Anatomy – the science of structure • Endocrinology – study of hormones

and how they control body functions.

Dissection – the careful cutting
• Cardiovascular Physiology – study of
apart of body structures to study
functions of the heart and blood
their relationships.
vessels.
Subspecialties of Anatomy: • Immunology – study of the body’s
defenses against disease-causing
• Embryology – study of the first eight
agents.
weeks of development after
• Respiratory Physiology – study of the
fertilization of a human egg.
air passageways and lungs.
• Developmental Biology – study of the
• Renal Physiology – study of functions
complete development of an
of the kidneys.
individual from fertilization to death.
• Exercise Physiology – study of
• Cell Biology – study of cellular
changes in cell and organ functions
structure and functions.
due to muscular activity.
• Histology – study of microscopic
• Pathophysiology – Study of functional
structure of tissues.
changes associated with disease and
• Gross Anatomy – study of structures
aging.
that can be examined without a
microscope. Structural Organization of Matter
• Systemic Anatomy – study of
1. Chemical Level
structure of specific systems of the
▪ Atoms – proton, neutron and
human body.
electron.
• Regional Anatomy – study of specific
▪ Molecules – two or more
regions of the body such as head or
atoms joined together by
chest.
covalent or ionic bond.
• Surface Anatomy – study of surface
2. Cells – smallest structural and
markings of the body to understand
functional of the human body.
internal anatomy through
3. Tissues - group of cells and the
visualization and palpation.
materials surrounding them that
• Radiographic Anatomy – study of work together to perform a
body structures that can be visualized particular function.
with x-ray. 4. Organs - composed of two or
• Pathological Anatomy – study of more tissues work together to
structure changes associated with provide specific functions and
disease. they usually have specific
Physiology – the science of body shapes.
functions 5. Organ System - consist of one or
more organs that provide a
Subspecialty of Physiology: common function.
• Neurophysiology – study of functional a. Respiratory system
properties of nerve cells. b. Endocrine system
c. Muscular system
 d. Integumentary system Blood Fluids - are defined as dilute,
e. Nervous system watery solutions containing dissolved
f. Digestive system chemicals inside or outside of the cell.
g. Excretory/Urinary system
▪ Intracellular Fluid (ICF) – fluid
h. Reproductive system
within the cells.
i. Skeletal system
▪ Extracellular Fluid (ECF) – fluid
j. Cardiovascular system
outside the cells.
k. Lymphatic system
Interstitial fluid - ECF between
Basic Life Process cells and tissues
Blood plasma – ECF within
1. Metabolism - sum of all
blood vessels.
biochemical processes of cells,
Lymph – ECF within lymphatic
tissues, organs, and organ
vessels.
systems.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) –
2. Responsiveness - ability to detect
ECF in spinal cord and brain.
and respond to changes in the
Synovial Fluid – ECF in joints
internal and external environment.
Aqueous humor – ECF in eyes
3. Movement - occurs at the
intracellular, cellular, organ levels. Cellular respiration depends on the
4. Growth - increase in number of composition of interstitial fluid.
cells, size of cells, tissues, organs,
Control of homeostasis is constantly
and the body.
being challenged by:
5. Differentiation - process a cell
undergoes development from an • Physical Insults
unspecialized to a specialized cell. • Changes in the internal
6. Reproduction - formation of new environment
cells for growth, repair, or • Physiological stress
replacement, or the production of
a new individual. Diagnosis of Disease is done by
assessing:
Homeostasis - a condition of equilibrium
(balance) in the body’s internal • Signs and symptoms
environment. It is a dynamic condition • Medical history
meant to keep body functions in the • Physical examination
narrow range compatible with
Homeostasis Imbalances
maintaining life.
Disorder - is a general term for any
The two body systems that largely
change or abnormality of function.
control the body’s homeostatic state:
Disease - is a more specific term for an
1. Nervous system
illness characterized by a recognizable
2. Endocrine system
set of signs and symptoms.
 ▪ Local disease - is one that affects the cardiovascular system. It
one part or a limited region of the filters blood and protects against
body. disease.
▪ Systemic disease - affects either 8. Respiratory system - Extracts O2
the entire body or several parts. and
eliminates CO2
Signs – objective changes that a
9. Digestive system - Accomplishes
clinician can observe and measure.
the physical and chemical
e.g fever, rashes
breakdown of food and
Symptoms – subjective changes in elimination of waste.
body functions that are not apparent 10. Urinary system - Involved in the
to an observer. e.g headache collection and excretion of waste
products in urine, and the
Diagnosis - is the art of distinguishing one regulation of fluid, electrolyte, &
disease. acid/base balance.
Organ Systems of the Body 11. Reproductive System - consists
of the ovaries, uterus and vagina
1. Integumentary System – protects in the female, and the testes and
body, regulates temperature, and penis in the male.
eliminates wastes through sweat
and other secretions. Anatomical Terminology
2. Skeletal System – provides Directional Terms:
protection and support. Houses
cells that will become red blood • Proximal – nearest to the origination
cells, white blood cells, and • Distal – farther from the origination
platelets.
3. Muscular System - Facilitate
movement and maintain posture.
Generates the heat necessary for
warm-blooded organisms to
maintain a constant body temp.
4. Nervous System - senses and
responds to body conditions
through nerve impulses.
5. Endocrine System - Regulates
the body through chemical
mechanisms. • Ipsilateral – same side of the body
6. Cardiovascular system - Carries • Contralateral – opposite side of the
blood and nutrients to specific body
locations. It regulates body • Superficial – towards the surface
temperature, and water balance.
• Deep – towards the core of the body
7. Lymphatic system and immunity -
• Visceral - pertaining to a covering
Transports fats and proteins to
over an organ
• Parietal - pertaining to a covering
against a cavity wall
Regional Names:

Midsagittal

Frontal

Transverse
Body Planes - are imaginary flat
surfaces that separate the body or body
part into portions.
Body Cavities:
• Sagittal Planes - divide the body • Cranial - formed by the cranial bones
into right and left sides. and contains brain
▪ Midsagittal plane - it divides • Vertebral - formed by bones of
the body into two equal, vertebral column and contains the
mirror-image halves. spinal cord
▪ Parasagittal plane - to the right • Thoracic - also called chest cavity
and left of the midsagittal that ▪ Mediastinal – central part of
divide the body into unequal thoracic
“halves”. ▪ Right and Left Pleural Cavities
• Frontal Planes - divide the body ▪ Pericardial – located within the
(or an organ) into anterior (front) middle part of mediastinal
and posterior (back) portions.
• Transverse Planes - divide the
body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions.
• Oblique Planes
 • Abdominopelvic Cell Types
▪ Abdominal - contains the
• Prokaryotic
stomach, spleen, liver,
➢ first cell types on earth
gallbladder, small and large
➢ no membrane bound cell
intestines.
➢ nucleoid – region of DNA
▪ Pelvic - contains the urinary
concentration
bladder, internal organs of
• Eukaryotic
reproductive system, and
➢ Nucleus bound membrane
portions of the large intestine.
➢ Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
Cell Structure
• Organelles
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton -
• Cilia & Flagella – provide motility
▪ Cilia - used to move
substances outside human
cells
Membranes of the body cavities: ▪ Flagella – found on sperm
cells
• Pleural membranes - covers the • Centrioles – play a role in cell
lungs (visceral pleura) and the walls division
of the pleural cavity (parietal pleura). • Nucleus – control center of cell
• Pericardial membranes - covers the • Nuclear Envelope - separates
heart (visceral pericardium) and the nucleus from rest of cell
pericardial cavity walls (parietal • DNA – hereditary material
pericardium). • Nucleolus
• Peritoneal membranes - covers the • Endoplasmic Reticulum
abdominal organs (visceral ▪ Rough ER
peritoneum) and the abdominal ▪ Smooth ER
cavity walls (parietal peritoneum). • Golgi Apparatus
Cells – smallest living unit • Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
Robert Hooke – coined the term cell
• Mitochondria
Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden ▪ have their own DNA
(1839) - all living things are made of ▪ breakdown fuel molecules
cells ▪ ATP – release energy

Rudolf Virchow - all cells come from

cells
 Cellular Transport
b. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium -
❖ Passive transport – no energy
single layer of cube shaped
required
cells; secretion and absorption
▪ Diffusion – molecules move to
c. Simple Columnar Epithelium –
equalize concentration
single layer of non-ciliated
▪ Osmosis – fluid flows from lower
cells with nuclei near base of
solute concentration.
cells
Hypotonic - solutes in cell
d. Ciliated Simple Columnar
more than outside
Epithelium - single layer of
Isotonic - solutes equal
ciliated cells with nuclei near
inside & out of cell
base of cells
Hypertonic - Solutes
e. Pseudostratified Columnar
greater outside cell
Epithelium – not a true
▪ Facilitated diffusion – no energy
stratified tissue; nuclei of cells
is used.
are at different levels
❖ Active Transport – molecular
f. Stratified Squamous
movement and requires energy.
Epithelium –
❖ Endocytosis – movement is into cell.
g. Transitional Epithelium –
Types of Endocytosis:
▪ Glandular Epithelia - glands
▪ Bulk-phase secrete a variety of chemicals,
▪ Receptor mediated and are usually not directly on
Forms of Endocytosis: surfaces.
a. Endocrine glands –
▪ Phagocytosis – cell eating produce hormones that
▪ Pinocytosis – cell drinking regulate various activities
❖ Exocytosis – cell discharges b. Exocrine glands – produce
material. substances such as sweat,
Histology - is the scientific field that oil, earwax, saliva, or
studies tissues digestive enzymes.
2. Connective Tissue - serve varied
Tissue - is a group of similar cells structural functions, as well as
organized for a specific function energy storage, fluid transport, and
1. Epithelial Tissue - cover external other roles.
and internal surfaces of the body; • Loose Connective Tissue -
epithelial tissues also form secretory many cells, fibers loosely
glands. arranged
Epithelia fit into two categories: a. Areolar tissue –
▪ Covering and lining epithelia strength, elasticity, and
a. Simple Squamous Epithelium support.
– single layer of flat cells; b. Adipose tissue –
filtration and diffusion reduce heat loss