Republic of the Philippines

COMMISION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

SAMAR COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
2nd Sem., A.Y. 2020 2021
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Mid-term

Module
in
BEED MC 402
Teaching Science in the
Elementary Grades
(Physics, Earth and Space Science)

Prepared by: Jazmin A. Rompal

College Instructress, College of Education
Samar Colleges, Inc.

Name:_______________________________________
Course & Year:_________________________________
Subject Code:__________________________________
Date Submitted:________________________________

BEED MC 402 Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Physics, Earth and Space Science)
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 REMINDERS IN USING THIS MODULE:

1. Read, understand and appreciate the lesson in this module.

2. Make sure you have read and understood your modules because you will answer the following
activities to measure your accurate understanding about the lesson.
3. Use the module with gentle and care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the modules.
4. Write your answers in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. (BOND PAPER ONLY)
5. Please take note that your answer must be to the point and written in a clear handwriting to score high
marks.
6. Follow the instruction. Some of the activities requires specific instruction, so please follow these well.
7. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the task.
8. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
9. Return this module on or before the deadline once you are through with it.
10. If you have questions, clarifications do not hesitate to message me through messenger (Jaz Rompal).
11. Your score will be guided by using the Scoring Rubrics below.

Scoring Rubrics
10 8 6 4 2
Idea Present ideas in Present ideas in a Ideas are too Ideas are vague Answer copied at
an original consistent general. or unclear. the internet or
manner. manner. has the same
answer with
classmates.
Accuracy All the answers Most of the Some of the Little of the None of the
are correct and answers are answers are answers are answer are
has a strong idea correct correct. correct. correct.
related to the
topic.
Organization The work is The work is Answers are too Work is not The answer
arranged clearly arranged rather long, or too logically content isn’t
and logically. clearly and short. arranged. related to the
logically some topic.
links words are
repeated.
Completion All of the Most of the Some of the Assigned work is Student did not
assigned work is assigned work is assigned work is incomplete. turn in the
complete complete. complete. activity.
Timeliness Activity was Activity was 1 Activity was 2 Activity was 3 Activity was 4 or
received on the day late. days late. days late. more day late.
due date.

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BEED MC 402 Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Physics, Earth and Space Science)

MODULE 4: BEED MC 402

Lesson 4: Physics: An Introduction

OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain and understand what physics is.
2. Trace and explain the historical event in physics.
3. Describe and appreciate the importance of physics.

DISCUSSION:

What is Physics?
Physics studies every aspect of the world around us.  Chemistry can be broken down into the subatomic particles and
their interactions.  The world of biology, and geology, and astronomy, and everything else, at their most basic levels, are
matter and energy.  Music can be studied from the point of view of sound waves.  An artist must understand and
appreciate the behavior of light.  Everything can be broken down into physics.  For this reason, physics is considered the
most fundamental science.

Physics is the branch of science that deals with the structure of matter and how the fundamental constituents of the
universe interact. It studies objects ranging from the very small using quantum mechanics to the entire universe
using general relativity.

There are many ways to describe something.  For example, a picture might be the best way to show someone what the
pyramids in Egypt look like, or a poem might be the best way to describe your feelings for someone.   But the best way to
describe our universe is in terms of mathematical equations.  Mathematics is said to be the language of physics and our
universe.

Physics is the basic physical science. Until rather recent times physics and natural philosophy were used interchangeably
for the science whose aim is the discovery and formulation of the fundamental laws of nature. As the modern sciences
developed and became increasingly specialized, physics came to denote that part of physical science not included
in astronomy, chemistry, geology, and engineering. Physics plays an important role in all the natural sciences, however,
and all such fields have branches in which physical laws and measurements receive special emphasis, bearing such
names as astrophysics, geophysics, biophysics, and even psychophysics. Physics can, at base, be defined as the science
of matter, motion, and energy. Its laws are typically expressed with economy and precision in the language
of mathematics.

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History of Physics
The following table illustrates the major events (along with probably time period) that occurred in physics −

Time Period EVENT

2000 BC to 1600 BC Babylonians collected information of planets and stars
1500 BC to 1000 BC Ancient Indians explained the evolution of universe and also
explained about sun, moon, earth, and other planets
During 5th Century BC Greek philosopher Anaxagoras explained the physical universe
During 5th Century BC Two Greek philosophers namely Leucippus and Democritus
established the school of Atomism
During 4th Century BC Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, described a geocentric universe
During 4th Century BC The Greek philosopher Heraclides explained the motions of
planets and stars
During 3rd Century BC Eratosthenes, the Greek mathematical geographer proposed the
round shape of the Earth
During 2nd Century BC Hipparchus was the first who measured the precession of the
equinoxes
During 2nd Century AD Based on Aristotelian ideas, the Roman-Egyptian mathematician
and astronomer Ptolemy described a geocentric model
During 5th Century AD The Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata described
the earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun and its axis (heliocentric
view)
During 7th Century AD Brahmagupta, the Indian mathematician and astronomer noticed
the gravity of earth
During 11th Century AD Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni, the Persian astronomer described the
Earth's gravitation.
During 16th Century Ad Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish astronomer and polymath
explained the heliocentric principal scientifically
During 17th Century AD Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer
propounded Laws of Planetary Motion
During 17th Century AD Galileo Galilei, the Italian mathematician and physicist invented an
astronomical telescope
During 17th Century AD Sir Isaac Newton, the English mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist propounded Laws of Motions and Universal Law of
Gravitation
1734 AD Emanuel Swedenborg first suggested parts of the nebular
hypothesis
1755 AD mmanuel Kant publishing “Universal Natural History and Theory of
the Heavens,” and explained nebular hypothesis
During 20th Century AD Max Planck, the German physicist described the law of black body
radiation and led the foundation of quantum physics
During the 20th Century AD Albert Einstein, the German physicist propounded the theory
relativity
1900 AD Max Planck introduced formula for Black Body radiation
1911 AD Kamerlingh Onnes experimented and noticed superconductivity
1925 AD Wolfgang Pauli, the Austrian theoretical physicist proposed an
important quantum mechanical principle namely the ‘Pauli
exclusion principle’
1927 AD Georges Lemaître proposed Big Bang theory
1929 AD Edwin Hubble explained the expanding nature of universe (known
as Hubble’s Law)
1938 AD Otto Hahn discovered nuclear fission discovered
1972 AD Black Hole Entropy

1980 AD Richard Feynman proposes quantum computing

1981 AD Theory of cosmic inflation
1995 AD Top quark discovered
2015 AD Gravitational waves detected

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BEED MC 402 Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Physics, Earth and Space Science)

Lesson 5: Matter and Its Interactions

OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain how the kinetic molecular theory of matter can be used to explain fundamental properties of matter.
2. Provide examples for Newton’s laws of motion.
3. Explain how mass and distance relate to gravitational force.

DISCUSSION:
Silly Putty, a chicken, and pistachio ice cream all have something in common. They are all matter. Anything that occupies
space and has mass is matter. Everything in our universe that has mass and occupies space – Earth, the planets, the Sun
and so on – is composed of matter. Most properties of matter can be understood based on these characteristics.

Matter is made up of small particles called molecules.

Spaces exist among the molecules.
The molecules of matter are in constant motion.

If heat is applied to away from one another in the pattern. If we add sufficient heat, the solid melts and becomes liquid.
If we add even more heat, the molecules in the liquid may move fast enough to escape from the surface of the liquid
and enter the air. These molecules have gone from the liquid state to the gaseous state – the process known as
evaporation.

The kinetic molecular theory of matter can be used to explain the expansion and contraction of matter. When the speed
of the molecules in matter increases, they bump into one another more and tend to spread apart. Expansion of matter
thereby occurs. If heat is removed, the molecules move more slowly and tend to come closer to one another. When this
occurs, matter contracts.

Matter usually describe by its physical properties. The various types of matter are solids, liquids, or gases. These forms of
matter are known as states, or phases, of matter. Rocks and soils are solids. Water may be found as a solid, liquid, or a
gas. The state that matter is in can be determined by observation. A solid has a definite shape volume: they occupy
certain amount of space. A gas takes the shape of its container, but it also expands to fill all the container. Thus, gases
do not have a definite volume: their volume is the volume of the container. Matter can also describe by its color, how
hard of soft it is, the extent to which it dissolves in liquid, and whether it is easily stretched or broken. Another specific
physical property of matter is its density. Density is commonly measured as mass per unit of volume and is expressed in
grams per cubic centimeter. To find the density of something, simply divide its mass by its volume.

Conservation of Matter
If one were to add 10 grams of ice to100 grams of water, the total mass will remain at 10 grams even after the
ice melts. The same would be true if the water evaporated. There would still be 110 grams of water vapor,
even though the water seems to have disappeared. This is characteristics of the law of conservation of matter,
which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change its form.

A Closer Look at Matter

Matter is made up of small units called atoms, whose arrangement impacts the properties of matter. Scientist know a
great deal about the way in which atoms interact with one another as well as the way absorb and release energy. Keep
in mind that protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up an atom are not really the round objects they are depicted
to be in diagrams. (Attach picture of atomic interaction)

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Electrons are negative electrical charges that orbit around the atom’s nucleus. A shell I an energy level on which an
electron exist.

The center of an atom is called the nucleus. This is the place where protons, heavy particles having positive electrical
charge, and neutrons, heavy particles having no electrical charge are found. It is the protons and neutrons that make up
the most of the atom’s mass. An electron has only 1/1837 the mass of a proton. Atoms are electrically neutral – that is,
an atom contains as many positive charges (protons) in its nucleus as there are negative charges (electrons) around the
nucleus. Some atoms do not have neutrons. The hydrogen atoms, for example, has one proton and one electron but no
neutrons. The helium atom consists of two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus surrounded by two orbiting
electrons.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons it contains. The atomic weight of an element is the weight of
its protons plus the weight of its neutrons. An element’s atomic weight is also determined in relation to the weight of a
carbon atom, which is 12 units. A hydrogen atom has about 1/12 the weight of a carbon atom. Therefore, hydrogen has
an atomic weight of about 1. Magnesium is about twice as heavy as carbon; its atomic weight is 24. Here are the atomic
weights of some elements:

Element Atomic Weight

Aluminum 27.0
Carbon 12.0
Chlorine 35.5
Copper 63.5
Gold 196.9
Hydrogen 1.0
Lead 207.2
Oxygen 16.0
Silver 107.0
Sulfur 32.1

Some atoms of an element are slightly heavier than most atoms of the same element. These atoms are known as
isotopes. Isotopes differ in atomic weight because they have a different number of neutrons. For example, the most
common sulfur atom has an atomic weight of 32. However, some sulfur atoms have a weight of 36. Both types of atoms
are sulfur atoms since they have an atomic numbers of 16. The average atomic weight of sulfur atoms is about 32.1. The
0.1 results from the atoms that have slightly different atomic weights. These isotopes of sulfur have the exact chemical
properties of the element sulfur. Their physical properties, however, may differ from those of the predominant sulfur
atoms. These are at least three isotopes of hydrogen in nature: hydrogen 1, hydrogen 2, and hydrogen 3. Study Figure
11.2 and note that most hydrogen atoms have one proton, one electron, and one neutron (hydrogen 2) or one proton,
one electron, and two neutrons (hydrogen 3). The atomic weight of hydrogen represents the average weight of all
hydrogen represents the average weight of all hydrogen atoms, including the isotopes.

Figure 11.2 The nuclei of these hydrogen isotopes have the same number of protons but not the same number of
neutrons. Because the number of neutrons is different, each isotopes has slightly different physical properties.

Hydrogen 1 Hydrogen 2 Hydrogen 3

Atomic weight 1.008

Atomic weight 2.014 Atomic weight 3.020

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BEED MC 402 Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Physics, Earth and Space Science)

Lesson 5: Force

OBJECTIVES:

1. Define and explain force.

2. Identify and understand the force formulas and units, describe the difference between contact and non-contact
force;
3. Solve problems, appreciate the important role of physics by applying the formulas in solving problem in practical
life situations.

DISCUSSION:
What is force?
Push or pull of an object is considered a force. Push and pull come from the objects interacting with one another. Terms
like stretch and squeeze can also be used to denote force.
In Physics, force is defined as: The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.

Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular body. It has a magnitude and a
direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction of the force and the application of
force is the point where force is applied.
The Force can be measured using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is Newton (N).
Common symbols: F→, F
SI unit: Newton
In SI base units: kg·m/s2
Other units: dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip, kilo pond

Derivations from other quantities: F=ma

Dimension: LMT-2

What are the Effects of Force?

In physics, motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words, motion refers to the
movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described as:

1. Change in speed
2. Change in direction

The Force has different effects and here are some of them.

 Force can make a body that is at rest to move.

 It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
 It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
 It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.

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Formula for Force
The quantity of force is expressed by the vector product of mass (m) and acceleration (a). The equation or the formula
for force can mathematically be expressed in the form of:
F = ma

Where,

 m = mass
 a = acceleration
It is articulated in Newton (N) or Kgm/s2.
Acceleration a is given by
a = v/t
Where

 v = velocity
 t = time taken
So Force can be articulated as:
F = mv/t

Inertia formula is termed as p = mv which can also be articulated as Momentum.

Therefore, Force can be articulated as the rate of change of momentum.
F = p/t = dp/dt
Force formulas are beneficial in finding out the force, mass, acceleration, momentum, velocity in any given problem.

Example:
1. How much net force is required to accelerate a 1000 kg car at 4.00 m/s 2?
Solution:
Given,
a = 4.00 m/s2
m = 1000 kg

Therefore,
F = ma
= 1000 × 4
= 4000 N

Unit of Force
 In the centimeter gram second system of unit (CGS unit) force is expressed in dyne.
 In the standard international system of unit (SI unit) it is expressed in Newton (N).

What is the Line of Action of a Force?

The line along which a force is acting on an object is called the line of action of the force. The point where the force is
acting on an object is called the point of application of the force. The force which opposes the relative motion between
the surfaces of two objects in contact and acts along the surfaces is called the force of friction.

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Galileo experimentally proved that objects that are in motion move with constant speed when there is no force acting
on it. He could note that when a sphere is rolling down an inclined plane, its speed increases because of the gravitational
pull which is acting on it.
When all the forces acting on an object are balanced, the net force acting is zero. But, if all the forces acting on a body
result in an unbalanced force, then the unbalanced force can accelerate the body, which means that a net force acting
on a body can either change the magnitude of its velocity or change the direction of its velocity. For example, when
many forces act on a body, and the body is found to be at rest, we can conclude that the net force acting on the body is
zero.

Types of Force
Force is a physical cause that can change the state of motion or the dimensions of an object. There are two types of
forces based on their applications:

1. Contact Force
2. Non-Contact Force

Types of Force

Contact Force

Forces that act on a body either directly or through a medium are called contact forces.
We can make use of the muscular force of animals like bullocks, horses, and camels to get the activities done.
The frictional force is another type of contact force, which acts between a pair of a surface in contact and tends to
oppose the motion of one surface over the other.

Examples of contact forces are:

Non-Contact Force
Forces that act through spaces without making direct contact with the body are called non-contact forces.
The force exerted by a magnet on other magnets is called magnetic force. Magnetic force and electrostatic force act
on an object from a distance, that’s the reason they are non-contact forces. The strength of gravity is an attractive
force that is exerted by the Earth on objects, which make them fall to the land. The weight of a body is the force that
is pulled by the earth towards the center.
Examples of non-contact forces are:

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BEED MC 402 Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (Physics, Earth and Space Science)

Lesson 6: Motion
OBJECTIVES:

 Identify Newton's three laws and explain what each law physically describes with respect to motion.
 Predict results from the various motions presented in the activities and be able to explain why these motions
occurred.
 Relate the variables in the F = ma equation 

DISCUSSION:

What is motion?
Consider a ball that you notice one morning in the middle of a lawn. Later in the afternoon, you notice that the ball is at
the edge of the lawn, against a fence, and you wonder if the wind or some person moved the ball. You do not know if
the wind blew it at a steady rate, if many gusts of wind moved it, or even if some children kicked it all the yard. All you
know for sure is that the ball has been moved because it is in a different position after some time passed. These are the
two important aspects of motion: (1) a change of position and (2) the passage of time.
Motion The quantity of motion is the measure of the same arising from the velocity and quantity of matter conjointly.

The Three Laws of Motion

In 1687, Newton introduced the three laws in his book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which is generally referred to as the "Principia." This is where
he also introduced his theory of universal gravitation, thus laying the entire foundation of classical mechanics
in one volume.

The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines
a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the
calculus of mathematics, and the "changes" expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential
forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected
to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass m, the second law states that the force F is the product of an
object's mass and its acceleration a:

F=m*a

(Force = mass times acceleration)

For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A force will cause a change in
velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works both ways.

The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if
object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object A. Notice that the forces are
exerted on different objects. The third law can be used to explain the generation of lift by a wing and the production
of thrust by a jet engine.
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