2500 g 1000 Soil NA
(Nursery) drenching
the nursery
Early & Late 1250 g 1667 g 1000 6
blight
75% WS Damping off 15-25 gm per 20-30 g per 1 -
(soil drench) kg seed kg seed
50% WP Early & Late blight 1250 g 2.5 kg 750-1000
(Litre)
21. Iprodione 50% WP Early blight 0.75 kg 1.5 kg 500 15

22. Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC Early blight 30- 37.5 ml 1000-1250 g 500-600 03
0.03- 0.037%
23. Kitazin 48% EC Early blight 0.10% or 100 0.20% or 200 As required 5
gram in 100 ml in 200 l. depending upon
l. of water of water crop stage and
plant protection
81
equipment used
24. Mancozeb 75% WG Early Blight 750 gm 1000 gm 500 l 5-6

35% SC Early & Late 0.175% or 0.5% or 500 500 l water or 10
blight 175gm/100 gm/100 lwater as required
l water depending upon
crop stage
75% WP Late blight, 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg 750 l -
Buck eye Rot,
Leaf spot
25. Metarim 70% WG Alternaria blight 1750 g 2500 g 500-750 l 6
(Litre)
26. Propineb 70% WP Buck eye rot 0.21% or 210 0.30% or 300 As required 10
g/100 l water g/100 l water depending
upon crop stage
and plant
protection
equipment used
27. Pyraclostrobin 20% WG Early blight 75-100 g 375-500 g 500 3
28. Streptomycin 9%+1% SP Bacterial leaf spot - Spray seedlings with streptocycline 40 to 100
Sulphate + ppm solution in seed beds and fields after
82
Tetracylin the appearance of first true leaves.

Hydrocloride Two sprays of streptocycline, one before
transplanting and another after, are effective
for controlling the disease.
29. Thiophenate Methyl 70% WP Ring rot 500 g 715 g 750-1000 7
30. Ziram 80% WP Early blight 1.2-1.6 kg 1.5-2.0 kg 750-1000 3
31. Zineb 75% WP Early & Late 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg 750-1000 l
blight Grey
leaf mould
32. Cymoxanil 8% + WP Late blight 1080 g 1500 g 500-750 l 10 days
Mancozeb 64%
33. Famoxadone 16.6% SC Early and 210 500 500 3
+ Cymoxanil 22.1% Late Blight
(Source: CIB& RC) * PHI: Pre-Harvest Interval
Brinjal

(Litre)
Insecticides
1 Azadirachtin 1% FSB** - 1000-1500 500 3
2 Azadirachtin 0.03% FSB, Beetles - 2500-5000 500 7
3 Carbofuran 3%G Nematodes 2000 66600 - -
4 Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC FSB 40 200 500-750 22
5 Chloropyrifos 20% EC FSB 200 1000 500-1000 -
83
6 Cypermethrin 0.25 % DP FSB 50-60 2000-2400 500-750 3
10 % EC FSB 50-70 550-760 150-400 3
25 % EC FSB, Epilachna 37-50 150-200 500 1
beetle
7 Dicofol 18..5 % EC Mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-1000 15-20
8 Difenthiuron 50 % WP Whitefly 300 600 500-750 3
9 Dimethoate 30% EC Jassids 600 1980
FSB 200 660 500-100 -
10 Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG FSB 10 200 500 3
11 Fenzaquin 10 % EC Mites 125 1250 500 7
12 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC Whitefly, FSB,Mites 75-100 250-340 750-1000 10
(Litre)
13 Fenvalerate 20 %EC FSB 75-100 375-500 500-750 5

14 Flumite/ Flufenzine 20 % SC Mites 80-100 400-500 500-1000 5
15 Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5 % EC FSB 15 300 500 4
4.9 % CS FSB 15 300 500 5
16 Malathion 50% EC Mites 750 1500 500-1000 -
17 Phorate 10% G Jassids 1500 15000 - -
Aphids
Mites
84
Thrips
18 Phosalone 35 % EC FSB 500 1428 500-1000 -
19 Phosphomidon 40% SL Jassids 250-30 625-750 500 10
Aphid
Whitefly
20 Quinalphos 20 % AF FSB, Jassids, 300-350 1500-1750 750-100 7
Epilachnna beetle
25 % EC FSB, 250 1500 500-1000 -
Leaf hopper 375 1000
21 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC Red spider mite 96 400 500 5
22 Thiodicarb 75% WP FSB 470-750 625-1000 500 6
23 Thiamethoxam 25% WG Whiteflies 50 200 500 3
(Litre)
24 Thiameton 25 % EC Aphids, Jassids, FSB 250 1000 750-1000 -

25 Trichloforon 5% G, FSB - 500-750 - -
5% Dust 500
50% EC 500
26 Triazophos 40% EC FSB, Epilachna 500 1250 500 5
beetle
27 Deltamethrin + 1 % + 35 % EC FSB, Epilachana - 1000-1250 - 21
Triazopphos beettle
85
Fungicides
29. Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew 100 g 200 g 600 -
30. Carbendazim 50% WP Leaf spot, Fruit rot 150 g 300 g 600 -
31. Captan 75% WP Damping off in 0.25% 2500 g 1000 Soil -
Nursery drench in the
nursery
32. Zineb 75% WP Blight 1.125- 1.5-2 kg 750-1000 -
1.5 kg
(Source: CIB& RC) * PHI: Pre Harvest Interval; **FSB-Fruit & shoot borer
Chilli

(Litre)
Insecticides
1 Acetamiprid 20% SC Thrips 10-20 50-100 500-600 3
2 Buprofezin 25 % SC Yellow mite 75-150 300-600 500-750 5
3 Carbofuran 3%G Thrips 1000 33300 - -
4 Carbosulfan 25 % EC Whitefly, Aphids 200-250 800-1000 500-1000 8
5 Chlorfenpyre 10 % SC Yellow mite 75-100 750-1000 500 5
86
6 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC Fruit borer 10-12.5 400-600 400-600 5

7 Difenthiuron 50 % WP Mites 300 600 500-750 3
8 Dimethoate 30% EC Mites, Thrips 300200 990660 500-1000 -
9 Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG Fruit borer, Thrips, 10 200 500 3
mite
10 Endosulfan 35 % EC Aphids 140 400 500-1000 21
11 Ethion 50 % EC Mite, Thrips 750-1000 1500-2000 500-1000 05
12 Fenazaquin 10 % EC Yellow mite 125 1250 400-600 10
13 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC Thrips, Whitefly, Mites 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7
14 Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Yellow mite 15-30 300-600 300-500 7
15 Fipronil 5 % SC Fruit borer, Thrips, 40-50 800-100 500 7
Aphids
(Litre)
16 Flubendamide 39.35 % SC Fruit borer 48-60 100-125 500 7

17 Hexythiazox 5.45 % EC Yellow mite 15-25 300-500 625 3
18 Imidacloprid 70 % WS Jassids, Aphids, 700-1050 (per 500-1000 - -
Thrips 100 kg seed)
17.8 % SL Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 25-20 125-250 500-700 40
19 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Fruit borer 50-60 333-400 300-600 5
20 Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 % EC Thrips, Mite, Pod 15 300 400-600 5
borer
87
21 Methomyl 40 % SP Pod borer, Thrips 300-450 750-1125 500-1000 5-6
22 Milebemectin 1 % EC Mites 3.25 325 500 7
23 Novaluron 10% EC Fruit borer, Tobacco 33.5 375 500 3
caterpillar
24 Oxydemeton methyl 25% EC Aphids 400 1600 500-1000 -
Mites 500 2000
Thrips 250 1000
25 Phorate 10% GR Aphids, Mites, Thrips 1000 10000 - -
26 Phosalone 35 % EC Aphid, 700 2000 500-1000 -
Mite, 450 1285
Thrips 700 2000
27 Propargite 57%EC Mite 850 1500 500-625 7
28 Quinalphos 25% Gel Aphids 250 100 500-1000 -
25% EC Aphid, 250 1000 500-1000 -

Mite 375 1500
29 Spinosad 45% SC Fruit borer 73 160 500 3
30 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC Yellow mite 96 400 500-750 7
31 Thiacloprid 21.7% SC Thrips 54-72 225-300 500 5
32 Thiodicarb 75% WP Fruitbore 470-750 625-500 500 6
33 Indoxacarb + 14.5 % + Thrips,Fruit borer 88.8-111 400-500 500 5
Acetamiprid 7.7 % SC
88
Fungicides
34 Azoxystrobin 23% SC Fruit rot, Powdery 125 g 500 g 500 - 750 5
mildew
35 Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew 100 g 200 g 600 -
Fruit rot, Leaf spot
36 Copper Sulphate 2.62% SC Fruit rot, anthracnose 1.0 l 500 3
37 Captan 50% WG Fruit rot & 750 g 1500 g 500 5
anthracnose
75% WP Damping off 0.25% 2500 g 1000 -
in nursery Soil drench
Early blight 1250 g 1667 g 1000 8
75% WS Damping off 15-25 gm 20-30 g 1
(soil drench) per kg seed per kg seed
38 Copper Hydroxide 77% WP Anthraconse, 625 g 1250 g 500 -

Cercospora
leaf spot
39 Chlorothalonil 75% WP Fruit rot 600 g 800 g 750 10
40 Difenoconazole 25% EC Die-back 0.0125% or 0.05% or 500 15
Fruit rot 12.5g/ 100 l 50ml/100 l
water water
41 Dinocap 48% EC Powdery mildew 108 g 225 g 750 —
42 Fenarimol 12%EC Powdery Mildew 0.005% 0.04ml As required 15
89
(5g/100 l (40 ml/100 l depending on
of water) of water) stage of crop
43 Flusilazole 40% EC Powdery Mildew 40-60g a.i/ ha 100-150 ml/ha 500 5
44 Hexaconazole 2% SC Powdery mildew 60 g 3.0 l 500 7
& Fruit rot
45 Kitazin 48% EC Fruit rot 0.10% or 100 0.20% or As required 3
dieback g in 100 l 200 ml in 200 l depending
of water of water upon crops tage
46 Mancozeb 75% WP Damping off 2.25 g 3 g (soildrench) 1 -
Fruit rot, 1.125 kg 1.5-2 kg 750 -
Leaf spot
47 Myclobutanil 10% WP Leaf spot & die back 0.004% 0.04% 500 03
48 Propineb 70% WP Die back 0.35% or 0.5% or As required 10

350 g/100 l 500 gram/ 100 depending
water l water upon crop stage
49 Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew 2.5 kg 3.13 kg 750-1000 -
52% SC Powdery mildew 1.04 kg 2.00 l 400.00 -
50 Streptomycin 9%+1% SP Bacterial leaf spot - Spray seedlings with streptocycline 40 to
Sulphate + 100 ppm solution in seed beds and fields
Tetracyline after the appearance of first true leaves two
90
Hydrocloride sprays of streptocycline, one before

transplanting and another after are effective
for controlling the disease.
51 Triadimefon 25% WP Powdery mildew 38 g 0.150 kg 750 15
52 Tebuconazole 25.9% m/m EC Fruit rot, 0.125- 0.50-0.75 kg 500 5
Powdery mildew 0.1875 kg
53 Zineb 75% WP Fruit rot & 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg 750-1000 -
Leaf spot
54 Captan + 70%+5% WP Fruit rot 375-750 g 500-1000 g 500 . 5
Hexaconazole Anthracnose
(Source: CIB& RC) * PHI: Pre Harvest Interval
Okra

Insecticides
1 Azadirachtin 0.03 % FSB**, whiteflies, Jassids - 2500-5000 500-1000 7
2 Azadirachtin 5% FSB, Whiteflies - 200 400 5
Jassids, Aphids
3 Carbaryl 5% DP Jassid 1000 20000 - 8
10 % DP FSB, Jassids 2500 25000 - -
4 Carbofuran 3%G Aphids 1000 33300 - -
91
5 Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC FSB 25 125 500 5
6 Cypermethrin 10 % EC FSB 50-70 550-760 150-400 3
25 % EC FSB, Jassids 37-50 150-200 500 3
7 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC FSB, Jassids 10-15 400-600 400-600 1
8 Dicofol 18..5 % EC Red spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-100 15-20
9 Dimethoate 30% EC Aphid, 700 2310 500-1000 -
Jassids 600 1980
10 Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG FSB 6.75-8.5 135-170 500 5
11 Endosulfan 35 % EC Aphids 140 400 500-1000 21
12 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC Whitefly, FSB, Mites 75-100 250-340 750-1000 7
13 Fenvalerate 20 %EC FSB 60-75 300-375 600-750 7
14 Imidacloprid 70% WG Jassids, Aphids, Thrips 21-24.5 30-35 375-500 3
48% FS Jassids, Aphids 300-540 500-900 - -

(per 100 kg
seed)
70% WS Jassids, Aphids 350-700 500-1000 - -
(per 100 kg
seed)
17.8 SL Jassid, Aphid, Thrips 20 100 500 3
15 Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5% EC Jassids, FSB 15 300 300-400 4
16 Malathion 50% EC FSB, 750 1500 500-1000 -
Aphid, 500 1000
Jassids 625 1250
92
17 Oxydemeton-methyl 25% EC Whitefly 250 1000 500-1000 -

Jassids 400 1600
18 Permethrin 25 % EC FSB, Aphids, Jassids 100-125 400-500 750-1000 -
19 Phosalone 35 % EC FSB 525 1500 500-1000 -
20 Pyridalyl 10%EC FSB 50-75 500-750 500-750 3
21 Quinalphos 20 % AF FSB 250-300 1250-1500 750-1000 7
25 % EC FSB Jassids,Mite 250 1000 500-1000 -
22 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC Red spider mite 96-120 400-500 500 3
23 Thiamethoxam 25% WG Jassid, Aphid, Whitefly 25 100 500-1000 5
70% WDG Aphids 200 286 - -
Fungicides
24 Dinocap 48% EC Powdery mildew 108 g 225 g 750 -
25 Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew 2.5 kg 3.13 kg 750-1000 l -
(Source: CIB& RC) * PHI: Pre Harvest Interval, **FSB- Fruit and shoot borer
Cucurbits

Insecticides
1 Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC Fruit borers, Caterpillars 20-25 100-125 500 7
2 Dichlorvos 76% EC Red pumpkin beetle 500 627 500-100 -
3 Dicofol 18..5 % EC Red spider mite 250-500 1350-2700 500-100 15-20
4 Imidacloprid 70 % WG Jassids, Aphids 24.5 35 500 5
5 Trichloforon 5% Gr Red pumpkin beetle 500-750 - - -
5% Dust Red pumpkin beetle 500-750 - - -
93
50% EC Red pumpkin beetle 500-750 - -
Fungicides
6 Benomyl 50% WP Powdery Mildew, 100 g 200 g 600 -
Anthracnose
7 Carbendazim 50% WP Powdery mildew 150 g 300 g 600
8 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP Powdery mildew, 1000 g 1430 g 750-1000 1
Anthracnose
9 Zineb 75% WP Downy mildew, 1.125- 1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg 750-1000 -
Anthracnose, Leaf spot
10 Cymoxanil 8% + WP Downy mildew 1080 g 1500 g 500-600 10
Mancozeb 64%
Cruciferous vegetables (Cabbage & Cauliflower)

Insecticides
1. Acetamiprid 20 % SC Aphids 15 75 500-600 7
2. Azadirachtin 0.03 % Aphids, DBM** - 2500-5000 500-100 7
3. Azadirachtin 5% DBM, Spodoptera, Aphids - 200 400 5
4. Bacillus thuringiensis 5% WP DBM 25-50 500-1000 500-1000 -
var. kurstaki
5. Carbaryl 5% DP Borers 600 12000 - 8
10 % DP DBM,Armyworm 2500 25000 - -
94
6. Carbofuran 3%G Nematodes 1000 50000 - -

7. Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC DBM 10 50 500 3
8. Chlorfenpyre 10 % SC DBM 75-100 750-1000 500 7
9. Chlorpyrifos 20% EC DBM 400 2000 500-1000
10. Cypermethrin 10 % EC DBM 60-70 650-760 100-400 7
11. Difenthiuron 50 % WP DBM 300 600 500-750 7
12. Dimethoate 30% EC Aphids, Bugs 200 660 500-1000 -
13. Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG DBM 7.5-10.0 150-200 500 3
14. Fenvalerate 20 %EC DBM, borer 60-75 300-375 600-750 7
15. Fipronil 5 % SC DBM 40-50 800-100 500 7
16. Flufenoxuron 10 % DC DBM 40 400 500-1000 7
17. Indoxacarb 14.5% SC DBM 30-40 200-266 400-750 7
15.8 % SC DBM 40 266 500-1000 5
18. Lufenuron 5.4% EC DBM 30 600 500 14

DBM 30 600 500 5
19. Malathion 50% EC Aphids 750 1500 500-1000 -
Head borer 750 1500 500-1000 -
20. Metaflumizone 22 % SC DBM 165-220 150-1000 500 3
21. Novaluron 10% EC DBM 75 750 500-1000 5
22. Permethrin 25 %EC DBM 50-125 200-500 750-1000 -
23. Phorate 10% G Aphids 2000 20000
24. Phosalone 35 % EC Aphids 500 1428 500-1000 -
25. Pyridalyl 10%EC DBM 50-75 500-750 500-750 3
26. Quinalphos 25 % EC Aphid 250 1000 500-1000 -
95
Head borer 500 2000
27. Spinosad 2.5% SC DBM 15-17.5 600-700 500 3
28. Trichloforon 5% G DBM 500-750 - - -
5% Dust DBM 500-750 - - -
50% EC DBM 500-750 - - -
Fungicides
29. Captan 75% WP Damping off (Nursery) 0.25% 2500 g 1000 Soil drench -
in nursery
75% WS Damping off 15-25 gm 20-30 g - -
(soil drench) per kg seed per kg seed
30. Mancozeb 75% WP Collar rot 2.25 g 3g - -
Leaf spot 1.125 kg 1.5-2 kg 750 -
31. Zineb 75% WP Leaf spot 1.125-1.5 kg 1.5-2 kg 750-1000 -
(Source: CIB& RC) * PHI: Pre Harvest Interval, **DBM: Diamond back moth
Pea

1. Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew 100 g 200 g 600 2

2. Carbendazim 50% WP Powderymildew 125 g 250 g 600 -
3. Fenarimol 12%EC Powdery Mildew 0.005% 0.04ml% As required 15
(5g/100 l (40 ml/100 l depending on
of water) of water) stage of crop
96
4. Sulphur 80% WP Rust 2.5 kg 3.13 kg 750-1000 l -

80% WG Powdery mildew 1.50-2.00 kg 1.875-250 kg 750-1000 l -
40% WP Powdery mildew 2.25-3.00 kg 5.65 kg 750-1000 l -

52% SC Powdery mildew 1.04 kg 2.00 l 400.00 l -
85% DP Rust, Powdery mildew 12.75-17 kg 15-20 kg - -
5. Triadimefon 25% WP Rust,Powdery mildew 0.025% 0.100% 750 25
Legume vegetables

1. Benomyl 50% WP Powdery mildew 100 g 200 g 600 -

2. Carbendazim 50% WP Powdery mildew 175 g 350 g 750 -
3. Captan 75% WP Damping off in nursery 0.25% 2500 g 1000 for NA
Soil drench
4. Dinocap 48% EC Powdery mildew 108 g 225 g 750 -
5. Lime Sulphur 22% SC Rust The Liquid is used at one per cent in -
97
conventional sprayers (Doses 2-5 l/ha)
6. Sulphur 80% WP Powdery mildew 2.5 kg 3.13 kg 750-1000 l -
80% WG Powdery mildew 1.50-2.00 kg 1.875-250 kg 750-1000 l -
40% WP Powdery mildew 2.25-3.00 kg 5.65 kg 750-1000 l -
85% DP Powdery mildew 12.75-17 kg 15-20 kg - -
Rust 12.75-17 kg 15-20 kg - -
7. Streptomycin 9%+1% SP Halo blight Spray Streptocycline 100 to 150 ppm solution thrice at
Sulphate + interval of 7 days. For prevention apply first spray
Tetracylin 10 days after emergence of leaf.
Hydrocloride
(Source: CIB& RC), * PHI- Pre Harvest Interval

Approved alternatives for endosulfan in different

vegetable crops
Crop Insect pest Alternate insecticides
Endosulfan 35% EC
Okra Aphid Azadirachtin 5%, Carbofuran 3%CG, Dimethoate
30% EC, Imidacloprid 70% WG, 48% FS, 70% WS
& 17.8% SL, Malathion 50% EC, Permethrin 25%
EC, Thiamethoxam 70% WS
Chillies Aphid Carbosulfan 25% EC, Fipronil 5% SC, Imidacloprid
70% WS & 17.8% SL, Lambda cyhalothrin 5%
EC, Oxydemeton methyl 25% EC, Phorate 10%
CG, Phosalone 35% EC, Quinalphos 25% Gel, 25%
EC & 1.5% DP
Endosulfan 4% DP
Okra Aphid, Azadirachtin 5% Neem extract concentrate,
Jassid Carbofuran 3% CG, Dimethoate 30% EC,
Imidacloprid 70% WG, 48% FS, 70%WS & 17.8%
SL, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC, Malathion 50%
EC, Permethrin 25% EC, Thiamethoxam 70% WS
Chillies Aphid, Imidacloprid 70%WS, Oxydemeton methyl 25%EC,
Jassid Phorate 10%CG, Phosalone 35% EC, Quinalphos
25%EC & Gel
Endosulfan 2% DP
Okra Fruit and Azadirachtin 5% Neem ext, Carbaryl
shoot borer 10% DP, Cypermethrin 0.25 DP, 10% EC & 25% EC,
Deltamethrin 2.8% EC, Emamectin benzoate
5% SG, Fenpropathrin 30% EC, Fenvalerate
20% EC, Malathion 50% EC, Permethrin 25% EC,
Phosalone 35% EC, Pyridalyl 10% EC, Quinalphos
20% AF & 25% EC
Brinjal Fruit and Azadirachtin 1% EC & 0.03% WSP,
shoot borer Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Chlorpyriphos 25%
EC, Cypermethrin 0.25% DP & 25% EC,
Dimethoate 30% EC Emamectin benzoate 5% SG,
Fenpropathrin 30% EC, Fenvalerate 20% EC,
Lambdacyhalothrin 5% EC, Phosalone 35% EC,
Quinalphos 20% AF & 25% EC, Thiodicarb 75%
WP, Thiometon 25% EC, Triazophos 40% EC,
Trichlorofon 5% GR, Dust & 50% EC, Deltamethrin
1% + Triazophos 35% EC
(Source: CIB&RC)
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5. Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for

Vegetable Crops
Pesticide residues are a major concern in fresh vegetables and

their products for domestic consumption and export. Technically,
pesticide residue in food is regulated using a set of quantitative
standards called maximum residue limits (MRL). The MRL specifies
the amount of pesticide residue that is allowed in food products. In
India, The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare regulates MRLs
of pesticides and agrochemicals in food products through the
amended Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), 1955.
However, with the implementation of Food Safety and Standards
Act (FSSA), 2006, the PFA rules are being integrtaed into the Food
Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010. The new act authorizes
the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to specify
the limits for use of food additives, crop contaminants, pesticide
residues, residues of veterinary drugs, heavy metals, processing
aids, mycotoxins, antibiotics, pharmacological active substances and
irradiation of food. The existing MRLs on pesticides and
agrochemicals specified in the PFA are incorporated in the Food
Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010. MRLs are listed by chemical
product for specific food item / commodity. In the absence of an
established MRL, the Ministry of Health authorities generally reffer
to FAO/WHO’s Codex Alimentarius Commissions (CAC) MRLs, as
long as the pesticide in question has not been banned. The Codex
MRLs serve as the reference standards in international trade, but
many industrialized countries use their own set of MRLs for import
and domestic food products. The European Union (EU) MRLs are
generally lower than USA MRLs, and often lower than Codex MRLs.
For certain crops or pesticides, the differences between Codex MRL
and the MRL from an industrialized country, as well as the MRL
among industrialized countries can be substantially different. For
easy reference the MRL values (Indian and Codex) of registered
insecticides and fungicides as per CIB & RC for different vegetable
crops are given in the tables 2 and 3.
99
Table 2. MRL for insecticides recommended for insect control in vegetables
Common Name Strength and MRL or Tolerance Limit

Formulations in mg/kg (ppm)
PFA(Indian) Codex(CAC)
1 Acetamiprid 20% SC 0.1 (Cabbage) -

0.01(Chilli)
2 Buprofezin 25 % SC 0.01(Chilli) 0.7(Cucurbits)
1.0(Tomato)
10 (Peppers Chilli)
2 (Peppers)
3 Carbaryl 5% DP 10.0 (Okra & Leafy Vegetables) 5.0(Tomatoes)
10 % DP 5.0 (Chilli) 0.5(Pepper/Chilli)
100
5.0 (Other Vegetables)

4 Carbofuran 3%G 0.10 (Fruits & Vegtables) -
5 Carbosulfan 25 % EC 0.2 (Chilli) 0.6 (Fruiting Vegetables)
0.3 (Cucurbits)
20.0 (Leafy Vegetables)
6 Chlorantranilprole 18.5% SC 0.03 (Cabbage) 2 (Cole or Cabbage, Brassicas
Vegetables)
0.6 (Fruiting vegetables other than
cucurbits )
0.3 (Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits)
20 (Leafy vegetables)
0.02 (Root and tuber vegetables)
7 Chlorfenpyre 10 % SC 0.05 (Cabbage) -
0.05 (Chilli) -
8 Chlorfluazoron 5.4% EC
9 Chlorpyrifos 20% EC 0.01(Cabbage) 1.0(Cabbage)
0.2 (Other Vegetables) 0.05(Cauliflower)
2.0 (Broccoli)
2.0(Peppers)
0.1(Carrot)
10 Cypermethrin 0.25 % DP 0.20(Brinjal) 0.03 (Brinjal)
10 % EC 2.0(Cabbage) 1.0(Cabbage)
25 % EC 0.20(Okra) 0.07(Fruiting cucurbit vegetables)
0.7 (Leafy Vegetables)
101
0.7(Legume Vegetables)
0.5 (Okra)
0.2 (Tomato)
2 (Peppers Chilli)
11 Dazomet Technical - - -
12 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC 0.05 (Okra) 0.1 (Broccoli, Cabbage and Cauliflower)
0.05(Tomato) 0.2 (Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits)
2 (Leafy vegetables )
0.2(Legume vegetables)
0.3 (Tomato )
13 Dichlorvos 76% EC 0.15(Cucurbits/Vegetables) -
14 Dicofol 18..5 % EC 5.0 (Vegetables) 0.5 (Cucumber)

1.0(Chilli) 1.0 (Pepper and Chilli)
2 (Bean pods)
0.2 (Melons, except watermelon)
1 (Squash, summer)
15 Difenthiuron 50 % WP 1.0(Cabbage) -
0.05 (Chilli)
1.0 (Brinjal)
16 Dimethoate 30% EC 0.5(Chilli) 0.2(Cauliflower)
2.0 ( Fruits & Vegetables) 0.5(Sweet Pepper)
102
0.05 (Cabbage, Savoy)

1.0 (Peas - pods and succulent)
17 Emamectin benzoate 5 % SG 0.05 (Okra) -
18 Endosulfan 2 % DP 2.0 (Fruits & Vegetables) 1.0 (Cucumber)
35 % EC 1.0 (Chilli) 0.1(Egg Plant)
0.5 (Tomato)
2 (Melons except watermelon)
0.5( Squash, summer)
19 Ethion 50 % EC 0.5 (Cucmber and squash ) -
1.0 (Other vegetables)
20 Fenazaquin 10 % EC 0.5(Chilli) -
21 Fenpropathrin 30 % EC 0.2(Brinjal) 0.2 (Egg plant)
0.5(Okra) 0.2 (Gherkin)
0.2(Chilli) 1.0 (Tomato )
22 Fenpyroximate 5 % EC 1.0 (Chilli) 0.03 (Cucumber )

0.2 (Fruiting vegetables other than
cucurbits)
23 Fenvalerate 20 %EC 2.0 (Cauliflower) 3.0 (Cabbage)
2.0 (Brinjal) 2.0(Cauliflower)
2.0 (Okra) 0.2(Cucumber)
0.5(Sweet Pepper)
1.0(Tomato)
2 (Broccoli)
103
0.5 (Squash, summer)
0.5 (Winter squash)
24 Fipronil 5 % SC 0.001(Cabbage) 0.02 (Cabbage, Cauliflower and Brocooli)
0.001(Chilli)
25 Flubendamide 20 % WG - 4 (Cabbage, Cole Vegetables)
39.35 % SC 0.2 (Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits)
2 (Legume vegetables)
0.7 (Peppers)
2 (Tomato)
26 Flufenoxuron 10 % DC - -
27 Flumite/ Flufenzine 20 % SC 0.5 (Brinjal) -
28 Hexythiazox 5.45 % EC 0.01 (Chilli) 0.1 (Egg plant)

0.05 (Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits)
0.1 (Tomato)
29 Imidacloprid 48 % FS - 2.0( Beans)
70 % WS 0.5(Cabbage/cauliflower/Brocoli)
17.8 % SL 1.0(Cucumber)
70 % WG 0.2(Brinjal)
0.2(Melons)
5.0(Pea Pods)
1.0 (Chilli/peppers)
104
0.5 (Tomato)
30 Indoxacarb 14.5% SC 0.1(Cabbage) 3 (Cabbage)
15.8 % SC 0.01(Chilli) 0.2(Cauliflower/Brocoli)
0.05(Tomato) 0.1(Cowpea)
0.5(Egg Plant)
0.5(cucumber)
0.5(Tomato)
0.3 (Peppers)
31 Lambda 5 % EC 0.2 (Brinjal) -
Cyhalothrin 4.9 % CS 0.1 (Tomato)
0.05 (Chilli)
2.0 (Okra)
32 Lufenuron 5.4% EC 0.3 (Cabbage) -

0.1 (Cauliflower)
33 Malathion 50% EC 3.0 (Fruits & Vegetables) 1.0 (Beans)
0.2 (Cucumber)
0.1 (Pepper)
0.5 (Tomato)
3.0 (Spinach)
34 Metaflumizone 22 % SC - 0.6 (Egg plant)
0.6 (Peppers)
0.6 (Tomato)
105
35 Metaldehyde 2.5 % Dust - -
(Ready to use)
36 Methomyl 40 % SP 0.05(Tomato) 1.0 (Tomato)
0.05(Chilli) 1.0 (Beans)
0.7 (Chilli)
0.1 (Cucurbits)
5 (Peas- pods and succulent seeds)
37 Milebemectin 1 % EC 0.01(Chilli) -
38 Novaluron 10% EC 0.01(Chilli) 0.7 (Cabbage and other cole crops)
0.01 (Tomato) 0.2 (Cucurbits)
0.01 (Cabbage) 0.7 (Fruiting vegetables other than cucurbits)
39 Oxydemeton methyl 25% EC - 0.01 (Cauliflower)
40 Permethrin 25 %EC 0.5 (Cucumber) 2.0 (Broccoli)

5.0 (Cabbages, Head)
0.1 (Carrot)
0.5 (Cauliflower)
1.0 (Common bean -pods and/or immature
seeds)
0.5 (Cucumber)
1.0 (Egg plant)
0.5 (Gherkin)
0.1 (Melons)
1.0 (Peppers)
106
2.0 (Spinach)
1.0 (Tomato)
41 Phorate 10% G 0.10(Tomato) 0.05 (Common bean -pods and/or immature
0.05 (Other Vegetables) seeds)
42 Phosalone 35 % EC 1.0 (Vegetables) -
43 Phosphomidon 40% SL 0.2(Vegetables) -
44 Propargite 57%EC 2.0(Chilli) 2.0 (Tomato)
45 Pyridalyl 10%EC 0.02((Okra) -
0.02(Cabbage)
46 Quinalphos 25 % EC 0.2(Chilli) -
25% Gel
20 % AF
1.5 % DP
47 Spinosad 2.5% SC 0.02(Cabbage/Cauliflower) 2.0(Cole crop)

45% SC 0.001(Chilli) 0.2(Cucurbits)
10(Leafy Vegetables)
0.3(Legume Vegetables)
0.3(Peppers)
0.3(Tomato)
48 Spiromesifen 22.9% SC - -
49 Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 0.02(Chilli) 0.3(Cucumber)
0.7(Egg Plant)
0.2(Melons)
0.3(Summer Squash)
107
0.5(Tomato)
1.0(Sweet Pepper)
50 Thiodicarb 75% WP 0.01(Chilli) -
51 Thiamethoxam 30% FS 0.5(Okra) 5.0 (Cabbage and cole crops)
25% WG 0.01(Tomato) 0.5 (Cucurbits)
70% WS 0.30(Brinjal) 0.7 (Fruiting vegetables other than cucurbits)
3.0 (Leafy vegetables)
0.01 (Legume vegetables)
52 Thiameton 25% EC 0.1 (Vegetables) -
53 Trichloforon 5% G 0.1 (Fruits and vegetables) -
5% Dust
50% EC
54 Triazophos 40% EC 0.2 (Chilli) -
[Source: Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010 and FAO/WHO’s Codex Alimentarius Commissions (CAC)]
Table 3. MRL for fungicides recommended for disease control in vegetables

1 Azoxystrobin 23% SC - -
2 Benomyl 50% WP 0.50 (Vegetable) 2.0 (Okra, Green chillies)
3 Carbendazim 50% WP 0.50 (Vegetable) 0.05 (Tomato),
2.0 (Okra, Green chillies)
4 Copper Sulphate 2.62% SC - -
5 Captan 50% WG 15 (Vegetable) 15 (Tomato)
75% WP
75% WS
108
50% WP
6 Copper Hydroxide 77% WP - -
7 Chlorothalonil 75% WP - 5.0 (Tomato)
8 Difenoconazole 25% EC 0.002 (Chilli)
9 Dinocap 48% EC - 0.03 (Tomato)
10 Dimethomorph 50% WP 2.0 -
11 Fenarimol 12% EC - -
12 Flusilazole 40% EC 0.01 (Chilli) -
13 Hexaconazole 2% SC - -
14 Iprodione 50% WP 5.0 (Tomato) 5.0 (Tomato, Okra)
15 Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC - -
16 Kitazin 48% EC - -
17 Lime Sulphur 22% SC - -

18 Mancozeb 75% WG 3.0 (Tomato), 1.0 (Green chillies),
35% SC 1.0 (Chilli), 2.0 (Tomato)
75% WP 0.02 (Cauliflower)
19 Mandipropamid 23.4% SC - -
20 Metiram 70% WG 5.0 (Tomato) 5.0 (Okra)
21 M.E.M.C. 6% FS - -
22 Myclobutanil 10% WP - 0.30 (Tomato)
23 Propineb 70% WP 2.0 (Green chilli) -
24 Pyraclostrobin 20% WG - 0.03 (Tomato)
109
25 Sulphur 80% WP
80% WG
40% WP
52% SC
85% DP - -
26 Streptomycin Sulphate + 9%+1% SP - -
Tetracyline Hydrocloride
27 Triadimefon 25% WP 0.1 (Pea) -
28 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP - -
29 Tebuconazole 25.9% m/m EC - 0.20 (Tomato)
30 Ziram 80% WP - -
31 Zineb 75% WP 3.0 (Tomato) -
[Source: Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2010 and FAO/WHO’s Codex Alimentarius Commissions (CAC)]
6. Selection of Eco-Friendly Pesticides for

Protecting Honey Bees/ Pollinators
Pesticides are one of the main agents of poisoning honeybees

and other pollinators in the vegetable ecosystem. Honeybees are
very much susceptible to different groups of pesticides. Selective
use of insecticides is one of the pre-requisites for integrated pest
management (IPM). In this context, selection of insecticides which
are effective against target pests but less toxic to pollinators is
essential and will definitely minimize the losses of bees. In recent
years many insecticides have been screened for their efficacy to
target pests and their toxicity to honeybees.
The causes of bee poisoning are:
• Use of broad spectrum insecticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons,
synthetic pyrethroids).
• Pesticide application during the blooming period of crop.
• Application of pesticides directly on/ to bees foraging on the
crop.
• Collecting contaminated nectar and/or pollen from the treated
plants by the bees.
• Bee feeding on contaminated food and water sources.
• Contamination of flowering cover crops during spraying.
• Transportation of pesticide dusts and contaminated pollen/
nector to beehive by worker bees.
• Drift of toxic chemicals from the point of application on to
flower, pollen and nectar or across apiaries.
• Use of insecticide formulations like Dust, EC which are more
harmful than WP and granules.
• Use of insect growth regulators may inhibit brood production.
• Use of diesel oil as a carrier in insecticide formulations.
Symptoms of bee poisoning

Specific symptoms are caused by poisoning by different groups
of pesticides in bees. The general and most common symptoms of
bee poisoning are:
110
• Appearance of large number of dead bees near the entrance or

in and around of bee-hives or colonies and in fields.
• Dead bees on the top of frames or bottom board.
• Paralysed bees crawling on nearby objects.
• Bees lose power of orientation and may perform abnormal
communication dances on the horizontal landing board at hive
entrance.
• Legs, wing and digestive systems of bees stop functioning.
• Bees are irritated and become aggressive, they sting heavily
and they also lack recognition of guard bees.
• Queen may behave abnormally and lay eggs in poor pattern.
• Fighting among bees.
• Sudden decline in food storage and brood rearing.
• Abdomen become distended and regurgitation of stomach
contents.
• Dead and deserted brood in the hive.
• Poor recognition of pollen and nectar by bees.
• Lack of foraging bees.
• Depleted population of bees in the colony.
• Longevity of adult bee is reduced.
Guidelines to assess the extent of bee poisoning by

pesticides
The mortality data given below can be used as guidelines to
assess the extent of bee poisoning by pesticides
No of dead bees /day at entrance of bee box Level of poisoning
100 Normal death rate

200-400 Low
500-1000 Medium
More than 1000 High
(Source: Hameed and Singh, 2002)
111
Effects of bee/pollinator poisoning

Three types of harmful effects are evident in agriculture. These
are:
• Reduction in the yield of cross pollinated crops
• Loss in production of honey
• Contamination of bee products
Categories of pesticides on the basis of their toxicity to

honeybees
Pesticides are also grouped under different categories depending
upon their relative toxicities to bees. This can help in choosing and
selection of appropriate pesticides. There are three main categories
of pesticides based on their toxicities to bees.
Category I: Highly toxic pesticides

These pesticides are highly toxic and cause severe damage to
bees. They should not be applied on blooming crops or weeds.
Their residual toxicity is usually high even after 10 hours of spray.
The list of commonly used highy toxic insecticides is given below.
Carbaryl Imidacloprid
Carbofuran Monocrotophos
Carbophenothion Oxydemeton-methyl
Chlorpyriphos Parathion
Clothianidin Permethrin
Cypermethrin Phorate
Deltamethrin Phosphamidon
Dichlorvos (DDVP) Quinalphos
Dicrotophos Thiometon
Dimethoate Thiamethoxam
Fenvalerate
Category II: Moderately toxic pesticides

These insecticides are moderately toxic to bees and should be
applied during late evening, night or early morning hours when
112
bees are not actively foraging. Their residual toxicity is usually low
upto 3 hours of spray. These insecticides/fungicides are as under.
Moderately toxic pesticides

Acetamiprid Heptachlor
Bavistin Malathion
Carbendazim Mancozeb
Diazinon Metasystox
Difolatan Methyl demeton
Ediphenphos Methyl parathion
Ethyl parathion Mevinphos
Fenitrothion Monocrotophos
Fenthion Trichlorphon
Foltaf Thiacloprid
Formothion
Category III: Relatively non toxic pesticides

Pesticides under this category are least toxic to bees and can be
applied at any time with reasonable safety to honeybees. Their
toxicity is usually low with direct application. The list of commonly
used highy toxic insecticides are given below.
Relatively non toxic pesticides

Anilazine Folcid
Bacillus thuringiensis Ethion
Benomyl Menazon
Bordeaux mixture Methoxychlor
Captan Morestan
Catafol Nicotine
Chlorobenzilate Nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Cuprous oxide Phosalone
Dicofol Polyram
Dimite Pyrethrum
Dinocap Sabadilla
Dodine Thiram
Endosulfan Ziram
113
Relatively non toxic herbicides, defoliants and desiccants

Amitrole Diuron
Ammate Methazole
Atrazine Nitrofen
Bromocil Oil sprays
Cynazine
(Source: Abrol, 1997)
114
7. Guidelines for Pest Management in

Organic Vegetable Production
(A) National standards for pest management during

organic vegetable production
General Principles
Organic farming systems should be carried out in a way which
ensures that losses from pests, diseases and weeds are minimised.
Emphasis is placed on the use of a balanced fertilising programme,
use of crops and varieties well-adapted to the environment, fertile
soils of high biological activity, adapted rotations, companion
planting, green manures, etc. Growth and development should take
place in a natural manner.
Recommendations
• Weeds, pests and diseases should be controlled by a number of
preventive cultural techniques which limit their growth and
development, e.g. suitable rotations, green manures, a balanced
fertilising programme, early and predrilling seedbed
preparations, mulching, mechanical control and the disturbance
of pest development cycles.
• The natural enemies of pests and diseases should be protected
and encouraged through proper habitat management of hedges,
nesting sites etc.
• Pest management should be regulated by understanding and
disrupting the ecological needs of the pests.
• An ecological equilibrium should be created to bring about a
balance in the pest predator cycle.
Standards
• Products used for pest, disease and weed management,
prepared at the farm from local plants, animals and micro-
organisms, are allowed.
115
• Branded products must always be evaluated.

• Thermic weed control and physical methods for insect pest,
disease and weed management are permitted.
• Thermic sterilization of soils to combat pests and diseases is
restricted to circumstances where a proper rotation or renewal
of soil cannot take place. Permission may be given by the
certification programme only on a case by case basis.
• All equipment from conventional farming systems shall be
properly cleaned and free from residues before being used on
organically managed areas.
• The use of synthetic herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and
other pesticides is prohibited. Permitted products for plant pest
and disease control is listed in below table.
• Do not use synthetic growth regulators, synthetic dyes and
genetically engineered organisms or products.
• Accredited certification programmes shall ensure that measures
are in place to prevent transmission of pests, parasites and
infectious agents.
(B) National standards for pest management during food

storage, processing and handling
General Principles
Pests should be avoided by following good handling practices.
This includes general cleanliness and hygiene.
Recommendations
• Recommended treatments are physical barriers, sound, ultra-
sound, light, and UV-light, traps (including pheromone traps
and static bait traps), temperature control, controlled
atmosphere and diatomaceous earth.
• Develop a plan for pest prevention and pest control
Standards
1. For pest management and control the following measures
should be used in order of priority.
116
• Preventive methods such as disruption, elimination of

habitat and access to facilities.
• Mechanical, physical and biological methods.
• Approved pesticidal substances of the national standards.
2. Irradiation is prohibited.
3. There shall never be direct or indirect contact between organic
products and prohibited substances. (e.g. pesticides). In case of
doubt, it shall be ensured that no residues are present in the
organic product.
4. Persistent or carcinogenic pesticides and disinfectants are not
permitted.
5. The certification programme shall set up rules to determine
which protection agents and disinfectants may be used.
Permitted /approved products for insect pest and disease

control
Certain products are safe and allowed for use in the control of
pests and diseases in plants. However, some of them are restricted
for use in organic production (table 4). Such products should only
be used when absolutely necessary and should be chosen taking
the environmental impact into consideration. In this “restricted”
means that the conditions and the procedure for use shall be set by
the certification agency.
Table 4. List of products/items permitted for pest control in organic

farming
Substances from plant and animal origin

1. Azadirachta indica (neem preparations /neem oil) Restricted
2. Preparation of rotenone from Derris elliptica, Restricted
Lonchocarpus, Thephrosia spp.
3. Gelatine Permitted
4. Propolis Restricted
5. Plant based extracts (e.g. neem, garlic, pongamia, etc.) Permitted
117
6. Preparation on basis of pyrethrins extracted from Restricted

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, containing possibly a
synergist pyrethrum cinerafolium
7. Preparation from Quassia amara Restricted
8. Release of parasitoids, predators of insect pests Restricted
9. Preparation from Ryania species Restricted
10. Tobacco tea Not allowed
11. Lecithin Restricted
12. Casein Permitted
13. Sea weeds, sea weed meal, sea weed extracts, sea salt Restricted
and salty water
14. Extract from mushroom (Shiitake fungus) Permitted
15. Extract from Chlorella Permitted
16. Fermented product from Aspergillus Restricted
17. Natural acids (vinegar) Restricted
Minerals
1. Chloride of lime/soda Restricted
2. Clay (e.g. bentonite, perlite, vermiculite, zeolite) Permitted
3. Copper salts / inorganic salts (Bordeaux mix, copper Restricted
hydroxide, copper oxychloride) used as a fungicide,
maximum 8 kg per ha per year depending upon the
crop and under the supervision of inspection and
certification agency
4. Mineral powders (stone meal, silicates) Not allowed
5. Diatomaceous earth Restricted
6. Light mineral oils Restricted
7. Permanganate of potash Restricted
8. Lime sulphur (calcium polysulphide Restricted
9. Silicates (sodium silicate, quartz) Restricted
10. Sodium bicarbonate Permitted
11. Sulphur (as a fungicide, acaricide, repellent) Restricted
Microorganisms / Biocontrol agents

1. Viral preparations (e.g., Granulosis viruses, Nuclear Permitted
polyhedrosis viruses etc.)
2. Fungal preparations (e.g., Trichoderma species etc.) Permitted
3. Bacterial preparations (e.g., Bacillus species etc.) Permitted
4. Parasites, predators and sterilized insects. Permitted
118
Others
1. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas Restricted
2. Soft soap (potassium soap) Permitted
3. Ethyl alcohol Not allowed
4. Homeopathic and Ayurvedic preparations Permitted
5. Herbal and biodynamic preparations Permitted
Traps
1. Physical methods (e.g., chromatic traps, mechanical Permitted
traps, light traps, sticky traps and pheromones)
2. Mulches and insect proof nets Permitted
(Source: APEDA, 2005)
119
8. Pesticide Dose Calculations
The success of a pesticide spraying in small areas or large fields

depends upon accurate control of the application rate. After the
equipment is accurately calibrated to apply the desired volume of
spray fluid, one must determine how much chemical is required to
put into tank to apply the correct dosage recommended.
The calculation and formulae for various formulations of
pesticides are given below:
For Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) and Wettable Powder

(WP) Formulations
C1 V1 = C2 V2
C1 = Concentration of given formulation (%)
V1 = Volume/amount of formulation required (ml or g)
C2 = Concentration of spray fluid required (%)
V2 = Volume/amount of spry fluid required (ml or g)
Example 1. How much spray fluid of 0.1% concentration can be
prepared from 125g of carbaryl 50 WP?
C1 = 50%
C2 = 0.1%
V1 = 125 g
V2 = ?
V2 = (C1V1)/C2
= 62500 ml
= 62.5 liters
Example 2. Calculate the amount of carbaryl 50 WP required to
prepare 10 liters of 0.1% sprays material.
C1 = 50%
V1 = ?
C2 = 0.1%
120
V2 = 10 liters = 10000 ml
V1 = (C2 V2)/ C1
= (0.1x 10000)/50
= 20 g.
Example 3. How much quantity of cypermethrin 20 EC is required
for spraying 0.025% spray fluid at the rate of 250 liter/ha for
controlling the diamondback month on cauliflower over an area of
one-twenty-fifth of a hectare?
C1 = 20%
V1 = ?
C2 = 0.025%
Rate of application= 250 liter/ha
For one-twenty-fifth of a hectare = 250 x liter/ha
V2 = 10 liters = 10000 ml
C1V1 = C2V2
V1 = (C2V2)/C1
= (0.025 x 10000)/20
= 12.5 ml
Example 4. Chlorpyrifos 20% EC measuring 300 ml is added in 150
liters of water. Determine the percentage concentration of the
pesticide in the spray fluid.
C1 = 20 %
V1 = 300 ml
C2 = 150 liters =150,000 ml
C1V1 = C2V2
C2 = (20x300)/150000
= 0.04%
For Granules and Dust formulations

C1V1 = 100 RA
C1 = Concentration of formulation availabe (%)
121
V1 = Amount of formulation required (g or kg)

R = Recommended rate of pesticide application [g or kg
ingredient (a.i.)/ha]
A = Area to be treated (ha)
Example 1. Calculate the amount of 5% carbofuran granules applied
@ 0.25 kg a.i. to one ha area.
C1 = 5%
V1 = ?
R = 0.25 kg
A = 1ha
C1V1 = 100 RA
V1 = (100 RA)/C
= (100x 0.25x1)/5
= 5 kg.
Example 2. How many kg of commercial formulation is required
to treat 3000 m2 when the recommended rate is 1 kg a.i./ha and per
cent a.i. in the commercial granular formulation is 10%?
C1 = 10%
V1 = ?
R = 1 kg a.i./ha
A = 3000 m2 = 0.3 ha
C1V1 = 100 RA
V1 = (100 RA)/C1
= (100 x1x0.3)/10
= 3 kg.
Example 3. How many kg of the commercial formulation is required
to treat the 1000 m2 area at the recommended rate of 0.75 kg/ha?
The percentage a.i. in the commercial formulation is 5%.
C1 = 5%
V1 = ?
R = 0.75 kg
A = 1000 m2 = 0.1 ha
122
C1V1 = 100 RA
V1 = (100 RA)/C1
= (100 x 0.75x o.1)/5
= 1.5 kg
Calculation of formulated product requirement

The leaflet supplied with the product will provide details on
per cent active ingredient contents and dose of active ingredient
required per hectare. Using this information we can work out the
quantity of formulated product required for spraying for one hectare
of land by using the following formula:
Does in g.a.i./ha × 100

Commercial product (g/ha) =
% a.i. in the kg/l formulation
Examples
1. Solid Formulations like WP, Dust – To calculate quantity of
Diafenthiuron 50 % WP required to cover 1 hectare of land @
300 g active ingredient per hectare;
= 300 g.a. /ha x100
50% a.i. in 1 kg
= 600 g
2. Liquid Formulations like EC, SC, SL – To calculate quantity of
Flubendamide 480 SC required to cover 1 hectare of land @ 48
g active ingredient per hectare;
= 48 g.a.i./ ha x 100
48% a.i. in 1 kg
= 100 ml
3. Granule Formulation – To calculate quantity of Fipronil 0.3 GR
required to cover 1 hectare of land @ 50 g active ingredient per
hectare;
= 50 g.a.i. x 100
0.3% a.i. in 1 kg
= 16667g (16.67 kg)
123
9. Safe Use of Pesticides and Standard

Guidelines for Handling Pesticide Poisoning
(A) Safe use of pesticides in vegetables
(i) Basic principles before use or application of any

agrochemicals
• Before using, read and understand the product label.
• Exercise caution at all times when handling a product.
• Maintain application equipment in good working condition.
• Practice good personal hygiene before, during and after using
product.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment or clothings.
(ii) Precautions to be followed for safe use of pesticides

• Do not transport or keep the pesticides along with food stuff.
• Store the pesticides under lock & key.
• Keep out of reach of children.
• Buy pesticides in original packing from authentic plant
protection shops.
• Measure correctly and use only recommended quantity/dose
of pesticides.
• Use funnel and fill without spillage.
• Mix thoroughly in water using a paddle of stick.
• Do not use empty pesticides containers for food or water storage.
• Do spray along the wind.
• Put up warning board in treatment area.
• Do not blow with your mouth to clean the nozzle.
• Do not smoke, drink or eat while spraying.
• Do not use leaky or damaged sprayer.
• In case of accidental contamination wash thoroughly the clothes
and body part.
• Do not allow children to spray.
• Do not keep the food stuff near the site of application.
• Wash hand and mouth before eating, drinking or smoking.
124
• Give first-aid in case of any accidental poisoning.

• Get immediate treatment from medical experts.
• Show leaflet and container to the treating doctor
• Destroy and bury empty containers.
• Take bath and wash clothes after spraying.
• Avoid environmental contamination.
(B) Guidelines for handling pesticide poisoning
(i) Skin contamination

• Remove clothing
• Drench skin and clothing with water.
• Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with soap and water.
• Avoid use of ointments, greases, powders, etc. in the first aid
treatment of burns.
(ii) Eye contamination

• Wash the eye quickly but as gently as possible. Hold eyelids
open and wash eye with a gentle stream of clean running water.
• Continue washing for fifteen minutes or more. It is important
to use a large volume of water.
• Cover the eye with a clean piece of cloth and seek medical
attention immediately.
(iii) Inhaled poisons (dusts, vapors, gases)

• Carry patient to fresh air immediately.
• Open all doors and windows.
• Loosen all tight clothing.
• Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is
irregular.
• Prevent chilling.
(iv) Swallowed poisons

• Never induce vomiting if the victim is unconscious or having
convulsions.
125
• Never induce vomiting if the victim has swallowed a corrosive

poison. A corrosive poison is a strong acid or alkali.
Do not waste a lot of time for inducing vomiting. Use it only as
first aid until you can get the victim to a hospital. Make sure the
victim is lying face down or kneeling forward while retching or
vomiting. Do not let him lie on his back. The detail symptoms of
pesticide poisoning in human beings by different groups of
pesticides and their antidotes is given in the table 5.
126
Table 5. Symptoms of pesticide poisoing and antidotes for plant protection chemicals
Chemical group/ Examples Symptoms Treatment/Antidotes

Class
1. Organochlorine Aldrin, Dialdrin, Headache, Giddiness, No specific antidote. Induce vomiting by tickling the
Endosulfan, etc. Gripping, Nausea, back of throat or gastric lavage with 2-4 L tap
Vomiting, Weakness in water – catharsis with 30 gm (10 oz) sodium sulphate
arms and legs, Cramps in one cup of water. Normal dose of Barbiturate /
in hands,restlessness, Diazepam or Benzodiazepines. Avoid oils, oil laxatives
tremor, apprehension, and epinephrine (Adnrenalin). Do not give stimulants.
convulsions, coma, Give calcium gluconate (10% in 10 ml. Ampules)
respiratory failure and intra-venously every four hours. Consult Doctor
death immediately
2. Organophophorus Fenthion, Tiredness, Weakness, Ensure clear airway. Intubate the patient & aspirate
127
Quinolphos, Vomiting, Stomach the secretion. Administer oxygen by mechanically
Chlorpyriphos, pain, Shrinkage of eye pulmonary ventilation, if respiration is assisted
Profenophos, ball, Vertigo, Blurred depressed.
etc. vision, Excessive Improve tissue oxygenation before atropine.
sweating, Salivation Administer Atropine every 10 minute by injection.
In Severe case – Give glycopyrolate as alternative to atropine.
Diarrhoea, pinpoint This is very good in case of respiratory infection.
and non-reactive pupils, Pralixodime (2PAM) to be used within 48 hour.
respiratory difficulty, Relieves nicotinic as well as muscarinic effect.
pulmonary edema, Consult Doctor immediately.
cyanosis, loss of
sphincter control,
convulsions, coma
and heart block.
Class
3. Carbamate Carbofuran, Fever, Vomiting, Remove the contaminated and dirty clothes. Wash
Carbaryl, Headache, Giddiness, the body and clothes. Ensure clear airway. Intubate
Methomyl, etc. Gripping in muscles, the patient & aspirate the secretion. Administer oxygen
Stomach pain, by mechanically assisted pulmonary ventilation, if
Excessive sweating respiration is depressed. Improve tissue oxygenation
before atropine. In case the patient is unconscious then
administer Atropine injection. Use glycopyrolate as
alternative to atropine. Avoid theophyllin and
aminophyllin or barbiturates. 2-PAM and other oximes
are harmful and in fact contra indicated for routine
usage. Do not give atropine to a cyanotic patient. Give
artificial respiration first then administer atropine.
128
Consult Doctor immediately.
4. Pyrethrins or Cypermethrin, Headache, palpitation, No specific antidote. Induce vomiting. Treatment is

Synthetic Alpha- nausea, vomiting, essentially symptomatic.If swallowed then give active
Pyrethrides Cypermethrin, flushed face, irritation Charcol dissolved in water. Vit E oil preparation in
Fenvalerate of nose, throat, eyes parasthesia.Inhalation of water vapour aerosol in case
and skin, allergic of irritation of upper respiratory tract. Antihistamines
manifestations etc. can be given in case of allergy with or without
Parasthesia, sometimes steroid. To control convulsion in severe cases
bronchospasm. In Diazepam can be given 5-10 mg/IV. Consult
severe cases convulsion Doctor immediately.
can occur and anxiety
Class
5. Phosphine Aluminium Stomach pain, Administer N-acetylcysteine to prevent poisoning.

pesticides phosphide Tiredness, If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Activated
*Zinc phosphide Unconsciousness, charcoal – slurry with sorbitol – adsorbs phosphine.
Gripping in muscles, Diazepam – Give undiluted and monitor BP
Muscular pain, respiration. Dopamine – 4.6 microgram/kg/min IV.
Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Magnesium sulphate – 3 gm IV.Ranitidine – 50 mg IV
Shivering, Anxiety every 8 hours. Sodium bicarbonate - 50 mEq/15 min.
Gastric lavage is contraindicated as more phosphine is
released upon contact with water in the stomach.Take
the patient to hospital.
6. Dithiocarbamates Mancozeb, Inflammation or No specific antidote. Treat, symptomatically. Dissolve
Maneb, Thiram, irritation in eyes, skin active Charcol in water and give to the patient. Induce
129
etc. and mouth, Problem vomiting and immediately consult Doctor.
in respiration.
7. Chlorophenoxy 2,4-D (2,4- Vomiting, Loose No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically. Consult
Dichlorophenoxy motion or loose Doctor immediately.
Acetic Acid) faeces, Headache,
Anxiety.
8. Paraquat Paraquat Nausea, vomiting, No specific antidote. Perform gastric lavage. Give
Dichloride diarrhoea, burning Fuller’s Earth (an adosrbent) 300 ml of 30% aqueous
pain in mouth, throat suspension. Give mannitol 200 ml of 20% solution in
and upper abdomen, 200 ml of water via gastric tube. Fuller’s earth should
mouth/throat ulceration, be given as early as possible.If Fuller’s earth is not
concentrate of product available, give Bentonite 1 litre of 7.5% suspension or
Class
is extremely irritating activated charcoal 50 to 100 g dissolved in 200 ml of

to skin and eyes. water.Take patient to Doctor immediately.
Inhalation of spray
must may lead to sore
throat, husky voice and
epistaxis, as a result
of local irritation.
Giddiness, headache,
fever, diarrhoea and
myalgia. Proteinuria,
haematuria, pyrexia,
azotemia followed by
130
oliguria/anuria
9. Copper Copper Nausea, vomiting, No specific antidote.
Compounds Oxychloride, diarrhoea with blood,
Copper Stomach pain and Advise patient to drink water or milk as early
Hydrochloride, headache are the early as possible.
Copper features of poisoning.
Sulphate Dehydration can lead Treat symptomatically.
Cuprous oxide to shock. May cause
oedema of lids, Take patient to hospital and consult Doctor
conjunctivitis and immediately.
corneal ulceration.
In severe poisoning
causes coma,
convulsions and death
Class
10. Anticoagulant Bromodiolone Bleeding from nose, Give Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione) oral or injection.
Coumachlor gums blood in urine Vit K1 is specifically required. Neither Vit K3
Coumatetralyl and stool, brain nor Vit K4 is an antidote for these anticoagulants.
Warfarin hemorrhage. Transfuse with fresh blood if bleeding is severe or
Swelling and pain until anemia is corrected. Iron (Ferrous sulfate) by
in joints. mouth for correction of secondary anemia. Carefully
observe for 4-5 days.Consult Doctor immediately.
11. Urea by-product Chlorimuron Harmful only when No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically.
131
ethyl, Isoproturon excess quantity is
swallowed. Headache,
Nauseation, Vomiting
and loose motion or
diarrhea
12. Sulfonyl Urea Sulfosulfuron, Inflammation in eyes No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically.
Metsulfuron and skin, To nauseate, Milk or any item material containing fat be avoided.
Methyl Vomiting and loose
motion or diarrhea
10. References
1. Abrol D.P. 1997. Bees and beekeeping in India. Kalyani Publishers,

New Delhi. 400 P.
2. Anonymous 2002 Production and availability of pesticides. In. Thirty-

seventh report of standing committee on petroleum & chemicals.
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers (Department of Chemicals &
Petrochemicals), Government of India, New Delhi. 97 P
3. Anonymous 2009. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides

by hazard and guidelines to classification. World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland. 78 P.
4. Anonymous 2012. Farm Inputs and management. In. State of Indian

Agriculture 2011-12. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi. 273 P.
5. APEDA 2005. National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP).

Department of Commerce. Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
New Delhi. 226 P.
6. Bambawale O.M. 2007. Expanding dimensisones of plant protection

through convergence of chemical, transgenic and biological means.
SPS India Foundation Day Lecture, Society of Pesticide Science, India,
IARI, New Delhi November 16, 2007.
7. National Horticulture Board 2011. Indian Horticulture Database-2011.

National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, Gurgaon, India. 278 P.
8. Hameed S.F. and Singh S.P. 2002. Pesticide bee poisoning in changing
scenario of Indian agriculture. In: R.C. Mishra. Perspectives in Indian
Apiculture, Agribios (India), Jodhpur, 334-362 P.
9. Hara A. H. 2000. Finding alternative ways to control alien pests -Part

2: New insecticides introduced to fight old pests. Hawaii Landscape
4(1):5
10. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_pesticide_
antitodes.html
132
11. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/class-pesticides.html
12. http://www.cibrc.nic.in
13. http://www.codexalimentarus.org/standards/pesticides-mrls/en/
14. http://www.frac.info/
15. http://www.fssai.gov.in
16. http://www.fssai.gov.in/portals/o/pdf/foodsafety and standards

(contaminants, toxins and residues) regulation.pdf.
17. http://www.irac-online.org
18. Kodandaram M.H., Rai A.B. and Jaydeep Halder 2010. Novel
insecticide for management of insect pests in vegetable crops: Review.
Vegetables Science, 37(2):109-123.
19. Pawar A.D. 2001. Registration and scope of biopesticides in integrated

pest management (IPM). Plant Protection Bulletin 53(3+4) 1-5.
20. Rabindra R.J. 2005. Current status of production and use of microbial
pesticides in India and the way forward. In R.J.Rabindra, S.S. Hussaini
and B. Ramanujam (Eds.). Microbial biopesticide formulations and
applications. Technical Document No.55, Project Directorate of
Biological Control, Bangalore, India. 269 P.
21. Surendra Singh and Jiwan Lal Kanoria 1999. Selection, uses and
maintence of pesticide application equipments, ICAR, New Delhi,
57 P.
133
Technical Bulletin No. 51
Vegetable Statistics
Percentage share of different states in vegetable production in India (2010-2011)

Vegetable production in India (2000 -2001 to 2010-2011)
Others, 19.8 WB, 18.2
17.3
20
16.7
16.4
16.2
15.4
15.2
18
14.5
14.4
15
15
13.9
16
14
14.66
13.37
12
12.91
12.85
11.5
10
11.14
Haryana, 3.2
10.13
9.39
8
8.86
8.83
8.5
8.48
7.99
7.98
7.85
7.58
UP, 12.1
7.21
6
6.74
6.25
6.16
6.09
6.08
Maharashtra, 5.1
4
2
0
Odisha, 5.3
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Area (million ha) Production (10 x million t) Productivity (t/ha)
Bihar, 10
TN, 5.6
Karnataka, 6.2
AP, 8.1
Gujarat, 6.4 (Source: NHB, 2011)

Use in Vegetables
Label Claim
Food safety
Rational
Pesticide
Use
gj dne] gj Mxj
fdlkuksa dk gelQj Selectivity & Efficacy
Hkkjrh; Ñd̀f"k vuqlaèkku ifj"kn
M.H. Kodandaram
Sujoy Saha
A.B. Rai
Prakash S. Naik

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Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables

Book · March 2013

M. H. Kodandaram Sujoy Saha

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Awadhesh Bahadur Rai Prakash Naik

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Percentage share of different states in vegetable production in India (2010-2011)

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Extension Bulletin No. 50

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research

Printed: March 2013, 500 copies

The publication titled, “Compendium on Pesticide Use in Vegetables”

The efforts made by the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,

(N.K. Krishna Kumar)

1. Status of Pesticide Use in India

Vegetables are important component of Indian agriculture.

Figure 1: Production share (%) of major vegetable crops in India

One of the major constraints in vegetable production is pest

Figure 2: Losses caused by different pests

indiscriminate and non-judicious use of pesticides, which leads to

Pesticide consumption in India and other countries

Figure 3: Pesticide consumption (a.i.kg/ha) in different countries

in India can be attributed to the fragmented land holdings,

Table 1: Consumption of Pesticides in India

Year Consumption Year Consumption Year Consumption

1955-56 2353 1995-96 61,260 2004-05 40,672

Among different classes of pesticides used in India the percent

for two-thirds of total pesticides used in vegetables (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Share (%) of different classes of pesticides used in India

Figure 5: Consumption of pesticides (%) in different crops

Role of novel molecules in pest management

Figure 6: Pesticide consumption (a.i. kg/ha) in major vegetable crops

“reduced risk” insecticides are synthetic or natural compounds that

All these advantages make many of the new insecticides safer,

(A) Classification of Insecticides

(i) Based on chemistry

Insecticide Group IRAC Examples

2 Organophosphates 1B Acephate, Chlorpyrifos, Ethion,

3 Carbamates 1A Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan,

4 Synthetic pyrethroids 3A Bifenthrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin,

5 Neonicotinoids 4A Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid,

6 Phenylpyrazoles 2B Fipronil, Ethiprole

8 Oxadiazines 22A Indoxacarb

9 METI acaricides 21A Pyridaben, Fenzaquin, Fenpyroximate

10 Nereistoxin 14A Bensultap, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-

11 Formamidines 19A Chlordimeform and Amitraz

12 Ketoenols 23A Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,

13 Diamides 28A Flubendamide, Chlorantraniliprole,

Insecticide Group IRAC Examples

Insecticides derived from soil microorganisms /macrocyclic lactones

Insect growth regulators

Main Group and Primary Chemical Sub-group Active Ingredients

Group 2: GABA-gated 2A Endosulfan

hyperexcitation and, in some cases, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin,