1 Improper integral. B and Γ functions.

Integrals with
parameters.
1.1 Study the nature of the integrals and compute them (1-12):
R ∞ dx R ∞ dx
√ 2 , 5. In = 0∞ xn e−x dx,
R2 dx
R2
√dx ,
R
1. I = 0 (x−2)2
, 2. I = 1
3. I = 0 (x+1)
x−1 2 , 4. I = 0
(x +1)
R∞ 1 R∞
n ≥ 0 (compute for n = 2), 6. Ia = 0 x(ln x)a dx (a = 1,a = 2) 7. I = 0 e−ax cos(bx)dx,
R∞ R ∞ xdx R ∞ arctg(x)
a > 0, 8. I = 0 e−ax sin(bx)dx, a > 0, 9. I = 0 1+x 4 , 10.I = 1 R x2
dx, 11.I =
R ∞ arctg(x) R ∞ arctg(x) R1 1 2
1 x2 +1
dx, 12.I = 0 x√x dx, 13.I = 0 √ 3 3
x +x2 −x−1
dx, 14.I = 1 √x3 −5x12 +8x−4 dx,
R ∞ sin x
15.I = 0 x dx (Abel).

1.2 Using the functions B and Γ, compute:

R∞ R ∞ √ −x2 R∞ √ R∞ −x2
1. I = 0 x4 e−x dx, 2. I = 0 xe dx, 3. I = 0 e x dx, 4. I = 0 x2 e 2 dx, 5. I =
R ∞ m −x R1 R 1 4√ R q 1−x
x e k dx, m ∈ N, k > 0, 6. I = (ln x) 4
dx, 7. I = x 1 − x 2 dx, 8. I = 1 dx,
0 0 0 0 x
R 2 x2 R1 π/2 π/2
dx
, 11. I = 0 sin6 tdt, 12. I = 0 cos4 tdt,
R R
9. I = 0 √2−x dx, 10.I = −1/2 √ 3
2x3 −3x2 +1
R π/2 R ∞ x2 R ∞ x4
13.I = 0 sin4 t cos5 tdt, 14.I = 0 1+x 4 dx, 15.I = 0 (1+x)6
dx.

1.3 Integrals with parameters:

R∞ R∞
1. Compute F (y) = 0
e−yx sinx x dx, y ≥ 0. Prove that 0
sin x
x
dx = π2 .
R π/2 arctg(y tg x) R π/2 x
2. Compute F (y) = 0 tg x
dx, y ≥ 0. Compute 0 tg x
dx.
R∞ arctg(xy)
3. Compute F (y) = 0 x(1+x2 )
dx, y ≥ 0.
R1 arctg(xy)
4. Compute F (y) = √
0 x 1−x2
dx, y ∈ R.
R∞ 2− y
2 R∞ √
e−x
2 π
5. Compute F (y) = 0
x2 dx, y ≥ 0. Prove that 0
e−x dx = 2
.
R∞ ln(1+x2 y 2 )
6. Compute F (y) = 0 x2 (1+x2 )
dx, y ≥ 0.
R∞ e−ax −e−bx
R∞ cos(ax)−cos(bx)
7. Compute: 0 x
dx şi 0 x2
dx, where a, b > 0.
R∞
8. Compute I(a, b) = ln(a2 sin2 x + b2 cos2 x)dx, where a, b > 0
0
R1 b a R1 b a
9. Compute I(a, b) = 0 √x−−x
ln x
dx and I(a, b) = 0 x ln−xx cos(ln x)dx, where a, b > 0.
R t2 sin(tx)
10. Let F (t) = t x
dx. Compute F 0 (t).
R t2
11. Let F (t) = t
ln(t2 + x2 )dx. Compute F 0 (t).

1
2 Line integrals
2.1 Line integrals of the first kind:
R
1. Let A(0, 1), B(0, 1) şi C(1, 0). Compute ∆ABC
(x + 2y)ds.
R
2. Let A(0, 1), B(0, 1) şi O(0, 0). Compute γ (x + 2y)ds, where γ is the union of the
segment OA, the arc AB and the segment BO. Find the gravity center of γ.

3. Compute the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = 2x with the limits O(0, 0) and
A(2, 2).
R p
4. Compute γ x2 + y 2 ds, where γ is the circle x2 − 2x + y 2 = 0.

5. Compute γ (xy − z)ds, where γ has the parametrization x = t, y = t2 , z = 32 t3 ,

R

t ∈ [0, 1].

6. Find the gravity center of γ with the parametrization x = a(t−sin t), y = a(1−cos t),
t ∈ [0, 2π].

7. Compute γ x2 +yds2 +z2 , where γ has the parametrization x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t,

R

t ∈ [0, 2π].

8. Compute γ xyzds, where γ has the parametrization x = t, y = t2 , z = 23 t3 .

R

2.2 Line integrals of the second kind:

R
1. Let A(0, 1), B(0, 1) şi C(1, 0). Compute ∆ABC
(x − y)dx + ydy.
R
2. Let A(0, 1), B(0, 1) şi O(0, 0). Compute γ dx + xydy, where γ is the union of the
segment OA, the arc AB and the segment BO.
R
3. Compute C(O,2) y 2 dx + xdy, where C(O, 2) is the circle of radius 2 with the center
in the origin.

4. Compute C(O,r) xx−y x+y

R
2 +y 2 dx + x2 +y 2 dy, where C(O, r) is the circle of radius r with the

center in the origin.

5. Let V~ = (x2 , xy). Compute γ V~ · d~r, where dr = (dx, dy) and γ : x2 − 2x + y 2 = 0.

R

R
6. Let A(1, 0, 1) şi B(0, 1, 2). Compute AB xdx + ydy + zdz.
R
7. Compute γ xydx + zdy − x2 dz, where γ has the parametrization x = t, y = t2 ,
z = 32 t3 , t ∈ [0, 1].
R
8. Compute γ y 2 dx + z 2 dy + x2 dz, where γ is defined by x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, z = 1.

2
3 Double integrals
3.1 Direct computation of double integrals.
RR
1. Let D = [0, 1] × [0, 2]. Compute D
xexy dxdy.
RR
2. Let D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0}. Compute D
ydxdy.
RR
3. Let D := the full triangle AOB, A(2, 0), B(0, 1), O(0, 0). Compute D
xydxdy.

4. Area of the domain D bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y = 14 (x2 +2x−3).

5. Area of the domain inside the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, bounded by the parabola y 2 = 6x.

6. Area of the domain D bounded by the lines x = 2, y = 1 and the parabola xy = 1.

3.2 Using the change of variables, compute:

2 2
1. Area of a disk D, with radius r > 0 and area of E = {(x, y) | xa2 + yb2 ≤ 1}.
RR 2 2
2. D ex +y dxdy, D = {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}.
RR ∞ √
2 2 2
3. D e−(x +y ) dxdy, D = [0, ∞)2 . Prove that 0 e−x = 2π .
RR

RR p
4. D x2 + y 2 dxdy, a) D = {(x, y)| x2 +y 2 ≤ 2x}, b) D = {(x, y)| x2 +y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0}.
RR
5. D xdxdy, a) D = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 2, x ≤ y}, b) D = {(x, y)| 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 9}
1
RR 2 2
6. D x2 +y 2 dxdy, D = {(x, y) | 1 ≤ x + y ≤ 4, y ≥ 0}.

4 Triple integrals
4.1 Direct computation of triple integrals.
RRR
1. Let K = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3]. Compute K
xyzdxdydz.
RRR
2. Let K = {(x, y, z) | x + y + z ≤ 3, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0}. Compute K
zdxdydz.

3. Compute the volume of a ball with radius r > 0.

2 y2 z2
4. Compute the volume of the full ellipsoid K = { xa2 + b2
+ c2
≤ 1}.

5. Compute the volume of the solid bounded by x2 + y 2 = 3z and x2 + y 2 = 4 − z.

6. Compute the volume of K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4, x2 + y 2 ≤ 3z}.

3
4.2 Using the change of variables, compute::
RRR
1. Let K = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1}. Compute K
(z 2 + 1)dxdydz. (cylindrical
coordinates)
RRR
2. Let K = {x2 + y 2 ≤ z 2 | 0 ≤ z ≤ 2}. Compute K
(x2 + y 2 )dxdydz. (cylindrical
coordinates)

3. Volume of a truncated cone (r, R, h). (cylindrical coordinates)

4. Volume of a ball with radius r > 0. (spherical coordinates).

5. The coordinates of the gravity center of the homogeneous solid K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤

a2 , z ≥ 0}. (spherical coordinates)
2 y2 z2
6. Volume of the full ellipsoid K = { xa2 + b2
+ c2
≤ 1}, where a, b, c > 0.

5 Surface integrals
5.1 Surface integrals
dσ
R
1. Let S = {(x, y, z)|x + y + z = 3, x, y, z ≥ 0}. Compute S x+y+z
.

2. Compute the lateral area of a truncated cone (R, r, h).

3. Compute the area of a sphere of radius r.

R
4. Let S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , z ≥ 0}. Compute S
(x + y + z)dσ.

5. Let S = {x2 + y 2 = 2z, z ∈ [0, 2]}. Compute the area of S.

6. Let S = {x2 + y 2 = z 2 , z ∈ [0, 1]}. Compute the area of S.

5.2 Compute the flux of V~ through S, where:

1. S = {(x, y, z)|x + y + z = 3, x, y, z ≥ 0} and V~ = (2z − x, y + x, 3z).

2. S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , z ≥ 0} and V~ = (x, y, z).

3. S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4} and V~ = (x2 , −2xy, z).

4. S = {x2 + y 2 = z, z ∈ [0, 1]} and V~ = (x2 , y 2 , z 2 ).

5. S = {x2 + y 2 = z 2 , z ∈ [0, 1]} and V~ = (y − z, z − x, x − y).

6. S = {x2 + y 2 = a2 , z ∈ [−1, 1]} and V~ = (x, z − x, x − y).

4
6 Integral formulas
R R
1. Compute directly and with Riemann-Green: γ (x+y)dx−(x−y)dy and γ y 2 dx+xdy,
where γ is the border of D = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 4}.

2. Let A(−1,R0), B(1, 1) şi C(1, −1). Let D = the full triangle ABC and γ = ∂D.
Compute γ xdy − ydx, directly and with Riemann-Green.

3. Let C(0, r) = the circle of radius r > 0, with center in the origin. Let P = xx−y
2 +y 2 and
x+y ∂P ∂Q
R
Q = x2 +y2 . a) Prove that ∂y = ∂x . b) Compute C(0,r) P dx + Qdy. c) Let γ be a
R
curve with O ∈ / γ. Compute γ P dx + Qdy.

4. Let K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4} and S = ∂K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4}. Compute FluxS (V~1 )

and FluxS (V~2 ), where V~1 = (x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and V~2 = (x2 , −2xy, z 3 ), using using Gauss-
Ostrogradksi.

5. Let S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1, z ≥ 0}. Let V~ = (x2 , −2xy, z 2 ). Compute the flux of V~

through S.

6. Let K = {x2 + y 2 ≤ z, z ∈ [0, 1]}, S = ∂K = {x2 + y 2 ≤ z, z ∈ [0, 1]} ∪ {x2 + y 2 ≤

1, z = 0} and V~ = (x2 , y 2 , z 2 ). Compute FluxS (V~ ).
q r̄
7. Let r̄ = (x, y, z), r = ||r̄||, Ē = 4π r3
. a) Compute the flux of Ē trough S(0, R). b)
Flux of Ē through Σ, where Σ = ∂K, K is a compact and 0 ∈ / Σ.
2 2 2 2
8. Let S = {xR + y ≤ 1} ∩ {x + z = 1} and C = ∂S = {x + y = 1} ∩ {x + z = 1}.
Compute C (y − z)dx + (z − x)dy + (x − y)dz, directly and with Stokes.

9. Let γ : {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, z = 1 and V~ = (y − z, z − x, x − y). Compute γ V~ dr̄,

R

directly and with Stokes.

R
10. Let C = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 } ∩ {x + y + z = a}. Compute C ydx + zdy + xdz, directly
and with Stokes.

5
7 Models of subjects for the partial exam
Variant 1:

1. Consider the equation x3 + x2 − 6x + 1 = 0. Prove that the equation has a unique

solution in [0, 1] and construct a sequence of approximations for it. Approximate the
solution with an error less than 10−2 .
R∞ 2
2. Compute 0 x2 e−x dx, using Euler’s function Γ.
RR p
3. Compute D x2 + y 2 dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 2y}.

4. Compute the volume of the solid bounded by z = x2 + y 2 and 6 − z = x2 + y 2 .

R∞
5. RDenote f (y) = 0 e−xy sinx x dx, for y > 0. Compute f 0 (y) and deduce f (y). Compute
∞ sin x
0 x
dx.

Variant 2:

1. Consider the equation x3 + 12x − 1 = 0.Prove that the equation has a unique solution
in [0, 1] and construct a sequence of approximations for it. Approximate the solution
with an error less than 10−3 .
R∞ √ 4x
2. Compute 0 (1+x) 2 dx, using Euler’s function B.

RR p
3. Compute D
1 + x2 + y 2 dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, y ≥ 0}.

4. Compute the volume of the solid bounded by x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and y 2 + z 2 = x2 ,

where x ≥ 0.
R 1 b −xa Rb b −xa
5. Compute J = 0 x lnx cos(lnx)dx. Hint a xy dy = x lnx .

Variant 3:

1. Consider the equation x3 + 4x − 1 = 0.Prove that the equation has a unique solution
in [0, 1] and construct a sequence of approximations for it. Approximate the solution
with an error less than 10−2 .
R∞ 2 R∞
2. Compute a) 0 e−x dx, b) 0 x3dx+1 .

3. Compute:
RR p
(a) D (1 + x2 + y 2 )dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 4y, x ≥ 0}.
RR p
(b) D (1 + x2 + y 2 )dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0}.
RR
(c) D x cos(xy)dxdy, where D = [0, π] × [1, 2].

6
 4. Compute the volume of the solid bounded by x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and 3z = x2 + y 2 ,
where z ≥ 0.
RR
5. Compute D xdxdy, where D = {(x, y)| 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 9}.

Variant 4:

1. Consider the equation x3 + 5x − 1 = 0. Prove that the equation has a unique solution
in [0, 1] and construct a sequence of approximations for it. Approximate the solution
with an error less than 10−3 .
R∞ 2
2. Compute a) 0 x3 e−x dx.

3. Compute
RR p
(a) D (1 + x2 + y 2 )dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ x, y ≥ 0}.
RR p
(b) D (1 + x2 + y 2 )dxdy, where D = {(x, y)| x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, y ≥ 0}.

4. Compute the volume of the solid bounded by x2 + y 2 = z 2 and 2 − z = x2 + y 2 , where

z ≥ 0.
RR
5. Compute D xdxdy, where D = {(x, y)| 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 9}.
R∞
6. Compute F (y) = 0 arctg(xy)
x(1+x2 )
dx, |y| < 1.

Variant 5-6 (2018):

1. Consider the equation i) x3 + 3x − 1 = 0, ii) x3 + 6x − 1 = 0. Prove that the equation

has a unique solution in [0, 1] and construct a sequence of approximations for it.
Approximate the solution with an error less than i) 10−2 , ii) 10−3 .
R ∞ x2 R∞ √ 3x
2. Compute i) 0 (1+x 4 )2 dx, ii) 0 (1+x2 )2
dx.

3. Compute the length of i) γ : x = t2 , y = 23 t3 , t ∈ [−1, 1],

ii) γ : x = cos3 t, y = sin3 t, t ∈ [− π2 , − π2 ].

4. Compute i) C(0,R) xx−y x+y

R
2 +y 2 dx + x2 +y 2 dy,

ii) C(0,R) x2−y x

R
+y 2
dx + x2 +y 2 dy.

RR p
5. Compute i) D (1 + x2 + y 2 )dxdy, D = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 2x, y ≥ 0},
RR p
ii) D (2 − x2 + y 2 )dxdy, D = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 2y, x ≥ 0}.

6. Compute the volume of the solid K bounded by i) z = 2 − x2 − y 2 , z = x2 + y 2 ,

ii) z = x2 + y 2 − 1, 4 − z = x2 + y 2 .

7
8 Models of subjects for the final examen
Variant 1:
1. Compute the length of γ : {x = t2 , y = 23 t3 , t ∈ [0, 1].
2. Area of S = {z = 2x2 + 2y 2 : z ∈ [0, 1]}.
y x
R R
3. Let V̄ = (− x2 +y 2 , x2 +y 2 ). a) Compute C(0,R)
V̄ dr̄. b) Compute γ V̄ dr̄, where γ is an
arbitrary closed path with 0 ∈ / Int(γ). (2p)
R
4. Compute S(0,√3) 5xydydz + (y 2 − z)dzdx + (2z − 3yz)dxdy.

5. Let V̄ = (x2 + z 2 , −2xy, x + y + 3z). The flux of V̄ trough S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4}.

Variant 2:
1. Compute the length of the parabola y 2 = 4x with the limits O(0, 0) and A(1, 2).
2. Area of S = {z 2 = x2 + y 2 : z ∈ [1, 2]}.
R
3. Compute C(0,1) (y + y 2 )dx + 2xydy. (direct sau R-G)
R
4. Let V̄ = (2z, −x, x), γ : {z 2 = x2 + y 2 , z = 1. Compute γ
V̄ dr̄.
R
5. Let V̄ = (y − x, z − x, x − y), γ : {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, z = 1. Compute γ
V̄ dr̄
(direct+Stokes). (2p)
Variant 3:
1. Compute the length of γ : {x = t, y = t2 , z = 32 t3 , t ∈ [−1, 0].
2. Area of S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , z ≥ 0} ∩ {x2 + y 2 ≤ Ry}. (2p)
R
3. Let V̄ = (y, 3xy). Compute γ V̄ dr̄, where γ : x2 + y 2 = 2x. (direct sau R-G)

4. Let V̄ = (x2 , −2xy, 2z + x). Compute the flux of V̄ trough S(0, R).
R
5. Compute γ (y − x)dx + (z − x)dy + (x − y)dz, where γ : {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, z = 1.
Variant 4:
1
R
1. Compute γ x2 +y 2 +z 2
ds, where γ : {x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t, t ∈ [0, 1].

2. Area of S = {z 2 = x2 + y 2 : z ∈ [0, 1]}.

R
3. Compute γ ydx + x2 dy, where γ : x2 + y 2 = 2y. (direct sau R-G)
q r̄
4. Let r̄ = (x, y, z), r = ||r̄||, Ē = 4π r3
. a) Compute the flux of Ē trough S(0, R). b)
Flux of Ē trough Σ, where Σ is a closed compact surface with 0 ∈ / Int(Σ). (2p)
5. Let V̄ = (2xy, −y 2 , 3z). Compute the flux of V̄ trough S(0, 1).

8
Variant 5:

1. Compute the mass of the solid bounded by z 2 = x2 + y 2 and 2 − z = x2 + y 2 with

density ρ(x, y, z) = 2.

2. Area of z = 3x2 + 3y 2 , z ∈ [0, 3].

3. Compute the mass of x2 + y 2 = 2, x, y ≥ 0 with density ρ(x, y) = xy.

4. Compute S V~ · ~ndσ, where V~ = (−y, x, 1) and S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0}.

R

5. Flux of V~ = (2x2 y, −2y 2 x, 3x + 1) through S(0, 2).

6. Let V~ = ( xx−y x+y

V~ d~r. b) Compute γ V~ d~r, where γ is an
R R
2 +y 2 , x2 +y 2 ). a) Compute C(0,R)
arbitrary closed path with 0 ∈ / γ.

Variant 6:

1. The volume of the solid bounded by z 2 = x2 + y 2 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 with z ≥ 0.

√
2. Compute γ x2 +y12 +z2 ds, where γ : {x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t, t ∈ [0, 3].
R

3. Compute C(0,R) x2−y x

R
+y 2
dx + x2 +y 2 dy.

4. Let V~ = (−y, x, z 2 ). Compute V~ d~r, where γ : {x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 1.

R
γ

5. Area of S = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, z ≥ 0} ∩ {x2 + y 2 ≤ 2x}.

6. Flux of V~ = (2xy, −y 2 − z, 2z + 1) through S(0, R).

Variant 7:

1. The volume of the sphere S(0, R).

2. The length of x = cos3 t, y = sin3 t, t ∈ [0, π/2].

3. The area of z = x2 + y 2 , z ∈ [0, 4].

R
4. Compute γ (2xy + y)dx + x2 dy, where γ is the border of D = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥
0}.

5. The flux of V~ = (xz, yz, z − z 2 ) through S(0, 2).

q r̄
6. Let r̄ = (x, y, z), r = ||r̄||, Ē = 4π r3
. a) Compute the flux of Ē trough S(0, R). b)
Flux of Ē through Σ, where Σ = ∂K, K is a compact and 0 ∈ / Σ.

9
Variant 8:

1. The volume of the solid bounded by z = x2 + y 2 and 2 − z = x2 + y 2 .

2. The length of x = 3t2 , y = 2t3 , t ∈ [−1, 1].

3. The area of z = x2 + y 2 , z ∈ [1, 3].

4. Compute γ V~ d~r, where γ : {x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, z = 1.

R

5. Let K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4, z ≥ 0} and Σ = ∂K. Let V~ = (x2 + z 2 , −2xy, x + 3z).

Compute the flux of V~ through Σ.
q r̄
6. Let r̄ = (x, y, z), r = ||r̄||, Ē = 4π r3
. a) Compute the flux of Ē trough S(0, R). b)
Flux of Ē through Σ, where Σ = ∂K, K is a compact and 0 ∈ / Σ.

10
9 Solutions
Partial
Variant 1:

1. Let h : R → R, h(x) = x3 +x2 −6x+1. Since h0 (x) = 3x2 +2x−6 < 0, (∀)x ∈ [0, 1], it
follows that h is strictly decreasing on [0, 1]. Also, h(0) = 1 > 0, h(1) = −3 < 0 and
h is continuous, therefore, the equation h(x) = 0 has an unique solution α ∈ [0, 1].
Note that
1
x3 + x2 − 6x + 1 = 0 ⇔ x(x2 + x − 6) = −1 ⇔ x = .
6 − x − x2
1
Let f : [0, 1] → R, f (x) = 6−x−x 2 . We have f (α) = α. We prove that f is a contraction

on [0, 1], hence α is the fixed point of f . We have

2x + 1
f 0 (x) = > 0, (∀)x ∈ [0, 1],
(6 − x − x2 )2
1
therefore f is increasing on [0, 1]. Also, f (0) = 6
and f (1) = 14 , hence f ([0, 1]) =
[ 61 , 41 ] ⊂ [0, 1]. We have

2(6 − x − x2 )2 − (2x + 1)(−1 − 2x)2(6 − x − x2 )) 6x2 + 6x + 14

f 00 (x) = = > 0, (∀)x ∈ [0, 1],
(6 − x − x2 )4 (6 − x − x2 )3

therefore f 0 is increasing on [0, 1]. Also, f 0 (0) = 1

36 and f 0 (1) = 3
16 , hence

3
k = sup |f 0 (x)| = < 1.
x∈[0,1] 16

3
If follows that f is a contraction with the factor k = 16 . By the Theorem of Banach, f
has an unique fixed point in [0, 1], which is α, since f (α) = α. Let x0 := 0, xn+1 := f (xn ),
n ≥ 0. By the Theorem of Banach, α = limn xn and

kn 3n 16 1 3n−1
|xn − α| ≤ |x1 − x0 | = n · · = n−1 , (∀)n ≥ 1.
1−k 16 13 6 16 · 26
3n−1 1
Since 16n−1 ·26
⇔ n ≥ 2, we approximate α ≈ x2 = f (x1 ) = f ( 16 ) = · · · .
≤ 100
√ 1
2. Using the substitution t = x2 ⇔ x = t, dx = 2√ t
dt, we get
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ √
2 −x2 −t 1 1 1
−t 1 3 1 1 π
x e dx = te √ dt = t e dt = Γ( ) = Γ( ) =
2 .
0 0 2 t 2 0 2 2 4 2 4

3. We use polar coordinates x = ρ cos θ, y = ρ sin θ.

x2 + y 2 ≤ 2y ⇒ ρ2 ≤ 2ρ sin θ, hence sin θ ≥ 0 and ρ ≤ 2 sin θ.

11
 Therefore θ ∈ [0, π] and ρ ∈ [0, 2 sin θ]. It follows that
ZZ p Z π Z 2 sin θ Z π Z π
1 8
I := 2 2
x + y dxdy = dθ ρ · ρdρ = ρ3 |20 sin θ dθ = sin3 θdθ.
D 0 0 3 0 3 0

On the other hand,

Z π Z π
3 cos3 θ π 1 1 4
sin θdθ = sin θ(1 − cos2 θ)dθ = (− cos θ + )|0 = (1 − ) − (−1 + ) = ,
0 0 3 3 3 3
32
hence I = 9 .

4. If z = x2 + y 2 and 6 − z = x2 + y 2 then z = 6 − z, hence z = 3. Therefore, the intersection

of the parabolloids z = x2 + y 2 and 6 − z = x2 + y 2 is the circle {x2 + y 2 = 3, z = 3. Let K
be the solid bounded by z = x2 + y 2 and 6 − z = x2 + y 2 . If follows that

K = {(x, y, z) : (x, y) ∈ D, z ∈ [x2 + y 2 , 6 − x2 − y 2 ]}, where D = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 3},

therefore
ZZZ ZZ Z 6−x2 −y 2 ZZ
vol(K) = dxdydz = dxdx dz = (6 − 2x2 − 2y 2 )dxdy.
K D x2 +y 2 D
√
We use polar coordinates {x = ρ cos θ, y = ρ sin θ, ρ ∈ [0, 3], θ ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that
√ √
Z 2π Z 3 Z 3 √
vol(K) = dθ (6 − 2ρ2 )ρdρ = 2π (6ρ − 2ρ3 )dρ = π(6ρ2 − ρ4 )|0 3 = 9π.
0 0 0

5. Let y > 0. We have

Z ∞ Z ∞
0 ∂ −xy sin x
f (y) = (e )dx = − e−xy sin xdx.
0 ∂y x 0

On the other hand, writing e−ax sin xdx = e−ax (M cos x + N sin x) + C, identifying M and
R

N is (e−ax (M cos x + N sin x))0 = e−ax sin x, we get M = − a21+1 , N = − a2a+1 . Therefore

1 y 1
f 0 (y) = ( e−xy cos x + 2 e−xy sin x)|∞
0 =− 2 .
y2 + 1 y +1 y +1

It follows that f (y) = arctg y + c, (∀)y > 0, where c ∈ R is a constant. On the other hand,
since f is continuous on [0, ∞), it follows that
Z ∞
sin x
f (0) = dx = lim f (y) = lim (arctg y + c) = c.
0 x y&0 y&0

∞
Also, since e−xy sinx x < e−xy , (∀)x > 0, 0 e−xy dx = y1 and limy→∞ y1 = 0, it follows that
R
R∞
limy→∞ f (y) = 0. On the other hand, limy→∞ f (y) = c − π2 , hence c = 0 sinx x dx = π2 .

12
Variant 2:

1. Similar to variant 1.
R∞ √ 4x R ∞ x 14 Γ( 54 )Γ( 34 )
2. 0 (1+x) 2 dx = 0 (1+x)2
dx = B( 54 , 34 ) = Γ(2)
= 14 Γ( 14 )Γ( 43 ) = 1
4
· π
sin π4
= π
√
2 2
.

3. We use polar coordinates {x = ρ cos θ, y = ρ sin θ, ρ ∈ [0, 1], θ ∈ [0, π]. It follows that
π 1
π √
ZZ p Z Z p 1 3
2 2
1 + x + y dxdy = dθ ρ 1 + ρ2 dρ = π (1 + ρ2 ) 2 |10 = (2 2 − 1).
D 0 0 3 3

4. Similar to variant 1.
R 1 b −xa R1 Rb Rb R1
5. We have J = 0 x lnx cos(ln x)dx = 0 dx a xy cos(ln x)dy = a dy 0 xy cos(ln x)dx.
Using the substitution t = − ln x ⇔ x = e−t , dx = −e−t dt, it follows that
Z 1 Z 0 Z ∞
−ty −t
y
x cos(ln x)dx = e cos(−t)(−e )dt = e−(y+1)t cos tdt.
0 ∞ 0

Writting e−(y+1)t cos tdx = e−(y+1)t (M cos t + N sin t) + C, identifying M and N is

R
y+1
(e−(y+1)t (M cos t + N sin t))0 = e−(y+1)t cos t, we get M = − (y+1) 1
2 +1 , N = (y+1)2 +1 .

Therefore
Z b
y+1 1
J= (− 2
e−(y+1)t cos t + e−(y+1)t sin t)|∞
0 dy =
a (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)2 + 1
b
(b + 1)2 + 1
Z  
y+1 1 1
= 2
dy = ln((y + 1)2 + 1)|ba = ln .
a (y + 1) + 1 2 2 (a + 1)2 + 1

Variant 3:

1. Similar to variant 1.
√
2. a) Using the substitution t = x2 ⇔ x = t, we get
∞ ∞
√
1 ∞ −t − 1
Z ZZ
−x2 1 1 1
−t 2
e dx = e √ dt = e t dt = Γ( ) =
2 .
0 0 2 t 2 0 2 2 2
√
b) Using the substitution t = x3 ⇔ x = 3 t, we get
2
∞ ∞
t− 3
Z Z
dx 1 1 1 2 1 π 2π
3
= dt = B( , ) = · π = √ .
0 x +1 3 0 1+t 3 3 3 3 sin 3 3 3

3. If D = [0, π] × [1, 2], then

ZZ Z π Z 2 Z π Z π
x cos(xy)dxdy = dx x cos(xy)dy = sin(xy)|21 dx = (sin(2x) − sin x)dx.
D 0 1 0 0

13
 4. Similar to variant 1.

5. We use polar coordinates {x = ρ cos θ, y = ρ sin θ, ρ ∈ [1, 3], θ ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that
ZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 2π Z 1
xdxdy = dθ ρ · ρ cos θdρ = cos θdθ ρ2 dρ = 0.
D 0 0 0 0

Variant 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Note that, since arctg(−xy) = − arctg(xy), we have F (−y) = −F (y), hence we can
assume y ≥ 0. We have
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
0 ∂ arctg(xy) x 1 1
F (y) = ( ) dx = · dx = dx
0 ∂y x(1 + x2 ) 0 1 + (xy) x(1 + x2 )
2
0 (1 + y 2 x2 )(1 + x2 )
Assume y > 0. Writing
1 Ax + B Cx + D
= + ,
(1 + y 2 x2 )(1 + x2 ) 2
1+y x 2 1 + x2
it follows that 1 = (Ax + B)(1 + x2 ) + (Cx + D)(1 + y 2 x2 ). Identifying the coefficients,
−y 2 1
we get A = C = 0, B = 1−y 2 and D = 1−y 2 . Therefore,

Z ∞ Z ∞
0 −y y 1 1
F (y) = 2 2 2
dx + dx =
1−y 0 1+y x 1 − y 0 1 + x2
2

−y 1 π −y 1 π
= 2
arctg(xy)|∞0 + 2
arctg(x)|∞
0 = ( 2
+ 2
)= .
1−y 1−y 2 1−y 1−y 2(1 + y)
R∞
Since F (0) = 0 0 dx = 0 and F 0 (y) = 2(1+y) π
for y > 0, it follows that F (y) =
π
2
ln(1 + y), for y ≥ 0. If y < 0 then F (y) = −F (−y) = π2 ln(1 − y).

Final
Variant 1:
p √ √
1. x0 = 2t, y 0 = 2t2 , thus ds = x02 + y 02 dt = 4t2 + 4t4 dt = 2t 1 + t2 dt. Hence
1
2 √
Z Z p 2 3
`(γ) = ds = 2t 1 + t2 dt = (1 + t2 ) 2 |10 = (2 2 − 1).
γ 0 3 3

14
2. Since z = 2x2 +2y 2 and z ∈ [0, 1], it follows that 0 ≤ 2x2 +2y 2 ≤ 2, hence 0 ≤ x2 +y 2 ≤
1. Let D = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}. Then S = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, z = 2x2 + 2y 2 }.
∂z ∂z
We have p = ∂x = 4x, q = ∂y = 4y. It follows that
Z ZZ p ZZ p
Area(S) = dσ = 2 2
1 + p + q dxdy = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dxdy.
S D D

We use polar coordinate, {x = ρ cos θ , y = ρ sin θ, ρ ∈ [0, 1], θ ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows
that Z 2π Z 1 p Z 1 p
Area(S) = dθ ρ 1 + 4ρ2 dρ = 2π ρ 1 + 4ρ2 dρ.
0 0 0
2
Using the substitution u = 1 + 4ρ , du = 8ρdρ, it follows that
3
π ρ2 5 π √
Z 5
1√
Area(S) = 2π ρdρ = | = (5 5 − 1).
1 8 4 32 1 6

3. a) We use the parametrization x = R cos t, y = R sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that

2π
−y −R sin t
Z Z Z
x R cos t
V̄ dr̄ = 2 2
dx+ 2 dy = ( (−R sin t)+ (R cos t)dt) =
C(0,R) C(0,R) x +y x + y2 0 R 2 R2
R 2π
= 0 dt = 2π.
−y
b) We consider two cases: i) O ∈
/ Int(γ). Let D = Int(γ) ∪ γ. Let P (x, y) = x2 +y 2
and
x ∂P ∂Q y 2 −x2
Q(x, y) = x2 +y 2
.
One can easily check that = = (x2 +y2 )2 . Since O(0, 0) ∈
∂y ∂x / D, P, Q
are defined on D, therefore, by Riemman-Green formula,
Z ZZ
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy = ( − )dxdy = 0.
γ D ∂x ∂y

ii) O ∈ Int(γ). We choose R > 0 such that the disc D(O, R) = {x2 + y 2 < R2 } ⊂ Int(γ).
Let D = (Int(γ) \ D(O, R)) ∪ γ. The border of D is ∂D = γ ∪ C(O, R), where C(O, R) =
∂D(O, R) is the circle of radius R with the center in O. As in the first case, P and Q are
defined on D, since O ∈/ D. Using a consequence of Riemann-Green formula, we have
ZZ Z Z
∂Q ∂P
0= ( − )dxdy = P dx + Qdy − P dx + Qdy,
D ∂x ∂y γ C(O,R)
R R
hence γ P dx + Qdy = C(O,R) P dx + Qdy = 2π.
√
4. Let K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 3}. Since ∂K = S(0, 3), by Gauss-Ostrogradski formula, it
follows that
Z ZZZ
2
I := √ 5xydydz + (y − z)dzdx + (2z − 3yz)dxdy = (5y + 2y + 2 − 3y)dxdydz =
S(0, 3) K
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
= (4y+2)dxdydz = 4 ydxdydz+2 dxdydy = 4 ydxdydz+2 Vol(K).
K K K K

15
 √
Using spherical coordinates, {x = ρ sin θ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin θ sin ϕ, z = ρ cos θ, ρ ∈ [0, 3],
θ ∈ [0, π], ϕ ∈ [0, 2π], it follows that
√ √
ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z 3 Z 2π Z π Z 3
ydxdydz = dϕ dθ ρ sin θ sin ϕρ2 sin θdρ = sin ϕdϕ sin2 θdθ ρ3 dρ.
K 0 0 0 0 0 0
√ √
R 2π RRR 4π( 3)3
Since 0 sin ϕdϕ = 0, we get K ydxdydz = 0, hence I := 2 Vol(K) = 2· 3 = 8π 3.

5. Let K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4}. By Gauss-Ostrogradski formula, it follows that

4π23
ZZZ
FluxS (V̄ ) = (2x − 2x + 3)dxdydz = 3 Vol(K) = 3 = 32π.
K 3

Variant 2:
t2
1. We use the parametrization {x = 4
, y = t, t ∈ [1, 2]. x0 = 2t , y 0 = 1, hence
r
1 1p
t2
Z Z Z
1 1 p p
`(γ) = ds = + 1dt = t2 + 4dt = (t t2 + 4 + 4 ln(t + t2 + 4)|10 .
γ 0 4 2 0 4

2. Since z ∈ [1, 2] and z 2 = x2 + y 2 , it follows that 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, hence

p
S = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, z = x2 + y 2 }, D = {(x, y) | 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4}.
y
p √
We have p = ∂x ∂z
= √ x2 2 , q = ∂y∂z
= x2 +y 2 , thus dσ = 1 + p2 + q 2 dxdy = 2dxdy.
x +y
Therefore
Z ZZ √
Area(S) = dσ = 2dxdy = 2 Area(D) = 2(4π − π) = 3π.
S D

(Area of D is the difference between the area of a disc of radius 2 and the area of a
disc of radius 1)
3. i) Direct. We use the parametrization x = cos t, y = sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that
Z Z 2π
(y + y 2 )dx + 2xydy = ((sin t + sin2 t)(− sin t) + 2 cos2 t sin t)dt = · · ·
C(O,1) 0

ii) With R-G. Let D = {x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}, ∂D = C(O, 1). By Riemman-Green formula,
Z ZZ
2
(y + y )dx + 2xydy = (2y − 2y − 1)dxdy = −Area(D) = −π.
C(O,1) D

4. We use the parametrization x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 1, t ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that

Z Z Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
2 1 + cos 2t
V̄ dr̄ = 2zdx−xdy+xdz = (−2 sin t−cos t)dt = −2 sin tdt− dt
γ γ 0 0 0 2
t 2π sin 2t 2π
= 2 cos t|2π
0 − |0 − | = 0 − π − 0 = −π.
2 4 0

16
 5. i) Direct. Since z = √ 1 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, it follows that x2 + y 2 = 3, hence γ
is a √
circle of radius
√ 3 contained in the plane z = 1. γ has the parametrization
x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, z = 1. Therefore,
Z Z 2π √ √ √ √ √
V̄ dr̄ = (( 3 sin t − 3 cos t) 3(− sin t) + (1 − 3 cos t) 3 cos t)dt =
γ 0
Z 2π √
= (−3 sin2 t + 3 sin t cos t + 3 cos t − 3 cos2 t)dt =
0
Z 2π Z 2π √ Z sin2 t 2π √
2π
= −3 dt+3 sin t cos tdt+ 3 |0 + 3 sin t|2π
cos tdt = −6π+3
0 = −6π.
0 0 0 2
2 2
ii) Using Stokes’s formula. Let S = {(x,  y, z) | x + y ≤ 3, z = 1}. The border of S
 ~i ~j ~k 
 ∂ ∂ ∂

is ∂S = γ. The rotor of V̄ is rot(V̄ ) =  ∂x
  = (−2, −1, −2). Since
∂y ∂z 
 y−x z−x x−y 
S is a subset in the plane z = 1, ~n = ~k = (0, 0, 1) is the normal unitar vector in any
point of S. By Stokes’s formula,
Z Z Z Z
V̄ dr̄ = V̄ ·~ndσ = (−2, −1, −2)·(0, 0, 1)dσ = (−2)dσ = −2Area(S) = −6π.
γ S S S

Variant 3:
1. We have x0 = 1, y 0 = 2t, z 0 = 2t2 , hence
p p
ds = x02 + y 02 + z 02 dt = 1 + 4t2 + 4t4 dt = (1 + 2t2 )dt.
It follows that
0
2t3 0
Z
5
`(γ) = (1 + 2t2 )dt = (t + )|−1 = .
−1 3 3
p
2. Since x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 and z ≥ 0, it follows that z = R2 − x2 − y 2 , hence
p
S = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, z = R2 − x2 − y 2 }, D = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ Ry}.
p
We have p = ∂x∂z
= − √ 2 x 2 2 , q = ∂y
∂z
= − √ 2 y 2 2 , thus dσ = 1 + p2 + q 2 dxdy =
R −x −y R −x −y
√ R
dxdy, therefore Area(S) = S dσ = D √ 2 R 2 2 dxdy.
R RR
2 2 2
R −x −y R −x −y

We use polar coordinates {x = ρ cos θ, y = ρ sin θ. Since x2 + y 2 ≤ Ry, it follows

ρ2 ≤ Rρ sin θ, hence 0 ≤ ρ ≤ R sin θ. In particular, sin θ ≥ 0, hence θ ∈ [0, π]. It
follows that
Z π Z R sin θ Z π p
Rρ
Area(S) = dθ p dρ = R (− R2 − ρ2 )|R0
sin θ
dθ =
2
R −ρ 2
0 0 0
Z π p Z π Z π
2 2 2
=R 2
(1− 1 − sin θ)dθ = R (1−| cos θ|)dθ = R (π− | cos θ|dθ) = R2 (π−2).
0 0 0

17
 3. Note that x2 + y 2 = 2x ⇔ (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1. We use the parametrization x =
1 + cos t, y = sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that
Z Z Z 2π
V̄ dr̄ = ydx + 3xydy = (− sin2 t + 3 cos2 t sin t)dt.
γ γ 0

4. Let K = {x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ R2 }. By Gauss-Ostrogradski formula, it follows that

4πR3 8πR3
ZZZ
FluxS(O,R) (V̄ ) = (2x − 2x + 2)dxdydz = 2 Vol(K) = 2 = .
K 3 3

5. Similar to variant 2.

Variant 4:
√ 2 √
1. x0 = − sin t, y 0 = cos t, z 0 = 1 implies ds = sin t + cos2 t + 1dt = 2dt. It follows
√ √
Z
1
Z 1
2 √ 1
√ π 2
ds = dt = 2 arctg t|0 = 2(arctg 1 − arctg 0) = .
γ x + y2 + z2
2
0 1 + t2 4

2. Similar to variant 2.

3. Similar to variant 3.
p q 3
4. a) r = ||r̄|| = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , hence Ē = (P, Q, R), where P = 4π x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 ,
q 3 q 3
Q = 4π y(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 and R = 4π z(x2 +y 2 +z 2 )− 2 . The unitary normal vector field
to S(0, R) is n̄ = ( Rx , Ry , RRz ) = R1 r̄. Also, ifR(x, y, z) ∈ S(O, R), then Ē = 4πq
R−3 · r̄.
q q
R−4 r̄ · r̄dσ = S(O,R) 4π R−2 dσ =
R
Hence, FluxS(O,R) (Ē) = S(O,R) Ē · n̄dσ = S(O,R) 4π
q
4π
R−2 Area(S(O, R)) = q.
b) We consider two cases. i) O ∈ / Int(Σ). Let K = Int(Σ) ∪ Σ. Since Ē is de-
RRR on K (as O ∈
fined / K), by Gauss-Ostrogradski formula, we get FluxS(O,R) Ēdσ =
K
div( Ē)dxdydz = 0, as div(Ē) = 0 (check!).
ii) O ∈ Int(Σ). We choose R > 0 such that S(O, R) ⊂ Int(Σ). Let K = (Int(Σ) ∪
Σ) \ Int(S(O,
RRRR)). Since O ∈
/ K, using a consequence of Gauss-Ostrogradski formula,
we get 0 = K
div( Ē)dxdydz = FluxΣ (Ē)−FluxS(O,R) (Ē), therefore FluxΣ (Ē) = q.

5. Similar to variant 3.

18