Mass and Energy Balance

CHNG 1103 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY
TRANSFORMATIONS
COURSE NOTES
PART A: MATERIAL BALANCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
LECTURERS
Dr. Marjorie Valix (Part A: Material Balance)
email: [email protected]
office: Rm 444 Chemical Engineering Blg.
Phone: 93514995 (Direct) or 9351 2455 (General Office/Messages)
Dr. Vincent Gomes (Part B: Energy Balance)

Email: [email protected]
Office: Rm 452 Chemical Engineering Blg.
Phone: 9351 4868
TEXTBOOK
Wiley & Sons, 3nd Edition (1999).

R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau “ Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes”, John
COURSE SCHEDULE
Lectures: Monday, 10:00-11:00, Civil LR1
Friday, 10:00-11:00, PNR LT
Tutorials: Thursday, 2:00-5:00, PNR DO1
(Tutorials will start on week 1)
CHNG 1103 Introduction of Material and Energy Transformations: Part A Material Balance Lectures Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................................... 1

LECTURERS .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
TEXTBOOK..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
COURSE SCHEDULE .................................................................................................................................................. 1
COURSE OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 3
SUMMARY OF COURSE CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... 3
ORGANISATION AND ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................... 3
COURSE CONTENT AND SEMESTER 2 CALENDAR (2006) PART A .......................................................... 5
LECTURE SERIES 1: UNITS AND DIMENSIONS .............................................................................................. 6
LECTURE SERIES 2: PROCESS AND PROCESS VARIABLES..................................................................... 11
LECTURE SERIES 3: PROCESS FLOW SHEETING ........................................................................................ 20
LECTURE SERIES 4: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL BALANCE ........................................................... 24
LECTURE SERIES 5: BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT PROCESSES ..................................................... 29
LECTURE SERIES 6: BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 34
LECTURE SERIES 7: BALANCES ON COMBUSTION SYSTEMS ............................................................... 39
LECTURE SERIES 8: RECYCLE, BYPASS AND PURGE ............................................................................... 43
TUTORIAL 1 ................................................................................................................................................................... 48
TUTORIAL 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 50
TUTORIAL 3 ................................................................................................................................................................... 52
TUTORIAL 4 .................................................................................................................................................................. 55
CHNG 1103 Group-Assignment ..................................................................................................................................... 58
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• An understanding of units and dimensions

To develop:
• An appreciation of material quantities and how they are obtained and measured.
• An appreciation of various processing operations
• The methodology for accounting for the materials entering and exiting units in a process.
• Problem solving skills through tutorials and projects.
• Written and communication skills.
SUMMARY OF COURSE CONTENT

This is the first course in chemical engineering calculations. It aims to teach students how
they should formulate and solve material balances in various processing systems.
Essentially, the materials which goes into the process will be converted by physical (e.g.,
drying) and chemical processes, whilst some may remain unconverted. The task for the
chemical engineer is to create a process statement which identifies and quantifies all the
materials entering, remaining and leaving the system.
HOW IS THIS DONE?

According to Felder and Rousseau, “the engineering approach to solving process related
problems: breaking a process down into its components, establishing the relations between
known and unknown process variables, assembling the information needed to solve for the
unknowns.. and finally putting the pieces together to obtain the desired problem solution”
So this is a course about approaches and procedures. These are concepts which cannot be
taught just in lectures, but must be learned by practice. The tutorials should expose you to a
series of process problems and the projects to more realistic and complex applications.
ORGANISATION AND ASSESSMENT

Assessment for this course will consist of tutorial, assignment and a final examination
Exam: 3 hours open-book examination at the end of semester 2. This examination

accounts for 50% of the final course marks.
Assignments: The assignments consist of 8 tutorials and 2 projects. There will be 4

tutorials in material balance and 4 tutorials for energy balance. (Tutorials:
10%; Projects: 30%)
Quiz: One open book quiz will be provided. This will be worth 10% of the course
mark.
GENERAL NOTES:
Working in Groups
You will working in pre-assigned groups of 4-6 students. (See the first year notice board for
your group number). However you must still submit individual tutorials.
• You will be required to attend all designated tutorial sessions and to participate in the group
Assessment and Attendance of Tutorials
• Tutorial solutions must be submitted 1 week after your tutorial session (Thursday 5:00
discussions.
• Students who miss more than 2 tutorial sessions without adequate and properly documented
p.m.). Late assignments will NOT be accepted.
reasons will be ineligible for assignment marks. This means you will lose 30% of the total
course mark.
Where should I hand in my tutorial solutions and assignments?

All assignments must be submitted in the General Office pigeon hole. A box marked
CHNG 1103 Material and Energy Transformations will be allocated there for this
purpose.
Where can I pick up my marked tutorials and assignment?

All the marked assignments will be brought back to the tutorial. Assignments which have
not been picked up will be placed in the “Marked Assignment” Box, located in a box
outside Dr. Valix or Dr. Gomes’s office.
Can I win a prize for doing well in this subject?

McGraw-Hill Prize:
A copy of “Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook”, (authors: R.H. Perry and Don Green),
will be awarded to the Engineering student with best performance in this course. The prize
will be presented during the graduation dinner in second year.
COURSE CONTENT AND SEMESTER 2 CALENDAR (2008) PART A
The following provides a guideline on the course topics that will be covered and the timetable.
Uni. Week Lecture Topics Assessment Tasks Due
•
Week Beginning Date
•
1 28-July Units and Dimensions,
Process and Process
Variables, Process
•
Flowsheeting
2 4-August Introduction to Material Tutorial 1
•
Balance
Balances on Multiple-Unit
•
Processes
3 11-August Mass Balance with Tutorial 2
•
Chemical Reactions
Introduction on Mass
Balance with Reactive
•
Systems
•
4 18-August Combustion Systems Tutorial 3
Recycle Bypass and Purge
•
•
5 25-August Quiz 1 Quiz 1
•
Project -1
6 1 - September Project-1 Tutorial 4
Project Assignment
CHNG 1101 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1A
LECTURE SERIES 1: UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Text Reference
Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W. “Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Chapter 2,
Series 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.
Aims:
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to perform the following tasks:
1. Add, subtract, multiply, and divide variables (both the value and units)
2. Convert the units of a variable from one system to another if the required conversion
factors are provided.
3. Explain the difference between weight and mass.
4. Convert between units of force and units of mass, length, and time (for example, convert
lbf to units of lbm, ft and s or vice versa).
5. Determine if an equation is dimensionally homogeneous and consistent in units.
6. Change the units of variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation with consistent
units.
7. Determine if a quantity is dimensionless.
8. Determine the correct number of significant figures in an arithmetic operation.
1.1 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Dimensions are concepts of measurements such as:
Length [L]
Time [t]
Mass [M]
Temperature [T]
The units which define these dimensions are called Base Units.
There are several unit systems today which define base units. As chemical engineers you
have to be familiar with the equivalent values of the base units and be able to convert from
one to another.
Table 1. Common System of Units and Corresponding Base Units

Systems of Units Length Time Mass Temperature
SI (Systeme Internationale) meter second kilogram kelvin
d’Unites (m) (s) (kg) (K)
CGS (centimeter, gram, Centimeter second gram kelvin
second) (cm) (g)
English Absolute Foot second pound rankin
(ft) (lb) (°R)
British Engineering foot second slug rankin
American Engineering foot second pound rankin
mass
(lb m )
Derived units are compounded units consisting of more than one base unit.
For example:
Force = m.a = [M ] = [M ] 2
v [L ]
[t ] [t ]
in SI units, the base units will be:
= N (Newton )
m
kg
s2
So in this case the unit for Force can be expressed in terms of the derived unit (newton) or
in base units (kg.m/s2).
Table 2. Derived SI Units

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Definition of Unit
Energy joule Kg.m2.s-2
Power watt Kg.m.s-2
Frequency hertz Cycle/s
Pressure pascal N.m-2, Pa
Velocity Meters per second m.s-1
Multiple Units- Units used to express multiples of the base unit.
For example time, the base unit is second. The multiple units of time include:
minutes = 60 seconds
hour = 3600 seconds
day = 86400 second.
These units are used for convenience when dealing with either large or very small fractional
multiples of the basic units. It easier for example to quote 1 day rather than 86400 seconds.
Other Multi Unit Prefixes include:
mega (M) = 106

kilo (k) = 103
centi (c ) = 10-2
10-3
micro(μ)
milli(m) =
= 10-6
nano (n) = 10-9
1.2 CONVERSION OF UNITS
To convert units from one system to another, we simply multiply the old unit with a
conversion factor. This is defined as follow:
conversion factor =
new units
old units
EXAMPLE 1. Convert 10 m/s to ft/s.
SOLUTION
1 m is equal to 3.28 ft.
3.28 ft
The conversion factor is
1m
The result is:
=
10 m 3.28 ft 32.8 ft
x
s 1m s
EXAMPLE 2. Convert 10 m2/s to ft2/s.
SOLUTION
=
(3.28 ft ) 2 10.7 ft 2
The conversion factor is
(1 m ) 2 1m2
The result is:
=
10 m 2 10.7 ft 2 107 ft 2
x
s 1m2 s
EXAMPLE 3. Convert 10 kg.m/s2 to lb.ft/min2
SOLUTION
1 kg = 2.2 lb
1m = 3.28 ft
60 s = 1 min
The result is:
= 2.6 x10 5
10kg.m 2.2lb 3.28ft (60s ) 2 lb.ft
2
x x x 2
s 1kg 1m (1min) min 2
1.3 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
When adding or subtracting values, the units of each value must be similar to be valid.
EXAMPLE
A (m) =2 B(s)+5
What should the units for constants 2 and 5 have to be for the equation to be valid?
2 (m/s) and 5 (m).
1.4 WEIGHT AND MASS
Weight is the force of gravity on an object with a certain mass m.
For example, the mass of a steel ball is 10 kg. The weight of this ball on the earth’s surface
is:
W = m.g
where g is the acceleration due to gravity. W = 10x 9.81 = 98.1 N
1. 5 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The significant figures quoted when expressing a value provides an indication of the
accuracy of the measurement.
EXAMPLE
The measured length of the pipe is quoted as 2.3 m.
This means that the accuracy of the measurement is about 2.3 ±0.05 m
If the length was quoted as 2 m, the accuracy of this measurement is 2 ± 0.5 m.
The significant figures are the first non-0 digits from the left to:
1) the last digit to the right if there is a decimal point.
2) the last nonzero digit of the number if there is no decimal point.
0.03500
4 significant
figures
non zero digit Last digit,
since there is a
decimal point
2500
2 significant
figures
Non zero digit, no
decimal point
1. 6 DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITIES
Dimensionless numbers are often used by chemical engineers, because these numbers are
independent of the size or quantity of the system being considered. Thus the values can be
applied to any sized system and is useful for scaling up the operation.
An example of a dimensionless quantity is Reynold’s number N Re .
ρDu
NRe =
μ
where
D = characteristic length usually the diameter (m)
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)

u = mean velocity (m/s)
μ = viscosity
With the given units, what should the units for viscosity, if the Reynold number is to be
dimensionless?
LECTURE SERIES 2: PROCESS AND PROCESS VARIABLES
Text Reference
Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W. “Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Chapter 3.
Aims:
1. State the definition of a process and identify its components.

2. State the definition of a process unit and identify its components.
3. Define density and specific volume.
4. Use density to convert a mass to a volume and vice versa.
5. Calculate density given specific gravity and the value of the reference density.
6. Use density to convert a mass flow rate to a volume flow rate and vice versa.
7. Define molecular weight.
8. Use molecular weight to convert mass (mass flow rate) to moles (mole flow rate) and
vice versa.
9. Define mass and mole fraction.
10. Convert between mass and mole fractions.
11. Define mass and molar concentration.
12. Convert between mass, molar, and volumetric flow rates.
13. Define pressure and give typically units.
14. Define hydrostatic pressure and pressure head
15. State the difference between absolute pressure and gauge pressure.
16. Convert between degrees Centigrade, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankin.
2.1 WHAT IS A PROCESS?
Process is an operation which could cause physical or chemical change in the material
being processed.
FEED UNIT PRODUCT
The process is carried out in a unit. The material which enters the unit is the feed and the
material leaving the unit is the product.
The process can be carried out in a batch or continuous unit.
Batch processing means the material is fed into the unit at once, processing is allowed to
occur. When this is complete all products and any un-reacted reagents are withdrawn.
Feed Product
This processing is referred to as an unsteady state process. This means that the
concentration of the material being processed, at a specific point in the unit, will change
with time.
Continuous processing- the feed enters and the product exits the unit continuously.
feed Product
At the start up, this process will be an unsteady state process. As equilibrium is reached the system
will perform as a steady state process. This means if we pick any point in the reactor, the
concentration of the material being processed at that point will be constant. A combination of a
batch and continuous process is called a semi-batch process.
2.2 WHAT ARE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES?
Physical Processing – are any operations which cause change in the physical properties but has no
effect on the molecular structure or composition of the material being processed. In other word,
processing does not involve chemical reactions.
Examples of such processing include:
1. Drying – separation of volatile solvent or water from a wet solid. A flowchart for this
process is shown below. There are three process streams in and out of the unit called a
dryer. These include feed wet cake and products which consist of the water evaporated
from the wet cake and the final dry cake.
Water or
steam
Dryer
Wet cake Dry cake
2. Distillation- separation of two fluids of different volatilities and boiling points.
Ethanol
Ethanol and
water mixture
Distillation
Column
water
The flowsheet shows three process streams and the unit is a distillation column.
3. Crystallisation – separation of solute from liquid. For example separation of water from
a sugar solution results in the formation of a supersaturated solution. The aim here is to
increase the concentration of sugar in solution such that it exceeds the solubility limit for
sugar. The excess sugar will therefore form solid crystals.
Sugar crystals
Concentrated
sugar solution
crystalliser
Dilute sugar
solution
The unit is this process is called a crystalliser.
4. Humidification – the process whereby water is transferred into gas, eg, air.
Wet air
water
Dry air
Chemical Processing – will result in a molecular change as well as physical change in the
material being processed. For example when we burn coal and convert it to gaseous
products, CO 2 and CO.
2.3 EXPRESSING QUANTITIES
If you are to be able to account for materials entering and leaving the system, then the
amounts of the materials must be expressed as measured values. As you will see these
values will depend on the type of processing, physical or chemical, if the process is batch or
continuous, and the size of the process.
Mass and Moles

Chemical formulae provide us with an indication of what reacts together and the products
produced. Most importantly it provides us with the proportion by which reagents reacts and
is produced. For example, the combustion of coal can be described by the following
equation:
C + O2 = CO
1
2
From this equation, if the reaction proceeds to completion, it can be stated that 1 mole of
carbon will react with 0.5 mole of oxygen to produce 1 mole of CO. These ratios are also
called stoichiometry.
Chemical Engineering mole
mole ( gmole ) =
mass ( g )
molecular weight ( g / mol )
Chemical Engineers usually deal with very large quantities and in various units. For
convenience an alternative definition to the conventional mole is used. Generally it is
defined as follows:
mole ( unit of mass − mole ) =

mass ( unit )
We can also define it as follow:
mole ( tonmole ) =
mass ( tons )
mole ( kgmole ) =
mole ( kg )
mole ( lbmole ) =
mass ( lb )
So instead of quoting 1 000 000 gram moles we can use 1 ton-mole. The ton-mole, kgmole
and lb-mole can still be used in a similar manner to g-mole in determining the quantities of
reactants used in the reaction and the quantities of products produced. One must note
however that the corresponding mass associated with these molar quantities are tone, kg and
lb.
2.4 DEFINITION OF CONCENTRATION
Mass Concentration: C M ( g / L) =
mass ( g )
volume ( L)
Molar Concentration: C m ( M ) =
moles
volume
Note that concentration values can be used as conversion factors to convert mass or moles
to volume and visa versa.
EXAMPLE Calculate the weight of NaOH in 1 litre of 2 M NaOH solution.
SOLUTION
mole
Moles of NaOH = 1 litre x 2 = 2 moles.
litre
Mass of NaOH = 2 moles x 40 g/mol = 80 grams
2.5 COMPOSITIONS
When a stream is consists of more than one compound, the values of these compounds are
expressed as fractions of the total quantity in that stream. The value of doing this will
become apparent when we start formulating mass balance equations. These values are
called compositions. There are several ways of expressing compositions, but the most
common ways are as follows:
(i) Mass Fraction

Mass fraction =
mass ( i )
x100
total mass
mass(i) is the mass of individual components.
EXAMPLE Calculate the composition of a stream which is composed of 20 kg of CO 2 , 25 kg
CO and 30 kg N 2.
SOLUTION
Components Mass Composition

(kg) wt%
CO 2 20 26.7
CO 25 33.3
N2 30 40.0
total 75 100
(ii) Mole Fraction

Mole fraction =
moles ( i )
x100
total moles
EXAMPLE Calculate the compositions of a stream which is composed on 20 moles of CO 2 , 25

moles CO and 30 moles N 2.
SOLUTION
Components Number of Composition

moles Mole%
CO 2 20 26.7
CO 25 33.3
N2 30 40.0
total 75 100
2.6 MOLAR AND MASS FLOWRATE
In a batch system, the feed and product exiting from the process are expressed as absolute
mass. For example 1 tonne of syrup is fed into a crystallizer to produce 500 kg of sugar
crystals.
In a continuous system, the quantities of the materials being processed are usually
measured as mass being transferred per unit time or mass or mole flow.
The following conversions are useful when dealing with a continuous system.
(i) Conversion of Mass Flow to Mole Flow
Mole Flow =
mass flow
molecular weight
rearranging this equation will allow the reverse conversion.
(ii) Conversion of Mass or Mole Flow to Volume Flow
The conversion factor which is used to convert mass flow to volumetric flowrate is density
of the solution of the molar concentration.
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance or alternatively.
Density ( ρ ) =
mass
volume
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of density (ρ) of the substance to the density
(ρ ref ) of a reference substance at a specific condition”
ρ
SG =
ρ ref
.
The most common reference used for solids and liquid is water at 4°C which has the
following density:
ρ H 2O ,l (4°C ) = 1.000 = 1000

g kg
3
cm m3
The mass flowrate (m, kg/s) of a liquid can be converted to its volumetric flowrate using the
density of that liquid:
•
.
.•
Volumetric flowrate = V =
ρ
m
or
Volumetric Flowrate =
mass 1(volume )
x
time density ( mass )
The conversion factor for mole to volume flow is molar concentration
2.7 CONVERTING MOLE% TO MASS %.
As in the above problem, the mole composition is as given.
Assume a basis; Total moles = 100
Components (1) (2) (3) (4)

Composition Number of Mol. Wt. Mass Composition
Mole% moles g/mol g Mass%
CO 2 26.7 26.7 44 1174.8 36.4
CO 33.3 33.3 28 932.4 28.9
N2 40.0 40.0 28 1120 34.7
total 100 100 3227.2 100
(1) Calculate (2) Calculate the

these values corresponding weights and
based on the add to get the total weight.
assumed basis Obtain the compositions by
dividing each weight by
the total.
(1) The mole composition is given.
(2) Calculate the absolute mole quantities by multiplying the mole% with the total number of
moles (100 moles).
(3) Calculate the corresponding mass of each component by multiplying the number of moles
with the molecular weight. Add the total mass.
(4) Calculate the mass % by taking each mass and dividing it by the total mass (32227.2) and
multiply by 100. Check the composition adds to 100%.
This table can be used in reverse to convert mass % to mole %.
2.8 STREAM CONDITIONS
Other stream conditions which are of interest apart from the quantities are temperature and
pressure.
Pressure values are expressed as follow:
Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric
Pressure measured from any pressure measuring device gives the pressure gauge. This
must be corrected with the atmospheric pressure, as above, to give the absolute pressure.
The atmospheric pressure is often taken as 1 atm. Note in units such as psia and psig the “a”
term indicates absolute and the “g” term indicates gauge pressures. Negative pressure
indicates vacuum pressure.
Temperature
There are several temperature scales which could be used, the table below shows the
conversion between each scale:
T (K) = T(°C) +273.15

T(°R) = T(°F) +459.67
T(°R) = 1.8 T(K)
T(°F) =1.8T(°C)+32
Temperature Differences
T 1 (K) = T 1 (°C) +273.15

T 2 (K) = T 2 (°C) +273.15
ΔT(K) = ΔT(°C)
That is ΔT(20K) = ΔT(20°C)
T 1 (°R) = T 1 (°F) +459.67

T 2 (°R) = T 2 (°F) +459.67
ΔT(°R) = ΔT(°F)
T 1 (°R) = 1.8 T 1 (K)

T 2 (°R) = 1.8 T 2 (K)
ΔT(°R) = 1.8ΔT(K)
That is in ΔT, 1 K = 1.8°R
T 1 (°F) =1.8T 1 (°C)+32

T 2 (°F) =1.8T 2 (°C)+32
ΔT(°F) = 1.8ΔT(°C)
That is in ΔT, 1°C = 1.8°F
LECTURE SERIES 3: PROCESS FLOW SHEETING
Aims
1. Given a process description, assess whether the process is batch, continuous or semi-
batch
2. State the definitions of a transient and steady state process.
3. Given a process description determine whether the process is transient or steady state.
4. Given a process description: draw a process flow chart, assign values and units to
known flows and compositions, and assign variable names to unknown flows and
compositions.
3.1 INTERPRETING PROCESS DESCRIPTION INTO A FLOWSHEET
Steps in drawing flow sheets.
1. Identify the units

2. Identify the feed, products and streams.
Process Description: Sugar Production.

Sugar cane billets, which are about 10 cm in size, are fed into the cane crusher. The juice
extracted from the crusher are fed into the clarifier, whilst the remaining fibre, bagasse is
sent into the boiler where it is used as fuel. In the clarifier, mud and other impurities are
flocculated and settle to the bottom of the unit and the clarified juice is fed into the
evaporator. The juice is concentrated in the evaporator. The syrup produced is sent to the
crystalliser to separate the sugar crystals from the molasses.
bagasse
Sugar cane
billet To determine the number of units required for the
crusher boiler processing, establish how many transformation or
reactions the material is undergoing
Dirty juice
syrup
Clean
clarifier juice evaporator crystalliser
molasses
Mud water
sugar
Process: Engine
A mixture of butane and hydrogen is burnt with air. Air is made up of nitrogen and oxygen.
Oxygen reacts with butane to form carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Note that in this process reactions take place. If chemical reaction equations are not
provided, then you must formulate them to determine all the type of products which will be
produced.
C 4 H 10 + O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5 H 2 O
13
2
C 4 H 10 + O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5 H 2 O
9
2
H2 + O2 → H 2 O
1
2
Air
O2
N2
C 4 H 10
C4H10
O2
N2
H2
CO
CO2
H2O
H2
Note that the product stream must have all the

products and un-reacted raw feed. Unless
specified, always put the un-reacted raw feed
in the product stream. If they have all reacted,
you will simply get zero composition
Process: Blast Furnace
One can view the blast furnace from a simple viewpoint as a process in which the principle
reaction is:
Fe 2 O 3 + 3C → 2 Fe + 3CO
In the blast furnace, coke (carbon) is mixed with pure iron oxide, Fe 2 O 3 , the process
produces pure iron, FeO and Fe 2 O 3 .
Fe2O3
Fe2O3
C
Fe
CO
FeO
Process: Coal Combustion

Coal consists of 70wt% C, 20wt% H and 2 wt % S and the balance non combustible ash.
The coal is burned at the rate of 5000 lbmoles/hr and the feed rate of air to the furnace is 50
lbmoles/min. All the ash and 4% of the carbon in the fuel leave the furnace as a solid slag;
the remainder of the carbon leaves in the stable gas as CO and CO 2 . The hydrogen in the
coal is oxidised to water and the sulfur emerges as SO 2 .
Note here you are provided with data for the process stream. Remember that process stream
quantities are expressed as 1) Total mass or flow and 2) composition of that stream.
Reactions:
C+ O 2 → CO
1
C + O 2 → CO 2
2
H2 + O2 → H 2 O
1
S + O 2 → SO 2
2
Air
F A = ? lbmole/hr
x O2 = 21%
x N2 = 79%
Coal
F C = 5000 lbmole/hr
Total product
x C = 70 wt% Product Gases gas flow
x H = 20 wt% FP = ?
x S = 2 wt % x O2 = ?
Unreacted gas
ash = rest (8 wt% by x N2 = ?
components
difference) x CO = ?
x CO2 = ?
x SO2 =?
x H2O =? Products of
Solid Residues reactions
FS = ? Note the format for each
xC = ? stream
xH = ? Total flow
xS = ?
ash = ? Compositions of components
LECTURE SERIES 4: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL BALANCE
Text Reference
Series 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
Aims
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to perform the following task:
1. State the general balance equation.

2. State the two types of balances that one may write using the general balance equation
and give typical units for the terms in the balance.
3. Scale up or down the results of a material balance problem.
4. State the steps involved in solving material balance problems.
4.1 GENERATING MASS BALANCE EQUATION
Material balance are based on the law of conservation of mass, that is
TOTAL MASS INPUT = TOTAL MASS OUTPUT (1)
This is the basic form of a material balance equation.
The more general form:
INPUT + GENERATION − OUTPUT − CONSUMPTIO N = ACCUMULATI ON (2)
Produced Material Consumed Build up

Enters within the within the within the
+ system - leaving the
through the - system = system
system
system (chemical (chemical (material not
boundary reaction) reaction) leaving the
system)
We use this general equation to formulate the mass balance equation for the system to solve
for unknowns.
Under a steady state condition, that is when the concentration profile along the reactor
becomes constant, then it can be assumed that the accumulation term = 0.
As a result, the mass balance equation can be simplified to:
INPUT + GENERATION = OUTPUT + CONSUMPTION (3)
Under a condition where there is no chemical reaction, the material balance is simplified
to:
INPUT = OUTPUT (4)
4.2 PROCEDURE FOR MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATION
1. Draw a FLOWCHART and include all the stream components (eg. total flowrate,
compositions, temperature, pressure). Fill in the given values and identify and label the
unknowns.
2. Choose a control volume by drawing a box around it. The control volume is the system
on which the mass balance will be conducted.
3. Choose a basis for the calculation. Usually it is best to choose an amount or the flowrate
of one of the streams. If no amount is given, then assume the amount or flowrate of one of
the stream.
4. If the units provided are mixed, then convert all to one system of unit.
5. Write the mass balance equations for the unknowns and solve.
There are two types of mass balance equations which can be written for the streams:
1. TOTAL quantity balance (for each stream) and

2. COMPONENT quantity balance for each stream
Note that TOTAL mole balance is only feasible if no chemical reaction is involved.
EXAMPLE 1 A mixture containing 45% benzene(B) and 55% toluene (T) by mass is fed into a
distillation column. An overhead stream of 95wt % B is produced and 8% of the benzene
fed to the column leaves in the bottom stream. The feed rate is 2000 kg/hr. Determine the
overhead flowrate and the mass flowrate of benzene and toluene in the bottom stream.
SOLUTION
Up Stream
O=?
B = 95 wt%r
T = 5 wt%
Feed
F = 2000 kg/hr
X B = 45 wt%
X T = 55 wt%
Down Stream
D = ? kg/hr
B = 0.08x0.45xF kg/hr
T=?
Basis: Feed F = 2000 kg/hr, assume steady state conditions
Note that we formulate mass balance equations to determine the unknown quantities
in the system.
Since no chemical reaction is involved in this process and if we assume a steady state
process, then the general mass balance equation we can use in this system is:
INPUT = OUTPUT
Total Balance: F = O + D or 2000 = O + D
Component Balance
There are two components involved in this process, benzene and toluene. If we inspect the
known and unknown, benzene components has the least number of unknown, therefore we
will start with this component.
X B . F = X B .O + B
0.45 x 2000 = 0.95 xO + 0.08 x 0.45 x 2000
Benzene balance: O = 871.5 kg

hr
from (1)
D = 1128.4
kg
hr
XT F = XT O + T
Toluene Balance: 0.55 x 2000 = 0.05 * O + T
T = 1056.4
kg
hr
EXAMPLE 2. Let’s consider a process of producing methanol (CH 3 OH) from 200 tonmole/hr
methyl acetate (CH 3 COOCH 3 ) and 800 tonmole/hr of water. Assume the reaction goes to
completion. That is all the methyl acetate reacts. Calculate the composition of the product
stream.
SOLUTION
For simplification let’s label the components as follow:

CH 3 COOCH 3 = A
water = B
methanol = C
FA,in = 200 FA,out = ?

tonmole/hr FB,out =?
FC,out = ?
FB,in = 800
Control
tonmole/hr
volume
Basis: 200 tonmole/hr of CH 3 COOCH 3 feed.
The material involved with the chemical reaction will be:
CH 3 COOCH 3 + H 2 O = 2CH 3 OH + CO
200 tonmole 200 tonmole 400 tonmole 200 tonmole
We can now develop a mass balance for each of the input and output components.
Methanol Balance: assuming steady state process
Methanol In + Methanol Generated = Methanol Out
F C,in + F C,rxn = F C,out
No methanol enters with the feed, F C,in = 0
F C,out = F C,rxn = 400 tonmole

(according to the reaction equation)
Water Balance: F B,in – F B,rxn = F B,out.
800 – 200 = 600 tonmole /hr = F B,out
Since all the methyl acetate is consumed, F A,out = 0.
Product Composition
Components Flow Quantities Composition (wt%)

(tonmole/hr)
A 0 0
B 600 60%
C 400 40%
Total 1000
4.3 FORMS OF MASS BALANCE EQUATIONS
Form of balance equations:
(i) Differential Balance – balances which indicate what is happening in a system at an

instant of time. Each term are quantities expressed with respect to time or a RATE e.g.
1000 kg/hr, 100 moles/min.
So far the mass balance we have been carrying out are called Differential Balances.
(ii) Integral Balance – describes what happens between two instants of time. Each term of
the equation is an AMOUNT e.g. 1000 kg, 100 moles.
LECTURE SERIES 5: BALANCES ON MULTIPLE UNIT PROCESSES
Text Reference
Section 4.4.
Aims
1. Identify and isolate control volumes or systems

2. Set up overall and unit balances
3. Solve balances in multiple systems
5.1 SETTING UP MASS BALANCE EQUATION FOR MULTIPLE SYSTEMS
You should now be able to set up mass balance equations to determine the unknown
components for a single unit. In this lecture we are going to establish the procedures for
determining the unknowns for multiple systems or units. The key to solving multiple unit
system is to isolate a unit or group of units and solve the unknowns around these systems
as if they are a single unit.
The procedure:
1. Draw a FLOWSHEET and label the streams. Fill in the total and compositions of each
component in each stream. Note any given values and other information and identify the
unknown quantities.
2. Separate each of the system or control volume by drawing a box around each one.
Note that it is also possible to consider the whole system as a control volume. The idea
here is to isolate the units, then to set up the mass balance equations for each separate
unit as if they are independent of each other. Once you have drawn a control volume
around a single or group of units, you will only consider materials going in and out of
the control volume. That is the control volume is considered as a single unit and flow
streams in between the units within the control volume can be ignored.
DIVIDE, SOLVE EACH CONTROL VOLUME, THEN CONQUER!
How can we recognize a control volume?

3. Each of the control volume will have feed and also exit streams.
4. Identify which control volume which has the least number of unknowns and set up
mass balance equations for this part of the system.
5. Solve the mass balance for this single unit system first.
EXAMPLE
40 kg/hr 30 kg/hr
0.9 kgA/kg 0.6 kgA/kg
0.1 kgB/kg 0.4 kgB/kg
100 kg/hr
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Q1 Q2 Q3
X1A X2A X3A
X1B X2B X3B
30kg/hr
0.3 kgA/kg
0.7 kgB/kg
SOLUTION
Solve for unknowns.
1. Isolate control volumes.
40 kg/hr 30 kg/hr
0.9 kgA/kg 0.6 kgA/kg
0.1 kgB/kg 0.4 kgB/kg
100 kg/hr
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Unit Unit
1 2
Q1 Q2 Q3
X1A X2A X3A
X1B X2B X3B
30kg/hr
0.3 kgA/kg
0.7 kgB/kg
Note that we have isolated 4 control volumes.
2. We can now conduct a mass balance on each of these control volumes and consider them
as if they are individual systems.
3. Mass balance around Unit 1
Basis: 100 kg of Feed into Unit 1
40 kg/hr
0.9 kgA/kg
0.1 kgB/kg
100 kg/hr
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
Unit
1
Q1
X1A
X1B
Total Mass Balance: 100 (kg/hr) = 40 (kg/hr) + Q 1 (kg/hr)
Q 1 = 60 kg/hr
Component (A) Balance: 0.5x100 = 0.9x40 + X 1A x60
X 1A = 0.23
There fore X 1B = 0.77
Mass Balance Around the Mixing Unit.
Q1 = 60 kg/hr Q2
X1A = 0.23 X2A
X1B = 0.77 X2B
30kg/hr
0.3 kgA/kg
0.7 kgB/kg
Total Balance: 60 (kg/hr) +30 (kg/hr) = Q 2
Q 2 = 90 kg/hr
Component (A) Balance: 0.23x60 +0.3x30 = X 2A x90 kg/hr
X 2A = 0.25
Therefore X 2B = 0.75
Mass Balance Around Unit 2
30 kg/hr
0.6 kgA/kg
0.4 kgB/kg
Unit
2
Q 2 = 90 kg/hr Q3
X 2A = 0.25 X3A
X 2B = 0.75 X3B
Total Balance: 90 (kg/hr) = 30 (kg/hr) + Q 3
Q 3 = 60 kg/hr
Component (A) Balance: 0.25x90 = 0.6 x 30 + X 3A x 60 (kg/hr)
X 3A = 0.075
Thus X 3B = 0.925
EXAMPLE A moonshiner is having a bit of difficulty with his still (shown below). He finds he
is loosing too much alcohol in the bottom (waste). Calculate the composition of the
bottom for him and the weight of the alcohol lost in the bottom.
Vapour
Cooling
Feed (F) =1000 kg

10% ethanol
90 % H 2 O
Reflux
Distillate Product
(D) = ?
(1/10 of the feed)
60% ethanol
Heat 40% H 2 O
Bottom (Waste)
(B) = ?
Ethanol ?
H2O = ?
SOLUTION
The solution to this problem is easily obtained by conducting an overall mass balance.
Basis : 1000 kg of feed
Overall Balance:
Total Balance: F =D + B
= 1/10(1000) + B
B = 1000-100 = 900 kg
Ethanol Balance: 0.1x1000 = 0.6x100 +X B x900
X B = 0.044
X E = 0.9556
Weight of ethanol lost = 0.044 x 900 = 39.6 kg.
LECTURE SERIES 6: BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS
Text Reference
Sections 4.6-4.9.
Aims
1. Determine the stoichiometric equation for a chemical reaction (i.e. determine the proper
stoichiometric coefficients).
2. Determine which reactant is the limiting reactant for a chemical reaction.
3. Determine the percentage excess of a reactant.
4. Determine the fractional conversion of a reactant.
5. Determine yield and selectivity for reactors which involve multiple reactions.
6. Calculate overall conversion and single-pass conversion.
7. Write the material balance equations for a reactor using: extents of reactions, atomic
balances, and molecular balances.
8. Define partial combustion and complete combustion.
9. Calculate compositions using both a wet and dry basis.
10. Calculate theoretical oxygen, theoretical air, and percent excess air.
6.1 SETTING UP MASS BALANCE WITH A CHEMICAL REACTION
Mass balances involving chemical reactions
1) Total mass balance - Yes ( conservation of mass must be preserved). This is hardly
used to solve a mass balance problem because it is complicated to use. Most of the time this
is used to check the mass balance conducted is correct.
C + O2 = CO 2 CO 2 = 44 g = 1 mole
Total mass = 44 g
Total moles = 1 mole
C = 12 g = 1mole CO2 = 44 g = 1 mole

O 2 = 32 g = 1 mole
Total mass = 44 g
Total mass = 44 g Total moles = 1 mole
Total moles =2 moles
2) Total mole balance - No (mole balance often is not preserved)
INPUT TOTAL MOLES ≠ OUTPUT TOTAL MOLES
the TOTAL MOLE BALANCE cannot be used to solve the mass balance problem.
However it is also possible to get total mole balanced, for example
CH 4 + 2 O 2 = CO 2 + 2H 2 O
3 moles in = 3 moles out
This does not hold in general, thus we do not use a TOTAL balance (in moles) when a
chemical reaction is involved in the process.
3) Component balances = Yes , BUT the reaction must be known with the amount
consumed and generated from the chemical reaction.
If only ONE or TWO reactions are involved, then this type of mass balance is
straightforward. However, in the real system, several reactions can be involved, and often
the actual reactions involved may not be known.
4) Elemental Balance – Yes Since the elements eg. C, H, O are conserved, in terms of
both MASS and MOLE, elemental balances could be used WITHOUT HAVING TO
KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE REACTIONS INVOLVED.
That is the following mass balance, for carbon say, could be used:
TOTAL MASS of carbon IN = TOTAL MASS of carbon OUT
TOTAL MOLES of carbon IN = TOTAL MOLES of carbon OUT
What kind of Mass Balance Equations Can I Develop?
At this stage you should now recognise that you can write the following mass balance
equations:
• Total mass balance

No reactions are involved:
• Component mass balances
• Total mass balance (Yes)

Chemical Reactions (but quantities reacting are unknown):
• Total Mole Balance (No)

• Component Balance (No)
• Elemental Balance (Yes)
• Tie Component (Yes)
• Total mass balance (Yes)

Chemical Reactions (quantities reacting are known):
• Total Mole Balance (No)

• Component Balance (Yes)
•
•
Elemental Balance (Yes)
Tie Component (Yes)
These are the rough rules of thumb and will work for most cases.
DEFINING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
In this section we will define a few terms which are used to describe the engineering aspects
of chemical reactions. These parameters are required to enable mass balance to be
conducted in systems where the reactions are occurring.
STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is the theory of the proportion in which chemical species combine with one
another.
Stoichiometry limits the reaction
e.g. 2 SO 2 + O 2 → 2SO3 Balanced equation
Stoichiometric numbers
6.4 LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS
In a process, some reactants will tend to be more expensive that the rest. It would be more
economical if these reactants are used in excess and as such the more expensive reactants
are totally consumed in the reaction. For example, in combustion reaction air is cheaper
than coal. Thus we can use air in excess.
We will define two terms that will be used to identify the extent to which reactants are
supplied to the system.
Limiting Reactants = present in less than its stoichiometric proportion.
Thus the other reactants must be supplied in Excess.
EXAMPLE 100 kgmole of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) and 100 kgmole of oxygen is fed into a burner.
Determine which reactant is limiting and which is in excess.
SOLUTION
The balanced chemical reaction for this system is:
2C 2 H 4 + O 2 → 2C 2 H 4 O
The easiest way to determine the limiting and excess reactants is to compare the
stoichiometric and real ratio.
stoichiometry real
= =
C2 H 4 2 100kgmole 1
O2 1 100kgmole 1
Always bring the ratio such that the

denominator is equal to 1
The test is always conducted on the numerator first, that is:
For C 2 H 4 Stoichiometry = 2 > real = 1, this is the limiting reactant. That is the material
actually supplied is less than what is required by stoichiometry.
Oxygen must be in excess.
Let say 300 kgmoles of C 2 H 4 and 100 kgmole of oxygen are supplied.
Re al
= =
C 2 H 2 300kgmoles 3
O2 100kgmoles 1
C 2 H 4, stoichiometry = 2 < Real = 3, C 2 H 4 is in excess, oxygen is limiting.
What happens in a real situation?
Chemical reactions do not take place instantaneously; often the reactions could be slow. It
may also be uneconomical and impractical to proceed to full conversion of the limiting
reactants. Thus there will be un-reacted reactants leaving with the material exiting the
system. Depending on the economics of the system, this material may be separated and
recycled.
6.5 FRACTIONAL CONVERSION
Now we will define a term called fractional conversion, which is used to give an indication
of the extent by which the reaction proceeded.
conversion =
moles reacted (lim iting reac tan t )
fractional
moles fed (lim iting reac tan t )
EXAMPLE Consider the following reaction being carried out in the reactor shown
below:
2A + B = C
2 moles of A
0.5 moles of C
2 moles of B
What is the fractional conversion of this system?
SOLUTION
limiting reactant:
Stoichiometry Re al
= =
A 2 2moles 1
B 1 2moles 1
For A (Stoichiometry = 2) > Real = 1, therefore A is the limiting reactant and B is in excess.
= = 0.5
moles of lim iting reac tan t which reacted 1
fractional conversion:
moles of lim iting reac tan t fed 2
LECTURE SERIES 7: BALANCES ON COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Text Reference Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W. “Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes, Chapter 4, Section 4.8.
Aims
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to perform the following task:
1. Define fluestack gas (wet basis), Orsat analysis (dry basis), theoretical air (oxygen),
required air (oxygen), and excess air (oxygen).
2. Define complete and partial combustion
3. Conduct material balance involving combustion reactions
4. Use elemental balances to solve mass balance problems
7.1 Defining the Gas Composition
The combustion reactions involve the reaction of a carbonaceous material with oxygen (or
air). The carbonaceous material of fuel could include elements such as C, H, O, S and N.
The source of oxygen generally used for combustion of fuel is air, since it is cheap and
readily available.
The combustion reaction of fuel will produce the following product gases:
⎧CO2
⎪CO
Air
⎪
O2 = 21% Orsat analysis
⎪⎪O2
N2 = 79%
⎨
Or dry basis
⎪N2
C,H,N, Flue gas,
⎪SO2
S Wet basis
⎪
fuel
⎪⎩H2O
Flue stack gas

All gases produced from the combustion reaction including water (wet basis)
Orsat analysis
All gases excluding water (dry basis)
7.2 Combustion Reactions
a) Complete combustion
All the carbon is converted to CO 2
C+ O 2 = CO 2
b) Partial combustion
The carbon is partially converted to CO.
C + 1/2O 2 = CO
c) Theoretical Oxygen
The moles of oxygen required for complete combustion of all fuel fed into the reactor. That
is all C is converted to CO 2 and all H to H 2 O.
d) Theoretical Air
Moles of air which contains theoretical oxygen
theoretical air =
theoretical oxygen
0.21
e) Excess oxygen
Amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceeds the theoretical air.
O2 fed − O2theoretical
% Excess O2 = x100
O2theoretical
Note the percent excess oxygen is equal to percent excess air.
O2( fed ) / 0.21 − O2theoretical / 0.21

% Excess air = x100 = % Excess O2
O2theoretical / 0.21
EXAMPLE 1
100 moles/hr of C 4 H 10 and 5000 moles/hr of air are fed into a combustion reactor. Calculate
the percent excess air.
SOLUTION
C 4 H 10 + O2 → 4CO2 + 5 H 2 O
13
2
100 650 400 500 (moles/hr)
theoretical O 2 = 650 moles/hr
theoretical air = 650/0.21 =3094 moles/hr
5000 − 3094
% Excess air = x100 = 61.6%
3094
EXAMPLE 2
100 % methane is fed into a burner with 130% excess air. Assuming complete combustion
occurs; give the composition of the product gas both as stack (wet basis) and orsat analysis
(dry basis).
SOLUTION
Since complete combustion occurs, we know the product will include CO 2 . The quantities
in the product stream are unknown. We will assume a feed basis to enable the estimation of
the compositions of the product stream.
Basis: 100 kgmole/hr of CH 4 feed

Air 130 % excess
CH4 100% 21% O2
= 100 79% N2
kgmoles/hr O2 = ?
N2 = ?
CH 4 + 2O 2 →CO 2 +2H 2 O
CO2 = ?
H2O =?
100 200 100 200
O 2 Balance: from the reaction,

O 2 required to react completely with CH 4 = 200 kgmoles/hr.= O 2theoretical
Estimating O 2 in from % excess air (130%):
O2 ( IN ) − O2theoretical
% Excess = 1.30 =
O2theoretical
rearranging the equation,
O 2 (In) = 460 kgmoles/hr
Air balance: Air (In) = 460/0.21 = 2190.47 kgmoles/hr
Nitrogen balance: N 2 (In) = 1730.5 kgmoles/hr = N 2 (out)
O 2 Balance: O 2 (out ) = 460-200 = 260 kgmoles/hr
Product Composition
Components Flowrate Flue gas Flowrate Orsat

kgmoles/hr composition kgmoles/hr Analysis
%moles %moles
O2 260 11.4 260 12.4
N2 1730.5 75.5 1730.5 82.8
H2O 200 8.7
CO 2 100 4.4 100 4.8
Total 2290.5 100 2090.5 100
7.3 ELEMENTAL BALANCE
Elemental balance is useful when we do not know the chemical reactions involved in the
process. Since elements are conserved we can use the following mass balance:
Element In = Element Out
EXAMPLE
An unknown carbonaceous fuel is burnt with 100 % excess air. The product gas has the
following analysis:
1.3 mole % CO
5.2 mole % CO 2
7.1 mole % O 2
73.4 mole % N 2 and 15 mole % H 2 O
Determine the ratio of H/C in the fuel fed into the combustion rig.
SOLUTION
Basis: 100 moles of product gas
C balance: C(In) = 1.3+5.2 = 6.5 moles
H Balance: H(In) = 2x15 =30 moles
H/C = 30/6.5 = 4.6
LECTURE SERIES 8: RECYCLE, BYPASS AND PURGE
Text Reference
Section 4.5.
Aims
1. Define recycle, bypass, purge, and bleed stream.

2. Formulate mass balance on reactive systems with recycle and bypass.
3. Define overall conversion and single pass conversion.
8.1 RECYCLE STREAM
Recycle = feed back un-reacted material into the system
Purge = bleeding off a stream. The purpose of this is to remove an accumulation of inerts or
unwanted material that might otherwise build up in the recycle stream.
A flow sheet representing this step is as follows:
Recycle
Divider
Fresh Feed Process

Feed
Mixer Process Separator Product
Purge or
Bleed
In the recycle stream note that:
(i) The process is in STEADY STATE that is no build up or accumulation takes place
in the process or in the recycle stream.
(ii) Fresh feed = feed to the system
(iii) Process feed = feed to the reactor = fresh feed + recycle stream
(iv) Stoichiometry of reaction must be taken into account in the mass balance if reaction
occurs.
8.2 BYPASS STREAM
Bypass = one that skips one or more stages of the process and goes directly to another
stage.
A flow sheet representing this process is as follows:
Bypass
Fresh Feed
Product
Separator Process Mixer
Note: The separator can split the fresh feed into 2 streams with the same composition or a
pure component and a mixed component.
8.3 BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS WITH RECYCLE AND BY-PASS
The extent of reaction in a system with recycle and bypass can be measured using overall
conversion or single pass conversion.
Product ,
F Q1 Q2 D
Separator
Proces
Recycle , R
reac tan t input to process − reac tan t output from process

O. C . =
reac tan t input int o the process
F−D
Overall conversion: =
F
reac tan t input to reactor − reac tan t output from reactor

S. C. = =
reac tan t input to reactor
Q1 − Q 2
Single pass conversion:
Q1
EXAMPLE A distillation column separates 10 000 kg/hr of 50% benzene (B) and 50% toluene
(T) mixture. The product recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains
96% toluene. The vapour stream entering the condenser from the top of the column is
8000 kg/hr. A portion of the product is returned to the column a reflux, and the rest is
withdrawn for use elsewhere. Assume that the composition of the stream at the top of the
column (V), the product withdrawn (D), and the reflux ( R) are identical. The bottom
stream has 95 % benzene. Find the ratio of the amount refluxed to the product
withdrawn.
SOLUTION
Basis : Feed = 10000 kg/hr
V = 8000
kg/hr
96 %T
4% B
F = 10000
kg/hr
P
50% B R 96% T
50% T 96 %T 4% B
4% B
B
95%B
5% T
Overall Balance
Total Balance: 10 000 = P + B (1)
Benzene Balance: 5000 = 0.04 P + 0.95 B (2)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously
P = 4945 kg/hr
B = 5054.9 kg/hr
Condenser Balance
Total Balance: 8000 = R + 4945
R = 3055 kg/hr
R/P = 3055/4945 = 0.61
8.4 RECYCLE WITH CHEMICAL REACTION
EXAMPLE 1.56 kgmoles/hr of HI is reacted with CH 3 OH to produce CH 3 I according to the

following reaction:
HI + CH 3 OH → CH 3 I + H 2 O
HI is separated from the product stream and recycled back into the reactor. The product
contains 50 mole% CH 3 I and 50mole % CH 3 OH and the waste stream contains 40
mole% HI and 60% H 2 O. The single pass fractional conversion of the process is 40%.
Calculate:
(i) methanol added

(ii) amount of HI recycled.
SOLUTION
F = 1.56 M, 100%
HI/hr CH3OH
HI + CH 3 OH → CH 3 I + H 2 O
P
50% CH3I
0.936 0.936 0.936 0.936 kgmoles/hr 50% CH3OH
R, HI
Waste, W
40% HI
60% H2O
Overall Balance
HI Balance: Let the amount of HI which have reacted = x
input – consumption = output

- x = 0.4 W (1)
H 2 O balance: Input + generation = output
0 + x = 0.6 W (2)
solving (1) and (2) simultaneously gives:

W = 1.56 kgmole/hr
X = 0.936 kgmoles/hr.
CH 3 I Balance: Generation = Output
0.936 = 0.5 P
P =1.872 kgmole/hr
Methanol Balance: Input –Consumption = Output
M – 0.936 = 0.5x1.872
M = 1.872 kgmole/hr
We have been told that the fractional conversion = 40%
HI rxn
Fractional conversion: f=
HI reactor fed
HI fed to the reactor = 1.56 + R
HI reaction = 0.936 = 0.4(1.56+R)
R = 0.78 kgmole/hr.
CHNG 1103 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
TUTORIAL 1
Basic Skills: Unit Conversion
References:
(i) Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W., Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
Chapters 2 and 3.
(ii) Lectures 1-3.
Tutorial Due Date: Thursday, Week 2
OVERVIEW
This tutorial trains you to avoid the most common “unforced error” found in engineering –
failure to account for units. In most cases unit conversion is a trivial matter, with many
conversion values known to all engineers (eg. 12 inches = 1 ft, 25.4 mm = 1 inch,
14.7 psi = 1 atm, 2.205 lbm = 1 kg) however, conversion of compound units such as
BTU/lb °F into J/kg °C, requires a rigorous method to avoid mistakes. As a professional
engineer you will be expected to be able to handle quantities given in any units.
QUESTION 1
Using the table of conversion at the front of F&R to convert the following.
I. 1 day to microseconds
II. 1 mi3 to m3
III. 10 kW.hr to N.m
IV. 1 ft3/s to gal/min
2
V. 20 g/m.s to lbf. hr/ft
QUESTION 2
Convert the densities of the following to kg/m3 (see F&R Section 3.1)
I. A liquid with a density of 60 oz/gallon
II. A solid with a specific gravity of 7.8
The specific gravity (SG) of a substance is the ratio of density of the substance (ρ) to the
density of the reference substance (ρref). That is:
ρ
SG =
ρ ref
The most common reference material is water at 4 °C (ρ ref = 1000 kg/m3)
QUESTION 3
Convert the following temperatures (see F&R Section 3.5)
I. T=100°C to °F, K and °R
II. T=100°F to °C, K and °R
III. ΔT=100°C to °F, K and °R
and temperature intervals
IV. ΔT=100°F to °C, K and °R
QUESTION 4
Convert the following pressures (see F&R Section 4)
I. 100 atm to Pa
II. 35mmHg to mmH 2 O @4°C
III. 200 kPa to cmH 2 O
IV. 10 psig to kPa(gauge)
V. 10 psig to kPa (abs)
QUESTION 5
Give the sum of the following in SI units (i.e. make the quantities dimensionally
homogeneous before adding their values)
I. 0.5 W +0.5cal/s
II. 2.5 quartz +10 ft3
QUESTION 6
Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook lists the following properties for acetone:
thermal conductivity: λ = 0.102 (BTU.ft)/(hr ft2.°F)

heat capacity: Cp = 0.514 BTU/(lb °F)
Note that Cp is used to calculate the sensible heat of a substance (E) using the equation:
E = mc p ΔT
and thermal conductivity (λ) is used in calculating the rate of energy transfer (Q) from the
λ
equation:
Q= AΔT
Convert this data into SI units (i.e. Cp to J/kg K and λ to W/m K)
x
Give a common use for this chemical
QUESTION 7
The Colburn equation for heat transfer is:
⎛ h ⎞⎛ Cμ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
2/3
0.023
⎝ CG ⎠⎝ k ⎠ (DG / μ ) 0.2
μ = viscosity, lb/(hr.ft)
where C = heat capacity , Btu/(lb fluid .°F)
k = thermal conductivity , (Btu.ft)/(hr.ft2.°F)

D = pipe diameter, ft
G = mass velocity, lb/(hr.ft2).
What are the units of the heat transfer coefficient h?
TUTORIAL 2
Basic Skills: Introduction to Material Balance
References:
(i) Felder R.M. and Rousseau R.W., Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Chapter
4, Sections 4.0-4.3.
(ii) Lecture 4.
Tutorial Due Date: Thursday Week 3
QUESTION 1
I) Convert the following composition from mole % to mass % by assuming a basis.
SO 2 20mole%
NO 2 35 mole%
H2O 45 mole%
II) What would be the weight of each component if the total weight of the gas is 2350 g ?
QUESTION 2
Convert the following composition from mass % to mole %
C 4 H 8 =10 wt%
O 2 =15 wt%
CO 2 =35 wt%
H 2 O =40 wt%
QUESTION 3
Water enters a 2 litre tank at the rate of 100 g/min and is withdrawn at a rate of 2.5 g/s. The
tank in initially half full.
I. Draw a flowsheet to represent this process.

II. Is this process continuous, batch or semi batch? Is it transient or steady state?
III. Write a mass balance for this process (Note that the mass balance must be
dimensionally homogeneous.
IV. How long will it take the tank to drain completely.
(Assume the density of water is 1 g/ml)
QUESTION 4
One hundred pounds per minute of a mixture containing 60% oil and 40% water by mass are
fed into a settling tank that operates at a steady state. Two products streams emerge from the
settler, the top one contains pure oil, and the bottom one is 90 % water by mass.
I. Draw a flow sheet to represent this process.
II. Write a differential mass balance on water and total mass to calculate the flowrates of
the two product streams.
QUESTION 5
To prepare a solution of 50 wt% H 2 SO 4 , a dilute waste acid containing 28 wt% H 2 SO 4 is
fortified with a purchased acid containing 96 wt% H 2 SO 4 .
I. Draw a flow sheet to represent this process.

II. Write a differential mass balance on the total and sulfuric acid balance and calculate
how many kilograms of the purchased acid must be bought for each 100 kg of dilute
acid.
TUTORIAL 3
Basic Skills: Mass Balances Calculations in Multiple Units
References:
4, Section 4.4.
(ii) Lectures 5
QUESTION 1
In a distillation train a liquid hydrocarbon containing 20 mole% ethane (C2), 40 mole %
propane (C3) and 40 mole % butane (C4) is to be fractionated into essentially pure
components as shown in the diagram below.
Ethanol fraction
E (moles/hr ) Propane fraction
90% C2 P(moles/ hr)
9.0% C3 99 mole % C3
1 % C4 1 mole % C4
Feed F (moles/hr)
20 mole % C 2
40 mole % C 3
40 mole % C 4
A (moles/hr) Butane fraction

B (moles/hr)
XC3 = ? 8.4 mole % C3
XC4 = ? 91.6 mole % C4
a) Isolate each control volume and:

I. Identify the unknowns,
II. Determine the number of mass balance equations which can be written for each
control volume,
III. Establish if the mass balance equations in each control volume is solvable (i.e.
number of unknowns≤ number of equations)
b) On the basis of F = 100 moles/hr, what is P and B(in moles/hr) and the composition of
stream A?
QUESTION 2
Coffee beans contain components that are soluble in water and others that are not. Instant
coffee is produced by dissolving the soluble portion in boiling water (i.e. by making coffee)
in large percolators, then feeding the coffee to a spray drier in which the water is
evaporated, leaving the soluble coffee as dry powder. The insoluble portion of the coffee
beans (the spent grounds) passes through several drying operations, and dried grounds are
either burned or used as landfill. The solution removed from the grounds in the first stage of
the drying operation is fed to the spray drier to join the effluent from the percolator. A flow
chart of this process is shown below. The symbol S and I denote the soluble and insoluble
components of the coffee beans, W is water and C is a solution containing 35% S and 65 %
W by mass.
a) Isolate each control volume and identify:

I. The unknowns
II. The number of mass balance equations which can be written for each control
volume.
III. Establish if the mass balance equations in each control volume is solvable (number
of unknowns≤ number of equations)
IV. Calculate the flowrates (kg/hr) of each stream Q 1 to Q 8 .
b) If the liquid effluent from the press (Q 5 ) could be fed to the spray drier without affecting
the taste of the product, by what percentage could the production rate of instant coffee be
increased?
(Q1) Legend
W: Water
Roasted grounds C: Coffee Extract
coffee beans S: Soluble
I and S I: Insoluble
W
(Q2)
Percolator C
35 wt% S
65 wt % W
Cyclone C
Separator 35 wt% S
65 wt% W
S 20 % I
Q5 (Q3) 80 % C (Q4)
35%S Press
W
65% W Spray Drier
(Q6)
Q7
50% I
50% C 500 kg S/hr
(Q8) W (instant coffee)
Drier
1400 kg/hr
70% I
balance is S and W
TUTORIAL 4
Basic Skills: Balances on Reactive Systems
References:
4, Sections 4.5-4.9.
(ii) Lecture 6, 7 and 8.
QUESTION 1
Acrylonitrile (C 3 H 3 N) is produced by the reaction of propylene (C 3 H 6 ), ammonia (NH 3 )
and oxygen (O 2 ):
C 3 H 6 + NH 3 + O2 → C 3 H 3 N + 3H 2 O
3
2
The feed contains 10 mole % propylene, 12 moles % NH 3 and 78% air.
I. Which reactant is limiting? By what percentage is each of the others in excess?

II. Calculate the kg mole of C 3 H 3 N produced per kgmole of NH 3 feed for a 30%
conversion of the limiting reactant.
QUESTION 2
The reactions:
C2 H 6 → C2 H 4 + H 2
C 2 H 6 + H 2 → 2CH 4
take place in a continuous reactor at steady state. The molar flow rate of the feed stream is
100 kgmole/hr, and that of the product stream is 140 kgmole/hr. The composition of these
gases is given below:
Mole %
Feed Product
C2H6 85% C2H6 30.3%
Inert 15% C2H4 28.6%
H2 26.8%
CH 4 3.6%
Inert 10.7%
total 100% total 100%
Calculate the fractional conversion of ethane, the yield of ethylene based on feed and
reactant consumption, and the selectivity of ethylene relative to methane.
QUESTION 3
One hundred moles/hr of butane (C 4 H 10 ) and 5000 moles/hr of air are fed into a combustion
reaction. Calculate the percent excess air.
C 4 H 10 + O2 → 4CO2 + 5 H 2 O
13
2
QUESTION 4
The analysis of coal indicates 70 wt% C, 20 wt% H and 2 wt % S and the balance non-
combustible ash. The coal is burnt at a rate of 5000 lb/hr and the feed rate of air to the
furnace is 500 lbmoles/min. All of the ash and 4% of the carbon in the fuel leaves the
furnace as a solid slag; the remainder of the carbon leaves in the stable gas as CO and CO 2 .
The hydrogen in the coal is oxidised to water, and the sulfur emerges as SO 2 . The
selectivity of CO 2 to CO production is 10:1. Calculate the mole fraction of the gaseous
pollutant CO and CO 2 –in starch gas, and the emission rate of these substances in lbm/hr.
QUESTION 5
A distillation column separates 10 000 kg/hr of a 50% benzene (B) and 50% toluene (T)
mixture. The product recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains 95%
benzene, and the bottom of the column contains 96% toluene. The vapour stream entering the
condenser from the top of the column is 8000 kg/hr. A portion of the product is returned to
the column as reflux, and the rest is withdrawn for use elsewhere. Assume that the
composition of the stream at the top of the column (V), the product withdrawn (D) and the
reflux (R ) are identical.
I. Draw a flowsheet to represent this process.

II. Identify the unknowns and the equations for each control volume. Use this
information to identify if the mass balance calculations in each control volume are
solvable.
III. Find the ratio of the amount refluxed to the product withdrawn (R/D).
QUESTION 6
Methanol is produced by reaction carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) according to
the following reaction:
CO + 2H 2 → CH 3 OH
A portion of the methanol leaving the reactor is condensed, and the unconsumed CO and
H 2 and the uncondensed CH 3 OH are recycled back to the reactor. The reactor effluent flows
at a rate of 275 mols/min and contains 10.6 wt% H 2 , 64wt% CO and 25.4 wt% CH 3 OH.
The mole fraction of methanol in the recycle stream is 0.004.
I. Identify the unknowns and the equations for each control volume in this system. Use this
information to determine is the mass balance calculations in each control volume are
solvable.
II. Calculate the molar flowrates of CO and H 2 in the fresh feed, and the production rate of
methanol.
Recycle
Product
Fresh Feed CH3OH (l)
CO
H2
Reactor Condenser
Reactor
Effluent
CHNG 1103 Group-Assignment
Due Date: Thursday, Week 6
There are two parts to this assignment; parts A and B. Each group must complete part A and in part
B you must select only one question. Submit only one report per group.
PART A – Chemical Processes
The objective of this assignment is to give students some familiarisation with the various
processing operation used in the chemical, mineral, and food and associated industries. The
students should be able to relate fundamental techniques used in Chemical Engineering 1A
to their particular application in these processing operations. Furthermore, the students
should be able to put the industry within the context of global factors which affect
processing. Issues such as marketing, competition and environmental issues will be
addressed in this assignment. Furthermore the students should get some familiarisation in
conducting a literature search.
Task:
Each student group should select only one of the chemicals or products provided below:
Alumina Gold
Copper Sugar
Caustic Soda ethylene
Styrene-butadiene rubber ethylene dichloride
Polyvinyl chloride Nickel
Ethanol Chocolates
Beer Sulfuric Acid
Uranium Fragrances( or aromatic oils)
Write a report which addresses the following points.
1) Nature of the chemical or product

2) Identify the Raw Materials used in the production of the product
3) Identify the processing steps required to manufacture this chemicals or products.
4) Draw a flowsheet to represent the units identified in 2).
5) Determine the process streams and if possible obtain qualitative values of these streams
(total and composition).
6) Superimposed the process streams on the flowsheet developed in 3).
7) Identify industries (in Australian only) involved in the processing of such materials.
8) Identify environmental or potential problems and how are these addressed.
9) How important is this product to the Australian economy and is it likely to lead to
growth in the future.
In your report, note all the references used.
References:
1. Kirk – Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley, New York. 2. 2.
Kompass
PART B- Mass Balance (Choose only one question from this part).
Question 1
Alkyl halides are used as an alkylating agent in various chemical transformations. The alkyl
halide ethyl chloride can be prepared from the following chemical reactions:
2 C 2 H 6 + Cl 2 → 2C 2 H 5 Cl + H 2
In the reaction process shown, fresh ethane and chlorine gas and recycled ethane are
combined and fed into the reactor. A test shows that if 100% excess chlorine is mixed with
ethane, a single pass optimal conversion of 60% results and of the ethane that reacts all is
converted to products and none goes into undesired products. Calculate:
(a) The fresh feed concentrations required for the operations

(b) The moles of C 2 H 5 Cl produced in P per mole of C 2 H 6 in the fresh feed F 1 .
F1 W
C2H6 Cl2
Cl2 H2
F2 Reactor S Separator P
Mixer
C2H6 60% conversion C2H6 100% C2H5Cl
Cl2 Cl2
(100% excess C2H5Cl
Cl2) H2
100% C2H6
Question 2
Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) is converted to cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) by direct reaction with H 2 . The fresh

feed to the process is 260 L/min of C 6 H 6 plus 950 L/min of H 2 at 100°C and 100 kPa. The
single pass conversion of H 2 in the reactor is 48% while the overall conversion of H 2 in the
process is 75%. The recycle stream contains 90% H 2 and the remainder benzene (no
cyclohexane).
(a) Determine the molar flowrates of H 2 , C 6 H 6 and C 6 H 12 in the exiting product.

(b) Determine the volumetric flowrates of the product stream if it exits at 100 kPa and
200°C.
(c) Determine the molar flowrate of the recycle stream, and the volumetric flowrate if the
recycle stream is at 100°C and 100 kPa.
Recycle gas stream, R
90% H 2 , 10% C 6 H 6
Feed Reactor P(gas)

Separator
at 100°C and 150 kPa C6H6
260 L/min of C 6 H 6 H2
950L/min of H 2 C 6 H 12

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CHNG 1103 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY

PART A: MATERIAL BALANCE

Dr. Vincent Gomes (Part B: Energy Balance)

Wiley & Sons, 3nd Edition (1999).

Tutorials: Thursday, 2:00-5:00, PNR DO1

(Tutorials will start on week 1)

GENERAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................................... 1

• An understanding of units and dimensions

SUMMARY OF COURSE CONTENT

HOW IS THIS DONE?

ORGANISATION AND ASSESSMENT

Exam: 3 hours open-book examination at the end of semester 2. This examination

Assignments: The assignments consist of 8 tutorials and 2 projects. There will be 4

Where should I hand in my tutorial solutions and assignments?

Where can I pick up my marked tutorials and assignment?

Can I win a prize for doing well in this subject?

Uni. Week Lecture Topics Assessment Tasks Due

LECTURE SERIES 1: UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Dimensions are concepts of measurements such as:

Table 1. Common System of Units and Corresponding Base Units

Table 2. Derived SI Units

Other Multi Unit Prefixes include:

mega (M) = 106

1.2 CONVERSION OF UNITS

EXAMPLE 1. Convert 10 m/s to ft/s.

The result is:

EXAMPLE 2. Convert 10 m2/s to ft2/s.

EXAMPLE 3. Convert 10 kg.m/s2 to lb.ft/min2

The result is:

1.3 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY

2 (m/s) and 5 (m).

1.4 WEIGHT AND MASS

Weight is the force of gravity on an object with a certain mass m.

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. W = 10x 9.81 = 98.1 N

The measured length of the pipe is quoted as 2.3 m.

If the length was quoted as 2 m, the accuracy of this measurement is 2 ± 0.5 m.

An example of a dimensionless quantity is Reynold’s number N Re .

ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)

LECTURE SERIES 2: PROCESS AND PROCESS VARIABLES

1. State the definition of a process and identify its components.

2.1 WHAT IS A PROCESS?

FEED UNIT PRODUCT

The process can be carried out in a batch or continuous unit.

2.2 WHAT ARE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES?

Examples of such processing include:

Wet cake Dry cake

2. Distillation- separation of two fluids of different volatilities and boiling points.

The unit is this process is called a crystalliser.

2.3 EXPRESSING QUANTITIES

Mass and Moles

Chemical Engineering mole

mole ( unit of mass − mole ) =

We can also define it as follow:

2.4 DEFINITION OF CONCENTRATION

EXAMPLE Calculate the weight of NaOH in 1 litre of 2 M NaOH solution.

Mass of NaOH = 2 moles x 40 g/mol = 80 grams

(i) Mass Fraction

Components Mass Composition

(ii) Mole Fraction