Sanskrit Workbook

INTRODUCTION
TO
SAṄSKṚT
Paṇḍit Srī Rama Ramanuja Achari

srimatham.com
04:06:2018
2
INTRODUCTION TO SANSKRIT
By
Pandit Srī Rama Ramanuja Achari
The Purpose of this course

• To know the mystical origin of Sanskrit.
• To get acquainted with the Sanskrit language and to develop a friendship with it.
• To learn to read Sanskrit texts with the correct pronunciation.
• To become fully conversant with the most commonly used Yogic, philosophic, and
theological terms.
• To become familiar with the ocean of Sanskrit literature
The Focus
1. Sanskrit as a Sacred Language — a medium of expressing the Divine.
2. Sanskrit as a technical language — expressing the names of the yoga postures
3. Sanskrit as a Liturgical Language — the basis of ritual, mantra, kirtan, bhajan
The Sanskrit Language

Modern Linguistic Background
anskrit is a member of the Indo-European group of languages to which most of the
S languages of Europe belong. Included in this group are Latin, Greek, English, Welsh,
German, Russian, Lithuanian etc. All of these languages have evolved from a single parent
dialect. Sanskrit is the oldest recorded Indo-European language. The only other Indo-European
language that can claim the same antiquity as Sanskrit is the Hittite Language records of which
date back to 2000 to 3000 years BCE.
Sanskrit strictly speaking belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages, the
most important of which is Persian. The oldest form of Persian is the Avestan language which
was recorded in cuneiform inscriptions by the Achaemenian Kings.
The earliest Indo-Aryan speakers are known as ‘Aryans’ from the Sanskrit — arya and the
Avestan (Ancient Persian) —airya both meaning noble.
The earliest archaeological records of the Indo-Aryans comes from the ancient Mitannī kingdom
in Northern Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq). Steles from about 2000 BCE have been found bearing
Sanskritic names of kings and the names of various Vedic deities such as Indra and Varuna.
© Srimatham June 2018

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Origins of the Vedic Civilisation

here is much speculation about the origins of Sanskrit and the Vedic civilisation. In the 19th
T Century Western scholars advanced the theory that the Indo-Aryans were tribes that
originated in Europe and moved down to conquer India and displaced the original
Dravidian inhabitants of North India. It was presumed that the Indus valley civilisation of the
Mohenjodaro and Harrapa city sites dating back to 3000 years BCE were Dravidian cities.
There are some major problems with this “invasion” model:—
1. The Aryans were supposed to have entered and conquered India about 1500 — 1000 BCE.
The Indus Valley civilisation perished in about 1700 BCE.
2. There is no archaeological evidence whatsoever to support the theory that the cities were
destroyed by the effects of a war.
3. There is no mention anywhere in the Vedic literature of a homeland anywhere outside of
India. All the geographical features mentioned in the Vedas relate only to Northern India.
4. There is no record or tradition among the Dravidian peoples of ever being displaced by
“invaders” or having their homeland anywhere outside of Southern India.
Modern archeology has established that the Indus Valley civilisation was indeed a Vedic
civilisation practising a way of life described in the Vedas themselves. Many scholars today
would consider that Sanskrit is in fact the original language from which all the other Indo-
European languages are derived.
Mystical Origins of Sanskrit

he word “Sanskrit” or “Samskrta” means polished, or perfected. It is considered (as most
T ancient languages were) to be the language of the gods. It is the most perfect of all
languages to act as a medium for expressing that Ultimate Truth which is by definition
inexpressible.
According to the Spiritual tradition, the letters and sounds of the Sanskrit language were emitted
by the damarū drum, during the great Cosmic Dance of Lord Siva. These formed into what is
known as the Maheśvara Sūtras and these sound forms are the basis of the Sanskrit language.
The Alphabet and Mantras

antra is defined as a specific sound combination which leads the reciter to higher states of
M consciousness. Mantras are the sound forms of the deities and are a part of the totality of
the sonic emanation of śakti, namely nāda which is sound when still in the form of light.
The Tantrika tradition perceives the essential power of language in the letters
themselves.
The Mimamsa school of philosophy, considers the letters of the alphabet to be autonomously
empowered by their very presence in the Veda. In the Tantric teaching the letters are purposefully
empowered by the deity and the deity’s own power (śakti). Letters are the source of all mantras
and thus they are reverentially praised, worshipped and meditated upon (by the spiritual
practitioner) by means of both their names and their forms (each letter has a deity associated with
it — these deities are known as mātṛkas or mothers and are all emanations of the Divine Mother).
The letters of the alphabet when treated in this way have the ability to bestow great prosperity (on
the practitioner) and promote the dawning of wisdom and enlightenment; when used in mantras
they merge into each other.
According to Sonic Theology everything that exists and has a form / structure (rūpa) has a name /
process (nāma). These two aspects are inseparable and are in fact interdependent. Form is created
by name and name arises from form. Although the forms of the mantras are divine and eternal,
yet mantras are thus conceived to be produced by letters.

4
The Devanāgarī Alphabet

The 52 letters (akṣaras) are collectively known as Mātṛkas, each of which has an iconic
representation in the form of a Goddess.
The Vowels — Svara

Sun - Sūrya /Agni, Male, [Dissolution] piṅgala channel
< å î ü ≠ ‘ é åo å<
anusvara a i u ṛ lṛ e o aṁ
Moon - Candra/Soma, Female, [Creation] īḍa channel
… åa î@ ¨ ± ’ éq åaq å…
visarga ā ī ū ṝ lṝ ai au aḥ
The Consonants – Vyañjana

Regular Aspirated Regular Aspirated Nasal
Velar kaã ka Ka kha ga ga Ga gha f[ ṅa
Palatal ca ca C cha ja ja Ja jha {a ña
Retroflex w ṭa W ṭha f ḍa F ḍha ,a ṇa
Dental ta ta Ta tha d da Da dha na na
Labial pa pa paã pha ba ba Ba bha ma ma
Semi-vowels ya ya r ra la la va va
Sibilants za śa sa sa xa ṣa h ha
Special \ ḷa $a jña ªA kṣa

5
Kaṭhora (hard) vyañjana Mrḍū (soft) vyañjana
kaã ka KA kha ga ga Ga gha f[ ṅa

ca ca C cha ja ja Ja jha {a ña
w ṭa W ṭha f ḍa F ḍha ,a ṇa
ta ta Ta tha d da Da dha na na
pa pa paã pha ba ba Ba bha ma ma
la la va va sa sa
xa ṣa za śa h ha
ªA kṣa $a jña
Special Markers
Å
virām — comma, avagraha – replaces an halanta indicates
. comes at the end of the ≥ initial “a” In diacritics it absence of final “a”
first line of a verse. is represented by an — see note below.
apostrophe (‘)
0
Full stop or end of Abbreviation — in
.. verse or passage diacritics represented by
a “o”
Markers for Vedic Chanting
anudātta svarita nigādha
_ (low pitch) = (raised pitch) + (double raised)

Normally every Devanågarī letter is accompanied by an “a” eg kaã ka, ga ga, ca ca, ta ta etc.
But when the halanta is applied the pronunciation changes kaÅã ak, gaÅ ag, caÅ ac, taÅ at etc.
Occasional it may be dropped, in which case this is indicated by the use of the halanta in
Devanågari. In diacritics it is simply left off.
E.g. hsa = hasa hsaÅ = has
In North India the final “a” is dropped as a matter of course thus resulting in the following
pronunciations:—
śiv for śiva, kṛṣan for kṛṣṇa, rām for rāma, gaṇeś for gaṇeśa,
yog for yoga, āsan for asana, jñān for jñāna.
In South India the final “a” is always retained as per the rules of Sanskrit grammar.

6
Consonants combined with vowels

a ā i ī u ū ṛ e ai o au aṁ aḥ
Initial
vowels å åa î î@ ü ¨ ≠ é éq åo åaq åM å…
medial vowel
forms a i I u U & e q o aq M …
k kaã kaãa ikaã kaãI kauã kaUã ka]ã kaeã kaqã kaão kaãaq kaãM kaã…
kh Ka Kaa iKa KaI Kau KaU Ka] Kae Kqa Kao Kaaq KaM Ka…
g ga gaa iga gaI gau gaU ga] gae gaq gao gaaq gaM ga…
gh Ga Gaa iGa GaI Gau GaU Ga] Gae Gaq Gao Gaaq GaM Ga…
ṅ f[
c ca caa ica caI cau caU ca] cae cqa cao caaq cMa ca…
ch C Ca iC CI Cu CU C] Ce Cq Co Caq CM C…
j ja jaa ija jaI jau jaU ja] jae jaq jao jaaq jaM ja…
jh Ja Jaa iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja] Jae Jaq Jao Jaaq JaM Ja…
ñ {a
ṭ w wa iw wI wu wU we wq wo waq wM w…
ṭh W Wa iW WI Wu WU We Wq Wo Waq WM W…
ḍ f fa if fI fu fU fe fq fo faq fM f…
ḍh F Fa iF FI Fu FU Fe Fq Fo Faq FM F…
ṇ ,a ,aa i,a ,aI ,au ,aU ,a] ,ae ,aq ,ao ,aaq ,aM ,a…
t ta taa ita taI tau taU ta] tae taq tao taaq taM ta…
th Ta Taa iTa TaI Tau TaU Ta] Tea Tqa Tao Taaq TaM Ta…
d d da id dI du dU d] de dq do daq dM d…
dh Da Daa iDa DaI Dau DaU Da] Dae Daq Dao Daaq DaM Da…
n na naa ina naI nau naU na] nae naq nao naaq naM na…
p pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa] pae paq pao paaq paM pa…
ph paã paãa ipaã paãI pauã paUã pa]ã paãe paãq paão paãaq paãM paã…

7
b ba baa iba baI bau baU ba] bae baq bao baaq baM ba…
bh Ba Baa iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba] BAe Baq Bao Baaq BaM BA…
m ma maa ima maI mau maU ma] mae maq mao maaq maM ma…
y ya yaa iya yaI yau yaU yae yaq yao yaaq yaM ya…
r r ra ir rI ® ‰ re rq ro raq rM r…
l la laa ila laI lau laU la] lea lqa lao laaq laM la…
ḷ \ \a i\ \I \u \U \] \e \q \o \aq \M \…
v va vaa iva vaI vau vaU va] vae vaq vao vaaq vaM va…
ś za zaa iza zaI zau zaU za] zae zaq zao zaaq zaM za…
ṣ xa xaa ixa xaI xau xaU xa] xae xaq xao xaaq xaM xa…
s sa saa isa saI sau saU sa] sae saq sao saaq saM sa…
h h ha ih hI hu hU h& he hq ho haq hM h…
jña $a $aa i$a $aI $au $aU $ae $aq $ao $aaq $aM $a…
kṣ ªA ªAa iªA ªAI ªAu ªAU ªA ªAe ªAq ªAo ªAaq ªAM ªA…

8
Pronunciation Practice of Vowels & Consonants

1 aka aki aku ake ako akaṁ akaḥ
2 akha akhi akhu akhe akho akhaṁ akhaḥ
3 aga agi agu age ago agaṁ agaḥ
4 agha aghi aghu aghe agho aghaṁ aghaḥ
5 aca aci acu ace aco acaṁ acaḥ
6 acha achi achu ache acho achaṁ achaḥ
7 aja aji aju aje ajo ajaṁ ajaḥ
8 ajha ajhi ajhu ajhe ajho ajhaṁ ajhaḥ
9 ata ati atu ate ato ataṁ ataḥ
10 atha athi athu athe atho athaṁ athaḥ
11 ada adi adu ade ado adaṁ adaḥ
12 adha adhi adhu adhe adho adhaṁ adhaḥ
13 aṭa aṭi aṭu aṭe aṭo aṭaṁ aṭaḥ
14 aṭha aṭhi aṭhu aṭhe aṭho aṭhaṁ aṭhaḥ
15 aḍa aḍi aḍu aḍe aḍo aḍaṁ aḍaḥ
16 aḍha aḍhi aḍhu aḍhe aḍho aḍhaṁ aḍhaḥ
17 aṇa aṇi aṇu aṇe aṇo aṇaṁ aṇaḥ
18 apa api apu ape apo apaṁ apaḥ
19 apha aphi aphu aphe apho aphaṁ aphaḥ
20 aba abi abu abe abo abaṁ abaḥ
21 abha abhi abhu abhe abho abhaṁ abhaḥ
22 ama ami amu ame amo amaṁ amaḥ
23 ana ani anu ane ano anaṁ anaḥ
24 aya ayi ayu aye ayo ayaṁ ayaḥ
25 ara ari aru are aro araṁ araḥ
26 ala ali alu ale alo alaṁ alaḥ
27 ava avi avu ave avo avaṁ avaḥ
28 aśa aśi aśu aśe aśo aśaṁ aśaḥ
29 asa asi asu ase aso asaṁ asaḥ
30 aṣa aṣi aṣu aṣe aṣo aṣaṁ aṣaḥ
31 aha ahi ahu ahe aho ahaṁ ahaḥ
32 ajña ajñi ajñu ajñe ajño ajñaṁ ajñaḥ
33 akṣa akṣi akṣu akṣe akṣo akṣaṁ akṣaḥ

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34 akā akī akū akai akau akāṁ akāḥ

35 akhā akhī akhū akhai akhau akhāṁ akhāḥ
36 agā agī agū agai agau agāṁ agāḥ
37 aghā aghī aghū aghai aghau aghāṁ aghāḥ
38 acā acī acū acai acau acāṁ acāḥ
39 achā achī achū achai achau achāṁ achāḥ
40 ajā ajī ajū ajai ajau ajāṁ ajāḥ
41 ajhā ajhī ajhū ajhai ajhau ajhāṁ ajhāḥ
42 atā atī atū atai atau atāṁ atāḥ
43 athā athī athū athai athau athāṁ athāḥ
44 adā adī adū adai adau adāṁ adāḥ
45 adhā adhī adhū adhai adhau adhāṁ adhāḥ
46 aṭā aṭī aṭū aṭai aṭau aṭāṁ aṭāḥ
47 aṭhā aṭhī aṭhū aṭhai aṭhau aṭhāṁ aṭhāḥ
48 aḍā aḍī aḍū aḍai aḍau aḍāṁ aḍāḥ
49 aḍhā aḍhī aḍhū aḍhai aḍhau aḍhāṁ aḍhāḥ
50 aṇā aṇī aṇū aṇai aṇau aṇāṁ aṇāḥ
51 apā apī apū apai apau apāṁ apāḥ
52 aphā aphī aphū aphai aphau aphāṁ aphāḥ
53 abā abī abū abai abau abāṁ abāḥ
54 abhā abhī abhū abhai abhau abhāṁ abhāḥ
55 amā amī amū amai amau amāṁ amāḥ
56 anā anī anū anai anau anāṁ anāḥ
57 ayā ayī ayū ayai ayau ayāṁ ayāḥ
58 arā arī arū arai arau arāṁ arāḥ
59 alā alī alū alai alau alāṁ alāḥ
60 avā avī avū avai avau avāṁ avāḥ
61 aśā aśī aśū aśai aśau aśāṁ aśāḥ
62 asā asī asū asai asau asāṁ asāḥ
63 aṣā aṣī aṣū aṣai aṣau aṣāṁ aṣāḥ
64 ahā ahī ahū ahai ahau ahāṁ ahāḥ
65 ajñā ajñī ajñū ajñai ajñau ajñāṁ ajñāḥ
66 akṣā akṣī akṣū akṣai akṣau akṣāṁ akṣāḥ

10
Reading Practice # 1 differentiation between a & ā Ç & ÇŸ

1
≤¿Å naraḥ man Δ∆Ÿ™ vāta wind
2
äé eka one ≤Ÿº nāma name
3
≤Δ∆ nava new ÆæŸ dayā compassion
4
À§ śaṭha rogue ÇŸ–≤ āsana posture
5
ÆŸ dā give íŸ¨Ÿ gāthā verse
6
úæÅ jayaḥ victory æ¨Ÿ yathā as, like
7
Ç¥Î ap water ™Ÿ™Å tātaḥ father
8
¥òÎ pac cook –ÆŸ sadā always
9
¥™Î pat fall, fly ÇŸéŸ¿Å ākāraḥ form, shape
10
™™Î tat that ÀŸ–Î śās rule
11
¥¿ para separate, other òŸ¥ cāpa bow
12
ÆÀ daśa ten ™ÆŸ tadā then
13
Δ∆Æ vada say ÆŸ¿Ÿ dārā wife
14
òƒ cala move ÇŸÀŸ āśā hope
15
™ƒ tala below ∏Ÿ∞Ÿ bādhā obstacle
16
ÑÆºÎ idam this ™¨Ÿ tathā thus
17
Δ∆À vaśa control ƒ™Ÿ latā creeper
18
™Δ∆ tava your ¥¿ºÎ param supreme
19
Δ∆ò vaca say ºŸæŸ māyā illusion
20
“–Î has laugh ºŸ™Ÿ mātā mother
21
Δ∆¿ vara groom úŸ≤ jāna know
22
–º sama equal Ç¨Δ∆Ÿ athavā otherwise
23
í™ gata gone äéÆŸ ekadā one day
24
Æƒ dala branch ÇŸ◊Ÿ ājñā permission
25
º¿ mara death ∏ŸßºÎ bāḍham OK
26
äΔ∆ºÎ evam thus ÇŸæŸ–Å āyāsaḥ effort
27
Ñ“ iha here ∞Ÿº dhāma home
28
Ç¨ atha now ¥ŸÆÅ pādaḥ foot
29
“™ hata killed º’é makṣaka mosquito

11
30
™¥Å tapa¿ austerity éŸºÅ kāmaḥ desire
31
é™º katama which ? æÆŸ yadā when
32
Ç™Å ata¿ from now on é¨Ÿ kathā story
33
äΔ∆ eva even ∏ŸƒŸ bālā girl
34
ú¥ japa recitation úŸƒºÎ jālam net
35
éÅ ka¿ who? éÆŸ kadā? when
36
¥§ paṭha read ÆŸ–Å dāsaḥ servant
37
À¿Å çara¿ arrow ∏ŸƒÅ bālaḥ boy
38
öƒºÎ chalam trick ™ŸΔ∆™Î tāvat as long as
39
™™Å tata¿ then ÆŸ≤ºÎ dānam charity
40
ä≤ºÎ enam him, her, it ∫ŸíÅ bhāgaḥ portion
41
“ƒ hala plough ¥ŸÀÅ pāśaḥ noose
42
î¢Å ghaṭa¿ pot ¥Ÿ§Å pāṭhaḥ lesson
43
ú≤Å jana¿ people ºŸƒŸ mālā garland
44
Ñ™Å ita¿ from here ¥Ÿƒ pāla protector
45
ÆƒºÎ dalam branch ÇŸ¥ āpa water
46
¥’ pakßa side, wing úŸ™ jāta birth
47
é¿Å kara¿ hand ÇŸéŸÀ ākāśa space
48
∂ƒºÎ phalam fruit ÇŸæŸ āyā income
49
Ñ™¿ itara other ¿Ÿú≤Î rājan king
50
Δ∆≤ºÎ vanam forest ÇŸ–Î ās sit
51
“≤ hana kill ÆŸΔ∆ dāva bush-fire
52
æΔ∆ yava barley ÀŸƒŸ śālā hall
53
Ü¿–Î uras chest ÇŸÆŸ ādā seize
54
Ü∫ ubha both ¥Ÿ¥ pāpa sin
55
ƒæÅ laya¿ dissolution “Ÿ–Å hāsaḥ laughter
56
–™Î sat truth ÀŸêŸ śākhā branch
57
ºº mama my ƒŸ∫Å lābhaḥ benefit
58
ºÆÅ mada¿ pride ¿ŸºÅ rāmaḥ delightful
59
æÅ ya¿ he ÇŸ“Ÿ¿Å āhāraḥ food

12
Reading Practice # 2 differentiation between i & ī î & î@

1
¿⁄™ rati desire
ò¤≤ cīna china
2
Ñ™ ita gone
í¤™Ÿ gītā song
3
™⁄™ tati row
∏¤ú bīja seed
4
Ñ⁄™ iti thus
“¤≤ hīna without
5
Ç⁄¿ ari enemy
Ã˘¤ śrī lakshmi
6
≤⁄™ nati bending
∞¤ dhī intellect
7
Ç⁄™@ arti pain
–¤º sīma border
8
⁄ÀΔ∆ śiva Shiva
ƒ¤ƒŸ līlā sport
9
™⁄ƒ≤ talina bed
⁄Δ∆úæ vijaya victory
10
⁄ò™Î cit consciousness
⁄≤¿– nirasa tasteless
11
™⁄¿ tari boat
–¤™Ÿ sītā Sita
12
™Ÿ™ tāta son
–ê¤ sakhī friend (f)
13
⁄í⁄¿ giri mountain
º¤≤ mīna fish
14
⁄ò¿Ÿ™Î cirāt long time
–¤– sīsa lead
15
∏⁄ƒ bali sacrifice
≤Æ¤ nadī river
16
Ç¿⁄™ arati indifference
⁄ö™ chita torn
17
⁄ò™ cita funeral pyre
ò¤¿ cīra strip
18
≤⁄“ nahi no
À¤ƒ śīla character,
nature
19
⁄À¿ śira head
Æ¤¥ dīpa lamp
20
¿⁄Δ∆ ravi sun
≤¤ò nīca low
21
–⁄ê sakhi friend
™¤¨@ tīrtha holy place, ford
22
⁄“™ hita welfare
≤¤• nīḍa nest
23
⁄ÆéÎ dik direction
≤¤¨ nītha leader
24
⁄Δ∆Æ vida learned
Δ∆¤¿ vīra hero
25
⁄“Ä–Ÿ hiṁsā injury
∫¤º bhīma terrible
26
⁄≤¥Ÿ≤ nipāna a pond near a well
Δ∆¤®Ÿ vīṇā lute

13
27
™¿⁄® taraṇī a runner, sun, ray ≤Ÿ¿¤ nārī woman
28
⁄≤⁄∞ nidhi treasure ™⁄é@™ tarkita argued
29
Ü⁄Æ™ udita told, arisen ⁄í⁄¿À giriśa Lord Siva
30
⁄Æ≤ dina day ¥Ÿ≤¤æ pānīya potable
31
⁄Δ∆≤Ÿ vinā without ∞¤º™ dhīmata wise
32
⁄∫’ bhikṣa alms ⁄≤ƒ¤≤ nilīna melted
33
⁄≤⁄∞ nidhī treasure Ç≤¤é anīka army
34
⁄Δ∆⁄∞ vidhi injunction Ç⁄≤æ™ aniyata irresistible
35
⁄–Ä“ siṁha lion ⁄À⁄∏éŸ śibikā palanquin
36
Ç⁄“Ä– ahiṁsa non-injury ÑÆŸ≤¤ºÎ idānīm today
37
¿⁄“™ rahita without ∏Ÿ⁄ƒÀŸ bāliśā childish
38
⁄≤æ™ niyata certain Ç≤¤“Ÿ anīhā indifference
39
™⁄•™Î taḍit lightening ÜÆ¤ò¤ udīcī north
40
–⁄“™ sahita proper, good, with À¤™ƒ śītala coolness
41
–⁄Δ∆∞ savidha of the same kind ≤¤¿ú nīraja lotus
42
⁄Δ∆“í vihaga bird ÇŸ–¤≤ āsīna seated
43
⁄Δ∆⁄“™ vihita done, enjoined Ç⁄≤À aniśa incessant
44
⁄í⁄ƒ™ gilita devoured Æ¤¥≤ dīpana excitement
45
⁄≤⁄ºŒ nimiṣa moment Ç⁄≤ƒ anila air
46
º⁄“Œ mahiṣa buffalo Δ∆¤’® vīkṣaṇa seeing
47
ÇŸ¿⁄™ ārati a ceremony Ñ⁄™“ itiha tradition
48
¥⁄¿í™ parigata surrounded –¤⁄¿≤Î sīrin Balarama
49
Ç⁄≤Δ∆Ÿ¿ anivāra irresistible –¤Δ∆≤ sīvana sewing
50
⁄≤∞≤ nidhana destruction À¤Δ∆≤Î śīvan large snake
51
⁄ÀÀ‹ śiśu child À¤™ƒ śītala cool
52
⁄À⁄∏éŸ śibikā palanquin º≤¤ŒŸ manīṣā intelligence
53
º≤⁄–ú manasija god of love ú¤Δ∆Ÿ jīvā livelihood
54
⁄òÆŸ∫Ÿ– cidābhāsa Self, pseudo-
knowledge
ú¤⁄Δ∆™ jīvita living

14
Reading Practice # 3 differentiation between u & ū Ü & á

1
™‹ tu but ¥› pū flower
2
∏“‹ bahu much or Æ›¿ dūra far
3
î‹ŒÎ ghuṣ proclaim Æ›™ dūta messenger
4
í‹¥Î gup hide ∞›⁄ƒ dhūli dust
5
í‹® guṇa quality ¥›⁄™ pūti putrid
6
∏‹∞Î budh know º›ƒ mūla Basis/root
7
™¡ taru tree ∫›™ bhūta elemental
8
¥‹¿ pura city –›¥ sūpa soup
9
¥‹™ puta purified ∫›⁄™ bhūtī becoming
10
¥‹ŒÎ puṣ thrive ¥›Δ∆@ pūrva east
11
∏˘› brū tell é›¥Î kūp well
12
∞‹¿Ÿ dhurā burden ¥›úŸ pūjā worship
13
∏Ÿ“‹ bāhū arm º›⁄™@ mūrtī form
14
Ç™‹ƒ atula immeasurable ƒ›¢Í lūṭ loot
15
¥‹ºÎ pum male Çº›⁄≤ amūni these
16
º≤‹ manu Manu Ç–›æ asūya envy
17
∏¢‹ baṭu Boy/student ≤›¥‹¿Ÿ nūpurā anklet
18
–‹¿ sura god ⁄Δ∆∞‹¿ vidhura bewildered
19
í‹¡ guru guru ∫›⁄¿ bhūri Abundance
20
é‹ƒ kula family ¥›¿é pūraka inhalation
21
º‹⁄≤ muni sage ò›™Å cūtaḥ mango tree
22
–‹é¿ sukara easy to do ºŸæ›¿ māyūra peacock
23
–‹ê sukha happiness ∫›™ƒ bhūtala earth
24
Ç–‹ asū life ¥›Δ∆@ú pūrvaja elder sibling
25
º∞‹ madhū honey ò›®@ºÎ cūrṇam powder
26
º¡™Î marut wind ∫›íËƒ bhūgola globe

15
27 ¥‹¿Ÿ purā previously

º›ê@ mūrkha fool
28 º‹ê mukha face

⁄Δ∆∫›⁄™ vibhūti occult powers
29 ∏Ÿƒ‹é bāluka sand

∫›º¤ bhūmī earth
30 –‹∞Ÿ sudhā nectar

º›Œé mūṣaka mouse
31 æ‹í yuga aeon, age

¥›®@ pūrṇa complete
32 Æ‹Åê duḥkha sorrow

Δ∆∞› vadhū newly wed wife
33 ¥‹¡ŒÅ puruṣaḥ person

–›⁄ò sūci needle
34 “≤‹Å hanuḥ the jaw

Ç≤‹∫› anubhū experience
35 º‹⁄Æ¿ mudira lover

–›ò≤ sūcana indication
36 –‹Δ∆®@ suvarṇa gold

∫›⁄ºéŸ bhūmikā composition
37 ⁄≤¥‹® nipuṇa expert

∫›⁄º¥ bhūmipa king
38 òŸ¢‹ cāṭu flattery

–›é¿ sūkara boar
39 ¥‹ƒ pula thrill

∫›Œ® bhūṣaṇa decoration
40 ÇÄÀ‹é aṁśuka garments

Çæ‹úÎ ayuj uneven
41 ¥‹≤Å punaḥ again

Ç≤‹™Ÿ¥Å anutāpaḥ remorse
42 Æ‹ƒ@∫ durlabha hard to obtain

⁄Δ∆∏‹∞ vibudha learned
43 º¡ maru desert
ÇŸé‹ƒ ākula confuse
44 ∏é‹ƒ bakula a flower

∫‹úÄí bhujaṅga snake
45 æ‹Δ∆é yuvaka young man

òŸ¡ cāru beautiful
46 ÇÀ‹⁄òºÎ aśucim impure

é‹–‹ººÎ kusumam flower
47 ∏‹Œ buṣa chaff

Æ‹í@ºÎ durgam hard to attain
48 ∏“‹∞Ÿ bahudhā manifold

Ç∞›¿ adhūra half-done
49 ∫‹ú bhuja arm

–‹À¤ƒ suśīla well-behaved
50 ∂‰¡ pheru jackal

Ç∞‹≤Ÿ adhunā today
51 ⁄≤æ‹úÎ niyuj engage

∏“‹◊ bahujña well-learned
52 Ç≤‹íºÎ anugam follow

º‹º‹’‹ mumukṣu one desirous of
liberation
53 ∏∫‹’Ÿ babhukṣā hunger
º∞‹¥ madhupa bee
54 –‹íº sugama accessible

Ç≤‹éŸ⁄¿≤Î anukārin imitative
55 úŸ≤‹ jānu knee

Æ‹¿ŸòŸ⁄¿ durācāri wicked person

16
Reading Practice # 4 differentiation between e & ai ä

& ã
1
é‰⁄ƒ keli sport
íÊ gai sings
2
äé eka one
À≤ÊÀÎ śanais slowly
3
ò‰¢Î ceṭ servant
™Êú–Î taijas metal
4
™‰≤ tena therefore
äéÁé ekaika one alone
5
ä® eṇa deer
≤ÊÀ naiśa nightly
6
ò‰™–Î cetas mind
ã¿‰æ aireya a wine
7
Æ‰Δ∆ deva a god
íÊ⁄¿é gairika chalk
8
ò‰™Î cet if
∫‰ÆÊÅ bhedaiḥ with a variety
9
ä≤–Î enas sin
∫‰Æ bheda difference
10
Ü¥‰æ upeya goal
∞‰≤‹ dhenu cow
11
äΔ∆ºÎ evam thus
™‰ú–Î tejas lustre
12
Δ∆Ê¿ vaira hostility
ÆÊ⁄≤é dainika daily
13
Δ∆‰≤‹ veṇu flute
¿–ÊÅ rasaiḥ with essences
14
ê‰ƒ≤ khelana play
ã⁄“é aihika of this world
15
≤‰⁄º nemi rim
–⁄òΔ∆ÊÅ sacivaiḥ by associates
16
é‰À keśa hair
éÊƒŸÀ kailāśa a mountain
17
Ü¥‰™ upeta achieved
éÊé‰æ¤ kaikeyī a female name
18
é‰™‹ ketu ketu
∞Êæ@ dhairya endurance
19
ƒ‰“ leha licking
≤Ê¥‹® naipuṇa dexterity
20
ä™ÆÍ etad this
™Êƒ taila oil
21
™‰º tema moisture
–Ê⁄¿é sairika ploughman
22
Δ∆‰í vega speed
éÊ™Δ∆ kaitava deceit
23
¿‰ê rekha line
äÊƒ‰æ aileya a perfume
24
í‰“ geha home
™Ê⁄ƒé tailika oilman
25
Δ∆‰À veśa attire
éÊΔ∆™@ kaivarta fisherman
26
Æ‰À deśa country
Δ∆Ê–Ÿ⁄¿⁄® vaisāriṇi fish

17
27
⁄≤º‰Œ nimeṣa moment
™Ê⁄™ƒ taitila rhinoceros
28
¥‰À peśa beauty
ºƒÊÅ malaiḥ impurities
29
™‰ú≤ tejana sharpening
Δ∆¤’®ÊÅ vīkṣaṇaiḥ with glances.
30
ê‰ò¿ khecara sun
Δ∆ÊÀ– vaiśasa destruction
31
äú≤ ejana excitement
∫‹úÊÅ bhujaiḥ by arms
32
äŒ‰® eṣaṇa desire
⁄≤òÊ–Î nicais low
33
Ç“‰™‹é ahetuka reason
Δ∆Ê¿é¿ vairakara enemy
34
⁄Δ∆ò‰™≤ vicetana senseless
é‰⁄≤¥Ÿ™ kenipāta an oar
35
ê‰Æ kheda pain, sorrow
éé@ÀÊÅ karkaśaiḥ with the marks
36
⁄≤Œ‰∞ niṣedha a ban
Δ∆ÊΔ∆®@ vaivarṇa paleness
37
é‰À⁄¿ keśari a lion
úÊ™‡ jaitra a medicine
38
ƒ‰¥≤ lepana smearing
–Ê⁄¿∫ sairibha buffalo
39
Ç⁄ò¿‰® acireṇa within a short while
Ü¥’‰¥ upakṣepa mentioned
40
¥‰òé pecaka owl
é‰Δ∆ƒ kevala alone
41
é‹º‰¡ kumeru South Pole
’‰¥® kṣepaṇa censure
42
Ü¥ƒ‰¥ upalepa anointing
⁄≤Œ‰é niṣeka sprinkling
43
Δ∆‰⁄Æ™ vedita informed
Δ∆‰”Ÿ veḷā opportunity
44
ò‰™≤ cetana consciousness
æÆÊΔ∆ yadaiva as soon as
45
’‰¥ kṣepa throw
Ü¥‰’Ÿ upekṣā indifference
46
ÜÆ¿‰ udare in the midst
⁄≤Δ∆‰Æ≤ nivedana request
47
Δ∆‰Æ≤ vedana feeling
é‰ÆŸ¿ kedāra a mountain
48
ÇŸ–‰∞ āsedha besieging
ÇŸ–‰ò≤ āsecana pleasing
49
ÇÀ‰Œ aśeṣa completely
≤Ÿº∞‰æ nāmadheya name
50
Ñ¿‰À ireśa god of water
⁄≤Δ∆‰Æ niveda communication
51
é§‰¿ kaṭhera poor
∫Ê¿Δ∆ bhairava Siva
52
é‹∏‰¿ kubera a god
¥ÊÀŸò paiśāca demonic
53
äéÆŸ ekadā one day
éÊ¢∫ kaiṭabha a demon
54
ÇŸ’‰¥ ākṣepa blame
ºÊ≤Ÿé maināka a mountain
55
Ü¥Ÿ–™‰ upāsate worship
¥Ê⁄¢≤⁄– paiṭinasi a sage

18
Reading Practice # 5 differentiation between o & au å & ç

1
éË⁄ƒ koli plum tree
éÈƒ kaula a sect
2
ÆËŒ doṣa fault
™ËŒ toṣa content
3
íË go cow
ºÈ⁄ƒ maulī crown
4
òË¿ cora thief
ÀÈò śauca purity
5
™Ëé toka child, son
ÀÈ⁄¿ śauri Vishnu
6
GaË¿ ç¿–
ghora terrible aurasa Self-produced
7
ßË¿ ḍora thread
ç¥ƒÎ aupal opal
8
ÆË“ doha milking
òÈæ@ caurya theft
9
æËŒŸ yoṣā lass
æÈ™é yautaka dowry
10
¿ËŒ roṣa anger
éÈÀƒ kauśala welfare
11
¿Ëº roma body hair
¥È¡Œ pauruṣa manly
12
¿Ë¥ ropa planting
’È⁄® kṣauṇī earth
13
æËí yoga union
éÈƒ‰æ kauleya well born
14
“Ë¿Ÿ horā horoscopy
¥È¿ paura townsman
15
éË¢ koṭa fort
∞È™ dhauta washed
16
ìƒÈ glau moon
¿È¿Δ∆ raurava a hell
17
éË¥ kopa anger
éÈºŸ¿ kaumāra childhood
18
æË⁄≤ yonī womb
éÈ¥ kaupa Of a well
19
éËÀ kośa covering
ç’ aukṣa of bulls
20
¿ËÆ roda weeping
çƒ› aulū owl
21
•Ëƒ ḍola swing
∫Èº bhauma Mars
22
¥ËŒ poṣa nourishment
™È⁄ƒé taulika painter
23
ƒËƒ lola fickle
çÆé audaka born of water
24
ƒË∫ lobha greed
’È¿ kṣaura shaving
25
“Ëº homa fire sacrifice
éÈÀ‰æ kauśeya silk garments
26
íË¥ gopa milkman
íÈ¿ gaura white

19
27
éË® koṇa corner
çŒ∞ auṣadha medicine
28
ƒËé loka world
çÆŸæ@ audārya magnanimity
29
“Ë& hotra offering
≤ÈéŸ naukā boat
30
∫Ëí bhoga pleasure
ÀÈæ@ śaurya prowess
31
ÇŸ¿Ë¥ āropa accuse
éÈ™‹é kautuka curiosity
32
’Ë∫ kṣobha disturbance
çú⁄–é aujasika vigorous
33
íË¥‹¿ gopura gateway
éÈ⁄Àé kauśika mongoose
34
™Ë¿® toraṇa banting
ÀÈé¿ śaukara hoggish
35
íË¿– gorasa milk
æÈΔ∆≤ yauvana youth
36
Ç¥Ëß apoḍha removed
™Èƒ taula measuring device
37
ºËÆ moda delight
òÈƒ caula tonsure
38
ƒË“ loha iron
Δ∆ÈŒ¢Í vauṣaṭ a mantra
39
éË¢ koṭa building
ƒÈ⁄éé laukika worldly
40
$ËŒ kroṣa A distance
ƒÈ“éŸ¿ lauhakāra blacksmith
41
éË¢¿ koṭara hollow of tree
ºÈé‹⁄ƒ maukuli crow
42
éË“ƒ kohala noise
∫È⁄™é bhautika elemental
43
¥æËÆ payoda cloud
¥È¿Δ∆ paurava of the purus
44
íË∞›⁄ƒ godhūlī sunset
ÆÈΔ∆Ÿ⁄¿é dauvārika doorkeeper
45
íË¥Ÿƒ gopāla cowboy
–È∞ saudha palace
46
îËŒ® ghoṣaṇa proclamation
–ÈΔ∆¤¿ sauvīra plum
47
ÇŸ¿Ë“ āroha height
–È¿∫ saurabha fragrant
48
éË⁄Δ∆Æ kovida expert
–È“ŸÆ@ sauhārda friendship
49
ÀË∫ śobha brilliant
úË⁄Œ™Î joṣit woman
50
éË⁄éƒ kokila cuckoo
Ü¥æËŒºÎ upayoṣam delight
51
ÇæËºƒ ayomala rust
Æ¿ËÆ¿ darodara dice game
52
ºËÆé modaka a sweet
éÈ™‹é kautuka curiosity
53
¥æËú payoja lotus
Ç’Ë∫ akṣobha unperturbed
54
ÀË∞≤ śodhana purging
ƒËò≤ locana seeing

20
Reading Practice — Conjunct Consonants

1
⁄≤í˘“ nigraha preventing
∞⁄≥Δ∆≤Î dhanvin archer
2
Ç⁄≥™é antika near
⁄Æ…æ divya divine
3
⁄_Ÿ⁄Δ∆Y tri-vidya Vedas
⁄ò_Ÿ citra picture
4
⁄òé¤Œ@Ÿ cikīrṣā desire
⁄≤´æ nitya eternal
5
Ç⁄≤œ¢ aniṣṭa undesirable
⁄¥™‡ pitṛ father
6
–óÓ⁄™ saṅgati connection
⁄_Ÿ¥ŸÆ tripāda three-footed
7
Ç⁄¿œ¢ ariṣṭa unlucky
ÑôöŸ icchā desire
8
Ç⁄≤ôöŸ anicchā indifference
Ç⁄≥™º antima final
9
¥´≤¤ patnī wife
Ñ⁄óÓ™ iṅgita gesture
10
—Δ∆⁄—™ svasti auspiciousness
Ç⁄ÕΔ∆≤¤ aśvinī a lunar mansion
11
Ç⁄™@é artika diseased
èƒ¤∏ klība neutral
12
⁄≤ΩΩ≤ nimna down , below
⁄_ŸΔ∆í@ Tri-varga group of three
13
À¤î˘ śīghra quick
⁄ò_ŸéŸæ citra-kāya tiger
14
í¤œ¥⁄™ gīṣpati Jupiter
⁄–BÛ siddha accomplished
15
⁄ò⁄é´– cikitsa therapy
–⁄≥∞ sandhi connection
16
Ç≥™⁄“@™ antarhita concealed
⁄≤º≥_Ÿ® nimantraṇa invitation
17
¥˘¥⁄% prapatti surrender
ÜØÓ¤™Î udgīta sing aloud
18
–‹µ™ supta sleep
⁄Δ∆⁄ò_Ÿ vicitra variegated
19
⁄À≈⋲¥ śilpa sculpture
⁄À⁄≈⋲¥ śilpi sculptor
20
⁄ö≥≤ chinna broken
“⁄—™ hasti elephant
21
™⁄ú@™ tarjita rebuke
⁄ò_ŸéŸ¿ citrakāra painter
22
™¤Δ∆˘ tīvra excessive, sharp
ÑùæŸ ijyā sacrifice, worship
23
æ‹⁄# yukti plan
Ü¥Ã˘‹ upaśru hear of

21
24 friend, kinsman secret

∏≥∞‹ bandhu í‹“¯ guhya
25 however war
⁄é≥™‹ kintu æ‹BÛ yuddha
26 price, value extreme joy
º›≈⋲æ mūlya ¥˘º‹ÆÍ pramud
27 practice eyebrows
Ç≤‹œ§Ÿ anuṣṭhā ∫˘› bhrū
28 wonderful living being
ÇBˆ‹™ adbhuta ú≥™‹ jantu
29 conch-shell abundant
éΩΩ∏‹ kambu ¥‹œéƒ puṣkala
30 subtle much
–›÷º sūkṣma ¥˘∫›™Î prabhūt
31 eating son
∫‹# bhukta ¥‹&Å putraḥ
32 smoke seal
∞›º˘ dhūmra º‹Æ˙Ÿ mudrā
33 useless enlightened
∂≈⋲í‹ phalgu ∏‹BÛ buddha
34 hymn stupefied
–›# sūkta º‹ì∞ mugdha
35 fragrance united
–‹í≥∞ sugandha æ‹# yukta
36 aphorism human
–›& sūtra º≤‹œæ manuṣya
37 carry out wrong
Ç≤‹œ§Ÿ anuṣṭhā Çæ‹# ayukta
38 book former
¥‹—™éºÎ pustakam ∫›™¥›Δ∆@ bhūtapūrva
39 bull, headman earrings
¥‹óÓΔ∆Å puṅgavaḥ é‹©•ƒŸ kuṇḍalā
40 faint milk
º›ôöŸ@ mūrcchā Æ‹ìÆºÎ dugdam
41 victorious non-dual
ú‰™‡ jetṛ ÇB¸Ê™ advaita
42 merchant eye
Δ∆ÊÕæ vaiśya ≤‰& netra
43 enemy movement
BÛ‰⁄Œ dveṣi ÷Δ∆‰ƒŸ kṣvelā
44 on one side south-east
äé& ekatra ÇŸì≤‰æ āgneya
45 isolation a month
éÊΔ∆≈⋲æ kaivalya òÊ& caitra
46 anti-gods movement
ÆÊ´æ daitya ò‰œ¢Ÿ ceṣṭā
47 adorable duality
Δ∆¿‰©æ vareṇya B¸Ê™ dvaita
48 Vaishnava closest
Δ∆Êœ®Δ∆ vaiṣṇava ≤‰⁄Æœ§ nediṣṭha

22
49 elevated field
ÜôòÊ–Î uccais ’‰& kṣetra
50 ball army
í‰©•‹é geṇḍuka –Ê≥æ sainya
51 shame excitement
Δ∆Êƒ÷æ vailakṣya Ü%‰ú≤Ÿ uttejanā
52 gently distaste
—Δ∆Ê¿ºÎ svairam Δ∆Ê¿—æ vairasya
53 poison Selfish
÷Δ∆‰∞ kṣvedha ≤Êé‚⁄™é naikṛtika
54 opulence unity
ãÕΔ∆æ@ aiśvarya ãèæ aikya
55 continuity hardness, cruelty
≤Ê¿≥™æ@ nairantarya ≤Êœ§‹æ@ naiṣṭhurya
56 sharpness student
™Ê÷©æ taikṣṇya Ç≥™‰Δ∆Ÿ⁄– antevāsi
57 offering of food house
≤ÊΔ∆‰Y naivedya Δ∆‰Õº veśma
58 landlord afraid
’‰⁄&é kṣetrika ÜB¸‰⁄ú™ udvejita
59 moon towel
ìƒÈ glau µƒË™ plota
60 weave offering
¥˘Ë™ prota “Ë& hotra
61 A distance light
$ËŒ kroṣa ùæË⁄™ jyoti
62 suitable grandson
æËìæ yogya ¥È& pautra
63 cruelty anger
$Èæ@ kraurya $Ë∞ krodha
64 safflower lovely
éÈ–‹ΩΩ∫ kausumbha ¿Ë⁄òœ®‹ rociṣṇu
65 violent lungs
¿ÈÆ˙ raudra èƒËº≤Î kloman
66 sun arm
™ºËï≤ tamoghna ÆËÆ@©• dordaṇḍa
67 pig promise
$Ëß kroḍha –≥∞Ÿ sandhā
68 certainty gold
⁄≤Õòæ niścaya ⁄“¿©æ hiraṇya
69 abandonment proximity
¥⁄¿´æŸí parityāga –⁄≥≤⁄∞ sannidhi
70 gentleman circum-ambulate
⁄Àœ¢ śiṣṭa ¥˘Æ⁄’® pradakṣiṇa
71 sun preventing
Ç⁄ò@œº™ arciṣmata ⁄≤¿Ÿé¿® nirākaraṇa
72 virtuous servant
∞º@À¤ƒ dharmaśīla ¥⁄¿òŸ¿é paricāraka
73 horrible dispassion
∏¤∫´– bībhatsa Δ∆Ê¿Ÿìæ vairāgya

23
Differential Reading Practice

1 tala palm of the hand tāla rhythm
2 maya filled with māyā illusion
3 śara arrow sāra essence
4 yama god of death yāma a period of 3 hours
5 kalā a ray kāla time
6 veśya prostitute vaiśya merchant
7 krodha anger kroḍha pig
8 kali quarrel kāli black
9 śaṅkha conch-shell śaṅkhu wooden peg
10 śata an hundred sata a special ritual vessel
11 sad sit down sadh together with
12 sādhana spiritual practice sadhana common property
13 sadā always sādha accomplishment
14 bhaga Pudenda, theological glory bhāga portion, share
15 maṭha monastery matha opinion
16 paṭha read patha path
17 santi they are śānti peace
18 pāva shining pavā purifying
19 dina day dīna unfortunate, distressed, fallen
20 uttara north uttāra rescue, save
21 baddha bound bādha pain, opposition
22 pala straw phala fruit
23 bala strength bāla young boy
24 tāra star dāra wife
25 sama the same sāma sing, chant
26 nadi river nāḍī meridian
27 dasa ancestor of the dāsas daśa ten
28 doṣa fault, blemish, stain dosa forearm
29 bhāva state of being bhava existence
30 mana to think māna to be proud
31 dhana wealth dāna generosity
32 bhāla forehead bāla young new
33 pada a step pāda a foot
34 vara the best, a groom vāra day of the week
35 para different, another pāra the opposite
36 patha path pātha fire, sun, water
37 vada murder vāda discussion
38 jala water jāla a net, snare
39 japa recitation of mantra japā hibiscus flower
40 mala dirt mālā garland
41 dur bad, negative dūr far, distant
42 karaṇa instrument kāraṇa cause, reason
43 gata gone, dead gātha singing

24
44 gada speech gadā a club
45 nīraja a lotus nirāja kingless
46 pracara a road, a custom pracāra wandering, preaching
47 praca a multitude pṛcha to ask, request
48 bhrama a whirlpool, a mistake brahma the creator
49 vina without vīna a lute
50 sukara easily done sūkara a boar
51 pavana the wind pāvana to protect
52 tathaḥ then tātaḥ father
53 śaṭha enemy śata an hundred
54 prakṛta commenced, under review prākṛta original, common
55 pracā a multitude prajā offspring
56 prakara a heap, assistance prakhara very sharp or hard
57 prapā a well prāpa obtain, reach
58 preṣa to go, to send praiṣa madness
59 pura formerly pūra a supply
60 purodhasa family priest puroḍhāśa a sacrificial cake
61 nidhana Indigent, death nidhāna treasure, a store
62 nib destruction nibh light, manifestation
63 jarā old-age jāra a paramour, a lover
64 kaca hair kaccha hem of a garment
65 ama unripe, sickness āma undigested, constipated
66 avara inferior avāra this side
67 nata bent, depressed naṭa a dancer, an actor
68 śarad autumn śārada Sarasvati
69 nakra crocodile nakrā nose
70 nāṭa dancing nātha husband, protector, lord
71 jhamp jump jambha jaws
72 kaula ancestral, well-born kola hog
73 eḍa deaf edha Fuel
74 vaidya Physician vidya knowledge
75 patra leaf pātra A vessel
76 vayasa Age, youth vāyasa crow
77 udara Belly, stomach udāra generous, large, beautiful
78 uttara north uttāra To deliver, to liberate
79 amba eye ambā mother
80 aya good luck āya income
81 nirasa tasteless nirāsa vomiting, expulsion
82 nivara virgin nivāra Preventing
83 ramā Lakshmi rāma Rama
84 rāddha successful, performed rādhā Prosperity, lightning

25
Sandhi — Rules of Euphonic Combination

When certain initial and final letters of the alphabet are joined in a compound the letters change in
order to make it easy to pronounce. Just as in colloquial English ‘want to’ becomes ‘wanna’; ‘did
you’ becomes ‘dijja’ ‘could you’ becomes ‘coujja’ ‘what do you know’ becomes ‘waddyano’! In
Sanskrit there are extensive rules governing this change in sound.
Rule 1.
a i uṛ (Ç Ñ Ü à) if followed by the same vowels in order, short or long, join into long ones.
a+ā=ā i+i=ī na + api = nāpi
ā+a=ā ī+ī=ī ramā + api = ramāpi
ā+ā=ā u+u=ū tathā + āsīt = tathāsīt
ū+ū=ū nāsti + iti = nāstīti
nadī + īśaḥ = nadīśaḥ
bhānu + udaya = bhānūdaya
tanū + udbhavah = tanūdbhavaḥ
Rule 2
i u ṛ lṛ (Ñ Ü à ƒ·) followed by dissimilar vowels change respectively into
y, v, r, l. (æ Δ∆ ¿ ƒ)
i + a = ya i + ā = yā iti + ādi = ityādi
u + a = va u + ā = vā nāsti + ataḥ = nāstyataḥ
ṛ + a = ra ṛ + ā = rā bhānu + astaḥ = bhānvastaḥ
nadī + ātmā = nadyātmā
ati + āśā = atyāśā
manu + ādi = manvādi
ādi + antaḥ = ādyantaḥ
kaikeyī + ātmajaḥ = kaikeyyātmajaḥ
pitṛa + ājñā = pitrājñā
Rule 3
e ai o au (ä äÁ å ç) followed by any vowel change respectively into; ay, āy, av, āv, (ÇæÎ
ÇŸæÎ ÇΔ∆Î ÇŸΔ∆Î)
e + a = aya o + a = ava hare + e = haraye
ai + a = āya o + a = āva viṣṇo + e = viṣṇave
nai + akaḥ = nāyakaḥ
pau + aka = pāvakaḥ
Rule 4
If a is followed by i or u they change together into e or o respectively.
bhaya + utpādakaḥ = bhayotpādakaḥ
gaṅgā + udakaṁ = gaṅgodakaṁ
jala + īśaḥ = jaleśaḥ
gaṅgā + īśaḥ = gaṅgeśaḥ

26
Rule 5
If e or o is followed by a; the a drops away and is replaced by a sign called the avagraha (‘) (É)
jale + antarhitaḥ = jale’ntarhitaḥ
rāmo + abravīt = ramo’bravīt
Rule 6
visarga preceded by a (aḥ) and followed by a or a soft consonant becomes o
janaḥ + asti = jano’sti
manuṣyaḥ + gacchati = manuṣyogacchati
Rule 7
visarga preceded by i (iḥ) or u (uḥ) and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant changes to r.
hariḥ + asti = harirasti
guruḥ + abravīt = gururabravīt
bhānuḥ + gacchati = bhānurgacchati
kaviḥ + jānāti = kavirjānāti
if followed by a hard consonant it remains the same.
hariḥ karoti guruḥ punāti
Rule 8 visarga followed by c becomes ś

rāmaḥ + calati = rāmaścalati
janaḥ + chedayati = janaśchedayati
Rule 9 visarga followed by t or th becomes s

mādhavaḥ + tathā = mādhavastathā
rāmaḥ + thūrvati = rāmasthūrvati
Rule 10 visarga followed by ṭ or ṭh becomes ṣ
kṛṣṇaḥ ṭīkate = kṛṣṇaṣṭīkate
Rule 11
visarga followed by ś ṣ s either changes into those very letters or remains unchanged.
rāmaḥ śāsti = rāmaśśāsti or rāmaḥ śāsti
janaḥ ṣṭhīvati = janaṣṣṭhīvati or janaḥ ṣṭhīvati
naraḥ sahate = narassahate or naraḥ sahate
Rule 12 k c ṭ t p followed by a vowel or soft consonant change to g j ḍ d b

vāk + gaṇaḥ = vāggaṇaḥ
ac + anta = ajanta
viśvavāṭ + uttaraḥ = viśvavāḍuttaraḥ
tat + asti = tadasti
ap + jaṁ = abjaṁ
Rule 13 k c ṭ t p followed by ṅ ñ ṇ n m change to ṅ ñ ṇ n m

vāk + maṇaḥ = vāṅmaṇaḥ
bandhanāt + mukṣīya = bandhanānmukṣīya

27
samrāṭ + mukham = samrāṇmukhaṁ
tat + nāsti = tannāsti
ap + mayam = abmayam
Rule 14
t th d dh n followed by l change to l (n being nasal is also changed to nasal before l)
jagat + layaḥ = jagallayaḥ
asmad + lābhaḥ = asmallābhaḥ
janān labhate = janā¯llabhate
Rule 15 r followed by r is dropped and the preceding vowel if short is lengthened.

punaḥ ramate (punar ramate) = punā ramate
hariḥ rathasya (harir rathasya) = harī rathasya
Rule 16
s and letters of the t group followed by ś or letters of the c group are changed into ś or letters of the
c group.
hariḥ + śete (haris śete) = hariśśete
rāmaḥ + calati (rāmas calati) = rāmaścalati
sat + cit + ānanda = saccidānanda
Rule 17
s and t groups followed by ṣ and ṭ group are changed into ṣ or ṭ group according to rank.
rāmaḥ + ṣaṣṭhaḥ (rāmas + ṣaṣṭhaḥ) = rāmaṣṣaṣṭhaḥ
rāmaḥ + ṭīkate (rāmas + ṭīkate) = rāmaṣṭīkate
tat + ṭīkā = taṭṭīkā

28
SSA
ANND
DHHII G
GRRIID
DSS
Consonants
Final Letter of word Initial
k ṭ t p ṅ n m ḥ/r āḥ/ās ḥ Letter
k ṭ t p ṅ n ṁ ḥ āḥ aḥ k / kh
g ḍ d b ṅ n ṁ r ā o g / gh
k ṭ c p ṅ ṁś ṁ ś āś aś c / ch
g ḍ j b ṅ ñ ṁ r ā o j / jh
k ṭ ṭ p ṅ ṁś ṁ ṣ āṣ aṣ ṭ / ṭh
g ḍ ḍ b ṅ ṇ ṁ r ā o ḍ/ṣ
k ṭ t p ṅ ṁs ṁ s ās as t / th
g ḍ d b ṅ n ṁ r ā o d / dh
k ṭ t p ṅ n ṁ ḥ āḥ aḥ p / ph
g ḍ d b ṅ n ṁ r ā o b / bh
ṅ ṇ n m ṅ n ṁ ḥ ā o ṁ
g ḍ d b ṅ n ṁ r ā o y/v
g ḍ d b ṅ n ṁ - ** ā o r
g ḍ l b ṅ ¯l* ṁ r ā o l
k ṭ c(ch) p ṅ ñ ṁ ḥ āḥ aḥ ś
k ṭ t p ṅ n ṁ ḥ āḥ aḥ ṣ/s
g/gh ḍ/ṣ d(dh) b/bh ṅ n ṁ r ā o h
g ḍ d b ṅ/ṅṅ n/nn ṁ r āḥ aḥ vowels
* e.g.tān + labhasva = tāllabhasva

the doubling effect occurs when the preceding vowel is short.
** ḥ or r disappear.
Vowels
Final Vowel Initial
ā ī ū ṛ e ai au o ḥ Vowel
ā ya va ḥa e āa āva o a
ā yā vā ḥā aā āā āvā aā ā
r i
e ī vī ḥī aī āī āvī aī ī
r u
o yū ū rū aū āū āvū aū ū
ar yṛ vṛ ° aṛ āṛ āvṛ aṛ ṛ
ai ye ve re ae āe āve ae e
ai yai vai rai a ai ā ai āvai a ai ai
au yo vo ro ao āo āvo ao o
au yau vau rau a au ā au āvau a au au


29
Examples of the use of Sandhi

1 Ç⁄¥ + ÇΔ∆íôö⁄– = ÇµæΔ∆íôö⁄– do you understand?
api + avagacchasi = apyavagacchasi

2 ≤≤‹ + Ü¥⁄Δ∆ÀŸºÅ = ≤≤›¥⁄Δ∆ÀŸºÅ well, we are sitting down

nanu + upaviśāmaḥ = nanūpaviśāmaḥ

3 Ü∫È + Çíôö™Å = Ü∫ŸΔ∆Ÿíôö™Å both are coming
ubhÈ + āgacchataḥ = ubhāvāgacchataḥ

4 é¨ºÎ + —º¿⁄™ = é¨Ä—º¿⁄™ what, he remembers?
katham + smarati = ka¨aṁ smarati

5 ™™Î + úæ⁄™ = ™úÚæ⁄™ he is winning that
tat + jayati = tajjayati

6 ™Ÿ≤Î + ™‹ = ™ŸÄ—™‹ them however
tān tu = tāṁstu

7 ≤¿Å ¿’⁄™ = ≤¿Ë ¿’⁄™ the man protects
naraḥ + rakṣati = naro rakṣati

8 ¥‹≤¿Í + ¿’⁄™ = ¥‹≤Ÿ ¿’⁄™ again he protects
punar + rakṣati = punā rakṣati

9 íŸæ≤Î + ÇŸíôö⁄™ = íŸæ≤ÙŸíôö⁄™ singing he comes
gāyan + āgacchati = gāyannāgacchati

10 ≤¿Å ò¿⁄™ = ≤¿Õò¿⁄™ the man moves
naraḥ + carati = naraścarati

11 í‹¡Å ÀŸ–æ⁄™ í‹¡ÕÀŸ–æ⁄™ the teacher instructs
guruḥ + śāsayati guruśśāsayati

12 “⁄¿Å é¿Ë⁄™ “⁄¿é@¿Ë⁄™ hari makes
hariḥ + karoti harirkaroti

30

13 ∏ŸƒŸ ¿ËÆ⁄™ ∏ŸƒŸ¿ËÆ⁄™ the child weeps
bālā + rodati bālārodati

14 ¥&ºÎ ¥™⁄™ ¥&Ä¥™⁄™ the leaf falls
patram + patati patraṁpatati

15 ≤¿Å ¿º⁄™ ≤¿Ë¿º⁄™ The man enjoys
naraḥ + ramati naroramati
16
ÇúÅ ÇÕ≤Ÿ⁄™ ÇúËÉÕ≤Ÿ⁄™ the goat eats
ajaḥ + aśnāti ajo’śnāti

17 íúÅ íôö⁄™ íúÅ íôö⁄™ the elephant goes
gajaḥ + gacchati gajaḥ gacchati

18 ≤Ÿ¿¤ ⁄¥∏⁄™ ≤Ÿ¿¤⁄¥∏⁄™ the woman drinks
nārī + pibati nārīpibati

19 æºÅ Æ©•æ⁄™ æºËÆ©•æ⁄™ Yama punishes
yamaḥ + daṇḍayati yamo daṇḍayati

20 ∏‹BÛÅ Δ∆Æ⁄™ ∏‹BÛË Δ∆Æ⁄™ the buddha speaks
buddhaḥ + vadati buddho vadati

21 é¨ºÎ úŸ≤Ÿ⁄– é¨Ä úŸ≤Ÿ⁄– how do you know?
katham + jānāsi kathaṁ jānāsi

The mighty-armed has
22 ÇŸíôö≤Î º“Ÿ∏Ÿ“‹Å ÇŸíôö≥º“Ÿ∏Ÿ“‹Å come
agacchat mahābāhuḥ agacchanmahābāhuḥ

23 ¿Ÿº–Î Ç& ¿ŸºËÉ& Rama is here
rāmas + atra ramo ‘tra

24 ⁄Δ∆¿–Î íôö⁄™ ⁄Δ∆¿Ÿ íôö⁄™ the hero goes
vīrās gacchati virā gacchati


31

25 ¿Ÿº–Î ¥Õæ⁄™ ¿ŸºÅ ¥Õæ⁄™ Rama sees
rāmas paśyati rāmaḥ paśyati

The mighty-armed is
26 º“Ÿ∏Ÿ“‹Å äéÅ º“Ÿ∏Ÿ“‹¿‰éÅ one only
mahābāhuḥ ekaḥ mahabāhurekaḥ

27 ¥Õæ™Î ò ¥Õæc saw and
paśyat + ca paśyacca

28 éÅ Ñ“ é Ñ“ who here
kaḥ + iha ka iha

29 ÜôòÊÅ Δ∆®ºÎ ÜôòÊΔ∆@®ºÎ an high forest
uccaiḥ + vanaṁ uccairvanaṁ
30 æúŸ⁄º Ñ⁄™ æúŸº¤⁄™ thus I sacrifice
yajāmi iti yajamīti
31 í‹¬≤Î À¤î˘ºÎ í‹¬°ôö¤î˘ºÎ the gurus quickly
gurūn śīghraṁ gurūñcchīghram
32 ÇŸ≤¤™Ÿ≤Î ™Ÿ≤Î ÇŸ≤¤™Ÿ~—™Ÿ≤Î brought them
ānītān + tān ānītāṁstān
33 ™™Î Ç¨@ºÎ ™Æ¨@ºÎ that meaning

tat + artham tadartham
34 –Δ∆‰@ Ç⁄¥ –Δ∆‰@É⁄¥ all indeed

sarve + api sarve’pi
35 ™—ºŸ™Î æ◊Ÿ™Î ™—ºŸY◊Ÿ™Î therefore from the
tasmāt + yajñāt tasmādyajñāt sacrifice
36 í‡⁄wœΔ∆ Ñ⁄™ í‡⁄wœΔ∆‰⁄™ this you should take
gṛhṇiṣva + iti gṛhṇiṣveti

37 ™™Å ™ŸÅ ™™—™ŸÅ therefore they
tataḥ + tāḥ tatastāḥ

32
38 Ç´–Δ∆Å ÇŸ–¤™Î Ü´–Δ∆ ÇŸ–¤™Î there was a festival
utsavaḥ + āsīt utsava āsīt
39 ⁄¥˘æé¿Å ™¨Ÿ ⁄¥˘æé¿—™¨Ÿ Most beloved therefore
priyakaraḥ + tathā priyakarastathā
40 Ç∫Δ∆≤Î ™¨Ÿ Ç∫Δ∆Ä—™¨Ÿ took place therefore
abhavan + tathā abhavaṁstathā

33
Parts of the Body

À¿¤¿—æ ÇóÓŸ⁄≤ śarīrasya aṅgāni
⁄À¿–Î À¤À@ À¤À@éºÎ º›∞@≤Î śiras, śīrṣa, śīrṣakam, mūrdhan,

mastakaḥ, mastakam, mauli, muṇḍa
head

º—™éÅ º—™éºÎ ºÈ⁄ƒ º‹©•Å

é¥ŸƒÅ kapālaḥ skull
é‰ÀÅ éò ∏Ÿƒ ⁄òé‹¿Å é‹≥™ƒÅ keśaḥ, kaca, bāla, cikuraḥ, kuntalaḥ,

śīrasijaḥ
hair
À¤À@úÅ
ƒËò≤ºÎ ≤‰&ºÎ ≤æ≤ºÎ ò’‹–Î locanam, netram, nayanam, eyes

cakṣus, akṣi, dṛś
Ç⁄’ Æ‡ÀÎ
é®@Å Ã˘Ë&ºÎ Ã˘‹⁄™ ÀπÆí˘“Å karṇaḥ, śrotram, śruti, śabda-grahaḥ ears
≤Ÿ–Ÿ ≤–Ÿ ≤—æ ≤Ÿ–⁄éŸ î˘Ÿ®ºÎ nāsā, nasā, nasya, nāsikā, nose
ghrāṇam, ghoṇā, gandha-vahā,
îË®Ÿ í≥∞Δ∆“Ÿ í≥î◊ gandhajñā
º‹êºÎ ™‹©•ºÎ ƒ¥≤ºÎ Δ∆è&Ä mukham, tuṇḍam, lapanam, vaktram,

vadanam, ānanam, āsyam
mouth/ face
Δ∆Æ≤ºÎ ÇŸ≤≤ºÎ ÇŸ—æºÎ

í˘¤Δ∆Ÿ íƒÅ é©§Å é≥∞¿Ÿ grīvā, galaḥ, kaṇṭhaḥ, kandharā
śirodharā
neck
⁄À¿Ë∞¿Ÿ
—é≥∞Å ÇΩΩÀÅ skandhaḥ, aṁsaḥ shoulder
∫‹úÅ ∫‹úŸ ∏Ÿ“‹ ÆË–Î bhujaḥ, bhujā, bāhuḥ, dos arm
“—™Å é¿Å ¥Ÿ⁄®Å ÀæÅ hastaḥ, karaḥ, pāṇiḥ, śayaḥ, pañca-

śākhaḥ
hand
¥°òÀŸêÅ
ÇóÓ‹⁄ƒ é¿ÀŸêÅ aṅguli, kara-śākhaḥ finger
™ú@≤¤ tarjanī index finger
º±æº madhyamā middle finger
Ç≤Ÿ⁄ºéŸ anāmikā ring finger

(nameless)

34
é⁄≤⁄œ§éŸ kaniṣṭhikā small finger
ÇóÓœ§Ÿ aṅguṣṭhā thumb
Ü¿–Î Δ∆’–Î uras, vakṣas chest
—™≤Å ¥æË∞¿Å é‹òÅ stanaḥ, payodharaḥ , kucaḥ breast
¥‡œ§ºÎ ¥⁄Õòº pṛṣṭham, paścima back
º‰¡Æ©•Å éÀ‰¡ meru-daṇḍaḥ, kaśeru spine
ú¢¿Å ú¢¿ºÎ ÜÆ¿ºÎ Ç≤ÙŸÀæÅ jaṭaraḥ, jaṭaram, udaram, abdomen

annāśayaḥ
é⁄¢ º±æºÎ kaṭi, madhyam waist
úî≤ºÎ jaghanam hip
æË⁄≤ ⁄ƒóÓºÎ yoni (f) liṅgam (m) genitals
Ü¡Å uruḥ thigh
úŸ≤‹ jānu knee
úÄîŸ jaṅghā calf
Çí˘ úÄîŸ agra-jaṅghā shin
¥ŸÆÅ ¥ÆºÎ ò¿®Å ò¿®ºÎ pādaḥ, padam, caraṇaḥ caraṇam,

aṅghrī
leg
ÇÄî˘¤
¥ŸÆŸóÓ‹œ§Å pādāṅguṣṭhaḥ big-toe

35
Sanskrit Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Cardinal Ordinal
ekaḥ ekam ekā 1 prathama
dvau dve 2 dvitīya
trayaḥ trīṇī tisraḥ 3 tṛtīya
catvāraḥ catvāri catasraḥ 4 caturtha
pañca 5 pañcama
ṣaṭ 6 ṣaṣṭha
sapta 7 saptama
aṣṭa 8 aṣṭama
nava 9 navama
daśa 10 daśamaḥ
ekādaśa 11 ekā-daśaḥ
dvādaśa 12 dvā-daśaḥ
trayodaśa 13 trayo-daśaḥ
caturdaśa 14 catur-daśaḥ
pañcadaśa 15 pañca-daśaḥ
ṣoḍaśa 16 ṣoḍaśaḥ
saptadaśa 17 sapta-daśaḥ
aṣṭādaśa 18 aṣṭā-daśaḥ
navadaśa/ekona-viṁśatiḥ 19 ekona-viṁśaḥ
viṁśatiḥ 20 viṁśaḥ (titama)
eka-viṁśatiḥ 21 eka-viṁśa (titama)

dvā-viṁśatiḥ 22 dvā-viṁśa (titama)
trayo-viṁśatiḥ 23 trayo-viṁśa (titama)
catur- viṁśatiḥ 24 catur-viṁśa (titama)
pañca-viṁśatiḥ 25 pañca-viṁśa (titama)
ṣaḍ-viṁśatiḥ 26 ṣaḍ-viṁśa (titama)
sapta-viṁśatiḥ 27 sapta-viṁśa (titama)
aṣṭhā-viṁśatiḥ 28 aṣṭhā-viṁśa (titama)
nava-viṁśatiḥ /ekona-triṁśatiḥ 29 nava-viṁśa(titama)/ ekona-triṁśa
(titama)
triṁśatiḥ 30 triṁśa (ttama)
eka-triṁśat 31 eka-triṁśa (ttama)

dvā-triṁśat 32 dvā-triṁśa (ttama)

36
trayas-triṁśat 33 trayas-triṁśa (ttama)
catus-triṁśat 34 catus-triṁśa (ttama)
pañca-triṁśat 35 pañca-triṁśa (ttama)
ṣaṭ-triṁśat 36 ṣaṭ-triṁśa (ttama)
sapta-triṁśat 37 sapta-triṁśa (ttama)
aṣṭā-triṁśat 38 aṣṭā-triṁśa (ttama)
nava-trimśat 39 nava-triṁśa (ttama)
ekona-catvāriṁśat ekona-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
catvāriṁśat 40 catvāriṁśa (ttama)
eka-catvāriṁśat 41 eka-catvāriṁśa (ttama)

dvi-catvāriṁśat 42 dvi-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
dvā-catvāriṁśat dvā-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
tri-catvāriṁśat 43 tri-catvāriṁśaḥ (ttama)
trayaścatvāriṁśat trayaś-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
catuś-catvāriṁśat 44 catuś-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
pañca-catvāriṁśat 45 pañca-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
ṣaṭ-catvāriṁśat 46 ṣaṭ-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
sapta- catvāriṁśat 47 sapta- catvāriṁśa (ttama)
aṣṭa- catvāriṁśat 48 aṣṭa-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
nava-catvāriṁśat 49 nava-catvāriṁśa (ttama)
ekona-pañcāśat ekona- pañcāśa (ttama)
pañcāśat 50 pañcāśat-tama
eka-pañcāśat 51 eka-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
dvi-pañcāśat 52 dvi-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
tri-pañcāśat 53 tri-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
catuś-pañcāśat 54 catuś-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
pañca-pañcāśat 55 pañca-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
ṣaṭ-pañcāśat 56 ṣaṭ-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
sapta-pañcāśat 57 sapta-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
aṣṭa-pañcāśat 58 aṣṭa-pañcāśat-tamaḥ
nava-pañcāśat / ekona-ṣaṣṭi 59 ekona-ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
ṣaṣṭiḥ 60 ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
eka- ṣaṣṭiḥ 61 eka- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ

dvi- ṣaṣṭiḥ 62 dvi- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
tri- ṣaṣṭiḥ 63 tri- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
catuḥ- ṣaṣṭiḥ 64 catuḥ- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
pañca- ṣaṣṭiḥ 65 pañca- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
ṣaṭ- ṣaṣṭiḥ 66 ṣaṭ- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
sapta- ṣaṣṭiḥ 67 sapta- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
aṣṭa- ṣaṣṭiḥ 68 aṣṭa- ṣaṣṭi-tamaḥ
nava-ṣaṣṭhiḥ / ekona-saptatiḥ 69 ekona-saptati-tamaḥ
saptatiḥ 70 saptati-tamaḥ

37
eka-saptatiḥ 71 eka-saptati-tamaḥ
dvi-saptatiḥ 72 dvi-saptati-tamaḥ
tri-saptatiḥ 73 tri-saptati-tamaḥ
catuḥ-saptatiḥ 74 catuḥ-saptati-tamaḥ
pañca-saptatiḥ 75 pañca-saptati-tamaḥ
ṣaṭ-saptatiḥ 76 ṣaṭ-saptati-tamaḥ
sapta-saptatiḥ 77 sapta-saptati-tamaḥ
aṣṭa-saptatiḥ 78 aṣṭa-saptati-tamaḥ
nava-saptatiḥ/ ekona-aśītiḥ 79 ekona-aśīti-tamaḥ
aśītiḥ 80 aśīti-tamaḥ
eka-aśītiḥ 81 eka-aśīti-tamaḥ
dvy-aśītiḥ 82 dvy-aśīti-tamaḥ
try- aśītiḥ 83 try- aśīti-tamaḥ
catur-aśītiḥ 84 catur-aśīti-tamaḥ
pañca-aśītiḥ 85 pañca-aśīti-tamaḥ
ṣaḍ-aśītiḥ 86 ṣaḍ-aśīti-tamaḥ
sapta-aśītiḥ 87 sapta-aśīti-tamaḥ
aṣṭa- aśītiḥ 88 aṣṭa- aśīti-tamaḥ
nava-aśītiḥ / ekona-navatiḥ 89 ekona-navati-tamaḥ
navatiḥ 90 navati-tamaḥ
eka-navatiḥ 91 eka-navati-tamaḥ
dvi-navatiḥ 92 dvi-navati-tamaḥ
tri-navatiḥ 93 tri-navati-tamaḥ
catur-navatiḥ 94 catur-navati-tamaḥ
pañca-navatiḥ 95 pañca-navati-tamaḥ
ṣaṇ-navatiḥ 96 ṣaṇ-navati-tamaḥ
sapta-navatiḥ 97 sapta-navati-tamaḥ
aṣṭa-navatiḥ 98 aṣṭa-navati-tamaḥ
nava-navatiḥ / ekona-śataḥ 99 ekona-śata-tamaḥ
śataḥ 100 śata-tamaḥ
eka-śatam 101 eka-śata-tama

ekādika-śatam ekādika-śata-tama
ekādhikam śatam ekādhikam śata-tama
dvi-śatam 102 dvi-śata-tama
dvyadhika-śatam dvyadhika-śata-tama
dvyādhikaṁ śatam dvyādhikaṁ śata-tama
tri-śatam 103 tri-śata-tama
tryadhika-śatam tryadhika-śata-tama
tryādhikam-śatam tryādhikam-śata-tama
dvādaśa-śatam 112 dvādaśa-śata-tama
dvādaśādhika-śatam dvādaśādhika-śata-tama

38
dvādaśādhikaṁ-śatam dvādaśādhikaṁ-śata-tama
viṁśati-śatam 120 viṁśati-śata-tama
viṁśatyadhika-śatam viṁśatyadhika-śata-tama
viṁśatyādhikam-śatam viṁśatyādhikam-śata-tama
triṁśac-chatam 130 triṁśac-chata-tama
triṁśad-adhikam-śatam triṁśad-adhikam-śata-tama
triṁśad-adhikam-śatam triṁśad-adhikam-śata-tama
dvi-śatam dve śate 200
tri-śatam trīṇī-śatāni 300
pañca-catvāriṁśad-adhikam-triśatam 345
sahasram 1000
dvi-sahasram 1002
dve-sahasre 2000
catur-aśītyadhikam-nava-śatādhikam-dvi-sahasram 2984
ayutam 10,000
lakṣam 100,000
prayutam 1,000,000
koṭiḥ 10,000,000
1 śatam = 100
100 x śatam = 1 sahasram = 1000
100 x sahasram = 1 lakṣam = 100,000
100 x lakṣam = 1 koṭiḥ = 10,000,000 106
100 x koṭiḥ = 1 arbudam = 1,000,000,000 108
100 x arbudam = 1 kharbudam = 100,000,000,000 1010
100 x kharbudam = 1 nīlam = 10,000,000,000,000 1012
100 x nīlam = 1 padmam = 1,000,000,000,000,000 1014
100 x padmam = 1 śaṅkham = 100,000,000,000,000,000 1016
100 x śankham = 1 samudra
100 x samudra = 1 madhya
100 x madhya = 1 antya
100 x antya = 1 parārdha

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Relationship — sambandhanam
family é‹¢‹ΩΩ∏ºÎ Δ∆ÄÀºÎ é‹ƒºÎ kuṭumbaṁ, vamśaṁ, kulaṁ
relative ◊Ÿ⁄™ ∏Ÿ≥∞Δ∆Å jñāti, bāndhavaḥ,
father ⁄¥™‡ ⁄¥™Ÿ ú≤éÅ ú⁄≤™‡ pitṛ, pitā, janakaḥ, janitṛ, tāta
™Ÿ™
mother ÇΩΩ∏Ÿ ºŸ™‡ ºŸ™Ÿ ú≤≤¤ aṁbā, mātṛ, mātā, jananī, janayitrī,
janī
ú≤⁄æ&¤ ú≤¤
son ¥‹&Å –‹™Å –›≤‹Å ™≤æÅ putraḥ, sutaḥ, sūnuḥ, tanayaḥ,
ātmajaḥ, aṅgajaḥ, dārakaḥ, kumāraḥ
ÇŸ´ºúÅ ÇóÓúÅ ÆŸ¿éÅ
é‹ºŸ¿Å
daughter ¥‹⁄&éŸ –‹™Ÿ ™≤æŸ putrīkā, sutā, tanayā, ātmajā, duhitṛ,
kanyā
ÇŸ´ºúŸ Æ‹⁄“™‡ é≥æŸ
younger - ? é⁄≤œ§ kaniṣṭha
elder - ? ùæ‰œ§ jyeṣṭha
brother ∫˘Ÿ™‡ –ËÆ¿Å –“ËÆ¿Å bhrātṛ, sodaraḥ, sahodaraḥ,
sister ÕΔ∆–‡ ∫⁄í≤¤ –ËÆæ@Ÿ śvasṛ, bhaginī, sodaryā
elder sibling Çí˘ú Çí˘úŸ agraja (m), agrajā (f)
grandchild ¥È&Å ¥È⁄&Å pautraḥ (m), pautriḥ (f)
g.grandchild ¥˘¥È&Å ¥˘¥È⁄&Å pra-pautraḥ (m) pra-pautriḥ (f)
husband ¥⁄™ ∫™‡@ éŸ≥™Å ⁄¥˘æ™ºÅ pati, bhartṛ, kāntaḥ, priyatamaḥ,

dayitaḥ, parinetṛ,
Æ⁄æ™Å ¥⁄¿≤‰™‡
wife ¥´≤¤ ∫Ÿæ@Ÿ ÆŸ¿Ÿ éŸ≥™Ÿ patnī, bhāryā, dāḥā, kāntā, jāyā,
vadhū, kalatraṁ, dayitā, vallabhā,
úŸæŸ Δ∆∞‹ éƒ&ºÎ Æ⁄æ™Ÿ gehinī
Δ∆≈⋲ƒ∫Ÿ í‰⁄“≤¤
father-in-law ÕΔ∆–‹¿Å śvaśuraḥ
mother-in-law ÕΔ∆Ã˘› śvaśrū
daughter-in-law —≤›ŒŸ snūṣā
son-in-law úŸºŸ™‡ jāmātṛ

40
husband’s brother Æ‰Δ∆¿Å devaraḥ
husband’s æŸ™‡ yātṛ

brother’s wife
husband’s sister ≤≤Ÿ≥Æ‡ nanāndṛi
sister’s husband ÕæŸƒÅ śyālaḥ
Paternal Maternal
grandfather ⁄¥™Ÿº“Å ºŸ™Ÿº“Å

pitā-mahaḥ mātā-mahaḥ
great grandfather ¥˘⁄¥™Ÿº“Å ¥˘ºŸ™Ÿº“Å
pra-pitāmahaḥ pra-mātāmahaḥ
g.g. grandfather Δ∆‡BÛ ¥˘⁄¥™Ÿº“Å Δ∆‡BÛ ¥˘ºŸ™Ÿº“Å

vṛddha-pra-pitāmahaḥ vṛddha-pra-mātāmahaḥ
grandmother ⁄¥™Ÿº“¤ ºŸ™Ÿº“¤
pitāmahī mātāmahī
g. grandmother ¥˘⁄¥™Ÿº“¤ ¥˘ºŸ™Ÿº“¤

pra-pitāmahī pra-mātāmahī
g.g.grandmother Δ∆‡BÛ ¥˘⁄¥™Ÿº“¤ Δ∆‡BÛ ¥˘ºŸ™Ÿº“¤

vṛddha- pra-pitāmahī vṛddha - pra-mātāmahī
Paternal Maternal
uncle ⁄¥™‡…æÅ ºŸ™‹ƒÅ

pitṛvyaḥ mātulaḥ
aunt ⁄¥™‡ÕΔ∆ ºŸ™‹ƒŸ≤¤

pitṛsva mātulānī
cousin (m) ⁄¥™‡…æ-¥‹&Å ºŸ™‹ƒ-¥‹&Å

pitṛvya-putraḥ mātulaḥ-putraḥ
cousin (f) ⁄¥™‡…æ-¥‹&¤ ºŸ™‹ƒ-¥‹&¤

pitṛvya-putrī mātulaḥ-putrī

41
Colours — varṇāni
white ÕΔ∆‰™ íÈ¿ śveta, gaura sienna ⁄¥óÓƒ piṅgala
black éŸƒ ÕæŸº kāla, śyāma brown é⁄¥ƒ kapila
green “⁄¿™ harita red ƒË⁄“™ ÀË⁄≤™ lohita, śonita,

¿# rakta
saffron éŒŸæ kaṣāya orange Ç¡® aruṇa
speckled ⁄ò& citra pink ¥Ÿ¢ƒ pāṭala
yellow ¥¤™ pīta blue ≤¤ƒ nīla
Directions — diśāḥ - dik-bhāga

Direction/dik Presiding Deity
East pūrva indra king of gods aindreya
South-east agni god of fire āgneya
South dakṣiṇa yama god of death yāmya
South-west niṛṛti god of decay naiṛrtya
West paścima varuṇa god of water vāruṇya
North-west vāyu god of wind vāyavya
North uttara kubera god of wealth kauberya

Alternative soma god of the moon saumya
North-east iśāna god of destruction aiṣānya

42
Names of Vegetables — ÀŸêŸ≤ŸºÎ ≤ŸºŸ⁄≤

¥ƒŸ©•‹Å palāṇḍuḥ Onion
ƒÀ‹≤ºÎ laśunam Garlic
ÇŸƒ‹éºÎ ālukam Potato
éƒæÅ kalayaḥ Ground-‐nuts
º¿€⁄òéŸ marīcikā Chilli
í‡°ú≤éºÎ gṛñjanakam Carrot
º›ƒéºÎ mūlakam Radish
“⁄¿™ºÎ haritam Cabbage
¥ŸƒñÓÅ pālaṅgaḥ Beetroot
Δ∆Ÿ™õé€ vārtakī Tomato
éŸ¿Δ∆‰≈⋲ƒºÎ kāravellam Bitter-‐gourd
⁄ééõ¢€ karkaṭī Cucumber
⁄Àí‹Å śiguḥ Drumsticks
Δ∆‡≥™ŸéºÎ vṛntākam Aubergine
⁄∫⁄©•Å bhiṇḍiḥ Okra
é‹œºŸ©•ºÎ kuṣmāṇḍam Pumpkin
ö&Å chatraḥ mushroom

Names of Fruits — ∂ƒŸ≤ŸºÎ ≤ŸºŸ⁄≤
éÆƒ€ kadalī Banana
Ç≤ÙŸ– annāsa Pineapple
ÇŸº˘ āmra Mango
ÇŸ⁄&µæÅ ātripyaḥ Custard-‐apple
∏Æ¿€ badarī Jujube
⁄≤ΩΩ∏› nimbū Lemon
≤Ÿ¿óÓ€ nāraṅgī Orange
éŸÕº€¿ kāśmīra Apple
Ç°ú€¿ añjīra Figs
Æ˙Ÿ’Ÿ drākṣā Grapes
≤Ÿ⁄¿éÂƒºÎ nārikelam Coconut
¥≤–ºÎ panasam Jack-‐fruit

43
∂ƒ¥˘∫‰ÆÅ phala-prabhedaḥ Apple

∏€ú¥›¿ bījapūra Citron medica
úΩΩ∏€¿ jambīra Lemon-‐fruit
é⁄¥´¨ºÎ kapittham Wood apple
úΩΩ∏›Å jambū Rose-‐apple
ÆŸ⁄•ººÎ dāḍimam Pomegranate
êú›¿ khajūra Dates

Names of Animals — ÀŸêŸ≤ŸºÎ ≤ŸºŸ⁄≤

ÇúŸ öíÅ ajā, chāgaḥ Goat
Çúí¿Å ajagaraḥ Python
Ñ≥Æ›¿Å º›ŒéÅ indūraḥ, mūṣakaḥ Rat
Ü¿íÅ –¥õ uragaḥ, sarpa Snake
Ü’≤Î ukṣan Ox
Ü¿Å uraḥ Sheep
Δ∆‡Œ∫ vṛṣabha Bull
ÇÈœ¢˙ auṣṭra, uṣṭra Camel
é⁄¥Å Δ∆Ÿ≤¿Å kapiḥ, vānaraḥ Monkey
íúÅ “—™€ gajaḥ, hastī Elephant
úΩΩ∏›éÅ jambūkaḥ Fox
∫ŒÅ Ã¸Ÿ≤ bhaṣaḥ, śvāna Dog
ºæ›¿ mayūra Peacock
º⁄“ŒÅ mahiṣaḥ Buffalo
íŸΔ∆ gāva Cow
ÀÀÅ śaśaḥ Rabbit
ÇÃ¸Å aśvaḥ Horse
⁄∏•Ÿƒ biḍāla Cat

44
Pre-verbs — Upasarga
T
here are 22 upasarga in Sanskrit. They are attached in front of a verbal root to derive a
new verbal root. It is often tricky what exactly the meaning of a given pre-verb is. It is
equally tricky, at least in some instances, as to what contribution to the original root-
meaning, the pre-verb makes. Or to put it differently, what is the meaning of the newly
derived verbal root as compared with the meaning of the original.
The following verse sums up the three way pre-verbs can contribute towards meaning of the roots
they are used with:—
dhātvartham bādhate kaścit kaścit tam anuvartate |
viśinṭaṣṭi tam evārtham upasarga gatis-tridhā ||
There are three ways of the pre-verbs: some block the meaning of the root;; some
just follow the same sense but with some additional refinement;; some bring
specialty to the root-meaning. These are the three ways of the pre-verbs.
Here is yet another verse generalizing the meaning contribution of the upasarga:
upasargeṇa dhātvartho balād anyatra nīyate |
prahāra ahāra saṁhāra vihāra parihāravat ||
The meaning of the verbal root is led elsewhere by force by a pre-verb like we see
in cases of prahāra — 'attack';; ahāra — 'that which is fetched;; food';; saṁhāra —
'destruction';; vihāra — 'sporting joyfully';; and parihāra — 'avoidance, exclusion,
shunning, abandoning'.
These derivates of ha 'to carry, fetch' illustrate how the pre-verbs change drastically the meaning
of this root. For an example where the pre-verb brings some slight modification of the root-
meaning, consider the following sentences with ji 'to win' used with the pre-verbs vi and parā
rāmo laṅkā gatvā rāvaṇaṁ jayati
rāmo laṅkā gatvā rāvaṇaṁ vijayate
rāmo laṅkā gatvā rāvaṇaṁ parājayate
Rama having gone to Lanka defeats Ravana.

The third type of semantic change brought about by an upasarga is recognized as 'specialty'
(vaiśiṣṭaya) which an upasarga brings to the meaning of the root. Consider the following
sentences:

śiṣyo guruṇā saha gacchati | The student goes with the teacher.
śiṣyo gurum anugacchati | The student follows the teacher.
prayāge gaṅgā yamunayā saha gacchati | Ganga goes (flows) with Yamuna at Prayaga.
prayāge gaṅgā yamune saṅgacchete | Ganga and Yamuna go (flow) together at Prayaga.
The following are some other changes that the upasarga bring to the status of a verb. Thus:—
(a) A verbal root which normally takes an active ending (parasmaipada) can be forced to take the
middle ending (atmanepada) because of the upasarga. Sentences (2-3) illustrate how ji is forced to
take the middle ending when used with the upasarga — vi and parā. Similarly, a verbal root
which always takes a middle may be forced to take the active ending under the dictates of an
upasarga. Observe the following sentences:

mama hṛdaye ramate rāmaḥ — Rama rejoices in my heart.
ramo ayodhyāyāṁ na viramati ṛṣer darśanāya vanaṁ gacchati
Rama does not stop (delay) at Ayodhya;; goes to the forest for seeing the sage.
45
(b) An intransitive verbal root often becomes transitive under the influence of the preverb. Thus
consider the following where bhū 'to be', a verbal root denoting existence, becomes transitive
with the upasarga anu
daśaratho rāmasya gamanasya duḥkham anubhavati |
Dasaratha experiences the grief of Rama's departure.
Here is a list of pre-verbs with examples:
¥˚
(1) ˘ — pra (excellence;; excess, more, higher)
í‹¿Ë¡¥Æ‰ÀÅ ⁄ÀœæŸ®ŸÄ „ÆæŸ⁄≤ guror-upadeśaḥ śiṣyāṇāṁ

hṛdayāni prakāśate |
The teaching of the teacher illuminates
the hearts of the students.
¥˘éŸÀ™‰ |
¥˘é‹µæ⁄™ í‹¡Y | prakupyati guru’dya The teacher gets angry today.
º≥ÆÄ º≥ÆÄ ¥˘òƒ⁄™ Δ∆≤‰ ¥Δ∆≤Å mandam mandam pracalati

vane pavanaḥ
Slowly slowly moves (in grace) the
wind in the forest.

(2) ¥¿Ÿ — parā (away;; opposite)
æË⁄í≤ËÅ íË⁄Δ∆≥ÆÄ yoginoḥ govindam dhāyanti Yogins while contemplating
viṣyāṁśca parājayanti
±æŸæ⁄≥Δ∆ŒæŸÄÕò ¥¿Ÿúæ⁄≥™ upon Govinda defeat
(overcome) attachments.
¥¿Ÿ∫Δ∆Ä ≤ –“≥™‰ ∞¤¿ŸÅ parābhavaṁ na sahante dhīrāḥ The steadfast one do not tolerate
(¥¿Ÿ + ∫››Å) downfall

(3) Ç¥ — apa (far, away, remove;; bad action)
º‡íº¥≤æ⁄™ ⁄–Ä“Å Δ∆≤‰ mṛgam apanayati siṁha vane The lion takes the deer far into
the forest.
òÈ¿ŸÄ—™‹ ƒËéŸ≤ŸÄ ∞≤º¥“¿⁄™ caurāṁstu lokānāṁ dhanam

apaharati
The thieves indeed steal the
people’s wealth.

4) –º — sama (together, in unison)
–Äíôö≥™‰ ¿ŸúŸ≤Å saṅgacchante rājānaḥ The kings go together

(5) Ç≤‹ — anu (after, subsequently)

í‹¡º≤‹íôö⁄≥™ ⁄ÀœæŸÅ gurum anugacchanti śiṣyāḥ The students follow the teacher.
º‡íº≤‹∞ŸΔ∆⁄™ ⁄–Ä“Å mṛgam anudhāvati siṁhaḥ The lion is chasing (after) the
deer.


46
(6) ÇΔ∆ — ava (away off;; away from, down)
¥Δ∆@™ŸÆΔ∆¿Ë“´æÃ¸Å parvatād-avarohatya-aśvaḥ The horse is climbing down from

the mountain.
º›ê@ŸÅ ⁄Àœ¢Ÿ≤Δ∆º≥æ≥™‰ mūrkhāḥ śiṣṭān avamanyante Idiots consider the knowledgeable

low (insult; disregard; look down
upon).

But consider ÇΔ∆íº — avagama 'to know, understand':
kathaṁ na avagacchasi mūrkhaḥ
é¨Ä ≤ŸΔ∆íôö⁄– º›ê@Å How come you do not understand
idiot?
(7) ⁄≤–Î — nis (low) (8) ⁄≤¿Í — nir (outside;; without, low)
í‹¿Ë ⁄≤Æ‰@À‰≤ ⁄ÀœæŸ guro nirdeśena śiṣyā na nirgacchanti By order of the teacher the
students do not go outside;
≤⁄≤í@ôö⁄≥™
kim māṁ nirīkṣasi (nir + īkṣasi)
⁄éÄ ºŸÄ ⁄≤¿¤’⁄– Why do you stare at me?
⁄≤¿—æ⁄™ –‹êÄ Æ‹ÅêŸ⁄≤ nirasyati sukhaṁ duḥkhāni (nir + as) Happiness displaces miseries
(9) Æ‹–Î — dus (10) Æ‹¿Í — dur (bad;; wickedness, opposite)
Æ‹Δ∆@Æ⁄™ Æ‹Õò¿⁄™ ò Æ‹œ¢Ë durvadati duścarati ca duṣṭo dhana-

madena pramattaḥ
The wicked, highly intoxicated by
the toxicant of wealth speak and
∞≤-ºÆ‰≤ ¥˘º%Å act badly.

(11) ⁄Δ∆ — vi (opposite)

⁄Δ∆Δ∆Æ≥™‰ Æ‹œ¢ŸÅ –ÆŸ vivadante duṣṭāḥ sadā The wicked always quarrel.
⁄Δ∆“¿⁄™ Δ∆≤‰ ⁄–Ä“Å viharanti vane simhaḥ The lion happily wanders in the
forest.

(12) ÇŸ — ā (opposite;; toward, up to)

ÇŸéŒ@⁄™ –Δ∆‰@ŒŸÄ „ÆæŸ⁄≤ ākarṣati sarveṣāṁ hṛdayāni kṛṣṇaḥ Krishna, attracts the hearts of
all.
é‚œ®Å
í‡“º ∞Ÿ≥æºÎ ÇŸ≤æ⁄™ gṛham dhānyaṁ ānayati He brings home grain.

47
éº@ ÆËŒŸúÚ≤Ÿ≤ŸÄ karma doṣāj-jānāṁ dukhāny-āpatanti Miseries befall because of faults

of people's Karma
Æ‹ÅêŸ≥æŸ¥™⁄≥™
(13) ⁄≤ — ni (inside, within, to vacate, to empty)
(14) Ç⁄∞ — adhi ('good manner, principal, in, on, above, over)
The son of the king takes over

í˘ŸººÎ Ç⁄∞é¿Ë⁄™ ≤‡¥—æ ¥‹&Å grāmam adhi-karoti nṛpasya putraḥ
(rules) the village
The Brahmins properly reside
í˘ŸººÎ Ç⁄∞Δ∆–⁄≥™ ∏˘Ÿ“˜®ŸÅ grāmam adhivasanti brāhmaṇāḥ
in the village.

(15) Ç⁄∫ — abhi (in front;; in the direction of;; more over)
¿ŸΔ∆®Ë ¿ŸººÎ Ç⁄∫-íôö⁄™ rāvaṇo rāmam abhi-gacchati svargāya Ravana goes toward Rama for
—Δ∆íŸ@æ (going to) heaven.
„ÆæÄ —≤‰“‰≤Ÿ⁄∫⁄–°ò⁄™ ™—æ hṛdayaṁ snehena abhisiñcāmi tasya His saying sprinkles the heart
with affection.
vacanam
Δ∆ò≤ºÎ
æŸòéÅ Çªæ¨@æ™‰ ¿ŸúŸ≤ºÎ yācakaḥ abhyarthayate rājānam The beggar begs (in front of )
the king.
(16) Ç⁄™ — ati (excess, excel, go beyond — good or bad)
™& ÇÃ¸Ÿ Ç⁄™$º≥™‰ tatra aśvā atikramante The horses excel there
–Å Ç⁄™ò¿⁄™ í‹¡≤ saḥ aticarati guruna He conducts himself badly with

the teacher
(17) Ü™Î — uta (upward, on above over)
Ü´¥™⁄≥™ ÇŸéŸÀ‰ Àé‹≤æÅ utpatanti ākāśe śakunayaḥ The birds fly in the sky.
∫íΔ∆Ÿ≤‰Δ∆ ¥Ÿ⁄¥≤ºÎ ÜBÛ¿⁄™ bhagavān eva pāpinam uddharati (ut-

harati) narakavāsāt
'Only god saves a sinner from
living in hell'
≤¿éΔ∆Ÿ–Ÿ™Î
ÜBˆΔ∆⁄≥™ –‹êŸ⁄≤ ∞≤‰≤ udbhavanti sukhāni dhanena Pleasures spring up with

money.
(18) –‹ — su (good, best)
vana eva suśobhante puṣpāṇi

Δ∆≤ äΔ∆ –‹ÀË∫≥™‰ ¥‹œ¥Ÿ⁄® Only in the forest do flowers
look beautiful.

48
(19) ¥˘⁄™ — prati (opposite, contrary)

⁄ÀœæŸ≤Î í‹¡≤ éÆŸ⁄¥ ≤ śiṣyān guruna kadāpi na prati-vadanti The students never answer
back to the teacher.
¥˘⁄™Δ∆Æ⁄≥™
™Δ∆ í‡“Ä ∫Ëú≤Ÿæ ¥˘⁄™íôöŸ⁄º tava gṛhaṁ bhojanāya prati-gacchāmi I return to your house for food
(21) ¥⁄¿ — pari (all around, everywhere)

⁄∫’‹Å í‡“Ä í‡“Ä ∫Ëú≤Ÿæ bhikṣuḥ gṛhaṁ gṛhaṁ bhojanāta pari-
bhramati
The beggar wanders house to
house for food.
¥⁄¿∫˘º⁄™
¥ŸΔ∆éÅ ¥⁄¿Æ“⁄™ Δ∆≤ºÎ pāvakaḥ pari-dahati vanam The fire is burning the forest all
around.
(22) Ü¥ — upa (near, secondary, more)

¥˘∫Ÿ™‰ À⁄œæŸ í‹¡Ä Ü¥- prabhāte śiṣyā guruṁ upa-gacchanti Students go near the teacher
in the morning.
íôö⁄≥™
Ü¥-“–⁄™ ∞⁄≤éŸ Æ⁄¿Æ˘ŸÄÕò upa-hasati dhanikā daridrāṁśca The rich also laugh at the poor


49
READING PRACTICE
Viṣṇu aṣṭhottara śata-nāmavalli
F ⁄Δ∆œ®Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ 1. om viṣṇave namaḥ
F ƒ÷º¤-¥™æ‰ ≤ºÅ 2. om lakṣmī-pataye namaḥ
F íË¥ŸƒŸæ ≤ºÅ 3. om gopālāya namaḥ
F Δ∆Êé‹©¢Ÿæ ≤ºÅ 4. om vaikunṭhāya namaḥ
F í¡ß±Δ∆úŸæ ≤ºÅ 5. om garuḍa-dhvajāya namaḥ
F ¥¿∏˘“˜®‰ ≤ºÅ 6. om para-brahmaṇe namaḥ
F úí≥≤Ÿ¨Ÿæ ≤ºÅ 7. om jagan-nāthāya namaḥ
F Δ∆Ÿ–‹Æ‰Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ 8. om vāsudevāya namaḥ
F ⁄&⁄Δ∆$ºŸæ ≤ºÅ 9. om trivikramāya namaḥ
F ÆÊ´æŸ≥™éŸæ ≤ºÅ 10. om daityāntakāya namaḥ
11. om madhuripave namaḥ

F º∞‹⁄¿¥Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
12. om tārkṣyavāhāya namaḥ
F ™Ÿ÷æ@Δ∆Ÿ“Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
13. om sanātanāya namaḥ
F –≤Ÿ™≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
14. om nārāyaṇāya namaḥ
F ≤Ÿ¿Ÿæ®Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
15. om padma-nābhāya namaḥ
F ¥Ø˜≤Ÿ∫Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
16. om hṛṣikeśāya namaḥ
F “˘⁄Œé‰ÀŸæ ≤ºÅ
17. om sudhāpradāya namaḥ
F –‹∞Ÿ¥˘ÆŸæ ≤ºÅ
18. om mādhavāya namaḥ
F ºŸ∞Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
19. om puṇḍarikākṣāya namaḥ
F ¥‹©•¿¤éŸ’Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
20. om sthiti-kartre namaḥ
F ⁄—¨⁄™é&@‰ ≤ºÅ
21. om parātparāya namaḥ
F ¥¿Ÿ´¥¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
22. om vanamāline namaḥ
F Δ∆≤ºŸ⁄ƒ≤‰ ≤ºÅ
23. om yajñarūpāya namaḥ
F æ◊¬¥Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
24. om cakrapāṇaye namaḥ
F ò$¥Ÿ®æ‰ ≤ºÅ
25. om gadādharāya namaḥ
F íÆŸ∞¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
26. om upendrāya namaḥ
F Ü¥‰≥Æ˙Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
27. om keśavāya namaḥ
F é‰ÀΔ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
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28. om hamsāya namaḥ
F “Ä–Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
29. om samudra-mathanāya namaḥ
F –º‹Æ˙º¨≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
30. om haraye namaḥ
F “¿æ‰ ≤ºÅ
31. om govindāya namaḥ
F íË⁄Δ∆≥ÆŸæ ≤ºÅ
32. om brahma-janakāya namaḥ
F ∏˘“˜ú≤éŸæ ≤ºÅ
33. om kaiṭabhāsura-mardanāya namaḥ
F éÊ¢∫Ÿ–‹¿-ºÆ@≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
34. om śrīdharāya namaḥ
F Ã˘¤∞¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
35. om kāma-janakāya namaḥ
F éŸºú≤éŸæ ≤ºÅ
36. om śeṣa-śāyine namaḥ
F À‰ŒÀŸ⁄æ≤‰ ≤ºÅ
37. om catur-bhujāya namaḥ
F ò™‹∫@‹úŸæ ≤ºÅ
38. om pāñcajanya-dharāya namaḥ
F ¥°ò-ú≥æ-∞¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
39. om śrīmate namaḥ
F Ã˘¤º™‰ ≤ºÅ
40. om śārṅga-pāṇaye namaḥ
F ÀŸ@óÓ¥Ÿ®æ‰ ≤ºÅ
41. om janārdanāya namaḥ
F ú≤ŸÆ@≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
42. om pitāmbara-dharāya namaḥ
F ⁄¥™ŸΩΩ∏¿∞¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
43. om devāya namaḥ
F Æ‰Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ ≤ºÅ
44. om sūrya-candra-vilocanāya namaḥ
F–›æ@ò≥Æ˙ŸæΔ∆⁄ƒËò≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
45. om matsya-rūpāya namaḥ
F º´–æ¬¥Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
46. om kūrma-rūpāya namaḥ
F é›º@¬¥Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
47. om kroḍha-rūpāya namaḥ
F $Ëß¬¥Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
48. om nṛkeśarini namaḥ
F ≤‡éÀ‰ ⁄¿⁄≤ ≤ºÅ
49. om vāmanāya namaḥ
F Δ∆Ÿº≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
50. om bhārgavāya namaḥ
F ∫Ÿí@Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
51. om rāmāya namaḥ
F F ¿ŸºŸæ ≤ºÅ
52. om haline namaḥ
F “⁄ƒ≤‰ ≤ºÅ
53. om kṛṣṇāya namaḥ
F é‚œ®Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
54. om hayānanāya namaḥ
F “æŸ≤≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
55. om viśvambarāya namaḥ
F ⁄Δ∆ÕΔ∆ΩΩ∏¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
56. om simsumārāya namaḥ
F ⁄ÀΩΩÀ‹ºŸ¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ

51
57. om śrīdharāya namaḥ
F Ã˘¤∞¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
58. om kapilāya namaḥ
F é⁄¥ƒŸæ ≤ºÅ
59. om dhruvāya namaḥ
F ∞˘›Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
60. om dattātreyāya namaḥ
F Æ%Ÿ&‰æŸæ ≤ºÅ
61. om acyutāya namaḥ
F Çôæ‹™Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
62. om anantāya namaḥ
F Ç≤≥™Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
63. om mukundāya namaḥ
F º‹é‹≥ÆŸæ ≤ºÅ
64. om dadhi-vāmanāya namaḥ
F Æ⁄∞Δ∆Ÿº≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
65. om dhanvantaraye namaḥ
F ∞≥Δ∆≥™¿‰ ≤ºÅ
66. om śrīnivāsāya namaḥ
F Ã˘¤⁄≤Δ∆Ÿ–Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
67. om pradyumnāya namaḥ
F ¥˘Y‹ΩΩ≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
68. om puruṣottamāya namaḥ
F ¥‹¡ŒË%ºŸæ ≤ºÅ
69. om śrīvatsa-kaustubhoraskāya 0
F Ã˘¤Δ∆´–éÈ—™‹∫Ë¿—éŸæ 0
70. om murārātāye namaḥ
F º‹¿Ÿ¿Ÿ™æ‰ ≤ºÅ
71. om adhokṣajāya namaḥ
F Ç∞Ë’úŸæ ≤ºÅ
72. om vṛṣabhāya namaḥ
F Δ∆‡Œ∫Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
73. om mohini-rūpa-dhāriṇe namaḥ
F ºË⁄“⁄≤¬¥∞Ÿ⁄¿®‰ ≤ºÅ
74. om saṅkarṣaṇāya namaḥ
F –ÄéŒ@®Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
75. om pṛthave namaḥ
F ¥‡¨Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
76. om kṣīrābdhiśāyine namaḥ
F ’¤¿Ÿ⁄π∞ÀŸ⁄æ≤‰ ≤ºÅ
77. om bhūtātmane namaḥ
F ∫›™Ÿ´º≤‰ ≤ºÅ
78. om bhagavate namaḥ
F ∫íΔ∆™‰ ≤ºÅ
79. om bhakta vatsalāya namaḥ
F ∫#Δ∆´–ƒŸæ ≤ºÅ
80. om aniruddhāya namaḥ
F Ç⁄≤¡BÛŸæ ≤ºÅ
81. om aprameyātmane namaḥ
F Ç¥˘º‰æŸ´º≤‰ ≤ºÅ
82. om tridhāmne namaḥ
F ⁄&∞ŸΩΩ≤‰ ≤ºÅ
83. om bhūta-bhāvanāya namaḥ
F ∫›™∫ŸΔ∆≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
84. om śveta dvīpe nivāstavyāya namaḥ
F ÕΔ∆‰™B¸¤¥⁄≤Δ∆Ÿ—™…æŸæ ≤ºÅ
85. om sūrya maṇḍala madhyagāya 0
F –›æ@º©•ƒº±æíŸæ ≤ºÅ

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86. om sanakādi-samsevitāya namaḥ
F –≤éŸ⁄Æ–Ä–‰⁄Δ∆™Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
87. om gajendra-varadāya namaḥ
F íú‰≥Æ˙Δ∆¿ÆŸæ ≤ºÅ
88. om nārāyaṇāya namaḥ
F ≤Ÿ¿Ÿæ®Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
89. om nīlakāntāya namaḥ
F ≤¤ƒéŸ≥™Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
90. om dharākāntāya namaḥ
F ∞¿ŸéŸ≥™Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
91. om vedātmane namaḥ
F Δ∆‰ÆŸ´º≤‰ ≤ºÅ
92. om bādrāyanāya namaḥ
F ∏ŸÆ¿Ÿæ≤Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
93. om bhāgirathi janma bhūmi pāda-
F ∫Ÿ⁄í¿⁄¨ ú≥º ∫›⁄º ¥ŸÆ padmāya namaḥ
¥Ø˜Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
94. om satām prabhave namaḥ
F –™ŸΩΩ¥˘∫Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
95. om svabhuve namaḥ
F —Δ∆∫‹Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
96. om vibhave namaḥ
F ⁄Δ∆∫Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
97. om ganaśyāmāya namaḥ
F í≤ÕæŸºŸæ ≤ºÅ
98. om jagat kāraṇāya namaḥ
F úí´éŸ¿®Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
99. om avyayāya namaḥ
F Ç…ææŸæ ≤ºÅ
100. om buddhāvatārāya namaḥ
F ∏‹BÛŸΔ∆™Ÿ¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
101. om śāntātmane namaḥ
F ÀŸ≥™Ÿ´º≤‰ ≤ºÅ
102. om lilā-dhṛta-varā-kṛtaye namaḥ
F ƒ¤ƒŸ∞‡™ Δ∆¿Ÿé‚™æ‰ ≤ºÅ
103. om damodarāya namaḥ
F ÆŸºËÆ¿Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
104. om virāṭrūpāya namaḥ
F ⁄Δ∆¿Ÿ¢Í ¬¥Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
105. om bhūta bhavat prabhave namaḥ
F ∫›™∫Δ∆´¥˘∫Δ∆‰ ≤ºÅ
106. om ādi-devāya namaḥ
F ÇŸ⁄ÆÆ‰Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
107. om deva-devāya namaḥ
F Æ‰Δ∆Æ‰Δ∆Ÿæ ≤ºÅ
108. om prahlāda paripālakāya namaḥ
F ¥˘jŸÆ ¥⁄¿¥ŸƒéŸæ ≤ºÅ

53
Śrī Lakṣmī aṣṭhottara śata-nāmavalliḥ
oṁ prakṛtyai namaḥ | vikṛtyai | vidyāyai | sarva-bhūta-hita-pradāyai | śraddhāyai |
vibhūtyai | surabhyai | param-ātmikāyai | vāce | padmālayāyai || 10 ||
padmāyai | śucaye | svāhāyai | svadhāyai | sudhāyai | dhanyāyai | hiraṇmayyai |
lakṣmyai | nitya-puṣṭāyai | vibhāvaryai || 20 ||
adityai | dityai | dīptāyai | vasudhāyai | vasu-dhāriṇyai | kamalāyai | kāntyai |
kāmākṣyai | kṣīroda-sambhavāyai | anugraha-parāyai || 30 ||
ṛddhyai | anaghāyai | hari-vallabhāyai | aśokāyai | amṛtāyai | dīptāyai | loka-śoka-
vināśinyai | dharma-nilayāyai | karuṇāyai | loka-mātre || 40 ||
padma-priyāyai | padma-hastāyai | padmākṣyai | padma-sundaryai | padmodbhavāyai
| padma-mukhyai | padma-nābha-priyāyai | ramāyai | padma-mālā-dharāyai | devyai ||
50 ||
padma-gandhinyai | padminyai | puṇya-gandhāyai | su-prasannāyai | prasād-ābhi-
mukhyai | prabhāyai | candra-vadanāyai | candrāyai | candra-sahodaryai | catur-
bhujāyai || 60 ||
candra-rūpāyai | indirāyai | indu-śītalāyai | āhlāda-jananyai | puṣṭyai | śivāyai | śivañ-
karyai | satyai | vimalāyai | viśva-jananyai || 70 ||
tuṣṭyai | dāridrya-nāśinyai | prīti-puṣkariṇyai | śāntāyai | śukla-mālyāmbarāyai | śriyai
| bhāskaryai | bilva-nilayāyai | varārohāyai | yaśasvinyai || 80 ||
vasundharāyai | udārāṅgāyai | hariṇyai | hema-mālinyai | dhana-dhānya-karyai |
siddhyai | straiṇa-saumyāyai | śubha-pradāyai | nṛpa-veśma gatānandāyai | vara-
lakṣmyai || 90 ||
vasu-pradāyai | śubhāyai | hiraṇya-prākārāyai | samudra-tanayāyai | jayāyai |
maṅgalā-devyai | viṣṇu-vakṣas-sthala-sthitāyai | viṣṇu-patnyai | prasann-ākṣyai |
nārāyaṇa-samāśritāyai | dāridya-dhvaṁsinyai | devyai | sarvo-padrava vāriṇyai |
nava-durgāyai | mahā-kālyai | brahma-viṣṇu-śivātmikāyai | trikāla-jñāna-
saṁpannāyai | bhuvan-eśvaryai || 108 ||

54
Rāmānuja Aṣṭottara śata nāmavalli
oṁ rāmānujāya namaḥ | puṣkarākṣāya | yatīndrāya | karuṇākarāya | kānti-

madhyātmajāya | śrīmate | līlā-mānuṣa-vigrahāya | sarva-śāstrārtha-tattva-jñāya |
sarva-jñāya | sajjana-priyāya || 10 ||
nārāyaṇa-kṛpā-pātrāya | śrī-bhūta-pura-nāyakāya | anaghāya | bhakta-mandārāya |

keśavānanda-vardhanāya | kāñci-pūrṇa-prīya-sakhāya | praṇatārti-vināśakāya |
puṇya-saṁkīrtanāya | puṇyāya | brahma-rākṣasa-mocakāya || 20 ||
yādava-pāditā-pārtha-vṛkṣa-cheda-kuṭārakāya | amoghāya | lakṣmaṇa-munaye |

śāradā-ṣoka-nāśanāya | nirantara-janājñāna-vimocana-vicakṣanāya | vedānta-
dvaya-sāra-jñāya | varadāmbu-pradāyakāya | parābhiprāya-tattva-jñāya | yāmuna-
aṅguli-mocakāya | deva-rāja-kṛpa-labdha-ṣaḍ-vākyārtha-maho-dadhaye || 30 ||
pūrṇārya-labdha-san-mantrāya | śauri-pādābja-ṣaṭ-padāya | tri-daṇḍa-dhāriṇe |

brahma-jñāya | brahma-jñāna-parāyaṇāya | raṅgeśa-kaiṅkarya-rathāya | vibhūti-
dvaya-nāyakāya | goṣṭi-pūrṇa-kṛpa-labdha-mantra-rāja-prakāśakāya |
varāraṅgānukampātta-drāviḍāmnāya-pāragāya | mālādharārya-sujñāta-drāviḍ-
āmnāya-tattvadhiye || 40 ||
catus-sapta-śiśyāḍhyāya | pañcācārya-padāśrayāya | prapīta-viṣa-tīrthāmba-

prakaṭi-kṛta-vaibhavāya | praṇatārthi-harācāryāya-datta-bhīkṣaika-bhojanāya |
pavitrī-kṛta-kūreśāya | bhāgineya-tri-daṇḍa-kāya | kūreśa-dāśarathyādi-caramārtha-
prakāśakāya | raṅgeśa-veṅkaṭeśādi-prakaṭi-kṛt-vaibhavāya | devarāja-arcana-ratāya
| mūka-mukti-pradāyakāya || 50 ||
yajña-mūrti-pratiṣṭātre | man-nāthāya | dharaṇī-dharāya | varadācārya sad-bhaktāya

| yajñeśārthi vināśakhaya | anantābhiṣṭa-phala-dāya | viṭṭaleśa prapūjitāya |
śrīṣaila-pūrṇa-karuṇālabdha-rāmāyaṇārthakāya | prapatti dharmaika-ratāya |
govindārya-priyānujāya || 60 ||
vyāsa-sūtrārtha-tattva-jñāya | bodhāyana matānugāya | śrī-bhāṣyādi mahā-grantha-

kārakāya | kali-nāśanāya | advaita-mata-vicchetre | viśiṣṭādvaita-pāragāya |
kuraṅga-nagarī-pūrṇa mantra-ratnopadeśikāya | vināś-itetara-matāya | śeṣī-kṛta
ramāpataye | putrī-kṛta śaṭhārātaye || 70 ||

55
śaṭha-jīte | rṇa-mocakāya | bhāṣā-datta-haya-grīvāya | bhāṣya-kārāya | mahā-
yaśase | pavitrī-kṛta bhu-bhāgāya | kūrma-nātha prakāśakāya | śrī-veṅkaṭācalādhīśa
śaṅkha-cakra-pradāyakāya | śrī-venkaṭeśa-śvaśurāya | śrī-rāma-saka deśikāya || 80
kṛpā-mātra prasann-āryāya | gopikā mokṣa-dāyakāya | samīcīnārya sac-chiśya sat-

kṛtāya | vaiṣṇava-priyāya | kṛmi-kāṇṭa-nṛpa-dhvaṁsīne | sarva mantra
mahodadhaye | aṅgī-kṛtāndhra-pūrṇāryāya | sālagrāma pratiṣṭithāya | śrī bhakta-
grāma-pūrṇeśāya | viṣṇu-vardhana rakṣakāya || 90 ||
baudha-dhvānta sahasrāṁśave | śeṣa-rūpa-pradarśakāya | nagarī-kṛta vedādraye |

ḍillīṣvara samarcitāya | nārāyaṇa pratiṣṭātre | saṁpat-putra vimocakāya | saṁpat-
kumāra janakāya | sādhu-loka śikhāmaṇaye | supratiṣṭita govinda-rājāya | pūrṇa-
manorathāya || 100 ||
godāgrajāya | dig-vijetre | godābhiṣṭha prapūrakāya | sarva-samśaya-vicchetre |

viṣṇu-loka pradāyakāya | avyāhata-mahad-vartmane | yati-rājāya | jagat-gurave ||
108 || oṁ śrīmate rāmāṇujāya namaḥ ||

56
Sandhi Practice
Amṛta (Brahma) Biṇḍu Upaniṣad
(of the Krishna Yajur Veda)
Join the words in bold together using the Sandhi Grids in your workbook.
manas + hi dvividhaṁ proktam, śuddhaṁ ca + aśuddham + eva + ca |

aśuddhaṁ kāma saṅkalpam, śuddham kāma vivarjitam || 1 ||
manas + eva manuṣyāṇāṁ, kāraṇaṁ bandha-mokṣayoḥ |

bandhāya viṣaya + asaktaṁ, muktyai nirvisayaṁ smṛtam || 2 ||
yataḥ + nirviṣayāḥ + yasya, manasaḥ + muktiḥ + iṣyate |

tasmāt + nirviṣayaṁ nityaṁ, manaḥ kāryaṁ mumukṣuṇā || 3 ||
nirasta viṣayā + saṅgaṁ, sanniruddhaṁ manaḥ + hṛdi |

yadā yātyunmanī bhāvaṁ, tadā tat paramam padam || 4 ||
tāvat + eva niroddhavyaṁ, yāvat + hṛdi gatam kṣayam |

etat + jñānam ca dhyānam ca, ataḥ anyaḥ + granthi vistāraḥ || 5 ||
na + eva cintyaṁ na vā + acintyam, acintyam cintyam eva ca ||

pakṣa-pāta vinirmuktam, brahma sampadyate tadā || 6 ||
svareṇa sandhayet + yogam asvaram bhāvayet param |

asvareṇa hi bhāvena bhāvaḥ + na + abhāva iṣyate || 7 ||
tat + eva niṣkalaṁ brahma, nirvikalpaṁ nirañjanam |

tat + brahmā + aham iti jñatvā, brahma saṁpadyate dhruvam || 8 ||

57
na nirodhaḥ + na ca + utpattiḥ, na baddhaḥ + na ca sādhakaḥ |

na mumukṣuḥ + na vai mukta, iti + eṣā param arthatā || 10 ||
Verses 1 – 10
mano hi dvividhaṁ proktam, śuddhaṁ cāśuddham eva ca |
aśuddhaṁ kāma saṅkalpam, śuddham kāma vivarjitam || 1 ||
manas = the mind, hi = indeed, dvividhaṁ = of two types, proktam = they say, is said to be,
śuddhaṁ = pure, ca = and, aśuddham = impure, eva ca = and indeed, kāma-saṅkalpam =
associated with desire, kāma vivarjitam = free from desire.
The manas they say is twofold; either pure or impure, impure when associated with desire,
Pure when it is free from desire.
mana eva manuṣyāṇāṁ, kāraṇaṁ bandha-mokṣayoḥ |
bandhāya viṣayāsaktaṁ, muktyai nirvisayaṁ smṛtam || 2 ||
manas = the mind, eva = indeed, manuṣyāṇāṁ = of human beings, kāraṇaṁ = the cause, bandha-
mokṣayoḥ = of both bondage and liberation, bandhāya = of bondage, viṣayāsaktaṁ = when
attached to objects, muktyai = of liberation, nirvisayaṁ = when freed from objects, smṛtam = is
remembered.
The manas therefore is the cause of bondage and liberation to us, of bondage when
attached to objects; of liberation when free from it.
yato nirviṣayāsyasya, manaso muktir iṣyate |
tasmān nirviṣayaṁ nityaṁ, manaḥ kāryaṁ mumukṣuṇā || 3 ||
yatah = since, nirviṣayāh = free from objects, yasya = whose, manasah = mind, muktih =
liberation, iṣyate = is conditioned, tasmān = therefore, nirviṣayaṁ = free from objects, nityaṁ =
constantly, always, kāryaṁ = work, effort, striving, mumukṣuṇā = by one who desires liberation.
Since by the objectless manas liberation is conditioned, so one who aspires thereafter
should free the mind from objects.
nirasta viṣayāsaṅgaṁ, sanniruddhaṁ mano hṛdi |
yadā yātyunmanī bhāvaṁ, tadā tat paramam padam || 4 ||
nirasta = being freed from, viṣayāsaṅgaṁ = attachment to things of the senses, sanniruddhaṁ =
having sedated, manas = the mind, hṛdi = in the heart, yadā = when, yāti = attains, unmanī
bhāvaṁ = the state of mindless-ness, tadā = then, tat = that, paramam = supreme, padam =
state.
Free from attachment to sense-gratification, one who sedates the manas in the heart, And
thus achieves mind-lessness, reaches the supreme state.
tāvad eva niroddhavyaṁ, yāvad hṛdi gatam kṣayam |
etaj jñānam ca dhyānam ca, atonyo granthi vistāraḥ || 5 ||
tāvat = that long, eva = even, niroddhavyaṁ = is to be restrained, yāvat = as long as, hṛdi = in
the heart, gatam = having gone, kṣayam = annihilated, decreased, etat = this is, jñānam =
wisdom, ca = and, dhyānam = meditation, atah-anya granthi vistāraḥ = is learned trash.

58
Restrain your manas so long, until it is annihilated in the heart, this is wisdom, this is true
meditation, the rest is learned trash.
naiva cintyaṁ na vācintyam, acintyam cintyam eva ca |
pakṣa-pāta vinirmuktam, brahma sampadyate tadā || 6 ||
na-eva = not even, cintyaṁ = conceivable, na-va = not even, acintyam = inconceivable, eva ca =
indeed and, pakṣa-pāta = partiality, vinirmuktam = free from, brahma = brahman the Supreme,
sampadyate = is reached, tadā = then.
Not conceivable, and not inconceivable, conceivable and inconceivable together, free from
any partisanship, is Brahman which is then reached.
svareṇa sandhayed yogam asvaram bhāvayet param |
asvareṇa hi bhāvena bhāvo nābhāva iṣyate || 7 ||
svareṇa = by the sound, sandhayet = should be commenced, yogam = ones spiritual practice,
asvaram = without sound, bhāvayet = meditate upon, param = the Supreme, asvareṇa = by
soundless, hi = indeed, bhāvena = meditation, bhāvah = being, nābhāva = not non-being, iṣyate =
attains.
The practice should be commenced with OM, meditate wordlessly on the highest One, Since
through wordless meditation, is true being attained, not mere non-being.
tad eva niṣkalaṁ brahma, nirvikalpaṁ nirañjanam |

tad brahmāham iti jñatvā, brahma saṁpadyate dhruvam || 8 ||
tat eva = that indeed, niṣkalaṁ = free from parts, brahma = the Absolute, nirvikalpaṁ = free from
change, nirañjanam = immaculate, tat = that, brahma = Absolute, aham = I am, iti = thus, jñatvā
= having realised, brahma = the Absolute, saṁpadyate = attains, dhruvam = surely, certainly.
That is Brahman, the partless, changeless, immaculate, “I am that Brahman”, so knowing, one
surely reaches the Brahman.
nirvikalpam anantaṁ ca, hetu dṛṣṭānta varjitam |
aprameyam anādiṁ ca, jñatvā ca paramaṁ śivam || 9 ||
nirvikalpaṁ = free from change, anantaṁ = eternal, endless, hetu dṛṣṭānta varjitam = free from
causation and comparison, aprameyam = without limits, immeasurable, anādiṁ = with no
beginning, jñatvā = having realised, paramaṁ = the Supreme, śivam = Bliss.
The changeless, the endless, causeless, incomparable, Without limits and devoid of
beginning, one who knows this attains the highest bliss.
na nirodho na cotpattiḥ, na baddho na ca sādhakaḥ |
na mumukṣur na vai mukta, ityeṣā param arthatā || 10 ||
na = there is no, nirodhah = cessation, na ca = and no, utpattiḥ = rising up, coming into being, na
= there is no, baddhah = bound one, na ca = and not even, sādhakaḥ = spiritual practitioner,
mumukṣuh = an aspirant after liberation, mukta = liberated existence, ityeṣā = this indeed, param
= the highest, arthatā = meaning.
There’s no cessation, no becoming, none bound, none aspirant, no liberated existence, no
desire for it, that is the highest reality.


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SUPPLIMENTARY READING PRACTICE

Yakṣa Pṛaśna of the Mahābhārata
1. kimsvid gurutaram bhūmeḥ ? mātā gurutarā bhūmeḥ
2. kimsvid uccataram ca khāt ? khāt pitoccataras tathā
3. kimsvic-chighrataram vāyoḥ ? manaḥ śīghrataram vātāt
4. kimsvid bahutaram tṛṇāt ? cintā bahutarī tṛṇāt
What is heavier than earth? Mother
What is taller than the sky? Father
What is faster than the wind? Mind
What is more numerous than grass? Thoughts

5. kimsvit pravasato mitram ? Sārthaḥ pravasato mitram
6. kimsvin mitram gṛhesataḥ ? Bharyā mitram gṛhesataḥ
7. āturasya tu kim mitram ? āturasya bhiṣan mitram
8. kimsvin mitram mariṣyataḥ ? dānam mitram mariṣyataḥ
Who is the friend of a traveller? A companion
Who is the friend of a householder ? A spouse
Who is the friend of the sick? A doctor
Who is the friend of the dying? His generosity

9. kim nu hitvā priyo bhavati ? mānam hitvā priyo bhavati
10. kim nu hitvā na śocati ? krodham hitvā na śocati
11. kim nu hitvā arthavān bhavati ? kāmam hitvā arthavān bhavati
12. kim nu hitvā sukhi bhavet ? lobham hitvā sukhi bhavet
By renouncing what does one become popular? Pride
By renouncing what is one free of sorrow? Anger
By renouncing what does one become wealthy? Desire
By renouncing what does one become happy? Greed

13. danyānām uttamam kiṁsvid ? danyānām uttamam dākṣyam
14. dhanānām syāt kim uttamam ? dhanānām uttamam śrutam
15. lābhānām uttamam kim syāt ? lābbhānām śreya ārogyam
16. sukhānām syāt kim uttamam ? sukhānām tuṣṭir uttamam
What treasure is the best? Skill
What wealth is the best? Education
What is the greatest gain? Health
And the greatest happiness? Contentment

17. kimsvid ātmā, manuṣyasya ? putra atmā manuṣyasya
18. kimsvid daiva kṛtaḥ sakhā ? bhāryā daiva kṛtaḥ sakhā
19. upajīvanam kimsvid asya ? upajīvaṇam ca parjanyo
20. kimsvid asya parāyaṇam ? dānam asya parāyaṇam
What is a person's self ? Progeny
Who is one's God-given friend ? Spouse
What supports his life ? Rain
What is his principal duty ? Charity

21. indriya artham anubhavan devatā atithi bhṛtyānām
buddhimāl-loka pūjitaḥ | pitṛṇām ātmanaścayaḥ |
sammataḥ sarva bhūtānām na nirvapati pañcānām
ucchvasanko na jīvati ? || ucchvasan na sajīvati |

60
Who is that person who enjoys all pleasures of The person who fails to satisfy Gods,
the senses, who is intelligent, is respected by all guests, servants, manes (pitrs) and his
creatures and worshipped by the world, who Atman may breathe but is not alive
breathes and yet is not alive?
22. kimsvid ādityam unnayati brahmā ādityam unnayati

23. ke ca tasya abhitaścarti devās-tasya abhitaścarāḥ
24. kaścainam astam nayati dharmas-ca-astam nayati ca
25. kasmiṁśca pratitiṣṭhati satye ca pratitiṣṭhati
What makes the sun rise? Brahma
Who moves around him? Gods
What causes the sun to set? Dharma
How is he held firm? Truth

26. rājan kuleṇa vṛtteṇa śṛṇu yakṣa kulam tāta
svādhyāyena śrutena vā nasvādhyāyo na ca śṛutam
brāhmaṇyam kena bhavati kāraṇam hi dvijatve ca
prabrūhyetatsu niścitam vṛttam eva na saṁśayaḥ
King, how does one become a brahmin: by Listen, Yaksha, it is neither birth nor
birth? Character? Study of the Vedas? education, nor even the study of the
Education? Tell me precisely. Vedas. Without doubt, it is character alone
that marks a brahmin.
27. kim brāhmaṇānām devatvam svādhyāya eṣām devatvam

28. kaśca dharmaḥ satām-iva tapa eṣām satām-iva
29. kaścaiñām manuṣo-bhāvaḥ maraṇam manuṣobhāvaḥ
30. kim eṣām asatām-iva parivādo asatām-iva
What marks divinity in brahmins? Vedic studies
What practice of theirs do the good share? Meditation
What is their human attribute? Mortality
What makes them resemble the unworthy? Slander

31. kim kṣatriyāṇām devatvam iṣvastram eṣām devatvam
32. kaśca dharmaḥ satām-iva yajñā eṣām satām-iva
33. kaśca-eṣām mānuṣo bhāvaḥ bhayam vai mānuṣo bhāvaḥ
34. kim eṣām asatām-iva parityāgo asatām-iva
What marks divinity in kshatriyas? Skill in arms
What practice do they share with the good? Sacrifice
What is their human attribute? Fear
When do they resemble the unworthy? When they abandon the distressed

35. kim-artham brāhmaṇe dānam dharma artham brahmaṇe dānam
36. kim-artham naṭa nartake yaśor ārtham naṭa nartake
37. kim-artham caiva bhṛtyeṣu bhṛtyeṣu bharaṇārtham vai
38. kim-artham caiva rājasu bhaya-artham caiva rājasu
Why is one charitable to brahmins? For the sake of dharma
Why does one support actors, dancers? To gain renown
Why does one give to servants? For their livelihood
Why does one pay (taxes) to kings? Out of fear

39. mṛtaḥ katham syāt puruṣaḥ ? mṛto daridraḥ puruṣo
40. katham rāṣṭram mṛtam bhavet ? mṛtam rāṣṭram arājakam
41. śrāddham mṛtam katham vā ? mṛtam aśrotriyam śrāddham
42. syāt katham yajño mṛto bhavet ? mṛtam yajñas-tv-adakṣinaḥ

When is a man dead? When he is poor
When is a nation dead? When there is no ruler

61
When is a shraddha dead? When presided over by the ignorant
When is a yajna dead? When no honorarium is offered

43. kimsvid eka-padam dharmyam dākṣyam eka-padam dharmyam
44. kimsvid eka-padam yaśaḥ dānam eka-padam yaśaḥ
45. kimsvid eka-padam svargyam satyam eka-padam svargyam
46. kimsvid eka-padam sukham śīlam eka-padam sukham

What in one word is dharma? Skill
What in one word is success? Charity
What in one word is heaven? Truth
What in one word is happiness? Character

47. kaśca dharmaḥ paroloke anṛśaṁsyam parodharmaḥ
48. kaśca dharmaḥ sadā phalaḥ trayī dharmaḥ sadā phalaḥ
49. kim niyamya na śocanti mano yamya na śocanti
50. kaiśca sandhir-na jīryate sandhiḥ sadbhir- na jīryate

What is the supreme dharma of the world? Compassion
What dharma always bears fruit? Vedic
By restraining what is one free from grief ? Mind
Between whom is a bond unbroken? Good people
51. kenasvid āvṛto lokaḥ ajñānena āvṛto lokas

52. kenasvin na prakāśate tamasā na prakāśate
53. kena tyajati mitrāṇi lobhāt tyajati mitrāṇi
54. kena svargam na gacchati sangāt svargam na gacchati
What engulfs the world? Ignorance
What prevents the world from illumination? Spiritual darkness
Why does one forsake friends? Greed
What limits one's attainment of heaven? Attachment
55. kim jñānam procyate rājan jñānam tatvartha sambodhaḥ
56. kaḥ śamaśca prakīrtitaḥ śamaścitta praśāntatā
57. dayā ca kā parā proktā dayā sarva sukha iśitvam
58. kim ca arjavam udāhṛtam ārjavam sama-cittatā
What is knowledge? Experience
What is tranquility? A serene mind
What is the supreme kindness? The common good
What is simplicity? A quiet mind
59. kaḥ śatrur durjadyaḥ pumsām krodhaḥ sudurjayaḥ śatrur
60. kaśca vyādhir-anantakaḥ lobho vyādhir-anantakaḥ
61. kīdṛśaśca smṛtaḥ sādhur sarva bhūta hitaḥ sādhur
62. asādhuḥ kīdṛśaḥ smṛtaḥ asādhur nirdayā smṛtaḥ
Which enemy is nearly impossible to conquer? Anger
What is one's chronic disease? Greed
Who is good? One who seeks the good of all
Who is not good? One who lacks compassion
63. kim sthairyam ṛṣibhiḥ proktam svadharme sthiratā sthairyam.
64. kim ca dhairyam udāhṛtam dhairyam indriya nigrahaḥ
65. snānam ca kim param proktam snānam mano mala tyāgo
66. dānam ca kim ihocyate dānam vai bhūta rakṣanam

What do the sages call firmness? Holding on to one’s moral path.
What is courage? Keeping one's senses under control
What is the supreme cleansing? Cleansing the mind
What is generosity? Protection of all creatures


62
67. ko ahaṅkaraḥ iti proktaḥ mahā ajñānam ahaṅkāro
68. kaśca dambhaḥ prakīrtitaḥ dambhodharmo dhvajocchrayaḥ
69. kim tad daivam param proktam daivam dānaphalam proktam
70. kim tat paiśunyam ucyate paiśunyam para-dūśanam

What is egoism? Total ignorance
What is hypocrisy? Pretending to be righteous
What is divine? Fruits of charity
What is vice? Deprecating others
71. dharmaś ca-arthaśca kāmaśca paraspara yadā dharmaśca bharyāca paraspara

virodhinaḥ eṣām nitya viruddhānām katham vaśanugau tadā dharmārtha kāmānām
ekatra sangamaḥ trayānām api sangamaḥ

Dharma, artha and kama conflict with each other. When dharma and one's wife are in
How can these contraries be reconciled? harmony, dharma, artha and kama
are reconciled

72. priya vacana vādi kim labhate priya vacana vadi priyo bhavati
73. vimṛśita kārya-karaḥ kim labhate vimṛśita kārya-karaḥ adhikam jayati
74. bahu-mitra karaḥ kim labhate bahu-mitra-karaḥ sukham vasate
75. dharma-rataḥ kim labhate yaścadharma-rataḥ sa gatim labhate

What do soft-spoken people gain? The love of all
What do work-oriented strategists gain? Success
What do the persons with many friends gain? Happiness
What do the dharmic gain? The Ultimate

76. ko modate? pañcame ahani ṣaṣṭhevā śākam pacati sve gṛhe |
anṛṇī cāpravāsī ca sa vāricara modate ||

Who is happy? That person who is free of debt, not in constant travel and who
eats a frugal, satisfying hot meal in his own home for five or six
days of the week.
77. kim ahanyahani bhūtāni gacchanti iha yamālayam |

āścaryam? śeśāḥ sthāvaram icchanti kim āścaryamataḥ param ? ||
What is amazing? Every day creatures die and yet everyone thinks he lives for ever.
What can be more amazing?
78. kaḥ panthah? tarko apratiṣṭhaḥ śrutayo vibhinnā

naiko rśir asya matam pramānam |
dharmasya tatvam nihitam guhāyām
mahājano yena gataḥ sa panthaḥ ||
What is the path? What great men have followed - THAT is the path, because
arguments are futile, the Vedas are complex and different, no
single saint has the whole truth and the truth of dharma is
mysteriously hidden.
79. kā ca vārtikā ? asmin mahā moha-maye katāhe

sūrya agninā rātri divendhanena. |
māsa ṛtu darvi parighattanena
bhūtāni kālaḥ pacati -iti vārtā ||
What is happening? "In this massively deluded cauldron of a world where the sun
is fire and the days and nights fuel that fire and the months and
seasons the ladle of the cauldron" Time cooks creatures.
THAT's what's happening.

63
Nārāyaṇa Upaṇiṣad (Kṛṣṇa Yajur Veda)

oṁ atho puruṣo ha vai nārāyaṇo'kāmayata prajāḥ sṛ̍je ye̱ti | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇāt prā̍ṇo
jā̱yate | manaḥ sarvendri̍yāṇi̱ ca | khaṁ vāyur jyotir āpaḥ pṛthivī viśva̍sya
dhā̱riṇī | nārāyaṇād bra̍hma jā̱yate | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇād ru̍dro jā̱yate | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇād
i̍ndro jā̱yate | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇāt prajāpatayaḥ pra̍jāya̱nte | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇād dvādaśādityā
rudrā vasavas sarvāṇi ca cha̍ndāguṁsi | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇād eva samu̍tpadya̱nte |
nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇe pravartante | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇe pra̍līya̱nte || 1 ||
Then Narayana, the Supreme Person desired ' I shall produce offspring .'From Narayana emanates the Life
Breath, mind and the sense organs, ether, air, fire, water, and the earth that supports all. From Narayana
emanates Brahma. From Narayana emanates Rudra. From Narayana emanates Indra. From Narayana
emanates Prajapati (The Divine Progenitor). From Narayana emanates the 12 Adityas, Rudras, Vasus and all
the Vedic metres (chandas). From Narayana only do they proceed. Through Narayana do they prosper. In
Narayana are they reabsorbed. This the Rig Veda teaches. 1.
oṁ atha nityo nā̍rāya̱ṇaḥ | bra̱hmā nā̍rāya̱ṇaḥ | śi̱vaśca̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | śa̱kraśca̍

nārāya̱ṇaḥ | dyā̱vā̱ pṛ̱thi̱vyau ca̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | kā̱laśca̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | di̱śaśca̍
nārāya̱ṇaḥ | ū̱rdhvaśca̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | a̱dhaśca̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | a̱nta̱r ba̱hiśca̍
nārāya̱ṇaḥ | nārāyaṇa eve̍daguṁ sa̱rvam | yad bhū̱taṁ yacca̱ bhavyam̎ |
niṣkalo nirañjano nirvikalpo nirākhyātaḥ śuddho deva eko̍ nārāya̱ṇaḥ | na
dvi̱tīyo̎'sti̱ kaści̍t | ya e̍vaṁ ve̱da | sa viṣṇureva bhavati sa viṣṇure̍va bha̱vati
|| 2 ||
Then Narayana is eternal. Brahma is Narayana. Siva is Narayana. Indra is Narayana. Time is
Narayana. Space is Narayana, the intermediate quarters also are Narayana. That which is above is
Narayana. That which is below is Narayana. That which is within and that which is without is
Narayana. The entire Universe which existed and that which will exist is Narayana. Narayana is the
only One that is immaculate, sinless, changeless, indescribable, pure and divine. There is no
second. Whosoever knows Him thus, becomes Vishnu. This the Yajur Veda teaches. 2.
oṁ itya̍gre vyā̱haret | nama i̍ti pa̱ścāt | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇāyetyu̍pari̱ṣṭāt | oṁ
i̍tyekā̱kṣaram | nama iti̍ dve a̱kṣare | nā̱rā̱ya̱ṇāyeti pañcā̎kṣarā̱ṇi | etad vai
nārāyaṇasya aṣṭākṣa̍raṁ padam | yo ha vai nārāyaṇasya āṣṭākṣaraṁ pada̍m
adhye̱ti | anapabruvas sarvam ā̍yur e̱ti | vindate prā̍jāpa̱tyaguṁ rāyas poṣa̍ṁ
gaupa̱tyam | tato'mṛtatvam aśnute tato'mṛtatvam aśnu̍ta i̱ti | ya e̍vaṁ ve̱da ||
3 ||
One should utter Om first, then namah and thereafter narayanaya. Om is a single syllable.
Namah consists of two syllables. Narayanaya consists of five syllables. This is the mantra of
eight syllables (ashtakshari) pertaining to Narayana. Whoever studies this mantra and chants it
constantly, attains full life and supremacy over others. He enjoys royal pleasures and becomes the
master of the senses. He attains Liberation, yea Final Liberation. This the Sama Veda teaches. 3.
pratyag ānandaṁ brahma puruṣaṁ praṇa̍va svarū̱paṁ | akāra ukāra makā̍ra
i̱ti | tān ekadhā samabharat tad eta̍d oṁ i̱ti | yam uktvā̍ mucya̍te yo̱gī̱ ja̱nma̱
saṁsā̍ra ba̱ndhanāt | oṁ namo nārāyaṇāyeti ma̍ntropā̱sakaḥ | vaikuṇṭha
bhavana loka̍ṁ gami̱ṣyati | tad idaṁ paraṁ puṇḍarīkaṁ vi̍jñāna̱ ghanam |
tasmād tad idā̍van mā̱tram | brahmaṇyo deva̍kī pu̱tro̱ brahmaṇyo
ma̍dhusū̱dana oṁ | sarva bhūtastham eka̍ṁ nārā̱yaṇam | kāraṇa rūpam

64
akāra pa̍rabra̱hmoṁ || 4 ||
The Yogi that recites the name of Him who is Bliss Absolute, The Great Person, and who is
represented by AUM, is released from the bondage of birth and mundane existence. He who chants
the mantra om namo narayanaya attains Vaikunta. That is this Lotus, it is replete with
transcendental wisdom and bright as lightning. The son of Devaki (Krishna) is the Supreme,
Madhusudana is the Supreme, Narayana who pervades all beings, who is ONE only, the Cause of
all being Himself causeless is the Supreme Being (pramabrahman). 4.
etad atharva śiro̍ yo'dhī̱te prā̱tar a̍dhīyā̱no̱ rātrikṛtaṁ pāpa̍ṁ nāśa̱yati |
sā̱yam a̍dhīyā̱no divaskṛtaṁ pāpa̍ṁ nāśa̱yati | mādhyandinam āditya
abhimukho̍'dhiyā̱na̱ḥ pañca pātaka upa pātakā̎t pramu̱cyate | sarva veda
pārāyaṇa pu̍ṇyaṁ labhate | nārāyaṇa sāyujyam a̍vāpno̱ti nārāyaṇa sāyujyam
a̍vāpno̱ti | ya e̍vaṁ ve̱da | ityu̍pa̱niṣa̍t || 5 ||
Whoever recites this Upanisad, in the morning destroys thereby the sins committed during the
night. Whoever recites it in the evening destroys thereby the sins committed during the day.
Whoever recites it both morning and evening becomes free from all sins, regardless of how sinful
he may be. Whoever recites it at midday facing the sun is freed from the five heinous sins and all
minor ones. He derives the same merit produced by the recitation of all the Vedas. Whoever
knows this attains Union with Narayana. He attains union with Narayana. This is the Upanisad. 5.

65
Antevāsya anuśāsanam
Vedic Convocational Address
Δ∆‰Æº≤›ôæŸòŸæË@ É≥™‰Δ∆Ÿ⁄–≤ºI≤‹ÀŸU⁄—™ | –´æUÄ Δ∆Æ | ∞ºU@Ä ò¿ | —Δ∆Ÿ±æŸæŸIi≥ºŸ ¥U˘ºÆÅ | ÇŸòŸæŸ@æ ⁄¥˘æÄ
∞≤ºŸ„´æ ¥˘úŸ ™≥™‹Ä ºŸ …æIΔ∆ôöU‰´–¤Å | –´æŸ≤Ù ¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ | ∞ºŸ@≤Ù ¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ | é‹ÀƒŸ≤Ù
¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ | ∫›´æÊ ≤ ¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ | —Δ∆Ÿ±æŸæ ¥˘Δ∆ò≤ŸªæŸÄ ≤ ¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ ||
vedam anūcyācāryo'ntevāsinam anuśāsti | satyaṁ vada | dharmaṁ cara | svādhyāyān
mā pramadaḥ | ācāryāya priyaṁ dhanam āhṛtya prajātantum mā vyavacchetsīḥ |
satyān na pramaditavyam | dharmān na pramaditavyam | kuśalān na pramaditavyam |
bhūtyai na pramaditavyam | svādhyāya pravacanābhyāṁ na pramaditavyam |
vedam = the Veda, anūcya = having taught, ācāryaḥ = the preceptor, antevāsinam = to the
disciples, anuśāsti = instructs, enjoins, satyaṁ = truth, vada = speak, dharmaṁ = in
righteousness, cara = walk, svādhyāyāt = from study, mā = do not, pramadaḥ = neglect,
ācāryāya = to your preceptor, priyaṁ = agreeable, dhanam = wealth, āhṛtya = having given,
prajātantum = line of descendants, vyavacchetsīḥ = you sever, satyāt = from truth, na =
don't, pramaditavyam = deviate, dharmāt = from your duty, kuśalāt = from your personal
welfare, bhūtyai = from your prosperity, svādhyāya pravacanābhyāṁ = from both study and
preaching
Having taught the Vedas, the teacher thus instructs the pupil:
Speak the truth. Practise dharma. Do not neglect the study of the Vedas. Having brought to the
teacher the gift desired by him, enter the householder's life and see that the line of progeny is
not cut off. Do not deviate from the truth. Do not deviate from dharma. Do not neglect personal
welfare. Do not neglect prosperity. Do not neglect the study and teaching of the Vedas.
Æ‰Δ∆ ⁄¥™‡ éŸæ@ŸªæŸÄ ≤ ¥˘ºI⁄Æ™U…æºÎ | ºŸ™‡ Æ‰Δ∆ËU ∫Δ∆ |
⁄¥™‡I Æ‰Δ∆ËU ∫Δ∆ | ÇŸòŸæ@i Æ‰Δ∆ËU ∫Δ∆ | Ç⁄™⁄¨I Æ‰Δ∆ËU ∫Δ∆ ||
deva pitṛ-kāryābhyāṁ na pramaditavyam | mātṛ devo bhava |
pitṛ devo bhava | ācārya devo bhava | atithi devo bhava |
deva pitṛkāryābhyāṁ = duties towards the devas and manes, mātṛdevaḥ = one to whom the
mother is a god, bhava = be, pitṛdevah = one to whom the father is a god, = ācāryadeva =
one to whom the teacher is a god, atithi deva = one to whom the guest is a god.
Do not neglect your duties to the gods and the Manes. Treat your mother as God. Treat your
father as God. Treat your teacher as God. Treat your guest as God.
æŸ≥æ≤Δ∆YŸ⁄≤I éºŸUõ⁄® | ™Ÿ⁄≤ –‰⁄Δ∆I™…æŸU⁄≤ | ≤Ë ÑI™¿ŸU⁄® |

æŸ≥æ—ºŸéíÎ` –‹òI⁄¿™ŸU⁄≤ | ™Ÿ⁄≤ ´Δ∆æËI¥Ÿ—æŸU⁄≤ | ≤Ë ÑI™¿ŸU⁄® ||
yāny-anavadyāni karmāṇi | tāni sevitavyāni | no itarāṇi |
yāny-asmākan sucaritāni | tāni tvayopāsyāni | no itarāṇi ||
yāni = those, anavadyāni = irreproachable, karmāṇi = actions, tāni = they sevitavyāni =
must be done, no = not, itarāṇi = others.
Whatever deeds are irreproachable, these are to be performed — not others. Whatever good
works have been performed by us, those should be performed by you — and not others.
æ‰ é‰ òŸ—ºôö˙‰æŸíi–Î` Ë ∏˘ŸU“˜®ŸÅ | ™‰ŒŸÄ ´Δ∆æŸÉ–≤‰≤ ¥˘ÃI¸⁄–™U…æºÎ ||

ye ke cāsmac-chreyānso brahmaṇāḥ | teṣāṁ tvayā'sanena praśvasitavyam |
66
yāni = those which, asmākam = by us, sucaritāni = virtuous acts, tāni = they, ye ke =
those who are, ca = and, asmāt = than us, śreyāmsaḥ = more venerable, distinguished,
brahmaṇāḥ = brahmins, teṣāṁ = of them, tvayā = by you, āsanena = by offering a seat,
praśvasitavyam = should be worshipped, (āsane = in discussion, na = not, praśvasitavyam =
not even a word should be breathed),
Those brahmins who are superior to us [because of their irreproachable conduct] — you should
venerate them by offering them seats.
Ã˘BÛIæŸ Æ‰UæºÎ | ÇÃ˘BÛIæŸÉÆ‰UæºÎ | ⁄ÃI˘æŸ Æ‰UæºÎ |

⁄“˘IæŸ Æ‰UæºÎ | ⁄∫IæŸ Æ‰UæºÎ | –Ä⁄Δ∆IÆŸ Æ‰UæºÎ ||
śraddhayā deyam | aśraddhayādeyam | śriyā deyam |
hriyā deyam | bhiyā deyam | samvidā deyam ||
śraddhayā = with generosity, deyam = do charity, aśraddhayā = without generosity, adeyam
= should not be given, śriyā = in plenty, hriyā = with humility, bhiyā = with fear, samvidā =
with awareness
Whatever is to be given should be given with generosity, not without generosity — according to
one’s means, with modesty, with fear, with empathy.
Ç¨ æ⁄Æ ™‰ éº@ ⁄Δ∆⁄ò⁄é´–Ÿ Δ∆Ÿ Δ∆‡%⁄Δ∆⁄ò⁄éI´–Ÿ Δ∆ŸU —æŸ™Î | æ‰ ™& ∏˘Ÿ“˜®ŸiiI —–ΩΩºU⁄À@≤Å | æ‹#ŸI
ÇŸæu‹#ŸÅ | Çƒ›’ŸI ∞ºi@ éŸºŸU—æ‹Å | æ¨Ÿ ™I‰ ™&I Δ∆™U‰@¿≤Î | ™¨Ÿ ™&I Δ∆™U@‰¨ŸÅ |
atha yadi te karma vicikitsā vā vṛtta vicikitsā vā syāt | ye tatra brāhmaṇāḥ
sammarśinah | yuktā āyuktāḥ | alūkṣā dharma kāmāḥ syuḥ | yathā te tatra varteran |
tathā tatra vartetāḥ ||
atha = now, yadi = if, te = for you, karma-vicikitsā = any doubt regarding acts to be done, vā
= or, vṛtta-vicikitsā = any uncertainty regarding conduct, syāt = should arise, ye = which, tatra
= there, brāhmaṇāḥ = brahmins, sammarśinah = who are full of awareness, yuktā = devout,
pious, āyuktāḥ = independant, alūkṣā = devoid of cruelty, dharmakāmāḥ syuḥ = steadfast in
the practice of dharma, yathā = as, te = they, varteran = behave, tathā = so, vartetāḥ =
(you) should behave,
Now, if there arises in your mind any doubt concerning any act, or any doubt concerning right
conduct, you should conduct yourself in such matters as brahmins would conduct themselves —
brahmins who are competent to judge, who of their own accord are devoted to virtuous acts and
are not urged to their performance by others, and who are not severe, but are lovers of dharma.
Ç¨ŸªæŸIiëæŸ™U‰Œ‹ | æ‰ ™& ∏˘Ÿ“˜®ŸiiI —–ΩΩºU⁄À@≤Å | æ‹#ŸI ÇŸæu‹#ŸÅ | Çƒ›’ŸI ∞ºi@ éŸºŸU—æ‹Å | æ¨Ÿ ™I‰ ™&I
Δ∆™U‰@¿≤Î | ™¨Ÿ ™&I Δ∆™U@‰¨ŸÅ |
athābhyākhyāteṣu | ye tatra brāhmaṇāḥ sammarśinaḥ | yuktā āyuktāḥ | alūkṣā dharma
kāmāḥ syuḥ | yathā te tatra varteran | tathā tatra vartetāḥ ||
abhyākhyāteṣu = who are imputed, ye = whoever, tatra = there.
Now, with regards to those who are accused, you should conduct yourself [judge] in such a way
as brahmins would conduct themselves — brahmins who are competent to judge, who of their
own accord are devoted to good deeds and are not urged to their performance by others, and
who are not severe, but are lovers of dharma.

67

äŒI ÇŸÆU‰ÀÅ | äŒ ÜI¥ÆU‰ÀÅ | äŒŸ Δ∆‰IÆË¥U⁄≤Œ™Î |
ä™ÆI≤‹ÀŸU–≤ºÎ | äΔ∆º‹¥ŸI⁄–™U…æºÎ | äΔ∆º‹òÊ™IÆ‹¥ŸU—æºÎ ||
eṣa ādeśah | eṣa upadeśaḥ | eṣā vedopaniṣat |
etad-anuśāsanam | evam-upāsitavyam | evam-ucaitad-upāsyam ||
eṣa = this, ādeśah = the injunction, upadeśaḥ = the teaching, vedopaniṣat = the doctrine of
the scriptures, etat = this, anuśāsanam = the commandment, evam = thus, upāsitavyam = one
should conduct oneself, u = verily, ca = and, upāsyam = one must act.
This is the command. This is the teaching. This is the secret wisdom of the Vedas. This is the
commandment. This you should observe. This alone should be observed.

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INTRODUCTION

Paṇḍit Srī Rama Ramanuja Achari

The Purpose of this course

The Sanskrit Language

© Srimatham June 2018

Origins of the Vedic Civilisation

There are some major problems with this “invasion” model:—

Mystical Origins of Sanskrit

The Alphabet and Mantras

© Srimatham June 2018

The Devanāgarī Alphabet

The Vowels — Svara

Moon - Candra/Soma, Female, [Creation] īḍa channel

The Consonants – Vyañjana

Palatal ca ca C cha ja ja Ja jha {a ña

Retroflex w ṭa W ṭha f ḍa F ḍha ,a ṇa

Dental ta ta Ta tha d da Da dha na na

Labial pa pa paã pha ba ba Ba bha ma ma

Special \ ḷa $a jña ªA kṣa

© Srimatham June 2018

Kaṭhora (hard) vyañjana Mrḍū (soft) vyañjana

kaã ka KA kha ga ga Ga gha f[ ṅa

© Srimatham June 2018

Consonants combined with vowels

© Srimatham June 2018

© Srimatham June 2018

Pronunciation Practice of Vowels & Consonants

© Srimatham June 2018

34 akā akī akū akai akau akāṁ akāḥ

© Srimatham June 2018

Reading Practice # 1 differentiation between a & ā Ç & ÇŸ

© Srimatham June 2018

© Srimatham June 2018

Reading Practice # 2 differentiation between i & ī î & î@

© Srimatham June 2018

© Srimatham June 2018

Reading Practice # 3 differentiation between u & ū Ü & á

© Srimatham June 2018

27 ¥‹¿Ÿ purā previously

28 º‹ê mukha face

29 ∏Ÿƒ‹é bāluka sand

30 –‹∞Ÿ sudhā nectar

31 æ‹í yuga aeon, age

32 Æ‹Åê duḥkha sorrow

33 ¥‹¡ŒÅ puruṣaḥ person

34 “≤‹Å hanuḥ the jaw

35 º‹⁄Æ¿ mudira lover

36 –‹Δ∆®@ suvarṇa gold

37 ⁄≤¥‹® nipuṇa expert

38 òŸ¢‹ cāṭu flattery

39 ¥‹ƒ pula thrill

40 ÇÄÀ‹é aṁśuka garments

41 ¥‹≤Å punaḥ again

42 Æ‹ƒ@∫ durlabha hard to obtain

44 ∏é‹ƒ bakula a flower

45 æ‹Δ∆é yuvaka young man

46 ÇÀ‹⁄òºÎ aśucim impure

47 ∏‹Œ buṣa chaff

48 ∏“‹∞Ÿ bahudhā manifold

49 ∫‹ú bhuja arm