Lecture – 14

Introduction To Computing & Programming

 Contents
• Conditional control flow
• One-way selection
• Two-way selection
• Multi-way selection
• Choice-way selection
• Conditional control structures in C++
• if statement
• if – else statement
• if – else – if statement
• switch statement
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 Contents

• Decision to choose between conditional control structure (LL 04)

• Program Examples (LL 04)

LL 02 = Learning Level 02 – Comprehension, LL 04 = Learning Level 04 – Analysis

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 Conditional Control Flow

• Conditional control flow is also referred to as conditional logic or selection

logic.
• It is one of the order in which the program instructions are executed.
• Its execution order differs from the sequential logic.
• It executes the instructions on the basis of one or more conditions.
• If the conditions are satisfied it will execute the instructions else the
instructions will not be executed (skipped).

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 Conditional Control Flow

In conditional logic:

• Statements are executed on the basis of conditions.

• If conditions are satisfied the statements are executed.
• If conditions are not satisfied the statements are skipped.

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 Types of Conditional Control Flow

• In programming we normally have four types of conditional/selection

control flow:

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 One-Way Selection
• In one-way selection there is one condition and only one possible choice
available either we choose it or not.
• If the condition is satisfied we choose it, and do not choose it, if the
condition is not satisfied.
• Like, the boss checks the experience of an employee and adds the bonus, if
the experience is more than 2 years.
• Similarly, shopkeeper gives you a discount of 10% if you make the purchase
of more than Rs. 5000.
• Both of these examples involve one-way selection.

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 One-Way Selection

In one-way selection:

• The statements are executed if the condition is satisfied (true).

• Does nothing when condition is not satisfied (false).

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 One-Way Selection – Flow Chart
Following is the flow of execution of one-way selection:

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 One-Way Selection - Example
Problem Statement 1: If the number is positive then display it.

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 One-Way Selection - Example
Problem Statement 2: If the number is multiple of 5 then add 1 to it and
display the resultant number.

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 Two-Way Selection

• In two-way selection there is one condition and two possible choices

available either we choose first one or the second one.
• If the condition is satisfied we choose first choice and the second choice if
the condition is not satisfied.
• Like, the teacher checks the roll number of a student, if it is even he/she is
from section 2 otherwise he/she is from section 1.
• It is an example involving two-way selection.

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 Two-Way Selection

In two-way selection:

• If the condition is satisfied (true), the 1st set of statements is executed.

• If the condition is not satisfied (false), the 2nd set of statements is executed.

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 Two-Way Selection – Flow Chart
Following is the flow of execution of two-way selection:

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 Two-Way Selection - Example
Problem Statement 1: If the number is even, display “Number is even” else
display “Number is odd”.

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 Two-Way Selection - Example
Problem Statement 2: If the number is even, make it odd else double it and
finally display the number.

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 Multi-Way Selection
• Multi-way selection is series of two-way selections.
• In multi-way selection there are multiple conditions and multiple possible choices
available, we choose any one of them.
• Either all the conditions will not be satisfied or at maximum any one of the
condition can be satisfied. But at the end we can only choose one of the choice.
• Like, a person checks the age of the three persons to determine who is elder
amongst them? If the age of first person, is greater than second and third, then
person 1 is elder; otherwise if the age of second person, is greater than first and
third, then person 2 is elder; otherwise person 3 is elder.
• It is an example involving multi-way selection.

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 Multi-Way Selection
In multi-way selection:
• If the 1st condition is satisfied (true), the 1st set of statements is executed.
• If the 1st condition is not satisfied (false), then we check for 2nd condition.
• If the 2nd condition is satisfied (true), the 2nd set of statements is executed.
• If the 2nd condition is not satisfied (false), then we check for 3rd condition.
• And the process continues up to nth condition.
• If the nth condition is satisfied (true), the nth set of statements is executed.
• If the nth condition is not satisfied (false), then (n+1)th set of statements is executed.

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 Multi-Way Selection – Flow Chart
Following is the flow of execution of multi-way (4-way) selection:

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 Multi-Way Selection – Example
Problem Statement: Compare three numbers and display which number is
largest among them.

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 Choice-Way Selection

• Choice-way selection is the simplest form of multi-way selection.

• In choice-way selection there is no any condition to be checked. You are
provided with multiple options and given a choice to select only one of the
option among them.
• Every option is associated with different statement set. When you select a
choice it is matched with all of the options, one of the option will be matched
and corresponding statement set will be executed.

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 Choice-Way Selection
• Like, a teacher gives remarks to a student according to the marks he/she
gets out of 5. He sets the remarks criteria as:

Marks Remarks
0 Very Bad
1 Not Satisfactory
2 Slightly Satisfactory
3 Satisfactory
4 Good
5 Excellent

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 Choice-Way Selection

In choice-way selection:
• We make a choice.
• If choice matches with 1st option, the 1st statement set is executed.
• If choice matches with 2nd option, the 2nd statement set is executed.
• If choice matches with 3rd option, the 3rd statement set is executed.
• And the process continues up to nth option.
• If choice matches with nth option, the nth statement set is executed.
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 Choice-Way Selection – Flow Chart
Following is the flow of execution of choice-way (4-way) selection:

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 Choice-Way Selection – Example
Problem Statement: Give remarks to the student according to the marks
he/she gets out of 5 in the sessional test.

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 Conditional Control Structures in C++

• Conditional control structures are used to execute set of statements on the

basis of one or more conditions.

• The statements that are needed to be executed conditionally are placed with
in the conditional structures and one or more conditions are specified.

• The conditional control structures implement the conditional/selection

logic in C++.

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 if Statement in C++

• if statement implements one-way selection logic.

• It executes the statement(s) on the basis of one condition.
• If the condition is true, it executes if block.
• If the condition is false, it does not execute if block.

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 if Statement – Syntax

if ( condition ) if ( condition )
{ statement ;
statement set ;
}

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if Statement – Syntax

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 if Statement – Syntax

• There are two syntaxes of if statement.

• In first syntax we have multiple statements inside the if statement.
• In this case it is compulsory to enclose all the statements in the braces { }.
• In second syntax we have just one statement inside the if statement.
• In this case it is optional to enclose the statement in the braces { } .
• All the statements enclosed in { } is called as the block.

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if Statement – Flow Chart

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 if Statement - Example
Problem Statement 1: If the number is positive then display it.

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 if Statement - Example
Problem Statement 2: If the number is multiple of 5 then add 1 to it and
display the resultant number.

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 If-else Statement in C++

• If-else statement implements two-way selection logic.

• It executes the statement(s) on the basis of one condition.
• If the condition is true, it executes if block.
• If the condition is false, it executes else block.

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 If-else Statement – Syntax
if ( condition ) if ( condition )
{ statement set 1 ;
statement set 1 ; else
} statement set 2 ;
else
{
statement set 2 ;
}
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If-else Statement – Syntax

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If-else Statement – Syntax

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 If-else Statement – Syntax

• There are two syntaxes of if-else statement.

• In first syntax we have multiple statements inside the if-else statement.
• In this case it is compulsory to enclose all the statements in the braces { } .
• In second syntax we have just one statement inside the if-else statement.
• In this case it is optional to enclose the statement in the braces { } .
• if-else statement contains two blocks: One if block and one else block.

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If-else Statement – Flow Chart

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 if-else Statement - Example
Problem Statement 1: If the number is even, display “Number is even” else
display “Number is odd”.

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 if-else Statement - Example
Problem Statement 2: If the number is even, make it odd else double it and
finally display the number.

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 if-else-if Statement in C++
• If-else-if statement implements multi-way selection logic.
• It executes the statement(s) on the basis of multiple conditions (atleast two).
• If the first condition is true, it executes if block.
• If the first condition is false, it checks second condition.
• If the second condition is true, it executes else-if block 1.
• If the second condition is false, it checks third condition.
• And the process continues up to nth condition.
• If the nth condition is true, it executes else-if block n.
• If the nth condition is false, it executes else block.

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 if-else-if Statement – Syntax
if ( condition1 ) if ( condition1 )
{
statement set 1 ; statement set 1 ;
} else if ( condition2 )
else if ( condition2 )
{ statement set 2 ;
statement set 2 ; else if ( condition3 )
}
else if ( condition3 ) statement set 3 ;
{ else
statement set 3 ;
} statement set 4 ;
else
{
statement set 4 ;
}
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 if-else-if Statement – Syntax

• There are two syntaxes of if-else-if statement.

• In first syntax we have multiple statements inside the if-else-if statement.
• In this case it is compulsory to enclose all the statements in the braces { } .
• In second syntax we have just one statement inside the if-else-if statement.
• In this case it is optional to enclose the statement in the braces { } .
• if-else-if statement contains: One if block, multiple else-if blocks (at least
one) and one else block (optional).

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if-else-if Statement – Flow Chart

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 if-else-if Statement - Example
Problem Statement: Compare three numbers and display which number is
largest among them.

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 switch Statement in C++

• switch implements choice-way selection logic.

• It executes the statement(s) on the basis of expression and available choices.
• It first evaluates the expression and matches the value of expression to available
choices (cases).
• If the value matches with first case, then case 1 body is executed.
• If the value matches with second case, then case 2 body is executed.
• And the process continues up to nth case.
• If the value does not matches with any of the case, then default case body is
executed.

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switch Statement – Syntax
switch ( expression )
{
case 1 :
statement set 1 ;
break ;
case 2 :
statement set 2 ;
break ;
case 3 :
statement set 3 ;
break ;
default :
statement set 4 ;
}
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switch Statement – Syntax

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 switch Statement – Syntax

• In switch statement, first the expression is evaluated to a single value.

• In expression we can only use the value of data types: char, short, int and
long. No any other data types is accepted.
• We cannot use relational operation in switch statement.
• switch statement always contain one expression and multiple cases. Where
each case is ended by break statement.
• Last case is the default case (it is optional), it is executed when the evaluated
value does not match with any of the case.

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switch Statement – Flow Chart

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 switch Statement - Example
Problem Statement: Give remarks to the student according to the marks
he/she gets out of 5 in the sessional test.

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 Decision to Choose Between Conditional Control Structure

• If there is only one possible outcome of the program, use if statement.

• If there are two possible outcomes of the program, use if-else statement.
• If there are more than two possible outcomes of the program, use if-else-if
statement or switch statement.
• If the condition depends on range of values, use if-else-if statement.
• If the condition includes > , < , >= or <= relational operators, use if-else-if
statement.
• If the condition depends on exactly one value, use switch statement.
• If the condition includes == relational operators, use switch statement.

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 Program Examples
if, if-else, if-else-if and switch statements

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 Program Example 01
Problem Statement:
Write a program in C++ that asks you the marks obtained in six different
subjects. The program displays the total obtained marks, percentage and the
grade as shown in following distribution.
Percentage Grade
>=85 A+
>=80 and <85 A
>=75 and <80 B+
>=70 and <75 B
>=65 and <70 C+
>=60 and <65 C
>=55 and <60 D+
>=50 and <55 D
<50 F
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Program Example 01

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Program Example 01

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Program Example 01

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 Program Example 02

Problem Statement:
There are two circular grounds Ground-A and Ground-B. Ground-A is having
diameter of 15 meters and Ground-B is having diameter of 20 meters. Mohsin
is running in Ground-A and Neetesh is running in Ground-B. Write a computer
program that asks the user to input the time taken, in seconds, to complete one
compete round of the ground by both the friends and displays who is running
faster.

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Program Example 02

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Program Example 02

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Program Example 02

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 Program Example 03

Problem Statement:
Write a computer program that asks the user to enter three angles of a
triangle. The program displays whether the triangle is right-angle, acute-angle
or obtuse-angle.

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Program Example 03

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Program Example 03

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Program Example 03

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 Program Example 04
Problem Statement:
Write a computer program that asks the user to enter date of birth and month
of birth. The program should display the zodiac star.

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Program Example 04

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Program Example 04

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Program Example 04

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 Program Example 05

Problem Statement:
Write a computer program that asks the user to enter any character. The
program should whether the entered character is a vowel or a consonant.

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Program Example 05

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Program Example 05

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Program Example 05

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