NORMALITY

Outline:

1. What is Normality?
2. Calculating Molar Mass
3. Determination of the Number of Equivalents per Mole in Salts, Strong Bases and Strong Acids (eq/mol)
4. Determination of Equivalent Weight (eq. wt.)
5. Normality Formula
6. Expanded formulas
7. Derived formulas from Normality
8. Problems on normality with related concentrations (Molality, Molarity, Mole fraction, Percentages)
9. Molarity, Molality, and Normality
10. Potential Issues using Normality for Concentration
11. Importance of Normality in Solution
12. Dilution

Group 4 – Circinus:

Beleta, Trisha Mae

Manseras, Angeli Danielle
Mercado, Gabriel Vincent
Pabillar, Frances Angelique
Tan, Jan-Ira Benedict

Normality, N

One way of quantitatively expressing the concentration of solution in terms of mole. Normality is known
as the equivalent concentration of a solution, defined as the number of equivalent weight of solute present in a
given volume in liters of solution. Capital letter N is the unit used to indicate the concentration in terms of
normality. It may also be expressed as eq/L (equivalent per liter). Also, Normality is the only unit that is
reaction dependent.

Example:

1. 3 N
a.) 3 eq/ L
b.) 3 eq in 1 L solution
2. 0.1 N
a.) 0.1 eq/L
b.) 0.1 eq in 1 liter solutio
Recall: Determination of the Molar Mass of a compound

Substance Molar Mass (g/mol)

Table sugar (C12H22O11) 342.34 g/mol
Explosives (C2H4N10) 168.16 g/mol
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 84.01 g/mol

Difference between Molecular weight, Molecular mass, Formula mass and Molar mass

Molecular mass Formula mass Molar mass

Also called Molecular Ionic compounds does not Mass per mole of its entities
weight, Molecular mass = consist of molecules, so the (atoms, molecules or formula
sum of atomic masses mass of a formula unit is units) and has a unit g./mol
termed Formula mass
instead of Molecular mass
Ex: Molecular mass of Ex: Formula mass of Ba¿ Ex: Molar mass of S O2
H2O = 137.30 amu + (2 x 14.01 = (2 x 32.01 g/mol) + (2 x
= (2 x 1.01 amu) + 16.00 amu) + (6 x 16.00 amu) 16.00 g/mol)
amu =261.30 amu = 64.07g /mol
= 18.02 amu

What is an Equivalent?
An equivalent (symbol: eq) is the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is equivalent to) an arbitrary
amount of another substance in a given chemical reaction. As a rule of thumb, “One equivalence of one reactant
reacts completely with one equivalence of another.” The usage of the term, “equivalents” is similar to “moles”.
In such that equivalent pertains only to a dissolved state, hence it is used for Normality (eq/L).
DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF EQUIVALENTS ON STRONG ACIDS
The number of equivalents of a strong acid is defined as the amount of hydrogen ions (H +¿¿ present per
mole that can supply a reaction.
Examples:
1. 1 mole of HCL
−¿¿
2. 1 mole of H 2 SO 4
HCl H
2−¿¿
+¿+Cl ¿
H 2 SO4  2 H +¿+ SO ¿
4

Supply of H +¿¿ = 1 Supply of H +¿¿ = 2

Equivalents = 1 eq/mol HCL Equivalents = 2 eq/mol H 2 SO 4

3. 1 mole of H NO3
−¿ ¿
H NO3  H +¿+NO ¿ 3

Supply of H +¿¿ = 1
Equivalents = 1 eq/mol
H NO3
DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF EQUIVALENTS ON STRONG BASES
The number of equivalents of a strong base is defined as the amount of hydroxide (O H −¿¿present per
mole that can supply a reaction.
Examples:
1. 1 mole of NaOH −¿¿
2. 1 mole of BaOH 2
NaOH  Na+¿+OH ¿ BaOH 2  Ba2+¿+2 OH ¿
−¿¿

Supply of OH −¿¿ = 1 Supply of OH −¿¿ = 2

Equivalents = 1 eq/mol NaOH Equivalents = 2 eq/mol BaOH 2

3. 1 mole of LiOH −¿¿

LiOH  Li +¿+OH ¿
Supply of OH −¿¿ = 1
Equivalents = 1 eq/mol LiOH

DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF EQUIVALENTS ON SALTS

The number of equivalents of a salt is defined as the total net oxidation number, in other words, total net
charge of either ions (cation or anion) present per mole of the salt.
Examples:
1. 1 mole of NaCl −¿ ¿
2. 1 mole of ( NH 4 )2 CO 3
NaCl  Na +¿+Cl ¿
2−¿ ¿

( NH 4 )2 CO 3  2 NH +¿+CO
4
3 ¿

Cation: Na+¿¿= |1(1+)| = 1 +¿¿

Cation: NH 4 = |2(1+) |= 2
Anion: Cl−¿¿ = |1(1-)| = 1
Anion: CO 2−¿ ¿
= |1(2-)| = 2
Equivalents: 1 eq/mol NaCl 3
Equivalents: 2 eq/mol ( NH 4 )2 CO 3

3. 1 mole of Na HCO3
−¿¿

Na HCO3 Na+¿+HCO ¿ 3

Cation: Na+¿¿ = |1(1+)| = 1

−¿ ¿
Anion: HCO3 = |1(1-)| = 1
Equivalents: 1 eq/mol Na HCO3

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (eq wt.)

The equivalent weight (eq wt.) is the mass of one equivalent of a substance which will combine with or
displace a fixed quantity of another substance.
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents

Examples of Equivalent Weights in Acids:

1. HCl ⇒ H+ + Cl-
HCl = 1.01 g H + 35.45 g Cl = 36.46 g
36.46 g
MM = = 36.46 g/mol HCl
1 mol
 amount of H+ present = 1
No. of equivalents per mole: 1 eq/mol HCl
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
36.46 g / mol HCl
Equivalent weight = = 36.46 g/eq HCl
1 eq /mol HCl

2. H2SO4 ⇒ 2 H+ + SO42-
H2SO4= 2(1.01 g) H + 32.07 g S + 4(16.00 g) O = 98.09 g
98.09 g
MM = = 98.09 g/mol H2SO4
1 mol

amount of H+ present = 2
No. of equivalents per mole: 2 eq/mol H2SO4
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
98.09 g / mol H 2 SO 4
Equivalent weight = = 49.045 g/eq H2SO4
2 eq /mol H 2 SO 4

3. HNO3 ⇒ HNO3 ⇒ H+ + NO3-

HNO3= (1.01 g) H + (14.01) g N + 3(16.00 g) O = 63.02 g
98.09 g
MM = = 63.02 g/mol HNO3 
1 mol

amount of H+ present = 1
No. of equivalents per mole: = 1 eq/mol HNO3
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
63.02 g /mol HNO 3
Equivalent weight = = 63.02 g/eq HNO3
1 eq /mol HNO3

Examples of Equivalent Weights in Bases:

1. NaOH ⇒ Na+ + OH-

NaOH = 22.99 g Na + 16.00 g O + 1.01 g H = 40.00 g
40.00 g
MM = = 40.00 g/mol NaOH
1 mol

amount of OH- present = 1

No. of equivalents per mole: 1 eq/mol NaOH
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
40.00 g/mol NaCl
Equivalent weight = = 40.00 g/eq NaOH
1eq /mol NaCl

2. Ba(OH)2 ⇒ Ba2+ + 2OH-

Ba(OH)2 = 137.33 g Ba + 2(16.00 g) O + 2(1.01 g) H = 171.35 g
171.35 g
MM = = 171.35 g/mol Ba(OH)2
1 mol

amount of OH- present = 2

No. of equivalents per mole: = 2 eq/mol Ba(OH)2
 molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
171.35 g /mol Ba(OH ) 2
Equivalent weight = = 85.68 g/eq Ba(OH)2
2 eq /mol Ba( OH )2

3. LiOH ⇒ Li+ + OH-

LiOH = 6.94 g Li + 16.00 g O + 1.01 g H = 23.95 g
23.95 g
MM = = 23.95 g/mol LiOH
1 mol

amount of OH- present = 1

No. of equivalents per mole: = 1 eq/mol LiOH
molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
23.95 g /mol LiOH
Equivalent weight = = 23.95 g/eq LiOH
1 eq /mol LiOH

Examples of Equivalent Weights in Salts:

1. NaCl ⇒ Na+ + Cl-

NaCl = 22.99 g Na + 35.45 g Cl = 58.44 g
58.44 g
MM = = 58.44 g/mol NaCl
1 mol

cation: Na+ = |1 (1+)| = 1

anion: Cl- = |1 (1–)| = 1
No. of equivalents per mole: 1 eq/mol NaCl

molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
58.44 g /mol NaCl
Equivalent weight = = 58.44 g/eq NaCl
1eq /mol NaCl

2. (NH4)2CO3 ⇒ 2NH4+ + CO32-

(NH4)2CO3 = 2(14.01 g) N + 8(1.01 g) H + (12.01 g) C + 3(16.00 g) O = 96.11 g
96.11 g
MM = = 96.11 g/mol (NH4)2CO3
1mol

cation: NH4+ = |2 (1+)| = 2

anion: CO32- = |1 (2-)| = 2
No. of equivalents per mole: = 2 eq/mol (NH4)2CO3

molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
96.11 g/mol( NH 4) 2 CO 3
Equivalent weight = = 48.06 g/eq (NH4)2CO3
2 eq /mol( NH 4) 2CO 3

3. NaHCO3 ⇒ Na+ + HCO31-

NaHCO3 = 22.99 g Na + 1.01 g H + 12.01 g C + 3(16.00 g) O = 84.01 g
84.01 g
MM = = 84.01 g/mol NaHCO3
1 mol
 cation: Na+ = |1 (1+)| =1
anion: HCO31- = |1 (1-)| = 1
No. of equivalents per mole: = 1 eq/mol NaHCO3

molar mass
Equivalent weight =
number of equivalents
84.01 g /mol NaHCO 3
Equivalent weight = = 84.01 g/eq NaHCO3
1 eq /mol NaHCO 3

THE NORMALITY FORMULA

Number of equivalents
N=
volume solution
EXPANDED NORMALITY FORMULA
mass solute
MM
no .of equivalents per mole
N=
volume solution
DERIVED FORMULAS FROM NORMALITY
Solving for Vsolution,
masssolute
MM
equivalents per mole
V solution =
N
Solving for masssolute,
MM
mass=(N )( )(V solution )
equivalents per mole
Solving for equivalent weight,
mass solute
eq wt .=
N ( V solution )
Solving for molar mass,
( mass solute ) ( equivalent per mole )
MM=
N ( V solution )
Solving for equivalent per mole,
N ( MM ) (V solution )
equivalents per mole=
mass solute

PROBLEM SETS ON NORMALITY:

1. Find the normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in a 250 mL solution.

Given: masssolute = 0.321 g Na2CO3 MMNa2CO3 = 105. 99 g/mol

1L
Vsolution = 250 mL ( ¿ = 0.25 L
1000 mL
Unknown: N=?
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the number of equivalents present in the solute by first identifying its
component ions formed when dissolved.
Na2CO3 ⇒ 2Na+ + CO32-
 cation: Na+ = |2(1+)| = 2
anion: CO32- = |1(2–)| = 2
Equivalents: 2 eq/mol Na2CO3

Step 2: Calculate the equivalent weight using the equivalent weight formula.
g
molar mass( )
mol
Equivalent weight=
eq
number of equivalents( )
mol
g
105.99 Na2 CO 3
mol
Equivalent weight Na 2 CO 3= =52.995 g/eq
eq
2 Na2 CO 3
mol
Step 3: Calculate the normality by using the normality formula. Make sure all the
values must be in the correct units, otherwise, convert first before substituting into the
formula.
masssolute
MM
equivalents per mole
N=
N
0.321 g
g
105.99
mol
eq
2
mol eq
N= =0.0242287
0.25 L L
eq
N = 2.4 x 10-2
L

2. To create a 7.68 N out from 10.0 L aqueous solution, one should dissolve a specific mass of Mg(OH)2.
How much kilograms of Mg(OH)2 is needed for the solution?

Given: N = 7.68 N MMMg(OH)2 = 58.33 g/mol

Vsolution = 10.0 L
Unknown: masssolute (in kg) = ?
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the number of equivalents present in the solute.
Mg(OH)2 ⇒ Mg2+ + 2 OH–
supply of OH– = 2 OH–
Equivalents: 2 eq/mol Mg(OH)2
Step 2: Calculate the equivalent weight using the equivalent weight formula.
g
molar mass( )
mol
Equivalent weight =
eq
number of equivalents( )
mol
 g
58.33 Na2 CO 3
mol
Equivalent weight Na 2 CO 3= =29.165 g/eq Mg(OH)2
eq
2 Na2 CO 3
mol
Step 3: Calculate the required mass of solute by deriving the normality formula.

masssolute ¿ N (eq wt solute)(V solution)

eq g
masssolute¿(7.68 Mg ( OH ) 2)(10.0 L)(29.165 Mg ( OH ) 2)
L eq
masssolute = 2239.872 g Mg(OH)2
1 kg
masssolute = 2239.872 g ( ) = 2.24 kg Mg(OH)2
1000 g

3. Calculate the volume of a 5.35-N solution, having 72.0 g of HCl?

Given: massHCl = 72.0 g HCl MMHCl = 36.46 g/mol

N = 5.35 N
Unknown: Vsolution = ?

Solution:

Step 1: Determine the equivalent weight of the solute.

HCl ⇒ H+ + Cl-
supply of H+ = 1 H+
Equivalents: 1 eq/mol HCl
Step 2: Calculate the volume of the solution using the derived normality formula.
72 g HCl
g
masssolute 36.46
mol
MM
eq
equivalents per mole 1 HCl
V solution = mol
N V solution = =0.369115 L
eq
5.35
L

Vsolution = 3.69 x 10-1 L H2O

4. Determine the equivalent weight of a 400.0 g strong acid dissolved in 65.0 L of solution with the
normality of 0.36 eq/L. If the acid has the molar mass of 34.09 g/mol, how many H+ are ionized into the
solution per mole of the acid?

Given: masssolute = 400.0 g acid MMacid = 34.09 g/mol

Vsolution = 65.0 L
N = 0.36 eq/L

Unknown: eq wt = ?; no. of H+ = ?
 Solution:

mass solute
eq wt .=
N ( V solution )

400 g g
eq wt .= =17.094=1.7 x 101
eq eq
(0.36 ) ( 65.0 L )
L

MM
eq wt=
equivalents per mole

MM
equivalents per mole=
eq wt

g
34.09
mol eq
equivalents per mole= =2 There are 2 H+ ion per mole of acid dissolved.
g mol
17.094
eq

PROBLEMS ON NORMALITY WITH RELATED CONCENTRATIONS

Molarity

Also known as molar concentration is a measure of concentration in which it is the quantity of

solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution. It is defined as the: “moles of solute per volume of
solution in liter.”

N=M ( eq/mol)

Where; M = (mol/L)

Eq/mol = number of equivalents per mole

PROBLEM SETS ON NORMALITY WITH MOLARITY

1. What is the normality of 0.1381 M NaOH?

Given: M = 0.1381 NaOH

Unknown: N=?
Sol’n:

NaOH ⇒ Na+ + OH- N = M(eq/mol)

Supply of OH −¿¿ = 1 N = (1.1381M)(1 eq/mol)
Equivalents: 1 eq/mol NaOH N = 0.1381 N

2. What is the normality of 0.0521 M H3PO4 ?

 Given: M = 0.0521M H3PO4
Unknown: N =?
Sol’n

3. What H3PO4 ⇒ 3H+ + PO43- N = M(eq/mol)

is the Cation: H +¿¿ = 3(1+) = 3+ N = (0.0521 M)(3 eq/mol)
Anion: PO 3−¿¿
4 = 1(3-) = 3- N = 0.1563 N
Equivalents: 3 eq/mol H3PO4

normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in 250.0 mL of solution?

g
Given: mass solute=0.321 g Na 2 CO 3 ; MW Na CO =105 99 Na CO 3
2 3
mol 2
1L
Volume solution=250.0 mL( )=0.2500 L
1000 mL
Unknown: N =?
Solution:

2−¿¿
Na2 CO 3 ⇒ 2 Na+¿+CO ¿ 3 N = M(eq/mol)
Cation: Na+¿¿ = 2(1+) = 2+ N=(0.01211435041 M)(2 eq/mol)
Anion: CO 2−¿ ¿
= 1(2-) = 2- N = 0.0242287 eq\L
3
N = 0.0242 N
Equivalents: 2 eq/mol Na2 CO 3

mass of solute
n=
molecular weight of solute
mol of solute
M=
Lof solution

0.321 g Na2 CO3

n=
g = 3.028587603 x
105.99 Na2 CO 3
nol
-3
10 mol Na2CO3
Molality 3.028587603 x 10−3 mol
M= =0 .01211435041 M
0.2500 L
1.

Concentrated sulfuric acid , H 2 SO 4 , has a

molality of 189.36 m and a density of 1.84 g/mL. Find its molarity and normality.
Step1: Assume 1 kg of water. By the assumption, we can say that ;
moles of H 2 SO 4
189.36 m=
1 kg solvent
moles of H 2 SO 4=189.36 mol H 2 SO 4
Step2: Calculate the mass of the solute by multiplying its number of moles by its molar mass
98.09 g H 2 SO 4
( )
( 189.36 mol H 2 SO4 ) 1 mol H SO =18574.32 g H 2 SO4
2 4

Step3: Find the mass of the solution by adding the mass of the solute and solvent
mass solution=1000 g solvent +18574.32 g solute=19574.32 g solution
 Step4: Using density, find the volume of the solution
19574.32 g
V= =10638.22mL solution=10.6 L solution
1.84 g/mL
Finding molarity:
mo l solute
M=
V solution , L
189.36 mol
M=
10.6 L
= 17.9 M H 2 SO4
Finding normality:
2−¿ ¿

H 2 SO 4 → 2 H +¿+S O ¿4

eq = 2
N=M ( eq/mol)
N= (17.9 M ) ( 2 )=35.8 N H 2 SO 4

SOLVING NORMALITIES WITH PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT PER VOLUME

A single man is preparing to die using Sodium cyanide. Due to his loneliness, he grabs a bottle
containing 25 mL Sodium cyanide solution. He was discovered dead by the police and later confirmed by the
autopsy that the solution he drank has 0.815 M. What is the concentration of NaCN (in w/v%) killed the man?

Given: V so l n=25 mL NaCN

'
( 10001 LmL )=0.025 L NaCN ; M = 0.815 M
MW = 49.01 g/mol NaCN
−¿¿

NaCN  Na+¿+CN ¿
Cation: Na+¿=¿ ¿
Anion: CN −¿=¿¿
Equivalents per mole = 1 eq/mol NaCN

Unknown: w/v% = ?

Sol’n:

masssolute
MW
eq /mol
N=
V sol ' n

eq
N=M ( )
mol
 eq MW
m=M ( )( )¿
mol equivalents per mole

g
49.01 NaCN
eq mol
m=(0.815 M )(1 )( )(0.025 L)
mol eq
1
mol

m=0.99857875 g NaCN

w masssolute ( g)
%=
v volume sol' n (mL)

w 0.99857875 g g
%= =0.03994315 X 100=3.99 %=4.0 %
v 25 mL mL

SOLVING NORMALITIES WITH PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME

0.65 L of H 2 SO 4 is extracted from a solution containing 75% H 2 SO 4 by volume. What was the
normality of the solution when the density of the H 2 SO 4 is 1.84 g/mL.

g
Given: V solute =0.65 L H 2 SO 4; d H SO 4 =1.84
2
mL
MW = 98.09 g/mol H 2 SO4
v/v% = 75% H 2 SO4
2−¿¿
H 2 SO4  2 H +¿+ SO 4 ¿

Amount H +¿¿ = 2

Number of equivalents per mole = 2 eq/mol H 2 SO 4

Unknown: N = ?

Sol’n :
 volume solute (100)
v volume of solute V =
%= X 100 ; sol ' n v
v volume of sol ' n %
v

0.65 L H 2 SO4 (100)

V sol ' n= =0.8666666667 L
75 % H 2 SO4

mass solute=0.65 L ( 1.84 g 1000 mL

1 mL )( 1 L )
=1196 g

masssolute
MW
eq /mol
N=
V sol ' n

1196 g
g
98.09
mol
2eq /mol
N= =28.13742481 N =2.8 x 101 N
0.8666666667 L

SOLVING NORMALITIES WITH PERCENTAGE BY PPM

Recently, a newly developed aphrodisiac containing a concentration of at least 33.0 ppm of a

powerful solute having an equivalent weight of 36.5 g/eq is reported to be proven effective. After
hearing the news, Joe and Garry immediately procured a sample of the powerful solute through Robert’s
Market. Joe made a 14.3-mL solution which has 0.900 normality, while Garry made 56.0 mL solution
with 0.450 normality. Both gave the aphrodisiac to the same girl. Who do you think will win if the
aphrodisiac has a density of 500.0 g/mL?
Given: PPM = 33.0 ppm
Eq wt.solute = 36.5 g/eq
 mass solute J oe =(N )(eq wt .)(V solution ) mass solute G arry =(N )(eq wt .)(V solution)

eq g eq g
Vsolution Joemass
= 14.3
solutemL
J oe =(0.900 Vsolution
)(36.5 Garry =)( 0.0143
56.0 mLL) mass solute G arry =(0.450 )(36.5 )(0.056 L)
L eq L eq
NJoe = 0.900 eq/L NGarry = 0.450 eq/L
mass solute Joe =0.469755 g mass solute G arry =0.9198 g
Unkown: PPMJoe = ?, PPMGarry = ?

Sol’n:
mass solution J oe =14.3 mL ( 500.0 g
1 mL )
mass solution G arry =56.0 mL ( 500.0 g
1 mL )

mass solution J oe =7150 g mass solution G arry =28 000 g

mass solute masssolute

PPM J oe= ×106 PPM G arry = × 106
mass solution masssolution

0.469755 g 0.9198 g
PPM J oe= × 106 PPM G arry = ×106
7150 g 28 000 g
PPM J oe=65.7 ppm PPM G arry =32.9 ppm

Joe, having a 65.7 ppm (required: 33.0 ppm), will win, compared to Garry’s having 32.9 ppm only.

MOLARITY, MOLALITY AND NORMALITY

Molarity, Molality, and Normality

Molarity is a measurement of the moles in the total volume of solution.
Molality is a measurement of the moles in the relationship to the mass of the solvent.
MOLARITY AND MOLALITY CANNOT BE INTERCHANGED.
Normality, similar to molarity, relates to the amount of solute to the total volume of solution.
However, in real life applications, normality is specifically used for acids and bases only.

Name Symbol Solute unit Denominator Unit

unit

Molality m Mole Kilogram mol/ Kg

solvent

Molarity M Mole Liter solution mol/ L

 Normality N Gram-equivalent Liter solution g·eq/ L

POTENTIAL ISSUES IN USING NORMALITY IN CONCENTRATIONS

WHY?

Because its value depends on an equivalence factor that can change based on the type of chemical reaction of
interest.
What is the importance of normality in solutions?
It helps determine the acid-base concentration especially in indicating the amount of hydronium ions or
hydroxide ions in a solution.
It is used in precipitation reactions to measure the number of ions which are likely to precipitate in a specific
reason.
It is also used in redox reactions to determine the number of electrons that a reducing or oxidizing agent can
donate or accept.

DILUTION ON NORMALITY

There are 2 factors affecting the Normality of a solution:

1. Dilution- like molarity, normality is also an expression of concentration of solution.
2. Temperature- normality of the solution decreases with increase in temperature due to increase in
volume of solution.
Recall:
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution by adding a solvent.
Dilution Equation:
N 1 V 1=N 2 V 2

Where;
N 1is the normality concentration of the stock solution

V 1is the volume of the stock solution

N 2is the final normality concentration of new solution

V 2 is the final volume of new solution

Given the equation, let us substitute their corresponding units:

N 1 V 1=N 2 V 2

eq eq
( L )(L) = ( L )(L)
 eq = eq
Thus, the equivalent of the stock solution is equal to the equivalent of the new solution.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. If 0.450 L KOH is used to titrate a 0.593 N of 0.58 L HBr, what is the concentration of KOH?

Given:

VKOH= 0.450 L KOH

NHBr= 0.593 N HBr

VHBr= 0.58 L HBr

Unknown: NKOH=?

Solution:

NHBrVHBr = NKOHVKOH

(0.593 N HBr)(0.58 L HBr) = NKOH(0.450 L KOH)

0 .450 LKOH
NKOH= (0.593 NHBr)(0 .58 LHBr )

NKOH= 1.308 × 100 N KOH

NKOH= 1.3 × 100 N KOH

TITRATION - slow addition of one solution of a known concentration to a known volume of another solution
of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization.

The figure shown below is an illustration of an acid-base titration in which

the;
a. Titrant; or the solution assigned as basic, titrates,
b. Analyte/ Titrand; the acidic solution to be diluted, in order for the
analyte to be neutral
Equivalence point is where the amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution. 

Neutralization is a type of chemical reaction in which a strong acid and strong base react with each other to
form water and salt.

When we use the dilution equation to this application, it is commonly associated as

NacidVacid = NbaseVbase

Since acids are commonly assigned as the analytes, or the one that should be neutralized by alkalines/base
assigned as titrants.

2. What volume of 0.100 N H3P solution is required to neutralize 50.0 mL of a 0.150 N solution of Ba(OH)2?
Given: Nacid = 0.100 eq/mol HNO3
Nbase = 0.150 eq/mol Ba(OH)2
1L
Vbase = 50.0 mL ( ¿ = 0.05 L Ba(OH)2
1000 mL
Unknown: Vacid = VHNO3 = ?
Solution:
N acid V acid =N base V base
N V
V acid = base base
N acid
eq
(0.150 Ba (OH )2)(0.05 L Ba(OH )2)
L
V acid =
eq
0.100 HNO3
L
−2
V acid =0.075=7.50 x 10 L HNO3
3. What would be the normality of a 50.0 mL NaOH solution that could neutralize all the acid in 75.0 mL of
0.09 M H2S?
1L
Given: Vacid = 75.0 mL( ¿ = 0.075 L H2SO4 MMNaOH = 40.0 g/mol
1000 mL
1L
Vbase = 50.0 mL( ¿ = 0.05 L NaOH
1000 mL
Macid = 0.09 M H2SO4
Unknown: Nbase = NNaOH = ?
Solution:
M acid V acid =n base

(0.09 molL ) ( 0.075 L )=n NaOH n NaOH =6.75 x 10−3 mol NaOH

g
mass NaOH =( M M NaOH ) ( n NaOH )=( 40.0 NaOH)( 6.75 x 10−3 mol NaOH )
mol

mass NaOH =0.27 g NaOH

 mass solute
MM
no .of equivalents per mole
N=
volume solution

0.27 g NaOH
g
40.0 NaOH
mol
eq
1
mol
N NaOH =
0.05 L NaOH

eq
NNaOH = 0.135 = 1.35 x 10-1
L

USES OF NORMALITY
1. It helps determine the acid-base concentration especially in indicating the amount of hydronium ions or
hydroxide ions in a solution.
Example:
Antacids- a substance which neutralizes stomach
acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion
or an upset stomach.

2. It is used in precipitation reactions to measure the number

Gaviscon

of ions which are likely to precipitate in a specific reaction.

3. It is also used in redox reactions to determine the number of electrons that a reducing or oxidizing agent
can donate or accept.

SOURCES:

College Books:
McMurry et. at., 2006, Essentials of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4th Edition
Abramson et. al., 1975, Modern Chemistry (ch.14, pg. 231)
Wartell Cummins, 1980, Fundamentals of Chemistry (ch.11.9, pg. 289)
David E. Goldberg, 2001, Fundamentals of Chemistry 3rd Edition (ch.16.6, pg. 445)
Martin S. Silberberg, 2010, Chemistry 1 & 2

External Links:
http://carolina.com
http://byjus.com/jee/normality/#limitation-in-using-normality
http://thoughtco.com
http://khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/what-is-an-equivalent
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/oxnumb.html
http://spots.gru.edu/cklug/CHEM2810Fall2015%5CSolutions-Normality.html
http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105/lesson6acid_base_solutions.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-find-molecular-mass-608487
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/http://quansysbio.com/support/tech-tips/dilutions/
https://www.physiologyweb.com/calculators/dilution_calculator_normality.html
https://www.alexandria.k12.mn.us