Physiology OF Renal SYSTEM

Renal system
✓ The renal system
composed:-
• 2 kidneys: formation of
urine
• Paired ureters: transport
urine from the kidneys to
the bladder
• Urinary bladder: provides
a temporary storage
reservoir for urine
• Urethra: transports urine
from the bladder out of
the body

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 Renal physiology………
➢Kidneys are paired brownish
structures

➢Are bean-shaped

➢are located retroperitoneal in the

abdominal cavity

➢Vertically extend from T12-L3

➢Positionally, the right kidney is

slightly lower than the left
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 Functions of the Kidneys
• Regulates blood volume and blood pressure

• By adjusting volume of water lost in urine

• Releasing erythropoietin and renin

• Regulates plasma ion concentrations

• Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions (by controlling

quantities lost in urine)

• Calcium ion levels (through synthesis of calcitriol)

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 Major Functions of the Kidneys…
• Helps stabilize blood pH

• By controlling loss of hydrogen ions and

bicarbonate ions in urine

• Conserves valuable nutrients

• By preventing excretion while excreting organic

waste products

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 The Nephron
✓ Nephrons are functional and structural units of the kidney
i.e. individually and collectively they perform the functions
of the kidney.
✓ Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephron
✓ Each nephron has two major components:
➢ A glomerulus
➢ A long tubule
✓ When the kidneys are resected
-outer layer called-The Cortex
-inner part of nephron is called -Medulla
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 Organization of the Nephron
➢ Segments of the Renal Tubule
– Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
– Loop of Henle
❖the thin descending segment,
❖the thin ascending segment,
❖and the thick ascending segment.
– Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
– Collecting ducts

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 Characteristics of circulation in the nephron
▪ The afferent artery supplies blood
to the glomerulus.
▪ The efferent arteriole drains blood
into the peritubular capillaries and
the vasa recta.
▪ From the peritubular capillaries and
vasa recta then lead to venules and
the venous drainage of the kidney.

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 Blood Supply to the Kidney cont’d…
• Arterial flow into and venous flow out of the kidneys
follow similar paths

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 Mechanisms of Urine Formation
-Urine formation and
adjustment of blood
composition involves
three major processes

-Glomerular filtration

-Tubular reabsorption

-Tubular Secretion

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 Glomerular Filtration
Filtration
• Step 1 in urine
formation
• Fluid pressure forces
water and dissolved
substances out of
the blood into
Bowman's capsule.
• More than 99% of
filtered fluid
returned to the
blood.

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 Process of urine formation

•GFR  125 ml/min, 180L/day, about 1% is excreted 12

 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
• GFR averages 125 ml/min by two
kidneys.
• This amounts to about 180 L per day.
GFR = Kf x Net Filtration Pressure
• Kf is degree of permeability and surface
area of glomerular capillary membrane
Determinants of GFR
are:
➢ Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
➢ Glomerular colloid oncotic pressure
➢ BMC hydrostatic pressure

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 Mechanisms of Urine Formation cont ‘d…
Filtration involves the small molecules across the glomerular
capillaries:

✓ water

✓ Electrolytes

✓ Urea

✓ glucose

✓ amino acids.

➢ It does not involve the plasma proteins and blood cells.

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 Locations of Reabsorption
Reabsorbtion: 2nd Step in urine
formation
➢ Process of returning filtered materials
to the bloodstream
➢ 99% of what is filtered is again
reabsorbed
➢ Normally amino acids and
glucose is totally reabsorbed
➢ Most reabsorption occurs in
• Proximal convoluted tubules
• Reabsorption of water also occurs from the
descending limb of the Loop of Henle,
• Reabsorption of salt from the ascending
limb and the DCT
• Water from the Collecting Duct.

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 Reabsorption cont’d…

✓ H20 is pulled by osmosis into

hypertonic blood.

➢ 65% occurs in PCT

✓ 65% of NaCl reabsorption

occurs in PCT

✓ Glucose

➢ 100% of glucose and amino Amino acids

acid transported occurs in PCT
by active co-transport.
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•
Step
rd
3:
Secretion is the 3 process
Secretion
in urine formation
(transport of substances
from the tissue to the renal
tubules)
• occurs as an active
transport by the cells of the
nephron tubule in
which they transport
substances obtained from
the peritubular blood or
interstitial fluid into the
nephron tubule.
• It occurs in the proximal
convoluted tubule, distal
convoluted tubule, and
collecting tubule.
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 Secretion cont’d…
• Secretion is the active release of substances into the
nephron tubule by the tubular lining cells. That is, addition
of substances into the filtrate.
• The substances released are usually derived from the
blood in the peritubular capillaries.

• Secretion is done for three purposes:

1, to release any residues from toxins and drugs which
haven't been filtered
2, to establish electrolyte balance
3, to maintain acid-base balance

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Mechanism of formation of concentrated urine
When there is a shortage of H2O in the
body

↓ECF volume, ↑Osmolality

Stimulates osmoreceptors in the HT

↑ADH secretion

ADH ↑ H2O reabsorption in the DT and CD

↑Excretion of solutes

Concentrated (1200 mosm/l), in

small volume of urine is produced
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Mechanism of formation of diluted urine
When there is excess H2O in
the body

↑ECF vlume, ↓Osmolality

↓ADH secretion

↑H2O excretion
Diluted urine (50-100 mosm/l)

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 Ureters
• Slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to
the bladder
• Ureters enter the base of the bladder through the
posterior wall
– As bladder pressure increased (increased urine
volume in bladder) distal ends of ureters are closed
off and prevent backflow of urine into ureters
• Ureters have a trilayered wall
– Epithelial mucosa
– Smooth muscle
– Fibrous connective tissue
• Ureters actively propel urine to the bladder via
response to smooth muscle stretch
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 Urinary Bladder
• Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores
urine

• The bladder wall has three layers

– epithelium

– A thick muscular layer (detresor muscle)

– A fibrous layer

• The bladder is distensible and collapses when empty

• Accommodates as high as 1.5 L of urine

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 Urethra
• Muscular tube that:
– Drains urine from the bladder
– Moves urine out of the body
• Sphincters keep the urethra closed when urine is not
being passed
– Internal sphincter – involuntary sphincter at the
bladder-urethra junction
– External sphincter – voluntary sphincter
surrounding the urethra as it passes through the
urogenital diaphragm

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Figure 26-1 An Introduction to the Urinary System.

Organs of the
Urinary System
Kidney
Produces urine

Ureter
Transports urine
toward the
urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Temporarily stores
urine prior
to urination
Urethra
Conducts urine to
exterior; in males,
it also transports
semen
Anterior view
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