More English with Jenny 

No. 38
Cloze Test
Animal Communication
Most animals manage, to some extent, to communicate with members of the same species. Honeybees,
for example, can convey to one (1) ____________ the direction, distance and quality of a source of nectar.
Certain monkeys have several distinct vocalizations including different alarm calls when they catch (2)
__________ of leopards, eagles and snakes.
Animal communication appears to be (3) ____________ two basic kinds. On the one hand, the calls of
birds and non-human primates consist of a number of signals, each of (4) _________ has a purpose, (5)
_________ it be a danger call, food call or distress call. On the other hand, bees have an unlimited number of
signals which show they are clearly (6) ___________ of conveying any combination of distance, direction and
quality but which cannot communicate anything else. In both cases, the signal manifests itself only when the
appropriate stimulus is present. Contrast this with human speech: we do not necessarily begin talking about
eagles the (7) ____________ we see them; conversely, we can discuss eagles even when there are (8)
___________ of them about.
In recent decades, (9) ____________ have been made to teach human language to apes. These have
met with extremely limited success. (10) ____________ there may be some evidence that they can recognize
large numbers of words, there is very little evidence to suggest that apes are able to learn much, if any,
grammar.

Guided Cloze
Getting to the root of bonsai crime
Bonsai trees have always been a source of great fascination to people. They are perfect miniatures,
grown in pots small enough to sit on windowsill. You have to keep reminding yourself that these trees are (1)
________ real and identical to their larger cousins in all respects except their size. Rather like other small and
perfectly-formed artifacts, bonsai trees (2) ________ quite a high price in the marketplace and so it doesn’t
come as a great surprise to find that they also (3) _______ the attention of thieves. It seems that quite a
flourishing business has evolved, in which they were stolen from the homes of growers and collectors, then
repotted and trimmed by unscrupulous dealers, to be sold on, at good prices, to (4) ______ buyers.
One of Britain’s top collectors of bonsai trees, Paul Waddington, believes that he has found a solution,
however. After losing his life’s work, (5) _________ at $250,000, when burglars broke into his home one night,
Paul decided to (6) _______ the possibilities of electronically tagging the trees he bought as a replacement.
This involves injecting a microchip the size of a (7) _____ of rice into the trunk of each tree. Each chip is laser
– etched with information which is (8) ___________ in a central register held by the police. Paul is quite aware
that this kind of data-tagging doesn’t (9) _________ thieves from stealing the trees in the first place, although
it may increase the (10) _________ of getting them back. So he’s also installing a security alarm system,
complete with infra-red detectors, in his home.
1/ A. deeply B. eventually C. actually D. greatly
2/ A. obtain B. expect C. command D. charge
3/ A. attract B. inquire C. appeal D. invite
4/ A. unavoidable B. undemanding C. unconscious D. unsuspecting
5/ A. prized B. treasured C. valued D. cost
6/ A. look into B. set about C. try out D. go after
7/ A. crumb B. speck C. bean D. grain
8/ A. stored B. detained C. locked D. piled
9/ A. preserve B. prevent C. prohibit D. protect
10/ A. counts B. chances C. choices D. claims

Idioms
Multiple Choice
1/ Why are you ____? We’ve got plenty of time to catch the train.
A/ in a hurry B/ on the double C/ at a snail’s pace
2/ I thought you said that we should meet at John’s house, not Alan’s house. I guess we ______.
A/ get our wires crossed B/ jumped the gun C/ were up in the air
3/ The publishing company is about to _____ a new book on exploring the World Wide Web.
A/ mix up B/ go through C/ bring out
4/ Even though I ____ help Joe, he didn’t even thank me afterwards.
A/ bent over backwards B/ missed the boat C/ picked up
5/ There was only one computer, so the students had to _____ using it.
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A/ pass up B/ take turns C/slip up
6/ The billionaire is glad to contribute a few thousand dollars to the charity because it’s just ______ for him.
A/ a drop in the bucket B/ the lion’s share C/ irons in the fire
7/ If you keep working hard and don’t give up, you’ll succeed _____.
A/ to this day B/ all told C/ in the long run
8/ I think that the worst of my problems are over, so things _____ in my life.
A/ are iffy B/ are on the wrong track C/ are look up
9/ The young pianist was _____ just before she went on stage to perform.
A/ wishful thinking B/ on pins and needles C/ playing it by ear
10/ Isn’t Elaine’s hope to become a famous movie star just _____?
A/ a real sport B/ a pipe dream C/ a slip of the tongue

Gap Filling (Mind tenses)

hit it off rub elbows with cut both ways on the wrong foot tied the knot
get along with at sixes and sevens face to face on the rocks
1/ It’s not appropriate to discuss this matter over the phone. Let’s meet tomorrow and discuss it ___________.
2/ Melinda and her boyfriend ____________________ at a small wedding chapel near Niagara Falls.
3/ My new roommate and I are the best of friends. We really __________________ from the start
4/ Do you _________________ your younger brother, or do you constantly argue and fight like many brothers?
5/ Frank and Gina were invited to the Beverly Hills party where they were able to _________________ some
well-known Hollywood personalities.
6/ When Larry moved to another city, he joined a health club so that he could exercise and
_________________ at the same time.
7/ Isn’t it a shame that the Underhill’s marriage is ____________________? They ‘ll probably divorce very
soon.
8/ Even though we started off _________________________ let’s try to be friendly from now on.
9/ Every thing’s ______________________ because I’m in the middle of moving to a new flat.
10/ The train is slower than the plane but it _________________ because it’s more comfortable.

Sentence Transformation
1/ Has he gone mad? LEAVE
Has …………………………………………………….………………………………. senses?
2/ Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket? CREDITED
Tsiolkovsky …………………………………………………….………. the space rocket.
3/ They have quite a lot of money saved for their retirement. NEST
They ………………………………………………………………….…… their retirement.
4/ They wouldn’t dare challenge you now! NERVE
They wouldn’t ………….………………………………………………….….... you now.
5/ Charlie won’t go, so don’t try to persuade him. USE
It’s ……………………………………………………………………………...….…..… to go.
6/ It is necessary to make such a fuss about my being late. SONG
Do you have ……………………………………………………… about my being late.
7/ Becoming the center of attraction was all he wanted. STAGE
Taking …………………………………………………………………...……………. wanted.
8/ He wants to take advantage of this situation before it’s too late. IN
He wants ……………………………………………………………... before it’s too late.

Error Correction
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks around the world. There are many different types of coffee and
experts claim that there are more flavors of coffee than there are with wine. Coffee contains caffeine, a
stimulant that raises our awareness, keeps us from falling asleep or simply gives us a kick in the morning or
after lunch.
Food experts, however, are still indecisive on how healthy coffee is. For a long time doctors have told
people not to drink too much coffee, because it may lead to heart problems, high blood pressure, insomnia 
and headaches.
Scientists have now found out that it is the quality of coffee and the way it is brewed that gets
the key to our health. Elderly people on the Greek island of Ikaria, live longer than normal. Among other things,
this is linked to the consumption of a strong brew of coffee. Experts also point out that different roasts and

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types of coffee beans have different effects on our health. Milk and sugar change the different levels of caffeine
in a cup of coffee.
A new study by a Harvard research group says that there is no link between coffee and health
problems. Drinking several cups of strong coffee, a day is not connected with young death or other
heart diseases. Doctors, however, warn against drinking too much coffee, as it can lead to stomach problems.
Coffee has many advantages, as the new study suggests. Since alcohol makes people lethargic and
slow-moving, coffee gives them energy. Getting together for a cup of coffee is also a form of socializing and
has a positive effect on relationships.
Although a lot still needs to be open about coffee, it seems to reduce the risk of cancer and 
diabetes. Reports show that people who drink coffee may develop Parkinson’s disease later in life, or maybe
not at all. Neurologists think that coffee may have a positive effect on connecting passageways in our brain.

Reading Comprehension
The Internet and Fiber Optics
The Internet is lauded by most as the greatest innovation of the twentieth century. Originally
conceived of by the US Federal Department of Defense as a means of decentralizing their computer control
center in the event of nuclear attack, the Internet has grown into a huge network of globally connected
computers. In fact, recent figures indicate that nearly two billion people currently make use of its many
services. The Internet has revolutionized global communication, information access, and commercial
transactions.
This complex system, whose visual representation resembles the architecture of the human brain,
allows individuals to communicate almost instantaneously across vast distances through email, instant
messaging, and videoconferencing. The emergence of the World Wide Web, a massive set of interlinked online
documents, and search engines such as Google, have ushered in a new age of instant information including
text, graphics, and audio-visual media. Online forums, message boards, and websites dedicated to serving
particular interest groups have broadened people’s social circles and communication opportunities. Remote
access enables users to check email and access files and programs on a home or office PC from distant
locations. Streaming media provide a venue for broadcast companies such as the BBC or individuals
participating in sites such as YouTube to upload video for mass consumption. Secure serves allow for financial
transactions and the online purchasing of virtually any type of product.
Because of the Internet’s invaluable contributions to the enhancement of knowledge, communications,
and commerce, physicists and engineers constantly endeavor to increase its power and speed. The
development of fiber optics is a cost-effective technology that serves to accomplish these aims. Fiber optics is a
data-delivery system that operates by transmitting light through glass fibers. Due to its many advantages over
copper-wire electrical transmission, it is now the state-of-the-art system developed world. Fiber optic cables
currently deliver information 1000 times faster and 100 times farther than copper-wire technology. While
utilizing less power, they deliver a clearer and more secure signal that is less prone to electromagnetic
interference and degradation.
Fiber optics works by using a light source adjacent to the fiber such as a light-emitting diode (LED) or
laser to produce and digitally encode the light signal. This light travels through the core of the fiber, which is
composed of pure flexible glass. The purer the glass, the clearer the signal. Since light travels in straight lines,
the core is covered with a mirrored layer that reflects light off its wall and guides it down the fiber channel. To
make up for signal loss over distance, laser amplifiers convert the weakening signal into a stronger one with
the same properties. Finally, upon reaching its destination, and optical receiver decodes the digital signal so
that it can be ready by a computer, TV, or telephone. Fiber-optics technology is not limited to the Internet.
Due to the physical constraints involved in creating fiber-optic infrastructure within cities because of the
need to distribute fibers among millions of users, fiber-optic systems have been reserved up until very recently
for long-distance applications. Telecommunication companies usually solve what they call the ‘last mile’
connectivity problem by complementing fiber with copper-wire systems already in place. Fiber-to-the-node, also
called fiber-to-the-neighborhood, (FTTN) delivers fiber-optic service to an area where cable or DSL copper-wire
service providers offer high-speed Internet to their subscribers. While their bandwidth is inferior to fiber, both
able and DSL (digital subscriber line) are intermediate measures that provide adequate service without the
huge undertaking of replacing and rerouting fiber to individual residences and businesses.
Recent studies estimate that Internet traffic will increase fifty-fold within the next two years. Because
the number of light colors that can be routed through a single fiber doubles every six to nine months, the
bandwidth potential for fiber is virtually limitless. This makes it a safe bet for the future where yet unheard of
Internet media hinted at by 3-D virtual world applications will likely demand increasingly faster connection
speeds. To date, more than 10 million customers worldwide have fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) service. While

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Asian countries have taken the lead in this regard, it is probable that FTTH will be the standard international
medium of Internet connectivity in the not-so-distant future.
1/ According to paragraph 1, the word ‘lauded’ is closest in meaning to ______.
A/ identified B/ praised C/ recognized D/ worshiped
2/ According to paragraph 1, what is true about the origin of the Internet?
A/ It originated as a result of an innovations contest organized by the US government.
B/ It happened in the early twentieth century.
C/ It occurred in response to a nuclear attack.
D/ It was developed for protection.
3/ According to paragraph 2, all of the following are features of the Internet EXCEPT ______.
A/ search engines B/ remote area C/ streaming forums D/ interlinked documents
4/ According to paragraph 3, what is true about the advantages of fiber?
A/ A fiber signal can travel 1000 times farther than a copper-wire signal.
B/ A fiber signal is clearer, faster, and more secure than copper wire, even though it employs less energy.
C/ A fiber signal is prone to electromagnetic interference and degradation.
D/ It is a high-tech system used in cities and in transoceanic communication lines throughout the developed
world.
5/ According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT a step in fiber-optic signal transmission?
A/ A laser sends out a digital light signal, which then speeds through glass in the center of the fiber.
B/ The light is reflected off mirrored walls of the fiber channel to create multiple signals.
C/ An optical receiver translates the light signal to relay information to a computer or other service.
D/ Laser amplifiers boost the signal when it weakens.
6/ According to paragraph 4 ‘its’ refers to ______.
A/ optical receiver B/ digital signal C/ signal loss D/ weakening signal
7/ Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the first sentence in paragraph 5? ( Due to
the physical ………… long-distance application.)
A/ A fiber-optic infrastructure between cities has been until recently constrained by distribution problems,
therefore limiting fiber-optic systems to long-distance applications.
B/ Because of the difficulties inherent in delivering fiber to millions of individual city residents, fiber-optic
systems until recently have not been successful in covering long distances.
C/ Because the physical properties of fiber have made distribution among millions of city users a practical
impossibility until very recently, its main application has been for long-distance coverage.
D/ Fiber-optic systems until very recently have been used for long-distance purposes because the allocation of
fibers to millions of city dwellers is too labor-intensive.
8/ According to paragraph 5, the word ‘bandwidth’ is closest in meaning to _____.
A/ communication capacity B/ data delivery
C/ Internet connection D/ fiber width
9/ According to paragraph 5, what is true of DSL and cable?
A/ They are a replacement for outdated dial-up Internet systems.
B/ They are copper-wire transmission systems.
C/ They are more expensive than fiber.
D/ They are used to deliver high-speed Internet in the developing world.
10/ According to paragraph 6, what does the author imply about 3-D virtual world applications?
A/ They are a predicted future technology. B/ They require more bandwidth.
C/ They will be standard on all future with applications. D/ They will only work on a fiber system.

Word form
Precious Meal
Gold has several qualities that have made it a commodity of (1.EXCEPTION) ……………………… value
throughout history. It is attractive in color, durable to the point of virtual (2.DESTROY) ………………… and
usually found in nature in a (3.COMPARE) ……………………… pure form. The history of gold is (4.EQUAL)
……………………… by that of any other metal because of its value in the minds of men from earliest times.
Because it is visually (5.PLEASE) …………………….. it was one of the first metals to attract human
(6.ATTEND) …………………. Examples of elaborate gold (7.WORK) ………………… , many in nearly perfect
condition, survive from ancient Egyptian, Minoan, Assyrian, and Etruscan artisans, and gold has continued to be
a highly (8.FAVOUR) ………………… material out of which jewelry and other (9.DECOR) ………………… objects are
crafted.
The era of gold production that followed the Spanish discovery of the Americans in the 1490s was
probably the greatest the world had witnessed to that time. The (10.EXPLOIT) ……………………… of mines by
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slave labour and the looting of Indian palaces, temples, and graves in Central and South America resulted in a
(11.PRECEDENT) …………………… influx of gold that literally unbalanced the economic structure of Europe. Until
today the world remains (12. CAPTIVE) …………………… by the allure of gold.

THE END

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