Logic 4

Logic
Chapter 3
Logic
Chapter 3
Section 3.1: Logic Statements and Quantifiers

Section 3.2: Truth Tables, Equivalent Statements
and Tautologies
Section 3.3: The Conditional and Biconditional
Section 3.4: The Conditional and Related
Statements
Equivalent
Forms of the
Conditional
Equivalent Forms
of the
Conditional
__________________________________
Every conditional statement can be stated in many

equivalent forms.
It is not even necessary to state the antecedent before
the consequent.
For instance, the conditional “If I live in Boston, then I

must live in Massachusetts” can also be stated as
"I must live in Massachusetts, if I live in Boston."
The table on the left lists some
of the various forms that may
be used to write a conditional
statement.
Example 1: Write a Statement in Equivalent Form
Write each of the following in “If p, then q” form.
The number is an even number provided that it is divisible by 2.
Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday.

Solution 1: Write a Statement in Equivalent Form
(#1)
Answers:
The statement, “The number is an even number provided that

it is divisible by 2,” is in “q provided that p” form.
The antecedent is “it is divisible by 2”, and the consequent is
“the number is an even number”.
Thus its “If p, then q” form is
"If it is divisible by 2, then the number is an even number."
Solution 1: Write a Statement in Equivalent Form
(#2)
Answers:
The statement, “Today is Friday, only if yesterday was

Thursday,” is in “p only if q” form.
The antecedent is “today is Friday”, and the consequent is
“yesterday was Thursday”.
Thus its “If p, then q” form is
"If today is Friday, then yesterday was Thursday."
More Examples: Write a Statement in Equivalent
form
The Converse,
The Inverse,
and
The
Contrapositive
Every conditional statement
has three related statements.
Refer to the table on the left.
They are called the converse,

the inverse, and the
contrapositive.
The Converse
__________________________________
The converse of p → q is formed by interchanging the

antecedent p with the consequent q.
The Inverse
__________________________________
The inverse of p → q is formed by negating the

antecedent p and negating the consequent q.
The Contrapositive
__________________________________
The contrapositive of p → q is formed by negating both

the antecedent p and the consequent q and
interchanging these negated statements.
Example 2: Write the Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of a
Conditional
1. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of

"If I get the job, then I will rent the apartment."
Solution to the Example 2:
Converse: "If I rent the apartment, then I get the job."
Inverse: "If I do not get the job, then I will not rent the
apartment."
Contrapositive: "If I do not rent the apartment, then I did not

get the job."
More Example: Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
Example 3: Determine Whether Related
Statements are Equivalent
Determine whether the given statements are equivalent.
If a number ends with a 5, then the number is divisible by 5.

If a number is divisible by 5, then then the number ends with a 5.
If two lines on a plane do not intersect, then the lines are parallel.
If two lines on a plane are not parallel, then the lines intersect.
Solution 3: Determine Whether Related
Statements are Equivalent
Answers:
The second statement is the converse of the first.

The statements are not equivalent.
The second statement is the contrapositive of the first.

The statements are equivalent.
More Example: Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive
Example 4: Use the Contrapositive to Determine
the Truth Value
Write the contrapositive of each statement and use the contrapositive to determine whether the truth value of the original
statement.
If x³ is an odd integer, then x is an odd integer. (Assume x is an

integer)
If a geometric figure is not a rectangle, then it is not a square.

Solution 4: Use the Contrapositive to Determine
the Truth Value
Answers:
If x is an even integer, then x³ is an even integer.

This is a true statement, so the original statement is also true.
If a geometric figure is a square, then it is a rectangle.

This is a true statement, so the original statement is also true.
More Example: Using Contrapositive to
determine the Truth Value

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Logic

Section 3.1: Logic Statements and Quantifiers

Every conditional statement can be stated in many

For instance, the conditional “If I live in Boston, then I

Write each of the following in “If p, then q” form.

The number is an even number provided that it is divisible by 2.

Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday.

The statement, “The number is an even number provided that

The statement, “Today is Friday, only if yesterday was

They are called the converse,

The converse of p → q is formed by interchanging the

The inverse of p → q is formed by negating the

The contrapositive of p → q is formed by negating both

1. Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of

Converse: "If I rent the apartment, then I get the job."

Contrapositive: "If I do not rent the apartment, then I did not

Determine whether the given statements are equivalent.

If a number ends with a 5, then the number is divisible by 5.

The second statement is the converse of the first.

The second statement is the contrapositive of the first.

If x³ is an odd integer, then x is an odd integer. (Assume x is an

If a geometric figure is not a rectangle, then it is not a square.

If x is an even integer, then x³ is an even integer.

If a geometric figure is a square, then it is a rectangle.

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