PAPER

CONNECTED SPEECH

NAME : ASMARA TONI

NIM : 2031010001
SUBJECTS : PRONUNCIATION SKILL
SEMESTER :1

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OFENGLISH

HIGH SCHOOLAND VOCATIONAL SCIENCE (STKIP) AN-NUR
BANDA ACEH
2020
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT for giving His grace and guidance so that I can complete this
paper entitled The Connected Speech: elision, linking, instrusion, junctures and contractions on
time. The purpose of the writing of this paper is to fulfill the task of the lecturer in the
pronunciation skill course. In addition, this paper also aims to add insight into The Connected
Speech: elision, linking, instrusion, junctures and contraction for readers and also for writers. I
would like to thank Ms. NurMayniati, S.Pd., M.p.d, as an eye lecturer. The Pronunciation Skill
course has given this assignment so that it can add knowledge and insight according to the field
of study that I am working on. I also want to thank all those who have shared a piece of their
knowledge so that I can complete this paper. I realize, this paper I write still far from perfect.
Therefore, I will wait for constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.

Banda Aceh, December 7, 2020

Author
ASMARA TONI

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Foreword ……........…………………………………………………........……...i
List of Is ………..………………………………………………........………….ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Formulation ...…………………………………….....………..1
1.3 Objectives of the Problem ...………………………………….....……..1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION…….....…………………………………….......….2
2.1 Definition of Connected Speech .............................................................2
2.2 Elision......................................................................................................2
2.3 linking......................................................................................................2
2.4 Instrusion.................................................................................................2
2.5 Junctures..................................................................................................2
2.6 Contractions.............................................................................................2
CHAPTER III CLOSING ..……………………………………………………...5
3.1 Conclusion .……..........………………………………………………....5
REFERENCES.................…………………………………...…..……………...6

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background,
as we know, connected speech, if you want to be able to understand conversations in
English well. Especially if we are going to take an English test such as IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC,
Cambridge Exam or others. Connected speech will be very helpful in the listening section and
in the speaking section.
It is said that the connected speech will be very helpful in the listening and speaking
sections. Because when the natives speak, they speak in sentences and not just word for word
and when they say it there will be a sound they add and a sound they lose, so if we don't learn
this, we will be confused when listening to the natives. The speaker speaks because it sounds
different from what it sounds like word for word. So that in the end we don't understand what
the native speakers are talking about because the sounds are removed and added. In mastering
English, one must learn at least four main skills; Typically,
listening, speaking, reading and writing in spoken and written form.

1.2. Problem Formulation

1. What is the meaning of connected speech?
2. What is connected speech?
3. What mistakes did the main actors discussed in the connected speech make?

1.3. Purpose of the Problem

1. Knowing the meaning of connected speech.
2. Know what is meant by connected speech.
3. Know the mistakes made by the main actors discussed in the connected speech

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Connected Speech Speech

is spoken language in a continuous sequence, as in normal conversation. This is also called
connected discourse. Often there is a significant difference between the way words are
pronounced separately and the way they are pronounced in the context of the connected speech.
In connected speech, words or syllables are truncated, phrases are combined, and words are
stressed differently than they are written.

Voice Deletion in Connected Speech

One of the characteristics of Connected Speech is the deletion or truncation of sounds that
occur when words run together. For example, "want" could be "want", "would" could become
"will", "rock and roll" could be "rock 'n' roll", and "they" could be "they" or "'dem" in connected
speech. This is a very informal use of common words that occurs most often in casual
conversation, so they may not appear in formal speech or writing.

Author Rachael-Anne Knight explains in detail about the mechanism of connected speech
processing (CSP) in Phonetics: Course Book:

"They appear at the edge of words because this is where the words 'meet' in sentences.
Connected speech processes are optional ...
We can think of [connected speech processes] that affect sound at the phonemic level rather
than the allophonic level. If / t / or / d / or / h / is omitted, for example, we don't find any distinct
allophones; we only find that the phoneme is missing altogether, " (Knight 2012).
Knight also noted that connected speech can cause confusion or misunderstanding when
words and sounds change or are lost.

Challenges for Non-Native Speakers

Confusion about meaning in connected speech is very common in non-native speakers who
listen to native speakers speak. Anyone learning a foreign language needs to practice listening
to it spoken naturally, but English learners have a difficult time selecting individual words from
linked words because the words are often unclear.
Native speakers take lots of verbal shortcuts to casual conversation that written English
wouldn't, and switching between spoken and written English will take some getting used to if
it's not your first language.
This challenge is not exclusive to English. In Spanish, many words start and end with a
vowel and these tend to blend together in speech. Greetings ¿Cómo está? (How are you?) Often
sound like ¿Cóm stá? when spoken, with little or no pause between words.
When talking to someone who is not a native speaker, pronunciation helps a lot. You can
also help them understand you by speaking more slowly and pausing between each word.

Stress Patterns in Connected Speech

In English, the stress patterns of a word are generally influenced by the context. Hence,
even native speakers can pronounce the same word in different ways, as is so often the case in
British vs. American. Connected speech complicates the use of stress by moving it from one
word to another.

Author Peter Roach illustrates stress in a related speech in Phonology: Practical Course:
 "An aspect of connected speaking ... is that stress on the end-stressed compound tends to
move to the preceding syllable and changes in secondary stress if the following word begins
with a particularly stressful syllable. So…
bad- 'grumpy but'teacher
half'grumpy but' half wooden house '
with heavy hands but' sentence 'with heavy hands ”
(Roach 2009).
People who write measured poetry, such as the iambic pentameter in sonnets, must pay
attention to where the stress falls on the words in their line in order to work correctly within the
constraints of form. The person speaking measured poetry might use stress, but that sounds
most natural in connected speech..

2.2 Elition
Phonemes are more often at the end of a word, the most common of which are the / t /
and / d / sounds. However, there are several other letters that are missing the phoneme, also
known as elission. Elission, can occur because of the time and energy required to change the
position of the mouth. See the following example:

• Left back (/ t / ke / b /)

• Looked back (/ d / ke / b /)

• I must go (/ t / ke / g /)

• Next door (/ t / ke / d /

• Dad take (/ d / ke / t /)

• Most common (/ t / ke / c /)

Also read: Voiceless Consonant in British and American English Accents

2.2 Elision
Elision is the loss of a phoneme, most commonly the last phoneme of a word, and most
commonly the /t/ and /d/ sounds. Have a look at these examples:

• left back
• stand by
• looked back
• I must go
In each case the last phoneme of the first word is elided (lost). In the most simple terms, the
reason is that the time and effort required to change the mouth position from the /t/ to the /b/
sound (as in the first example) or the /t/ to the /g/ sound (as in the last example) is too great!

2.3 Linking
Linking/catenation or consonant of the first word combined with a vowel sound at the
beginning of the second word. Catenation occurs when the end of one word gets mixed up
with another word. Catenation can also occur when the final sound of a word is a consonant
and the first sound of the next word is a vowel. Example:

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 • Pick it up (like pi ki tup)

• What is it (like wo ti zit)

2.4 Intrusion
Intrusion is what you might expect from the name – an extra sound “intrudes” into the
spoken utternace. Try saying the following pairs of words:

• media event
• I always
• go away
Do you hear the /r/ sound intruding after “media”, the /j/ sound intruding after “I” and the /w/
sound intruding after “go”?

2.5 Junctures
Juncture, in linguistics, is the manner of moving (transition) between two successive
syllables in speech.An important type of juncture is the suprasegmental phonemic cue by
means of which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of
sounds that have different meanings.
In English, a syllable break at the plus juncture sometimes distinguishes otherwise
homophonic phrases.

• "a name" /ə.neɪm/ and "an aim" /ən.eɪm/

• "that stuff" /ðæt.stʌf/ and "that's tough" /ðæts.tʌf/
• "fork handles" and "four candles"
A word boundary preceded or followed by a syllable break is called an external open
juncture. If there is no break, so that words on either side of the juncture are run together, the
boundary is called an internal open juncture.

2.6 Contractions
Contractions occur where two word combine to the extent that the two are pronounced as
one word, or one syllable.
Examples: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, we’re.. I’m not, you aren’t, we aren’t,.. (but no I
amn’t) Can’t, won’t.. Would’ve, could’ve.. Couldn’t, wouldn’t..

CHAPTER III
 CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Pronunciation work should be seen as an integral part of what goes on in the classroom. Try
not to fall into the text book trap of dividing language up into isolated chunks. One lesson on
grammar, the next on vocabulary,

then pronunciation and so on. All language, like speech, is connected, and students will
benefit from learning the weak forms and stress patterns of new words from the start, rather
than in a remedial lesson months later.

Raising student's awareness of these forms, whenever they arise, is the first step towards
helping your learners to speak a little more naturally. Even if they do not assimilate these
forms at first, "...in many cases, the simple awareness of their existence can help enormously
in enabling students to better understand the language they hear." (Gerald Kelly- "How to
Teach Pronunciation.")

REFERENCES
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-connected-speech-1689790
http://scholarsenglish.id/connected-speech-definisi-aspek-dan-contoh-berbicara-seperti-
native-speaker/
https://www.teacheriman.com/2018/05/mengenal-connected-speech.html
https://www.eslbase.com/tefl-a-z/connected-speech
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncture#Examples_from_English
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)

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