Chapter 3 Pneumatic Valves

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA
SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH CƠ KHÍ CHẾ TẠO MÁY

HCMC University of Technology and Education Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS CHAPTER III

TECHNOLOGY PNEUMATIC VALVES
Instructor: Le Phan Hung

rignitc.com
Department of Mechatronics
Email: [email protected]
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction
5 Pressure Control Valves

2 Directional Control Valves
6 Shut-off Valves
3 Non-return Valves
7 Combinational Valves
4 Flow Control Valves
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OBJECTIVES
1. Applying ISO standard, be able to label correctly
the names of 6 popular types of pnematic valves
concerned in the lecture in 5 minutes.
2. Be able to identify the properly pneumatic valve

ports according to Symbol to ISO 5599 and
Symbol to ISO 1219 with 100% accuracy.
3. Be able to choose the appropriate valves to

control the given cylinder in a appointed
particular case with 100% correctly.
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1 Introduction
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
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OPERATION OF PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
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PIPING SYMBOL
Main Line
Pilot Line
Line Crossing
Line Joined
Line Joined
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PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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1. Valve Operators
2. Valve Symbol Structure
3. 3/2-way Directional Control Valve
4. 4 Port Directional Control Valve
1. Valve Operators
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
 The basic function of directional control valve is

to switch air flow to control the operation of
actuator.
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OPERATOR
 An operator is the
mechanism that
causes a valve to Mechan
Manual
change ical
state/position
Electric Mechan
 They are classified al ical
as manual,
mechanical and
electrical
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OPERATOR
Push Shrouded Mushroom Switch

Twist Emergency Key
Button Button Button
Stop Released
Key Plunger Roller One Way

Air Pilot
Operated Tip Solenoid
Pilot
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OPERATOR
 Manual
General manual Lever
Push button Rotary knob
Pull button Pedal
Push/pull button Treadle

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OPERATOR
 Mechanical
Plunger Pressure
Roller Spring
normally as a
return
Uni-direction
or one way
trip Detent in
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3 positions
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OPERATOR
 Electrical
Solenoid Solenoid pilot

direct with manual
override and
Solenoid pilot external pilot
supply
When no
Solenoid pilot integral or
with manual external pilot
override supply is shown
and integral pilot it is assumed to
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1. Valve Operators
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
Arrows Straight or sloping 2 ports are

path and flow connected
direction, or motion
Tee Closed path or port 1 port

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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
Ports Symbol to Symbol to JIS
ISO 5599 ISO 1219
Supplied ports / Inlet 1 P P
Working ports / Outlet 2, 4, 6, … A, B, C, … A, B
Exhaust ports 3, 5, 7,… R, S, T, … EA, EB
Pilot signals 12, 14, … X, Y,…
2 A
12 X
1 3 P R
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VALVE SYMBOL STRUCTURE
 The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a

stroke, e.g. 2/2, 3/2, 5/2..
Number of main ports
Number of states/positions
2
(number of blocks)
2/2 – way valve
1
3/2 – way valve

1 3
4 2
5/2 – way valve

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VALVE SYMBOL STRUCTURE
 The operator for a particular state is illustrated right next to that state
2
Normal
Operated state/position
state/position
produced by
produced by a
pushing a button
spring
1 3
A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally these are inlet, outlet and
exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)
3/2-way valve, actuation by pressing, spring return, normally closed

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TEST QUESTION: MATCH NAMES WITH VALVES
a. 2/2 valve
 
b. 3/2 valve
c. 4/2 valve
d. 4/3 valve  
e. 5/2 valve
f. 5/3 valve
 
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SILENCER
 The speed with which the air contacts
the atmosphere is reduce by spreading
the flow over a wide area (Expansion
chamber).
 Their damping effect consists mainly of
splitting up the air flow into thousands
of minuscule with a low energy
 The more often a sound wave is
reflected, the longer its path and the
higher the natural damping
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CONSTRUCTION OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
 The constructional  Designs are categorised as follows:

principle of a directional  Poppet valves:
control valve is an – Ball seat valve
important factor as far as – Disc seat valve
the service life, switching  Slide valves:
time, type of actuation, – Longitudinal slide valve (spool valve)
connection methods and – Longitudinal flat slide valve
size are concerned. – Plate slide valve
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POPPET VALVES
 The connections are opened and closed by
means of balls, discs, plates or cones.
 The valve seats are usually sealed simply using
flexible seals. Seat valves have few parts which
are subject to wear and hence they have a long
service life. They are insensitive to dirt and are
robust.
 The actuating force, however, is relatively high
as it is necessary to overcome the force of the
built-in reset spring and the air pressure.
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SLIDE VALVES
 In slide valves, the individual connections are

linked together or closed by means of spools,
flat slide or plate slide valves.
Spool Types
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DISC VALVES
 A disc seal is a loose fit in the

groove, with the outer diameter
just in contact with the valve bore.
 Dynamic seal type has the seals
on the spool
 Glandless type have no sliding
seals
 Static seal type has the seals
fixed in the valve bore
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2/2 – WAY VALVE
2
 2 ports 2 positions
 A 2/2 valve is usually used as a simple 1
on/off function
Here the valve is in essence a plunger or

poppet with a seal acting against a spring
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2/2 – WAY VALVE
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1. Valve Operators
3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
1. 3/2-way roller lever valve, internal pilot

2. 3/2-way directional control valve with air pressure pilot operation
3. 3/2-way directional control valve, normally closed
4. 3/2-way directional control valve, normally closed with disc seat
principle (poppet valve)
5. 3/2-way directional control valve, normally open
6. 3/2-way directional control valve, seat valve, with air pilot operation
7. 3/2-way directional control valve – spool valve
8. 3/2-way directional control valve, hand slide valve
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1. 3/2 – WAY ROLLER LEVER VALVE, INTERNAL PILOT
 3/2 – Way rooler lever valve,  3/2 – Way rooler lever valve,
internal pilot, normally closed internal pilot, normally open
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1. 3/2 – WAY ROLLER LEVER VALVE, INTERNAL PILOT
 Roller lever command  One-way Roller lever command
NO!
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1. 3/2 – WAY ROLLER LEVER VALVE, DISTRIBUTION
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2. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE WITH AIR PRESSURE
PILOT OPERATION
 Air applied at the 12 port moves the valve plunger against the reset spring. The
connections 1 and 2 are connected.
 Upon release of the signal at port 12, the pilot spool is returned to the initial
position by the return spring. The disc closes the connection between 1 and 2.
The excess air in the working line 2 is exhausted through 3.
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3. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, NORMALLY CLOSED
 The spring loaded ball shuts off the flow of

conmpressed air from P to A. Working line A is
connected with the pusher rod.
 When the pusher rod is actuated, the ball first
shuts off the exhaust port and then it is lifted off
its seat.
 In reverse direction the ball first shuts off pressure
line P before the exhaust port in the pusher rod is
opened to allow vetilation from A to R, i.e.
ventilation of the valve does not overlap.
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4. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, NORMALLY CLOSED
WITH DISC SEAT PRINCIPLE (POPPET VALVE)
 A characteristic of these valves is the disc

being held in sealing position by a spring.
In addition, the valve disc is being held
by compressed air.
 Disc valves offer large valve opening
ereas with short-distance operations.
They are not sensitive to dirt and are very
durable. The 3/2-way directional control
valve shuts off P from A in zero position
and air is exhausted from A to R.
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5. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, NORMALLY OPEN
 In idle position the 3/2-way directional control

valve with normally open position opens from
P to A and shuts off exhaust valve R.
 When the push rod is pressed the sealing disc
shuts off flow of air from P to A. The second
off its seat by the shoulders of the push rod. A
exhausts to R.
 Used for control of single acting clamping
cylinders. (NO-function).
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6. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, SEAT VALVE, WITH AIR
PILOT OPERATION
 3/2-way directional control valves are actuated by a diaphragm. The large

effective surface of the diaphragm offers the possibility to operate the valve with a
control pressure of 120kPa (1.2 bar/17.4psi) against a working pressure of
600kPa (6bar/87 psi).
 Interchange connections P and R to operate the valve in normally open position.
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7. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE – SPOOL VALVE
 The 3/2-way directional control valve with spring return of the control
spool can be employed as a signal element to reverse air-operated
impulse valves (spool valves)
 Unoperated: P closed
A exhausted to R
 Operated: P connected to A
R closed
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8. 3/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, HAND SLIDE VALVE
 Valves with hand sliding spool are

used as shut-off (main) valves in
pneumatic devices. When the outer
sleeve is slided to the left the
closed-circuit type wind tunnel of
the sleeve connects A with R and
pressure is released.
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Describe the way of using valve ports?
 A 3 port valve provides the inlet, outlet and

exhaust path and is the normal choice for
control of a single acting cylinder
 In the normal position produced by the
spring, the valve is closed
 In the operated position produced by the
push button the valve is open
 The push button must be held down for as
long as the cylinder is outstroked
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Actuator Control
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Describe the way of using valve ports?
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1. Valve Operators
4 PORT DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
1. 4/2-way directional control valve, air pilot actuated

2. 4/2-way directional control valve, slide valve
3. 4/2-way directional control valve with roller lever and internal pilot valve
4. 4/2-way valve, disc seat
5. 4/3-way directional control valve, rotary slide valve
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1. 4/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, AIR PILOT ACTUATED
 Pneumatic 4/2-way directional control valves have

two pilot spools. The bore of the left-hand control
piston connects A with R. The bore of the right-hand
control piston connects P with B.
 To operate the valve admit air through Port Z to hit
the diaphragm piston.
 Release pressure through Z to return the piston into
its initial position. This is assisted by return springs.
The diaphragms of the control pistons are lifted past
a dead center and snap into their basic position.
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1. 4/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, AIR PILOT ACTUATED
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2. 4/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, SLIDE VALVE
 Reversal of the valves with flat sliding spool is effectecd

by acontrol piston at control connections Z or Y.
 An additional flat sliding spool connects working pipes
A and B with exhaust line R. As the sliding spool wears
it is automatically adjusted by the pressure of a spring
and the existing air pressure. This guarantees high
durability.
 A compression impuls on control port Y or Z will reverse
the valve. The control piston remains in its present
position when air exhausted from control pipes.
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2. 4/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
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3. 4/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE WITH ROLLER LEVER
AND INTERNAL PILOT VALVE
 In the 4/2-way directional control

valves compressed air flows through
the 3/2-way directional control pilot
valve and hits two diaphgrams.
 The working power is 1.8 N (180p) at
600 kPa (6bar/87 psi) working
pressure as it is piloted 3/2-way
directional control valves.
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4. 4/2 – WAY VALVE, DISC SEAT
 A disc-seat 4/2-way valve is similar in construction to the combination of two 3/2-

way valves, one valve normally closed and the other normally open.
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5. 4/3 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, ROTARY SLIDE VALVE
 Directional double disc valves are

usually supplied with hand or foot
control.
 Set the lever in mid position to
exhaust air from all working pipes.
The piston of a double acting cylinder
connected to this valves is then in the
so-called floating position, i.e. it can
be moved by outside power.
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5. 4/3 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, ROTARY SLIDE VALVE
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5. 4/3 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
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1. Valve Operators
5/2 – WAY PNEUMATICALLY-ACTUATED
Single pilot Double pilot

4 2 4 2
Spring return
5 3 5 3
1 1
4 2
Pneumatic spring return Initial position is not

5
1
3 set
Initial position is
set
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5/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, SPOOL VALVE,
COMPRESSED AIR ACTUATED
 In slide valves the control member moves transverse to the direction of flow of
the medium to be controlled. This is characteristic off these valves.
 They can be reversed by all possible operations. Control powers simply have to
overcome the friction of the sliding spool respectively the control piston in the
valve body. Pneumatic spool valves offer the possobility of switching a higher
operating pressure at ports Y and Z with comparative low working pressure.
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READING ROLLER IN PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
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5/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, LIMIT SWITCH
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5/2 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE, LIMIT SWITCH
Temporary activate
(Held open)
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5/3 – WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
Closed center Exhaust center Pressure center
Symbol
Hazard elimination in Prevention of violent

Intermediate stops,
Purpose emergency stops movement in cylinders
emergency stops
(residual pressure exhaust) with brakes
Pressure is contained in Pressure in the cylinder is Both cylinder ports are
No power
the cylinder release pressurired
Under external
Does not move Moves Moves
force, the cylinder
Cylinder mounting No restriction
Horizontal only No restrictions
orientation (For light load)
The stop position slips Prone to the effects of
Note Pressure is balanced
if there is an air leak inertial force (overrun)
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SEALS IN SPOOL VALVES
 Sealing between the spool and the valve body is achieved by precise trueing. The
air gap must not be over 0.002 to 0.004 mm as otherwise leakage will result.
 Expensive trueing can be saved if Orings are used for sealing. To reduce the
danger of damage to sealing elements through shearing at the inside connecting
ports, a number of small holes have been arranged around the circumference of
the stator bore.
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SEALS IN SPOOL VALVES
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TEST QUESTION: DESCRIBE THE WAY OF USING VALVE PORTS?
 A five port valve provides an inlet

port 1 that is switched between two
 outlet ports 2 and 4 each with an
exhaust port 3 & 5 4(A) 2(B)
 In the normal position produced by
14(Z)
the spring 1 is connected to 2 with 4
to exhaust 5
 In the operated position produced by
pushing the button port 1 is
connected to 4 with 2 to exhaust 3
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TEST QUESTION: DESCRIBE THE WAY OF USING VALVE PORTS?
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TEST QUESTION: WHICH VALVES CAN BE USED TO CONTROL
SINGLE/DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
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EXERCISE
Your Task:
 Label correctly the name of the pneumatic
valve A, B and C in the below circuit.
 Label the valve ports and pilot signals of
valve A, B and C according to Symbol to
ISO 5599
 Choose another type of direction control
valve which can control double acting
cylinder and draw out the pneumatic circuit.
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3 Non-return Valves
1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

2. Shuttle Valve (Logic “OR”)
3. Two-pressure Valve (Logic “AND”)
4. Quick / Rapid Exhaust Valve
3 Non-return Valves

NON-RETURN VALVES (CHECK VALVES)
 As a rule non-return valves, permit flow of air in one direction only and
shut off the opposite direction.
 The sealing body of spring loaded non-return valves lifts off its seat if
pressure imposed on the spring is greater than its initial stressing force.
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3 Non-return Valves

SHUTTLE VALVE (LOGIC “OR”)
 The shuttle valve permits
compressed air to flow from
either of the connections 1
and 1(3) to 2.
 The ball in the valve always
shuts off the opposite
connection. Suitable for
actuation or control of
pneumatic devices from two
positions. (OR-member)
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EXAMPLE 1: SHUTTLE VALVE (LOGIC “OR”)
 What happens to the The Problem:

cylinder, if the push A single-acting
button are pressed for a cylinder is to
very short period and advance if one of two
then immediately push buttons is
released? operated.
 If the push button is
then released, the
cylinder is to retract
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EXAMPLE 2: THE LOGIC OR FUNCTION
The Problem:
 A double-acting cylinder is to advance
if one of two push buttons is
operated.
 If the push button is then released,
the cylinder is to retract.
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Pneumatics Basic level TP101 Textbook – page 81 74/144
TEST QUESTION: SHUTTLE VALVE (LOGIC “OR”)
 Which of the following applications

would use a shuttle valve like that
shown in this Fig ?
a. Quick exhaust
b. Three station control
c. Safety release
d. Pressure relief valve
e. Two station control
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EXERCISE: SHUTTLE VALVE (LOGIC “OR”)
The problem: A double-acting cylinder is used to transfer parts from a
magazine.
 If either a push button or a foot pedal is operated, the cylinder is to extend.
 Once the cylinder is fully advanced, it is to retract to the initial position.
 A 3/2-way roller lever valve is to be used to detect the full extension of the
cylinder.
Pneumatics Basic level

TP101 Textbook – page
83
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1. Draw the circuit diagram for the

problem ?
2. Designate the valves and indicate
the numbering system for the
connections (ports) ?
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SOLUTION 1: SHUTTLE VALVE (LOGIC “OR”)
 A double pilot valve should be fitted

for the control of the cylinder.
 If the cylinder is to retract on reaching
its fully extended position, roller lever
valves should be used as limit valves
to confirm that this position has been
reached.
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Question:
 What happens to the
cylinder, if the push
button or pedal are
pressed for a very short
period and then
immediately released?
 Describe the operation of
the circuit ?
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3 Non-return Valves

TWO PRESSURE VALVE (LOGIC “AND”)
 Two-pressure valves have two
pressure inlet ports 1 and 1(3).
 To obtain and output signal at A1
compressed air must flow through
both inlet ports. This output signal is
required to stop flow of air.
 If one of the input signals is delayed it
flows to output. Pressure gradient
jaimevera.tecnoies.com
results in the lower pressure flowing to

port A. (AND-member)
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TWO PRESSURE VALVE (LOGIC “AND”)
1.0 1.0
1.6 2
A 1.4
X Y
2 2 1 3
1.2 1.4 2
1.2
1 3 1 3
1 3
(a) (b)
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TEST QUESTION: LOGIC “AND”
 Which of the following statements is true for the two

pressure valve:
a. The output signal requires one input signal
b. The lowest pressure input flows to the outlet.
c. The first pressure input flows to the outlet.
d. The valve works the same as a shuttle valve
e. The valve checks reverse flow
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EXAMPLE: LOGIC “AND”
The Problem:
 The piston rod of a doubleacting
cylinder is to advance when the 3/2-
way roller lever valve 1S2 is actuated
and the push button of the 3/2- way
valve 1S1 is actuated.
 If either of these are released, then
the cylinder is to return to the Initial
 position.
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EXERCISE: LOGIC “AND”
The Problem:
 The piston rod of the cylinder 1A is to
advance only if a workpiece is inserted in the
workpiece retainer, a guard has been
lowered and the operator presses the push
button valve.
 Upon the release of the push button or if the
guard is no longer in its lower position, the
cylinder 1A is to retract to the initial position.
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EXERCISE: LOGIC “AND”
Question:
 What happens to the cylinder, if
the push button is pressed for a
very short period and is then
immediately released ?
 Describe the operation of the
circuit ?
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3 Non-return Valves

QUICK / RAPID EXHAUST VALVE
 Rapid exhaust valves are used for fast ventilation of cylinders and pipes.
Particularly with cylinders of great volume the speed of the piston can be
increased multiply.
learnchannel-tv.com
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QUICK / RAPID EXHAUST VALVE
 Quick exhaust valves are used to increase the piston speed of cylinders.
1.0 1.0
A
A
1.2 1.2 learnchannel-tv.com
P R
P R
1.1 2 1.1 A B
1 3
S R
P
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EXERCISE: QUICK / RAPID EXHAUST VALVE
Problem:
 The combined actuation of a manually actuated valve and a roller lever
valve advances a forming tool on an edge-folding device.
 The forming tool is driven by a double-acting cylinder.
 For rapid forward travel, the circuit utilises a quick exhaust valve. The
retracting speed is to be adjustable.
 If either of the two valves are released, the tool returns to its initial position.
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EXERCISE: QUICK / RAPID EXHAUST VALVE
Question:
 What happens to the cylinder if the
push button is pressed for a short
period and then released?
 Describe the operation of the
circuit ?
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4 Flow Control Valves
THROTTLE VALVE, BI-DIRECTIONAL
 Flow control valves influence the volumetric

flow of the compressed air in both
directions. The throttle valve is a flow control
valve.
 Throttle valves are normally adjustable and the
setting can be locked in position. Throttle valves
are used for speed control of cylinders. Care
must be taken that the throttle valve does not
close fully, cutting off air from the system.
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THROTTLE CONTROL – CHECK VALVE
(ONE WAY FLOW CONTROL VALVE)
A B
 In non-return valves compressed air can only flow in one direction through
a port which can be set by a screw. The adjustable port permits flow control
from 0 up to the nominal width of the valve. In opposite direction the
diaphgram lifts off its seat and admits free access to compressed air.
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TEST QUESTION
Assuming the flow controls are set differently, what effect would reversing
the free – flow checks in both flows controls have on the circuit ?
a. Reversing both extension and retraction speed.
b. Meter extension speed only.
c. Meter retraction speed only.
d. No effect
e. Air would bypass both flow controls
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EXAMPLE: MEMORY CIRCUIT AND SPEED CONTROL OF A CYLINDER
The Problem:
 The piston rod of a doubleacting cylinder is to
advance when a 3/2-way push button valve is
actuated manually. The cylinder is to remain
advanced until a second valve is actuated.
 The signal of the second valve can only take effect
after the first valve has been released. The
cylinder is to then return to the initial position. The
cylinder is to remain in the initial position until a
new start signal is given. The speed of the cylinder
is to be adjustable in both directions.
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EXAMPLE: MEMORY CIRCUIT AND SPEED CONTROL OF A CYLINDER
Solution:
 4/2-way or 5/2-way double pilot valves possess the required memory
function. The valve retains its last switched position until an opposing
signal is received. This characteristic is independent of the time period,
for which the signal is applied to the switching valve.
 The one way flow control valves control the cylinder speed in both
directions and are independently adjustable. Since the displaced air flow
is restricted in each case, this is an exhaust air flow control.
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EXERCISE
Problem:
 A double-acting cylinder is to be used to transfer
parts from a magazine.
 The cylinder is to advance fully when a push button
is operated and then retract automatically. Full
extension is confirmed by a roller lever valve.
 The cylinder is to continue forward even if the push
button is released before full extension is reached.
 The speed of the cylinder is to be adjustable in
both directions of motion.
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EXERCISE
Questions:
1. What is the effect on the piston rod movement, if the push button
remains actuated once the piston rod has reached the end position?
2. What is the effect on the advance stroke, if the roller lever valve is fitted
at the stroke mid position of the piston rod?
3. Describe the initial status of the system ?
4. Describe the operation of the circuit ?
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1. Pressure Sequence Valve

2. Pressure regulator with relief port
3. Restrictions

3. Restrictions
PRESSURE SEQUENCE VALVE
 The principle on which this valve acts is the same as for the pressure limiting
valve. If the pressure exceeds that set on the spring, the valve opens.
 The flow from 1 to 2 is closed. Outlet 2 is opened only if a preset pressure
has built up in pilot line 12. A pilot spool opens the passage 1 to 2.
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PRESSURE SEQUENCE VALVE
 Pressure sequence valves

are installed in pneumatic
controls where a specific
pressure is required for a
switching operation
(pressuredependent
controls).
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EXAMPLE: PRESSURE SEQUENCE VALVE
 A plastic component is embossed

using a die driven by a double-
acting cylinder. The die is to
advance and emboss the plastic
when a push button is operated.
The return of the die is to be
effected when a preset pressure is
reached. The embossing pressure
is to be adjustable.
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Question:
 What happens to the cylinder if the
push button is pressed for a short
period and then released?
 Describe the operation of the circuit ?
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Problem:
 A plastic component is embossed using a die powered by a doubleacting
cylinder. The return of the die is to be effected when the cylinder rod has
fully extended to the embossing position and the preset pressure is
reached. A roller lever valve is to be used to confirm full extension.
 The signal for retracting must only be generated when the piston rod has
reached the embossing position. The pressure in the piston chamber is
indicated by a pressure gauge.
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3. Restrictions
PRESSURE REGULATOR WITH RELIEF PORT
 Reduce high input pressure to a low output pressure.

The output pressure is adjustable and is nearly kept
constant. This system provides compensation of
overload.
 The set screw permits adjustment of the initial
tension in the diaphgram spring. The diaphgram
presses against the push rod which is held in
position by a spring, and lifts off the push rod. The
push rod shuts off the exhaust port in the diaphgram.
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3. Restrictions
RESTRICTIONS
 Reductions of cross section ereas in pipelines and long pipelines result in

resistance to flow of air and possibly in considerble loss in pressure.
 Each source of loss of this type is a throttle. On the other hand throttles
are installed in pneumatic devices to obtain a timing behaviour in a
control system. In the latter case precisely defined chockes are used.
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6 Shut-off Valves
SHUT-OFF VALVES, COCKS
 Shut-off valves are used for shutting off pneumatic devices or pneumatic
circuits. Air may flow in both directions.
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7 Combinational Valves
COMBINATIONAL VALVES
 Components of different control groups can be combined into the body of one unit
with the features, characteristics and construction of a combination of valves.
These are referred to as combinational valves and their symbols represent the
various components that make up the combined unit. The following units can be
defined as combinational valves:
Time delay valves: for the delay of signals
 Air control blocks: for the execution of individual and oscillating
movements using double-acting cylinders 5/4-way valve: for the stopping
of double-acting cylinders in any position
 Air operated 8-way valve: for the control of feed units
 Pulse generator: for the execution of rapid cylinder movements
 Vacuum generator with ejector: for pick and place applications
 Stepper modules: for sequential control tasks
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TIME DELAY VALVE: NORMALLY CLOSED
 The time delay valve is a combined 3/2-way valve, one way flow
control valve and air reservoir. The 3/2-way valve can be a valve
with normal position open or closed. The delay time is generally 0-
30 seconds for both types of valves.
 By using additional reservoirs,

the time can be extended. An
accurate switch-over time is
assured, if the air is clean and
the pressure relatively
constant.
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TIME RESPONSE WITH DELAY-ON
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TIME RESPONSE WITH DELAY-OFF
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SIGNAL SHORTENING / SIGNAL LENGTHENING
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TIME SCHEME
Problem:
 A double-acting cylinder is used to press together glued components.
 Upon operation of a push button, the clamping cylinder extends.
 Once the fully advanced position is reached, the cylinder is to remain for a time of
T= 6 seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position.
 The cylinder retraction is to be adjustable. A new start cycle is only possible after
the cylinder has fully retracted.
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EXAMPLE: TIME DELAY VALVE
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EXERCISE: TIME DELAY VALVE
 A double-acting cylinder is used to press together glued components.
 Upon operation of a push button, the clamping cylinder slowly advances.
 Once the fully extended position is reached, the cylinder is to remain for a time of
T = 6 seconds and then immediately retract to the initial position.
 A new start cycle is only possible after the cylinder has fully retracted and after a
delay of 5 seconds. During this delay the finished part is manually removed and
replaced with new parts for gluing.
 The retracting speed should be fast, but adjustable.
 Draw the circuit diagram for the problem.
 Designate the valves and indicate the numbering system for the connections
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(ports).
ADDITIONAL DEVICE: COUNTER
 The number in counter is the preset count. If
the number in Input = preset count, the output
willhave air
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
Pos. 1:
 A: Filter - generic representation
 B: Filter - with manual condensate
drain
 C: Filter - with automatic condensate
drain
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Air preparation 130/144
PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
Pos. 2:
 A: Pressure regulator - with relieving; with
discharge of the excess pressure,
(relieving). The line with two arrows
indicates the direction of the main flow
towards the point of use, and the direction
of discharge of the excess pressure.
 B: Pressure regulator - without relieving;
without discharge of the excess pressure.
(Note: the small triangle on the upper left is
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omitted)
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
Pos. 3: Lubricator - generic representation
Pos. 4: Soft start valve - provides a gradual
regulated flow to the compressed air system.
 Upon reaching approx. 50% of the inlet
pressure, the valve fully opens the
passage. The arrow indicates the direction
of flow.
Pos. 5:
 A: F.R.L, group, detailed symbol
 B: F.R.L, group, simplified symbol
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 A: 2/2-way monostable closed in rest
position (2/2-way NC)
 B: 2/2-way monostable open in rest
position (2/2-way NO)
 C: 3/2-way monostable closed in rest
position (3/2-way NC)
 D: 3/2-way monostable open in rest
position (3/2-way NO)
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 E: 5/2-way
 F: 5/3-way valves with closed
centers (5/3-way CC)
 G: 5/3-way with open centers (5/3-
way CO)
 H: 5/3-way with pressure centres
(5/3-way CP)
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 A: function OR selector valve

 B: function AND 2 input valve
 C: function NOT inverter valve
 D: function YES amplifier valve
Logic valves
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
Pos. 1:
Isolation interception valves
 A: non-return valve Isolation interception valves
 B: quick exhaust valve
Pos. 2:
 A: unidirectional flow regulator
 B: bidirectional flow regulator
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 A: manual lever
 B: manual lever with stable
position
 C: pedal
 D: manual with (mushroom)
push button
 E: manual with push and pull
button
 F: pneumatic pilot
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 G: direct electrical - pneumatic
pilot (for solenoid valves)
 H: electro-pneumatic (solenoid
pilot) with bistable manual
override
 I: mechanical with bidirectional
roller lever
 M: mechanical with unidirectional
roller lever
 N: pneumatic spring return
Operating devices
 P: mechanical spring return
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PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
 A: pressure source
 B: pressure line
 C: control or pilot line
 D: fixed connections
 E: passing lines
 F: capacity/reservoir
 G: closed port Additional symbols
 H: pressure gauge
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REVISION
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HOMEWORK
Pneumatics – Workbook basic level
 Control systems with one cylinder
Exercise 1, 2 & 3
 Control systems with two cylinders
Exercise 14, 15
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QUESTION & ANSWER
Lê Phan Hưng
 0982204560
 [email protected]
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REFERENCES
[1] Nguyễn Trường Thịnh, Nguyễn Ngọc Phương, Hệ thống điều khiển tự động khí
nén, NXB Khoa học Kỹ thuật, 2012.
[2] Nguyễn Ngọc Phương, Hệ thống điều khiển bằng thủy lực, NXB Giáo dục, 2000.
[3] Nguyễn Trường Thịnh, Nguyễn Ngọc Phương, Tưởng Phước Thọ, Phan Thị Thu
Thủy, Dương Thế Phong, Lectures in Hydraulics & Pneumatics Technology.
[4] SMC Corporation, training lesson in Pneumatic System
[5] https://learnchannel-tv.com/
[6] https://www.norgren.com
[7] https://www.google.com/
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REFERENCES
[8] Peter Croser, Frank Ebel, Pneumatics – Textbook Basic Level, Festo Didactic
1999 (any edition is useful)
[9] D. Waller, H. Werner – Pneumatics – Workbook Basic Level, Festo Didactic 2002
(any edition is useful)
[10] Camozzi Automation S.p.A – Pneumatic Automation From Basic Principles To
Practical Techniques (2019 Edition)
Collection of video lectures and all chapters of HCMUTE lecturer [Link]
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Chapter 3 Pneumatic Valves

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What are the main types of pneumatic valves discussed?

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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA

SƯ PHẠM KỸ THUẬT TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH CƠ KHÍ CHẾ TẠO MÁY

HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS CHAPTER III

Instructor: Le Phan Hung

5 Pressure Control Valves

2. Be able to identify the properly pneumatic valve

3. Be able to choose the appropriate valves to

 The basic function of directional control valve is

Push Shrouded Mushroom Switch

Key Plunger Roller One Way

General manual Lever

Push button Rotary knob

Pull button Pedal

Push/pull button Treadle

Solenoid Solenoid pilot

Arrows Straight or sloping 2 ports are

Tee Closed path or port 1 port

 The function of a valve is given by a pair of numerals separated by a

3/2 – way valve

5/2 – way valve

3/2-way valve, actuation by pressing, spring return, normally closed

 The constructional  Designs are categorised as follows:

 In slide valves, the individual connections are

 A disc seal is a loose fit in the

Here the valve is in essence a plunger or

1. 3/2-way roller lever valve, internal pilot

 Roller lever command  One-way Roller lever command

 The spring loaded ball shuts off the flow of

 A characteristic of these valves is the disc

 In idle position the 3/2-way directional control

 3/2-way directional control valves are actuated by a diaphragm. The large

 Valves with hand sliding spool are

 A 3 port valve provides the inlet, outlet and

1. 4/2-way directional control valve, air pilot actuated

 Pneumatic 4/2-way directional control valves have

 Reversal of the valves with flat sliding spool is effectecd

 In the 4/2-way directional control

 A disc-seat 4/2-way valve is similar in construction to the combination of two 3/2-

 Directional double disc valves are

Single pilot Double pilot

Pneumatic spring return Initial position is not

Hazard elimination in Prevention of violent

 A five port valve provides an inlet

1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

 What happens to the The Problem:

 Which of the following applications

Pneumatics Basic level

1. Draw the circuit diagram for the

 A double pilot valve should be fitted

1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

results in the lower pressure flowing to

 Which of the following statements is true for the two

1. Non-return Valves, (Check Valves)

 Flow control valves influence the volumetric