(Class – VIII)

Exercise 3.1
Question 1:
Given here are some figures:

Classify each of them on the basis of the following:

(a) Simple curve (b) Simple closed curve
(c) Polygon (d) Convex polygon
(e) Concave polygon

Answer 1:
(a) Simple curve

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(b) Simple closed curve

(c) Polygons

(d) Convex polygons

(e) Concave polygon

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Question 2:
How many diagonals does each of the following have?
(a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon
(c) A triangle
Answer 2:
(a) A convex quadrilateral has two diagonals.

Here, AC and BD are two diagonals.

(b) A regular hexagon has 9 diagonals.

Here, diagonals are AD, AE, BD, BE, FC, FB, AC, EC and FD.

(c) A triangle has no diagonal.

Question 3:
What is the sum of the measures of the angles of a convex quadrilateral? Will this property
hold if the quadrilateral is not convex? (Make a non-convex quadrilateral and try)
Answer 3:
Let ABCD is a convex quadrilateral, then we draw a diagonal AC which divides the
quadrilateral in two triangles.

A+B+ C+ D = 1+ 6+ 5+ 4+ 3+ 2

= (  1 +  2 +  3) + (  4 +  5 +  6)
= 180  180 [By Angle sum property of triangle]
= 360
Hence, the sum of measures of the triangles of a convex
quadrilateral is 360.
Yes, if quadrilateral is not convex then, this property will
also be applied.

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Let ABCD is a non-convex quadrilateral and join BD, which also divides the quadrilateral
in two triangles.
Using angle sum property of triangle,
In  ABD,  1 +  2 +  3 = 180 ……….(i)
In  BDC,  4 +  5 +  6 = 180 ……….(i)
Adding eq. (i) and (ii),
 1 +  2 +  3 +  4 +  5 +  6 = 360
  1 +  2 + (  3 +  4) +  5 +  6 = 360
  A +  B +  C +  D = 360
Hence proved.

Question 4:
Examine the table. (Each figure is divided into triangles and the sum of the angles
deduced from that.)
Figure

Side 3 4 5 6
Angle 1180 2 180 3  180 4 180
sum   3  2   180   4  2  180   5  2   180   6  2  180

What can you say about the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides?
Answer 4:
(a) When n = 7, then
Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2  180   7  2  180  5 180  900

(b) When n = 8, then

Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2   180   8  2   180  6  180  1080

(c) When n = 10, then

Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2   180  10  2   180  8  180  1440

(d) When n = n, then

Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2   180

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Question 5:
What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of:
(a) 3 sides
(b) 4 sides
(c) 6 sides
Answer 5:
A regular polygon: A polygon having all sides of equal length and the interior angles of
equal size is known as regular polygon.
(i) 3 sides
Polygon having three sides is called a triangle.
(ii) 4 sides
Polygon having four sides is called a quadrilateral.
(iii) 6 sides
Polygon having six sides is called a hexagon.

Question 6:
Find the angle measures x in the following figures:

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 Answer 6:
(a) Using angle sum property of a quadrilateral,

50  130  120  x  360

 300  x  360
 x  360  300
 x  60

(b) Using angle sum property of a quadrilateral,

90  60  70  x  360
 220  x  360
 x  360  220
 x  140

(c) First base interior angle = 180  70  110

Second base interior angle = 180  60  120
There are 5 sides, n = 5
 Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2   180
=  5  2  180  3 180 = 540
 30  x  110  120  x  540
 260  2x  540
 2x  540  260
 2 x  280
 x  140

(d) Angle sum of a polygon =  n  2   180

=  5  2  180  3 180 = 540

 x  x  x  x  x  540
 5x  540
 x  108
Hence each interior angle is 108.

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Question 7:
(a) Find x  y  z (b) Find x  y  z  w

Answer 7:
(a) Since sum of linear pair angles is 180.
 90  x  180
 x  180  90  90
And z  30  180
 z  180  30  150
Also y  90  30  120
[Exterior angle property]
 x  y  x  90  120  150  360

(b) Using angle sum property of a quadrilateral,

60  80  120  n  360
 260  n  360
 n  360  260
 n  100

Since sum of linear pair angles is 180.

 w  100  180 ……….(i)
x  120  180 ……….(ii)
y  80  180 ……….(iii)
z  60  180 ……….(iv)
Adding eq. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv),
 x  y  z  w  100  120  80  60  180  180  180  180
 x  y  z  w  360  720
 x  y  z  w  720  360
 x  y  z  w  360

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 Exercise 3.2
Question 1:
Find x in the following figures:

Answer 1:
(a) Here, 125  m  180 [Linear pair]

 m  180 125  55

and 125  n  180 [Linear pair]
 n  180 125  55
Exterior angle x = Sum of opposite interior angles
 x  55  55  110
(b) Sum of angles of a pentagon =  n  2   180

=  5  2   180
= 3180  540
By linear pairs of angles,
1  90  180 ……….(i)
2  60  180 ……….(ii)
3  90  180 ……….(iii)
4  70  180 ……….(iv)
5  x  180 ……….(v)
Adding eq. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v),
x   1  2  3  4  5   310  900
 x  540  310  900
 x  850  900
 x  900  850  50

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Question 2:
Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of:
(a) 9 sides (b) 15 sides
Answer 2:
(i) Sum of angles of a regular polygon =  n  2   180
=  9  2  180  7 180  1260
Sum of interior angles 1260
Each interior angle =   140
Number of sides 9

Each exterior angle = 180 140  40

(ii) Sum of exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360
Sum of interior angles 360
Each interior angle =   24
Number of sides 15

Question 3:
How many sides does a regular polygon have, if the measure of an exterior angle is 24 ?
Answer 3:
Let number of sides be n.

Sum of exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360

Sum of exterior angles 360
Number of sides =   15
Each interior angle 24
Hence, the regular polygon has 15 sides.

Question 4:
How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165 ?
Answer 4:
Let number of sides be n.
Exterior angle = 180 165  15
Sum of exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360
Sum of exterior angles 360
Number of sides =   24
Each interior angle 15
Hence, the regular polygon has 24 sides.

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Question 5:
(a) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with of each exterior angle as 22 ?
(b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why?
Answer 5:
(a) No. (Since 22 is not a divisor of 360 )
(b) No, (Because each exterior angle is 180  22  158, which is not a divisor of 360 )

Question 6:
(a) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why?
(b) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon?
Answer 6:
(a) The equilateral triangle being a regular polygon of 3 sides has the least measure of an
interior angle of 60 .
Sum of all the angles of a triangle = 180
 x  x  x  180
 3x  180
 x  60

(b) By (a), we can observe that the greatest exterior angle is 180  60  120 .

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 Exercise 3.3
Question 1:
Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with the definition or
property used.

(i) AD = ____________________
(ii)  DCB = ____________________
(iii) OC = ____________________
(iv) m DAB + m CDA = ____________________

Answer 1:
(i) AD = BC [Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal]
(ii)  DCB =  DAB [Since opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal]
(iii) OC = OA [Since diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other]
(iv) m DAB + m CDA = 180
[Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary]
Question 2:
Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns x, y, z.

Note: For getting correct answer, read 3  30 in figure (iii)

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Answer 2:
(i)  B +  C = 180 [Adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary]
 100  x  180
 x  180 100  80

and z  x  80 [Since opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal]

also y  100 [Since opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal]

(ii) x  50  180 [Adjacent angles in a ||gm are supplementary]

 x  180  50  130

 z  x  130 [Corresponding angles]

(iii) x  90 [Vertically opposite angles]

 y  x  30  180 [Angle sum property of a triangle]

 y  90  30  180
 y  120  180
 y  180  120  60
 z  y  60 [Alternate angles]

(iv) z  80 [Corresponding angles]

 x  80  180 [Adjacent angles in a ||gm are supplementary]

 x  180  80  100

and y  80 [Opposite angles are equal in a ||gm]

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 (v) y  112 [Opposite angles are equal in a ||gm]
 40  y  x  180 [Angle sum property of a triangle]
 40  112  x  180
 152  x  180

 x  180 152  28

and z  x  28 [Alternate angles]

Question 3:
Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram, if:
(i)  D +  B = 180 ?
(ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm?
(iii)  A = 70 and  C = 65 ?
Answer 3:
(i)  D +  B = 180
It can be, but here, it needs not to be.

(ii) No, in this case because one pair of opposite sides are equal and another
pair of opposite sides are unequal. So, it is not a parallelogram.

(iii) No.  A   C.
Since opposite angles are equal in parallelogram and here opposite angles
are not equal in quadrilateral ABCD. Therefore it is not a parallelogram.

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Question 4:
Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has exactly two
opposite angles of equal measures.
Answer 4:
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which angles  A =  C = 110.

Therefore, it could be a kite.

Question 5:
The measure of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3:2. Find the
measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram.
Answer 5:
Let two adjacent angles be 3x and 2 x.
Since the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.

 3x  2 x  180
 5x  180
180
 x  36
5
 One angle = 3x  3 36  108
and another angle = 2 x  2  36  72

Question 6:
Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the measure of the
angles of the parallelogram.
Answer 6:
Let each adjacent angle be x.
Since the adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.
 x  x  180
 2x  180

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 180
 x  90
2
Hence, each adjacent angle is 90 .
 x  x  x  180
 3x  180
 x  60

Question 7:
The adjacent figure HOPW is a parallelogram. Find the angle measures x, y and z. State
the properties you use to find them.

Answer 7:
Here  HOP + 70  180 [Angles of linear pair]
 HOP = 180  70  110
and  E =  HOP [Opposite angles of a ||gm are equal]
 x  110

 PHE =  HPO [Alternate angles]

 y  40
Now  EHO =  O = 70 [Corresponding angles]
 40  z  70
 z  70  40  30
Hence, x  110, y  40 and z  30

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Question 8:
The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms. Find x and y. (Lengths are in
cm)

Answer 8:
(i) In parallelogram GUNS,
GS = UN [Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal]
 3x  18
18
 x   6 cm
3
Also GU = SN [Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal]
 3 y  1  26
 3 y  26  1
 3 y  27
27
 y  9 cm
3
Hence, x = 6 cm and y = 9 cm.

(ii) In parallelogram RUNS,

y  7  20 [Diagonals of ||gm bisects each other]
 y  20  7  13 cm
and x  y  16
 x  13  16
 x  16 13
 x  3 cm
Hence, x  3 cm and y  13 cm.

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Question 9:
In the figure, both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x.

Answer 9:
In parallelogram RISK,
 RIS =  K = 120 [Opposite angles of a ||gm are equal]

m  120  180 [Linear pair]

 m  180 120  60
and  ECI =  L = 70 [Corresponding angles]
 m  n  ECI = 180 [Angle sum property of a triangle]
 60  n  70  180
 130  n  180
 n  180 130 = 50
also x  n  50 [Vertically opposite angles]

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Question 10:
Explain how this figure is a trapezium. Which is its two sides are parallel?

Answer 10:
Here,  M +  L = 100  80  180 [Sum of interior opposite angles is 180 ]
 NM and KL are parallel.

Hence, KLMN is a trapezium.

Question 11:
1. 𝐴𝐵 || ̅̅̅̅
Find m C in figure , if ̅̅̅̅ 𝐷𝐶 ,

Answer 11:
Here,  B +  C = 180 ̅̅̅̅ || 𝐷𝐶
[ 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅]

 120  mC = 180

 mC = 180 120  60

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Question 12:
Find the measure of  P and  S if ̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑃 || ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑄 in given figure.
(If you find m R is there more than one method to find m P)

Answer 12:
Here,  P +  Q = 180 [Sum of co-interior angles is 180 ]
  P + 130  180
  P = 180  130
  P = 50
 R = 90 [Given]
  S + 90  180
  S = 180  90
  S = 90

Yes, one more method is there to find  P.

 S +  R +  Q +  P = 360 [Angle sum property of quadrilateral]
 90  90  130  P = 360
 310  P = 360
  P = 360  310
  P = 50

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 Exercise 3.4
Question 1:
State whether true or false:
(a) All rectangles are squares.
(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms.
(c) All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles.
(d) All squares are not parallelograms.
(e) All kites are rhombuses.
(f) All rhombuses are kites.
(g) All parallelograms are trapeziums.
(h) All squares are trapeziums.

Answer 1:
(a) False. Since, squares have all sides are equal.
(b) True. Since, in rhombus, opposite angles are equal and diagonals intersect
at mid-point.
(c) True. Since, squares have the same property of rhombus but not a
rectangle.
(d) False. Since, all squares have the same property of parallelogram.
(e) False. Since, all kites do not have equal sides.
(f) True. Since, all rhombuses have equal sides and diagonals bisect each
other.
(g) True. Since, trapezium has only two parallel sides.
(h) True. Since, all squares have also two parallel lines.

Question 2:
Identify all the quadrilaterals that have:
(a) four sides of equal lengths.
(b) four right angles.

Answer 2:
(a) Rhombus and square have sides of equal length.
(b) Square and rectangle have four right angles.

1
Question 3:
Explain how a square is:
(i) a quadrilateral (ii) a parallelogram
(iii) a rhombus (iv) a rectangle

Answer 3:
(i) A square is a quadrilateral, if it has four unequal lengths of sides.
(ii) A square is a parallelogram, since it contains both pairs of opposite sides equal.
(iii) A square is already a rhombus. Since, it has four equal sides and diagonals bisect
at 90 to each other.
(iv) A square is a parallelogram, since having each adjacent angle a right angle and
opposite sides are equal.

Question 4:
Name the quadrilateral whose diagonals:
(i) bisect each other.
(ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each other.
(iii) are equal.
Answer 4:
(i) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then it is a rhombus,
parallelogram, rectangle or square.
(ii) If diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular bisector of each other,
then it is a rhombus or square.
(iii) If diagonals are equal, then it is a square or rectangle.

Question 5:
Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.
Answer 5:
A rectangle is a convex quadrilateral since its vertex are raised and both of its diagonals
lie in its interior.

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Question 6:
ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the mid-point of
the side opposite to the right angle. Explain why O is
equidistant from A, B and C. (The dotted lines are drawn
additionally to help you.)
Answer 6:
Since, two right triangles make a rectangle where O is equidistant point from A, B, C and
D because O is the mid-point of the two diagonals of a rectangle.

Since AC and BD are equal diagonals and intersect at mid-point.

So, O is the equidistant from A, B, C and D.