NCM 100 - Theory Reviewer

September 7, 2021
NCM 100- The Foundation of Nursing Reviewer

(1st Semester)
Carla Diana N. Buenacosa
Period of Intuitive Nursing

Medieval Period
Nursing was "untaught' and instinctive

Nursing was a function that belonged to women.
No caregiving training is evident.
Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim's body of evil spirits.
Trephining-drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without anesthesia was a last
resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted.
Period of Apprentice Nursing

Middle Ages
Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, religious orders.

Religion greatly influenced the practice of caring.
Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by people who were directed
by more experienced nurses (on the job training).
Nursing went down to the lowest level
● Wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscates properties of hospitals and schools

connected with Roman Catholicism.
● Nurses fled their lives and soon there were people to care for the sick.
● Hundreds of Hospitals closed: there was provision for the sick, no one to care
for the sick.
● Nursing became the work of the least desirable women-prostitutes, alcoholics
prisoners.
Pastor Theodare Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the

Kaiserswerth Institute or the training of Deaconesses the 1st formal
training school for nurses in Germany.
Period of Educated Nursing
Nightingale Era 18th-20th century
The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced by.
1. trends resulting from wars-Crimean, civil war
2. arousal of social consciousness
3. Increased educational opportunities offered to women.
Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department to
recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the Crimean War.
In 1860, The Nightingale Training School of Nurses opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London.
● The school served as a model for other training schooh Its graduates traveled to other
countries to manage hospitals and institute nurse-training programs.
● This was where Florence Nightingale received her 3 month course of study in nursing.
● Nightingale's focus vision of the nursing Nightingale system was more on
developing the profession within hospitals.
● It was the 1st school of nursing that provided both theory-based knowledge
and clinical skill building.
● Nursing evolved as an art and science.
Florence Nightingale
History of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale, The first nursing theory
appeared with a strong emphasis on practice, nurses worked toward the development of
nursing as a profession through successive periods recognized as historical eras.
(Alligood, 2006a)
Made Florence Nightingale the mother of modern nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental
Theory.
Period of Contemporary Nursing

20th Century
Licensure of nurses started.

Specialization of Hospital and diagnosis.
Training of Nurses in a diploma program.
Development of baccalaureate and advanced degree programs.
Scientific and technological development as well as sociat
changes marks this period.
1. Health is perceived as a fundamental human right.
2. Nursing involvement in community health
3. Technological advances-disposable supplies and equipment.
4. Expanded roles of nurses were developed.
5. WHO was established by the United Nations.
6. Aerospace Nursing was developed.
7. Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis treatment.
8. Computers were utilized-data collection, teaching,diagnosis, inventory, payrolis, record
keeping, and billing.
9. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.
History of Nursing Theory
The history of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale.
It was Nightingale who envisioned nurses as a body of educated women at a time when
women were neither educated nor employed in public service.
Nursing began with a strong emphasis on practice, but throughout the century, nurses
worked toward the development of nursing as a profession through successive periods
recognized as historical eras.
THE CURRICULUM ERA
Addressed the question of what prospective nurses should study to learn how to be a nurse.
In this era, the emphasis was on what courses nursing students should take, with the goal
of arriving at a standardized curriculum.
THE RESEARCH ERA
The research era and the graduate education era developed in tandem.
Master's degree programs in nursing emerged to meet the public need for nurses with
specialized clinical nursing education.
It was also in this era that most nursing master's programs began to include courses in
concept development or nursing models that introduced students to early nursing theorists
and the knowledge development process.
THE THEORY ERA
The theory era was a natural outgrowth of the research and graduate education eras.
As our understanding of research and knowledge development increased, it soon became

obvious that research without theory prejudiced isolated information, and that it was
research and theory together that produced nursing science.
In the early years of the theory era, doctoral education in nursing flourished with an
emphasis on theory development.
NURSING AS an ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
Discipline are distinctions between bodies of knowledge found in academic settings.
A discipline is "branch of knowledge ordered through the theories and methods evolving
from more than one worldview of the phenomenon of concern".
It has also termed a field of inquiry characterized by a unique perspective and a distinct way
of viewing phenomena.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCIPLINE
INCLUDES:
1. Distinct perspective and syntax.
2. Determination of phenomena are of interest.
3. Determination of the context in which the phenomena viewed.
4. Determination of what question to ask.
5. Determination of what methods of study are used.
6. Determination of what evidence is proof.
NURSING AS a PROFESSION
In the past, there has been discussion about nursing as a profession or occupation.
An occupation is a job or a career, whereas a profession is a learned vocation or occupation

that has a status of superiority and precedence within a division of work.
In general terms, occupations require:

widely variable varying levels of training or education, varying level of skills, widely variable
define knowledge bases.
In short, all professions are occupations, but not all occupations are professions.
Characteristics of a Profession
1. Define and specialized knowledge base.
2. Control and authority over training and education.
3. Credentialing system or registration to ensure competence.
4. Altruistic service to society.
5. Code of ethics.
6 Formal training within institutions of higher education.
7. Lengthy socialization to the profession.
8.Autonomy( control of professional activities).
Science and Philosophy
SCIENCE
Science is a method for describing, explaining and predicting causes or outcomes of
interventions.
PHILOSOPHY
A study of problems that are ultimate, abstract and general. These problems are concerned
with the nature of existence, knowledge,morality, reason, and human purpose.
(Teichman & Evans, 1999)
NURSING PHILOSOPHY
refers to the worldviews of the profession and provides perspective for practice, scholarship
and research. (Gortner, 1990)
NURSING SCIENCE
is a specific knowledge that focuses on the human-environment-health process and is
articulated in nursing theories and generated through nursing research.

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September 7, 2021

NCM 100- The Foundation of Nursing Reviewer

Period of Intuitive Nursing

Nursing was "untaught' and instinctive

Period of Apprentice Nursing

Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, religious orders.

Nursing went down to the lowest level

● Wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscates properties of hospitals and schools

Pastor Theodare Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the

Period of Contemporary Nursing

Licensure of nurses started.

History of Nursing Theory

The history of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale.

THE CURRICULUM ERA

THE RESEARCH ERA

As our understanding of research and knowledge development increased, it soon became

NURSING AS an ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

Discipline are distinctions between bodies of knowledge found in academic settings.

An occupation is a job or a career, whereas a profession is a learned vocation or occupation

In general terms, occupations require:

Science and Philosophy

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