Plastic bags are often thought of as free, no-brainer solutions to carry your groceries or to use as trashcan liners.

However,
research has shown that as a consequence of carefree usage of plastic bags millions of tons of plastic particles __31__ in our seas
each year. Reversing this trend and finding ways to maintain both the health of our oceans and the human benefits associated with it
are complicated tasks. Most people appreciate and value the importance of the ocean and see marine litter as a global problem.
5 __32__, the challenge is connecting the dots. So many of human behaviors and decisions contribute to this problem, but rarely are
there attempts to link their impact to the environment. Behavioral science has been recognized as __33__ to understand drivers of
human behavior which support ongoing initiatives to clean up our environments. For instance, behavioral scientists have suggested
that the public could become more __34__ if powerful images were carried on everyday products, similar to that already being used
on cigarette packaging.

Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam menjawab soal nomor 31 sampai 33. . . . .

nomor 34. (A) a gap
31. . . . . (B) a cure
(A) accumulate (C) an advantage
(B) accumulator (D) an alternative
(C) accumulation (E) an impediment
(D) accumulating
34. . . . .
(E) accumulative (A) aware
32. . . . . (B) elated
(A) Therefore (C) excited
(B) In contrast (D) optimistic
(C) Also (E) interested
(D) In other words
(E) After that

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 Unlike beloved children’s stories, nature is a cruel, hard world that is painted not in watercolors but in blood. A study found that
chemicals released by plants as they are eaten can help push caterpillars to cannibalism. Many plants release the chemical methyl
jasmonate when stressed or damaged. Getting gnawed on by a caterpillar is stressful, so when the caterpillars start biting, the
chemical flare goes up. Other nearby plants sense the flare and start producing their own methyl jasmonate, building a chemical
5 camouflage around their leaves and stems. Once all the food sources taste terrible, caterpillars turn to the next available meal: each
other. Plants with the time to build up a strong defense can make their leaves so unappetizing that caterpillars will start eating each
other to get their fill, leaving the plant alone.
Researchers now plan to also look into how insect viruses are transferred during their more carnivorous period. If viruses that
harm caterpillars are transferred more easily by cannibalism, that could be a gain for the plants. Not only are their leaves protected
10 from pests, but now those predators are spreading disease amongst themselves, reducing the herbivore population further.
Interestingly enough, cannibalism can serve some important functions among these herbivores. Eating each other literally takes the
competition out of the food chain, and keeps the surviving population strong in a time when food might be scarce. Therefore, we
should not be too quick to judge these fuzzy little cannibals. It’s a bug eat bug world out there.

Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam menjawab soal nomor 35 sampai 38. The purpose of this passage is to. . . .
nomor 39. (A) convince readers that nature is harsh in reality
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE (B) educate readers not to judge herbivores hastily
according to the text? (C) describe the effect of cannibalism among
(A) Stress may save plants from being consumed. plant-eating animals
(B) Plants can manipulate their own perception of taste. (D) explain how caterpillars can behave
uncharacteristically
(C) Under constraints, plants can alter their predator’s
(E) inform the readers that cannibalism among
appetite.
herbivores is normal
(D) Cannibalism helps maintain food supply in times of
need. 39. The tone of this passage is. . . .
(E) The chemical methyl jasmonate drives caterpillars (A) critical
away from their natural food.
(B) amused
36. The topic of this passage is. . . . (C) objective
(A) Caterpillars’ Consumption Behavior (D) outraged
(B) Cannibalism and Its Effect on Caterpillars (E) humorous
(C) The Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Insects
(D) Plant’s Defense Mechanism against Herbivores
(E) The Cause and Effect of Cannibalism Among
Caterpillars

37. It can be inferred from the text that. . . .

(A) cannibalism may balance the supply and demand
for food
(B) viruses are easily transferred by means of
cannibalism
(C) the chemicals decrease the caterpillars’ hunger for
food
(D) cannibalism is a natural phenomenon among
herbivores
(E) other bugs can also turn cannibalistic towards each
other

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 There’s a certain sinking feeling one gets when thinking of the perfect thing to say just a moment too late. There is no English
word to express this feeling, but the French have the term l’esprit de l’escalier for this very phenomenon. The English language also
lacks the word to describe the binge eating that follows an emotional blow, but the Germans have kummerspeck to do just that. If we
had the Swedish word lagom, the English explanation of Goldilocks’ perfectly temperate soup __40__a lot more accurate.
5 __41__English speakers are limited in their choice of words surprises many non-native English speakers. There are many
words that English speakers don’t have. Sometimes Anglophones take from other languages, but often, we have to find a way around
a specific feeling or emotion that doesn’t have its own word. The reason why we borrow words like savoir faire from French is
because that word did not culturally evolve as part of our language. Speaking different languages means you get different frames and
metaphors. You’re also learning the culture of the language so you get not only different words, but also different types of words.
10 However, the benefits of speaking multiple languages extend past just having access to different words, concepts, metaphors,
and frames. Multilingualism has __43__. Multilinguals tend to score better on standardized tests, especially in math, reading, and
vocabulary. They are better at remembering lists or sequences due to intensive learning of grammatical rules and vocabulary. They
are more perceptive to their surroundings and therefore better at focusing on important information while __44__misleading
information.

Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam menjawab soal nomor 40 sampai 43. . . . .

nomor 45. (A) side effects of an incredible array
40. . . . . (B) incredible side effects of an array
(A) may be (C) incredible effects of an array side
(B) will be (D) an incredible side array of effects
(C) should be (E) an array of incredible side effects
(D) will have been
44. . . . .
(E) could have been (A) putting off
41. . . . . (B) pulling over
(A) If (C) putting out
(B) Why (D) weeding out
(C) That (E) blocking out
(D) When
45. The sentence "Thus, a multilingual education is a
(E) Whether worthwhile investment of time." should be....
(A) the last sentence of paragraph 1
42. The phrase "find a way around" in the second paragraph
means. . . . (B) the first sentence of paragraph 2
(A) avoid the main topic (C) the last sentence of paragraph 2
(B) look in the wrong place (D) the first sentence of paragraph 3
(C) ask what someone is thinking (E) the last sentence of paragraph 3
(D) be very familiar with an activity
(E) discover how to deal with something

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